Unit 2 7 博览万象·融会中西之文化通览（Word教参）-【学霸笔记·同步精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语必修第三册（人教版）

本讲义围绕“道德与美德”主题，以高频词汇（如virtue, integrity）为基础，结合译林、外研教材话题佳句构建表达支架，通过语法填空（如刘备“仁”的故事）巩固语法应用，辅以“善意指数（KQ）”阅读理解及《汤姆·索亚历险记》节选，形成从词汇积累到语篇理解的递进学习支架。 资料特色在于融合语言能力与文化意识培养，通过中西方美德对比（如“仁”与KQ）提升跨文化理解，借助KQ成本效益比分析及文学情节推断培养思维品质。课中助力词汇、语法、阅读整合教学，课后词汇表与句子分析帮助学生查漏补缺，强化语言应用能力。

道德与美德 【高频词汇】 1．sage n.　　　　　　　 圣人 2．virtue n. 美德 3．humanity n. 人道 4．integrity n. 正直 5．loyalty n. 忠诚 6．propriety n. 礼节；规矩 7．filial piety 孝道 8．realm n. 界，领域 9．conduct n. 行为 10．principle n. 准则 11．noble adj. 高尚的 12．courageous adj. 勇敢的 13．righteous adj. 正义的 14．sympathy n. 同情(心)，理解 【话题佳句】 1．(译林选必四U1)Always give your best in whatever you set out to do, however difficult that might be.This way, you practise the virtue of determination. 无论你打算做什么事，无论多么困难，都要全力以赴。这样，你就能培养坚定的美德。 2．(外研选必四U1)Instead of looking back with regret, we should be facing our future with energy and optimism, for the choices are ours, and ours only. 不要沉溺于过去的遗憾，我们应该以充沛的精力和乐观的态度面对未来，因为选择权掌握在我们自己手中，而且未来只属于我们自己。 The ancient Chinese thinker Confucius regarded benevolence (仁) as the foundation of morality 1.and as the basis of all the virtues. There is a story in The History of the Three Kingdoms which can help us to understand the concept of benevolence. The story goes that Cao Cao led a large army south 2.to_attack(attack) Jingzhou. At that time the military commander of Jingzhou, Liu Biao, had recently died of illness and his second son, Liu Cong, 3.had_succeeded(succeed) to his position. At the urging of his followers 4.who wished to surrender the city, Liu Cong was preparing to surrender to Cao Cao. Liu Bei had reached the city of Xiangyang, where the master 5.strategist(strategy) Zhuge Liang advised him to attack his ally Liu Cong. Zhuge Liang said that Liu Cong had already surrendered, and was about to deliver Jingzhou to Cao Cao. So it was 6.better(good) that Jingzhou fell into their hands than into Cao Cao's. He said, “This is the very moment to attack Liu Cong.” But when Liu Bei remembered how Liu Cong's father had once protected him, he could not attack Liu Cong. He told Zhuge Liang, “No, I have not the heart to do it.” This story gives us a glimpse of how Liu Bei used benevolence as his method 7.of government. Liu Bei can be said to be a gentleman with the virtue of benevolence. He stands in sharp contrast to Cao Cao. Liu Bei's image of benevolence and righteousness (正义) 8.won(win) more of the people's hearts for him. He gained the support of all the people and officials, which made him an outstanding figure in Chinese history.Benevolence is the first of the fine 9.traditional(tradition) virtues of the Chinese race. This spirit clearly demonstrates the kindheartedness and 10.friendliness(friendly) of the Chinese people. Everybody supports people with the virtue of benevolence and showing love for others. What's Your Kindness Quotient? Adapted from Psychology Today Kind acts vary in terms of the costs and benefits involved. Some are low-cost, low-benefit (strike up a conversation with someone on your commute). Some are low-cost, high-benefit (help someone cross the street). Some are high-cost, low-benefit (let a colleague take all the credit for a joint project). And some are high-cost, high-benefit (adopt a child). Previous research suggests that when deciding whether to be kind, people intuitively consider not just the cost and the benefit of the act, but the ratio of cost to benefit. Most people are willing to perform low-cost, high-benefit acts but not high-cost, low-benefit acts. But people differ. Kinder people are willing to pay a larger cost to provide a given benefit—in other words, they are willing to perform acts with higher cost-benefit ratios. Moreover, people use a different ratio for different recipients—for example, they are willing to pay a larger cost to help people they know (family and friends) over people they don't know (strangers). This ratio can be precisely measured using money-sharing tasks. For example, a person willing to pay a cost of $5 (or less) to provide a benefit of $10 (or more) is making decisions consistent with a cost-benefit ratio of 0.5.This ratio put a precise figure on their kindness—a “kindness quotient”， or KQ and can be interpreted as how much a person cares about others relative to how much they care about themselves. A ratio of 0.5 means they care about others half as much as they care about themselves. A ratio close to zero suggests that they don't care about others at all while ratio above 1 means that they care about others more than they care about themselves. Of course, a person's KQ is not fixed. It can change, for example, as a relationship improves. This new way of measuring kindness allows us not only to predict which kind acts people would perform but also which slightly kinder acts might be within their reach. 1．quotient n．指数 2．in terms of 就……而言 3．strike up a conversation 开始一段对话 4．commute n．上下班路程 5．take all the credit 独占功劳 6．intuitively adv.凭直觉地；直观地 7．ratio n．比率；比例 8．given adj.特定的 9．recipient n．接受者 10．precisely adv.准确地；精确地 11．consistent with 符合；与……一致 12．figure (熟词生义) n．数字 13．interpret v．解释；说明 14．predict v．预料；预测 15．within one's reach 在某人力所能及的范围内 Kind acts 1.vary in terms of the costs and benefits involved. Previous research indicates that people 2.consider the cost, the benefit and the cost-benefit ratio when deciding whether to be kind, and a “kindness quotient” (KQ) can measure this ratio, which is not 3.fixed and can predict kind acts. 1.Previous research suggests that when deciding whether to be kind, people intuitively consider not just the cost and the benefit of the act, but the ratio of cost to benefit. [分析]　句中that引导宾语从句；“when deciding whether to be kind”是时间状语从句的省略，完整形式为“when they are deciding whether to be kind”，其中还包含“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。 [翻译]　先前的研究表明，在决定是否行善时，人们不仅会直观地考虑该行为的成本和收益，还会考虑成本与收益的比率。 2.A ratio close to zero suggests that they don't care about others at all while ratio above 1 means that they care about others more than they care about themselves. [分析]　句中“A ratio close to zero”是句子的主语，其中“close to zero”作后置定语，修饰ratio；并列连词while表示对比；句中两个that均引导宾语从句。 [翻译]　接近0的比率表明他们根本不关心他人，而大于1的比率则意味着他们关心他人胜过关心自己。 3.This new way of measuring kindness allows us not only to predict which kind acts people would perform but also which slightly kinder acts might be within their reach. [分析]　句中This new way of measuring kindness是句子的主语，of measuring kindness作后置定语，修饰way；“which kind acts people would perform”和“which slightly kinder acts might be within their reach”为并列的宾语从句，均作predict的宾语。 [翻译]　这种新的衡量善良程度的方法不仅能使我们预测人们会做出何种善举，还能让我们了解哪些稍微更善意的举动可能在他们的能力范围之内。 Life on the Island Excerpt from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 聪明顽皮的汤姆·索亚与好友们扮演成海盗，为摆脱枯燥无味的功课、虚伪的教义和呆板的生活环境而离家出走。他们在杰克逊岛上追逐、嬉戏打闹的情景，充分展现了他们对自由自在、无拘无束的生活的向往。 When Tom woke up, he didn't recognize① where② he was. It took him a few seconds③ to remember that he and his friends had run away. It was nice waking up outside, among the trees and the animals④. Tom could hear the birds, both far and near, talking to each other. One bird, a Blue Jay, landed on⑤ a tree branch near the boys and looked at them curiously⑥. It seemed as though this were⑦ the first time it had ever seen human beings before. At the same time, Tom noticed how⑧ similar⑨ animals and insects were to human beings. Some were busy working, some were eating, and some were playing. This made Tom want to play, so he woke the other boys and they all ran into the river to swim and clean themselves up for the day. While⑩ they were playing, they noticed that the river had carried away⑪ their boat. But this didn't bother⑫ any of them. They had everything they needed. They built another fire and then Tom and Huck went fishing. Joe was the cook, so he just rested until⑬ they returned with the fish. After breakfast, they all rested around the fire and it was agreed that⑭ this had been the best breakfast they'd ever eaten. Once their energy⑮ had returned, they wandered around⑯ the island for a while and then played some more in the river. At lunch time, Joe cooked up some meat for everyone, and they sat around the fire talking for a while. They were happy all morning, but once⑰ they sat down to rest and the talking stopped, they started to feel differently. They began to think of their homes and this made them feel a little sad and lonely⑱. But they didn't talk about these feelings with each other for fear that⑲ they'd be laughed at⑳. Then there suddenly came a loud noise from the direction of the village.㉑ They all jumped up and ran to the edge㉒ of the island to see what㉓ it might have been. On their way to the shore they heard the loud noise again. Through the trees they could see a riverboat full of people. It was the boat that㉔ people used to cross the river everyday. But it wasn't being used for that purpose㉕ now. It wasn't crossing the river; it was going down the river. “Hey, I think they're looking for㉖ someone who's drowned㉗！ They're shooting㉘ that big gun to try and get the body to rise to the top of the water, just like they did last year when they found Bill Turner's body，” shouted Huckleberry. “You're right, Huck. But I think we're the ones they believe to be drowned，” said Tom. Suddenly, the three boys started to feel great. The village must be terribly sad. Just to see all of those people looking for them on the boat, it made them realize how important they were to their village. All of those sad feelings they'd had a few minutes ago were now forgotten. It was great being a pirate again. When night came, the boats went back to the village and the boys went back to their fire. They all agreed that this had been a great day. It felt good to be missed. They wondered what the people of the village might be saying about them right now. They talked and laughed a lot thinking㉙ about this. But soon their laughter died down㉚ and they began to think about how this probably㉛ wasn't very funny for the people in the village, especially for their families. Then Joe looked up from the fire and said: “Maybe we should think about going back.” “Don't be silly, Joe.” Tom said, laughing. “Yeah, don't be silly.” Huck repeated. Soon, both Joe and Huckleberry were sleeping. Tom, however, had other plans. He left a note for both of them, putting one in Joe's hat and the other in his pocket so he'd find it easily, and then he ran toward the river. ①recognize v．认出；意识到 ②此处为where引导宾语从句。 ③second [熟词生义] n．秒 ④此处为it作形式主语，动名词短语作真正的主语。 ⑤land on着陆在；降落在 ⑥curiously adv.好奇地 ⑦此处为as though引导表语从句的虚拟语气。 ⑧此处为how引导宾语从句。 ⑨similar adj.相似的 ⑩此处为while引导时间状语从句。 ⑪carry away 卷走，冲走 ⑫bother v．困扰 ⑬此处为until引导时间状语从句。 ⑭此处为it作形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语。 ⑮energy n．能量 ⑯wander around闲逛 ⑰此处为once引导时间状语从句。 ⑱lonely adj.孤独的 ⑲for fear that 生怕 ⑳laugh at 嘲笑 ㉑此处为副词then置于句首的完全倒装句。 ㉒edge n．边缘 ㉓此处为what引导宾语从句。 ㉔此处为强调句型。 ㉕purpose n．目的 ㉖look for 寻找 ㉗drown v．溺死 ㉘shoot v．射击 ㉙此处为v.-ing形式作状语。 ㉚die down 逐渐消失 ㉛probably adv.可能地 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $