专题02 Units 3～4（语篇综合练）英语沪教版选择性必修第三册

专题02 Units 3~4（语篇综合练） （建议用时：40分钟） 语法填空 A 物种分类标准复杂无统一界定，单个基因突变可形成新物种 语法填空 B AI 可按规则创作诗歌，但无理解与情感，作品空洞无灵魂 语法填空 C 尼斯湖水怪目击事件被记录传播，古老传说得以延续 语法填空 D 身高由基因和环境共同决定，纠正常见长高错误认知 阅读理解 A 日食会影响动物行为，部分动物异常反应还受人类活动干扰 阅读理解 B 热浪暴露会加速人体生物衰老，易感人群受影响更显著 阅读理解 C 美国对全球沿海塑料污染的贡献远高于此前估算值 阅读理解 D 全球粮食生产高度依赖化石燃料，带来诸多环境问题 完形填空 A 冬季易久坐不动，坚持锻炼有益健康，并有多种可行方式 完形填空 B 高分看成果而非仅努力，成就受多种因素共同影响 选词填空 A 介绍端午节驱五毒的传统习俗及文化内涵 选词填空 B 上海举办古埃及文物大展，推动中埃文化交流 概要写作 A 巧克力供应面临危机，科研致力于培育高产抗病可可树 概要写作 B 多任务处理降低效率，需专注单任务提升工作效果 一、语法填空 A （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What is the minimum difference a species must show in order to be classed as a new species? This is less straightforward than it seems. The concept of species, as a way of classifying animals and plants, 1 (rely) on finding some feature that all members of that species share, and which is unique to them. This works pretty well for many organisms, but species 2 (put) together continually or split into two as biologists search for the perfect classification system. There are currently at least 26 different ways 3 (define) the concept of a species. Some consider physical or genetic similarity, while others consider whether populations interbreed (杂交繁殖)—or whether they could if they weren’t separated by a geographical barrier, such as a mountain range or ocean. Other definitions of species focus on the evolutionary history of the organism, grouping species according to 4 recently they shared a common ancestor. 5 biologists could agree on a single definition of a species, identifying a point at which a new species is created would still be difficult. Theoretically, the minimum difference could be single mutated (变异) gene, marking a fork in the evolutionary tree 6 one species splits into two. However, biologists almost certainly wouldn’t recognize the creation of the new species until later, when the genetic mutation appeared as a difference in the way the animal looked or behaved. The 7 (close) we’ve come to this was probably in 2016, when researchers at the Janelia Research Campus in Virginia artificially altered the genome (基因组) of a species of Drosophila fruit fly. This change to a single gene altered the frequency of the courtship ‘song’   8 (produce) by the male fly. The insects 9 (carry) this gene could still mate with the wild population, so they couldn’t be considered a separate species by most definitions. But they preferred to mate with similarly mutated flies, and if this mutation had occurred in the wild, it’s possible that this might have resulted 10 the evolution of a new species. 【答案】 1．relies 2．are being put 3．to define 4．how 5．Even if/Even though 6．where 7．closest 8．produced 9．carrying 10．in 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了物种分类以及新物种界定的相关问题。 1．考查时态。句意：物种的概念，作为一种对动植物进行分类的方式，依赖于找到该物种所有成员共有的且独有的某种特征。此句描述一般情况，用一般现在时，主语“The concept of species”是单数，谓语动词“rely”用第三人称单数形式 “relies”。故填relies。 2．考查时态和语态。句意：随着生物学家寻找完美的分类系统，物种正在不断地被合并或被分成两类。“species”与“put together” 之间是被动关系，且根据“continually” 可知，强调动作正在持续进行，用现在进行时的被动语态，“species”单复数同形，这里表示复数概念，be动词用are。故填are being put。 3．考查非谓语动词（动词不定式作后置定语）。句意：目前至少有 26 种不同的方式来定义物种的概念。“ways to do sth.” 表示“做某事的方式”，用动词不定式作后置定语修饰 “ways”。故填to define。 4．考查宾语从句引导词。句意：其他关于物种的定义则关注生物的进化史，根据它们多久前有共同的祖先来对物种进行分类。“according to”后接宾语从句，“how recently” 表示“多久前”，how表示程度，符合语境。故填how。 5．考查连词。句意：即使生物学家能就物种的单一定义达成一致，确定新物种产生的时间点仍然很困难。根据语境，前后句是让步关系，“Even if/Even though” 意为 “即使，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。首字母大写。故填Even if/Even though。 6．考查定语从句关系副词。句意：从理论上讲，最小的差异可能是单个突变基因，标志着进化树上一个物种分裂成两个物种的分叉点。此句为定语从句，先行词是“a fork in the evolutionary tree”，表示地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用where引导。故填where。 7．考查形容词最高级。句意：我们最接近这种情况可能是在 2016 年，当时弗吉尼亚州珍妮莉亚研究园区的研究人员人工改变了一种果蝇的基因组。“the + 形容词最高级” 表示最高级含义，“close”的最高级是“closest”，“the closest”表示“最接近的”，符合句意。故填closest。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：这种单个基因的变化改变了雄性果蝇产生的求偶 “歌声” 的频率。“courtship ‘song’与“produce”之间是被动关系，即求偶“歌声” 被产生，用过去分词作后置定语。故填produced。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：携带这种基因的昆虫仍然可以与野生种群交配，所以根据大多数定义，它们不能被视为一个单独的物种。“insects”与“carry”之间是主动关系，即昆虫携带基因，用现在分词作后置定语。故填carrying。 10．考查固定搭配。句意：但它们更喜欢与同样发生突变的果蝇交配，如果这种突变发生在野外，有可能会导致一个新物种的进化。“result in...” 是固定搭配，意为“导致……”。故填in。 B （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期中）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Can AI Create “Great” Poetry? Last week, I sent a request to ChatGPT, the latest artificial intelligence chatbot. In less than a minute, the program had created in full a rhyming Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗). Tools like ChatGPT seem sure to change the world of poetry — and so much else — but poets also have a lot to teach us about artificial intelligence. If algorithms are getting good at writing poetry, it’s partially 1 poetry was always an algorithmic business. Even the most rebellious poets follow more rules than they might like to admit. When 2 (teach) to imitate the structure of sonnet, schoolchildren are effectively learning to follow algorithmic constraints. 3 it surprise us that computers can do so, too? But considering how ChatGPT works, its ability to follow the rules for sonnets seems 4 (impressive) as no one taught it these rules. It is based on a newer kind of AI known as a large language model (LLM). 5 (put) it simply, LLMs analyze large amounts of human writing and learn to predict the next word which should appear in a string of text, based on context. One frequent criticism of LLMs is that they do not understand 6 they write; they just do a great job of guessing the next word. The moment a private verse by Dickinson makes us feel like the poet speaks directly to us, we 7 (experience) the effects of a technology called language. Of course, every Dickinson poem reflects her intention to create meaning. When ChatGPT puts words together, it intends 8 . Some argue that writings by LLMs therefore have no meaning, only the appearance of it. If I see a cloud in the sky that looks like a giraffe, I recognize it as an accidental similarity. In the same way, this argument goes, we should regard the writings of ChatGPT as merely imitating real language, meaningless and random as cloud shapes. When I showed my friends the sonnet by ChatGPT, they called it “soulless and barren” 9 following all the rules for sonnets. But is the average sonnet by a human any better? 10 we now expect computers to write not just poems but good poems, then we have set a much higher bar. 【答案】 1．because 2．taught 3．Should 4．more impressive 5．To put 6．what 7．are experiencing 8．nothing 9．despite 10．If 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章探讨了AI创作诗歌的能力，指出虽然AI能完美遵循诗歌规则，但由于缺乏人类的理解和创作意图，其作品仍被认为是“空洞”的；同时提出思考：如果以人类的标准要求AI诗歌，实际上是设定了更高的评判标准。 1．考查表语从句。句意：如果算法越来越擅长写诗，部分原因在于诗歌本身始终是一种算法行为。空处引导表语从句，根据“poetry was always an algorithmic business”可知，此处解释“算法擅长写诗”的原因，因此用because引导从句。故填because。 2．考查状语从句中的省略。句意：当学生们被教导模仿十四行诗的结构时，他们实际上是在学习遵循算法约束。此处用了When引导时间状语从句，且从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句中含有be动词，因此对主语和be动词同时进行了省略，teach“教导”和被省略的主语schoolchildren之间是被动关系，因此应用teach的过去分词形式。故填taught。 3．考查情态动词。句意：这也应该让我们感到惊讶吗？句子为一般疑问句，动词surprise为原形，空处应为助动词或情态动词，结合前一句内容可知，此处是对“感到惊讶”的合理性提出质疑，表示“应该让我们感到惊讶吗”，因此用情态动词should，且句首单词的首字母需大写。故填Should。 4．考查比较级。句意：但考虑到ChatGPT的工作原理，它在无人教导的情况下掌握十四行诗规则的能力似乎更加令人印象深刻。空处作表语，结合后文“as no one taught it”可知，此处暗示比较，表示比有人教的情况“更令人印象深刻”，因此用impressive的比较级形式。故填more impressive。 5．考查固定短语。句意：简而言之，LLM通过分析大量人类文本，学会根据上下文预测文本中应该出现的下一个词。to put it simply是固定短语，意为“简单来说”，用于在解释或概括复杂问题时提供简明扼要的表达方式，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填To put。 6．考查宾语从句。句意：对大语言模型的一个常见批评是，它们并不理解自己写的内容；它们只是非常擅长猜测下一个词。空处引导名词性从句作understand的宾语，宾语从句缺少宾语，结合“they write”可知，宾语指物，因此用连接代词what作引导词。故填what。 7．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：当狄金森的一首私人诗歌让我们感觉诗人直接在对我们倾诉时，我们正在体验一种叫做“语言”的技术效果。空处作主句的谓语，结合“The moment”可知，应用现在进行时强调那一刻正在发生的体验，主语是we，be动词应用are。故填are experiencing。 8．考查代词。句意：而当ChatGPT将词语组合在一起时，它没有任何意图。空处作intends的宾语，结合前一句内容可知，此处与前文Dickinson的诗歌形成对比，表示AI“没有创作意图”，因此用不定代词nothing“没有什么”。故填nothing。 9．考查介词。句意：当我把ChatGPT创作的十四行诗展示给朋友们时，尽管它完全遵循了十四行诗的所有规则，他们仍称其为“空洞无物”。空后为动名词短语，空处应用介词，结合“they called it “soulless and barren””和“following all the rules for sonnets”可知，此处是让步关系，表示“尽管它完全遵循了十四行诗的所有规则”，因此用介词despite“尽管”。故填despite。 10．考查状语从句。句意：如果我们现在期望计算机不仅能写诗，还能写出好诗，那我们就设定了更高的标准。逗号前后均为完整的句子，前半句是后半句发生的条件，空处应用从属连词if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果……”，句首单词的首字母需大写。故填If。 C （24-25高二下·上海宝山·期末）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. There are few scary legends that survive the centuries to bother the next generation, but one such creature’s strange tale has persisted over a millennium. On May 2,1933, an unattributed article appeared in a Scottish local newspaper. It carried the eyewitness account of a 1 (marry) couple who claimed they had spotted a large creature in the waters of Loch Ness. According to the report, “The creature entertained itself, rolling for fully a minute, its body looking like 2 of a whale, and the water falling down rapidly.” In the Scottish Highlands, Loch Ness is a 22.5-mile-long lake, nearly two miles across at its widest point, and its waters 3 reach a depth of 788 feet. The article noted that for centuries it 4 (credit) with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster. It hinted that 5 the couple had seen might be the creature that had inspired stories of the mythical water spirit or shape-shifting water horse of Celtic legend. Three months after the couple’s sighting, the same newspaper published a letter from a Londoner named George Spicer, 6 claimed that while driving with his wife around Loch Ness he’d seen a strange creature cross the road in front of him. “I saw the nearest approach 7 a dragon or prehistoric animal that I have ever seen in my life.” he wrote. In the weeks 8 (follow) the article’s publication, Campbell wrote more stories on the subject for the Scottish media. In one article Campbell stated, “Many people in the area now think that the ‘monster’ is indeed a prehistoric creature.” And he announced with confidence, “It is certain 9 (see) again.” Catching wind of the strange story, the national newspaper The Scotsman sent journalist Philip Stalker to Loch Ness. Stalker filed a report that included an eyewitness account from Alex Campbell, who claimed that 10 he hadn’t believed in the monster at first, he’d later seen a long-necked creature for himself. Campbell would emerge as a key witness, eventually claiming to have seen the creature on 18 occasions, sometimes at close range. He was, in a sense, the man who invented the monster. 【答案】 1．married 2．that 3．can 4．had been credited 5．what 6．who 7．to 8．following 9．to be seen 10．although/though 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了尼斯湖水怪的传说起源和相关目击事件，包括1933年一对夫妇的目击、George Spicer的证词以及Alex Campbell的多次观察，强调这一神秘生物在苏格兰尼斯湖的持久传说。 1．考查形容词。句意：它刊载了一对已婚夫妇的目击报告，他们称在尼斯湖的水域中看到了一个巨大的生物。修饰名词couple用形容词married。故填married。 2．考查代词。句意：据该报告所述：“那生物自我娱乐了一分钟之久，它身体翻滚的动作持续了足足一分钟，其身体形态宛如鲸鱼一般，而水珠则迅速地向下流淌。”设空处位于“looking like”后，需用代词“that”指代前文的“body”，避免重复名词，符合比较结构。故填that。 3．考查情态动词。句意：在苏格兰高地，尼斯湖是一个长 22.5 英里、最宽处达近两英里的湖泊，湖水最深处可达788英尺。表示能力，湖水“能”达到 788 英尺深用情态动词can。故填can。 4．考查时态语态。句意：这篇文章指出，数百年来，这里一直被认为是一个有着可怕模样的怪物的栖息地。主语与谓语构成被动关系，且表示过去的过去，用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been credited。 5．考查主语从句。句意：它暗示，这对夫妇所见到的景象，或许正是那个曾激发了有关凯尔特神话中神秘水灵或能变形的水马故事的生物。空处引导主语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，故用连接代词what引导。故填what。 6．考查定语从句。句意：在这对夫妇目击事件发生三个月后，同一家报纸刊登了一封来自一位名叫乔治·斯派塞的伦敦人的来信，信中称，他与妻子驾车在尼斯湖附近行驶时，曾看到一个奇怪的生物从他们面前的马路上横穿而过。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词George Spicer，在从句作主语，指人。故填who。 7．考查介词。句意：“我亲眼目睹了这辈子见过的最接近龙或史前动物的生物了。”他写道。短语approach to表示“接近”。故填to。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：在该文章发表后的几周里，坎贝尔为苏格兰媒体撰写了更多有关这个主题的报道。空处作后置定语，修饰weeks，用following表示“接下来的”。故填following。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：他满怀信心地宣布：“它肯定会再次出现的。”此处为be certain to do sth.，且see与it构成被动关系，故用to be done形式。故填to be seen。 10．考查状语从句。句意：斯塔克尔提交了一份报告，其中包含了亚历克斯·坎贝尔的目击证词。坎贝尔称，起初他并不相信有这种怪物存在，但后来他亲眼看到了一种长脖子的生物。引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”用although/though。故填although/though。 D （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）Directions:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Myths and Facts about Growing Taller As soon as they walk into a room, tall people command attention. They also enjoy some advantages, such as 1 (consider) attractive (especially for men). Tall people also tend to have higher status jobs and consequently earn more money than others. It’s no wonder that many young people are concerned about growing as tall as possible. There are many myths about growth and height in circulation, though, so let’s examine them and find out the truth. Myth: A person’s height is completely determined by genes. Fact: Genes do play a role, 2 (determine) about 60 to 80 percent of a person’s height. But the rest is influenced by environmental factors, of which nutrition during childhood is 3 (important). Without enough vitamins, minerals, and protein, children do not become as tall as their genes would allow. Myth: Caffeine stops children from growing. Fact: Drinking normal amounts of coffee won’t affect growth. A child or teenager can have a cup of coffee or tea 4 no ill effects on height. However, Overconsumption of caffeine may negatively affect growth because it interferes with sleep, 5 is when most growth happens. Myth: Stretching or hanging upside down can make you taller. Fact: It’s not clear 6 this is true or not. Some evidence indicates that stretching can increase height while one 7 (grow). But this doesn’t work 8 one is fully grown. Hanging upside down makes one taller temporarily, but this may not make a lasting difference. Understanding 9 growth happens can help people make decisions. For young people who are still growing, a healthy diet is the best way for them to maximize their height.   Adults past their early 20s don’t have many ways to permanently change their height. They have to rely on measures like tall shoes, inserts and certain types of clothing. But remember that 10 you’re not as tall as you would like, your character and choices are more important. 【答案】 1．being considered 2．determining 3．the most important 4．with 5．which 6．whether 7．is growing 8．after 9．how 10．even if/even though 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文针对一些关于长高的常见误区进行剖析并阐述事实。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们也享有一些优势，比如被认为有吸引力（尤其对男性来说）。“such as”后接动名词，“they”与“consider”之间是逻辑被动关系，即他们被认为，所以用动名词的被动形式“being considered”。故填being considered。 2．考查非谓语动词。句意：基因确实起作用，决定了一个人身高的 60% 到 80%。“genes”与 “determine”之间是主动关系，即基因决定……，用现在分词作状语，表示伴随情况。故填determining。 3．考查形容词最高级。句意：但其余部分受环境因素影响，其中儿童时期的营养是最重要的。根据语境，在众多环境因素中，营养是“最重要的”，用形容词最高级，“important”的最高级形式是“the most important”。故填the most important。 4．考查介词。句意：儿童或青少年喝一杯咖啡或茶，对身高没有不良影响。“with no ill effects on...” 表示“对…… 没有不良影响”，with 表示伴随情况。故填with。 5．考查定语从句关系代词。句意：然而，过量摄入咖啡因可能会对生长产生负面影响，因为它会干扰睡眠，而睡眠是大部分生长发生的时候。此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词是 “sleep”，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，用which 引导。故填which。 6．考查主语从句引导词。句意：这是否正确还不清楚。“whether...or not”是固定搭配，引导主从句，意为“是否”。故填whether。 7．考查时态。句意：一些证据表明，在一个人正在生长的时候，拉伸可以增加身高。根据语境，这里强调在生长这个动作进行的过程中，拉伸有效果，用现在进行时，主语“one”是单数，be 动词用is，“grow”的现在分词是“growing”。故填is growing。 8．考查连词。句意：但一个人完全成年后，这就不起作用了。根据语境，这里说的是在成年之后，拉伸等方法就无法让身高增长了，“after”表示“在…… 之后”，引导时间状语从句。故填after。 9．考查宾语从句引导词。句意：了解生长是如何发生的可以帮助人们做出决定。“Understanding” 后接宾语从句，根据语境，这里表示了解生长“如何” 发生，用how引导，在从句中作方式状语。故填how。 10．考查连词。句意：但要记住，即使你没有达到你想要的身高，你的性格和选择更重要。根据语境，前后句是让步关系，“even if/even though”意为“即使”，引导让步状语从句。故填even if/even though。 二、阅读理解 A （25-26高二下·上海浦东新·月考）For centuries, people have noticed that when the sky darkens during a solar eclipse, some animals behave strangely. Records from the 16th century mention birds ceasing to sing and even falling to the ground during eclipses. But until recently, scientific studies that provided quantitative information about how eclipses affect animals were few and far between. The total solar eclipses that crossed North America in August 2017 and April 2024 gave biologists a rare chance to examine how eclipses affect animal behavior. On average, a total solar eclipse happens somewhere on Earth every 18 months, but a given spot on the globe will be in a total eclipse’s path just a few times in a millennium. The proximity of the 2017 and 2024 eclipses, in time and in place, was a boon (益处) to scientists hoping to build datasets and replicate experiments. In both eclipses, Andrew Farnsworth, a visiting scientist at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, used weather surveillance radar to track broad patterns in the movement of animals through the atmosphere. “The biological activity definitely dipped,” he says. His team observed birds and insects “descending from the sky as if night was approaching”. However, they didn’t see nocturnal behaviors, like nighttime migrations, switch on. “The eclipse was enough to shut down the daytime behaviors on these broad scales, but it wasn’t enough to initiate the classic nocturnal ones,” Farnsworth says. Jennifer Tsuruda, an assistant professor at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, studied the behavior of honeybees during the 2017 and 2024 eclipses. Her team removed bees from their hives and tracked how quickly they returned home before, during, and after each eclipse. While the male drones made a beeline for their hives during the 2017 totality, the female workers were “actually a little bit more hesitant” Tsuruda says, and “slower to return” home. In 2017, she also found that honeybees were less likely to leave their hives during an eclipse, but in hives with lots of young that needed to be fed, the workers still ventured out. Future studies might examine what about an eclipse actually affects animals’ behavior. “It’s not Just the amount of light that changes” Tsuruda says—the animals might be responding to changes in temperature or humidity. Adam Hartstone-Rose, a professor at North Carolina State University, found another potential factor in some animals’ eclipse behavior: the humans around them. He studied zoo animals during the 2017 and 2024 eclipses. During the 2017 eclipse, he found that some animals headed to their enclosures as if it were nighttime, but others, like a giraffe galloping around its paddock, showed signs of anxiety. In 2024, his team observed giraffes again, and found that “the giraffes really seem to be reacting not to the eclipse itself, but to the people’s reaction to the eclipse.” Hartstone-Rose says. Crowds of exuberant eclipse-watchers, rather than changes in the sky, seemed to put the giraffes on edge. While total eclipses are a relatively rare occurrence, studying them “does have a place in the big picture,” Farnsworth says. “Anytime you can study animal behavior at big scales and see the impact of some kind of stimulus on their behavior, I think it’s important to add something to our understanding.” 1．Based on Andrew Farnsworth’s radar observations, what can be inferred about animals’ response to eclipses? A．They immediately activated full nocturnal migration patterns. B．Their biological activities ceased completely during totality. C．Daytime behaviors were suppressed without triggering typical night behaviors. D．Insect populations suffered irreversible declines post-eclipse. 2．What distinct behavior did male honeybees exhibit compared to female workers during the 2017 eclipse? A．They abandoned their hives permanently when darkness fell. B．They significantly increased food-seeking activity for young bees. C．They returned to hives more directly and rapidly. D．They displayed heightened aggression toward researchers. 3．Hartstone-Rose’s 2024 zoo study suggests that giraffes’ anxiety during eclipses primarily resulted from: A．physiological discomfort caused by sudden temperature drops. B．disruption to their circadian rhythms due to darkness. C．scientists’ invasive data collection methods. D．human observers’ excited reactions rather than celestial changes. 4．What central concept do the researchers emphasize regarding eclipse behavior studies? A．Their limited applicability due to eclipses’ rarity at fixed locations. B．The necessity to prioritize light-based explanations over other variables. C．The potential to predict species-specific extinction risks. D．Their value in revealing how stimuli influence large-scale animal behavior. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家借助2017年8月和2024年4月北美洲出现的日全食，研究日食对动物行为的影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段““The biological activity definitely dipped,” he says. His team observed birds and insects “descending from the sky as if night was approaching”. However, they didn’t see nocturnal behaviors, like nighttime migrations, switch on. “The eclipse was enough to shut down the daytime behaviors on these broad scales, but it wasn’t enough to initiate the classic nocturnal ones,” Farnsworth says.(“生物活动肯定有所下降”他说。他的团队观察到鸟类和昆虫“像夜幕降临一样从天空降落”。然而，他们没有看到夜间行为，比如夜间迁徙开启。“日食足以在较大范围内停止白天的行为，但不足以引发典型的夜间行为”法恩斯沃思说)”可知，根据安德鲁·法恩斯沃思的雷达观察，动物对日食的反应是白天的行为受到抑制，但没有引发典型的夜间行为。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“While the male drones made a beeline for their hives during the 2017 totality, the female workers were “actually a little bit more hesitant” Tsuruda says, and “slower to return” home.(在2017年日全食期间，雄蜂径直飞回蜂巢，而雌蜂实际上有点犹豫，” 图鲁达说，“并且回家速度较慢)”可知，与雌蜂相比，2017年日食期间雄蜂返回蜂巢更直接、更迅速。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“In 2024, his team observed giraffes again, and found that “the giraffes really seem to be reacting not to the eclipse itself, but to the people’s reaction to the eclipse.” Hartstone-Rose says. Crowds of exuberant eclipse-watchers, rather than changes in the sky, seemed to put the giraffes on edge.(2024年，他的团队再次观察了长颈鹿，结果发现：“长颈鹿的反应似乎并非针对日食本身，而是针对人们对日食的反应。”哈特斯通-罗斯说道。让长颈鹿感到焦躁不安的，似乎是成群兴高采烈的日食观测者，而非天空中的变化)”可知，哈特斯通 - 罗斯2024年对动物园的研究表明，长颈鹿在日食期间的焦虑主要是由人类观察者兴奋的反应而非天体变化导致的。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Anytime you can study animal behavior at big scales and see the impact of some kind of stimulus on their behavior, I think it’s important to add something to our understanding.”(“任何时候你能够大规模地研究动物行为，并观察某种刺激对它们行为的影响，我认为这对于增进我们的理解很重要”)”可知，研究人员强调日食行为研究的核心概念是它们在揭示刺激如何影响大规模动物行为方面的价值。故选D项。 B （25-26高二上·上海黄浦·月考）Living through extreme heat waves can speed up your rate of aging, according to research published Monday. Scientists analyzed 15 years’ worth of health data from nearly 25,000 adults in Taiwan and found that two years of exposure to heat waves could accelerate a person’s so — called biological aging by eight to 12 extra days. It may not sound like a lot, but this number builds over time, said Cui Guo, an assistant professor at the University of Hong Kong who led the study, which was published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change. “This small number actually matters,” she said. “This was a study of a two-year exposure, but we know heat waves have actually been occurring for decades.” The research comes as climate change is making heat waves more intense and long-lasting. The West Coast of the United States is suffering from extremely hot temperatures while Iran is experiencing searing heat. Record-breaking temperatures punished Europe, Japan and Korea earlier this month. France recently experienced its second heat wave of the summer, leading to a national debate over air-conditioning. In 2024, the hottest year on record, climate change was responsible for 41 extra days of extreme heat worldwide, according to an analysis by World Weather Attribution. Particular groups are more vulnerable (易受伤害的) to faster aging because of heat, the researchers found. If you’re an older person who has lived through many heat waves, you may age faster than a younger person who had the same exposure, Dr. Guo said. Other factors, such as living without air-conditioning or working outdoors, can also make your aging rate significantly worse. Dr. Guo cautions this isn’t the same as losing literal days off your life; it reflects a measurable shift in biological aging markers, not the calendar. The study defined heat waves as both a period of at least two continuous days of abnormally high temperatures as well as any time when officials issued heat warnings. It also took the sum of a person’s heat exposure into account. The researchers quantified the heat’s effects by comparing people’s biological age to their chronological (按照时间计算的) age. Biological age, is a measure of how healthy a person’s lungs, liver and cells are compared with a perfectly healthy person, Dr. Guo said. The study used 12 of these health measurements, known as biomarkers, to calculate how heat affected the rate of aging for the study’s participants. The results accounted for individual factors that can affect aging markers, such as exercise, smoking and preexisting disease. “Most countries are facing an aging population,” Dr. Guo said. Since biological aging is closely linked to death and many diseases, speeding it up can be an indicator of serious health problems. The population of Taiwan, along with Italy, Spain and Hong Kong, ranks as one of the oldest in the world. In the United States, a little less than a quarter of the population is expected to be 65 or older by 2050. 1．What was the primary finding about exposure to heat waves? A．It affected the health of a large population of people in Taiwan. B．It caused an increase in biological aging equivalent to 8-12 days. C．It triggered 41 extra days of extreme heat globally. D．It reversed aging markers in outdoor workers by 10%. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A．Officials issue heat warnings when temperatures have remained abnormally high for at least two continuous days. B．The study’s ability to measure heat’s impact would be questionable if the assessment of biological age were inaccurate. C．A person’s chronological age is more closely related to their lung and liver health than their biological age. D．The definition of heat waves used in the study is identical to the one commonly adopted by most climate research. 3．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Living without air-conditioning has sped up the aging rate of French workers. B．Heat waves accelerate aging in seniors as much as in the young. C．As aging is tied to disease, speeding it up signals poor health. D．Biological aging serves as markers and can translate to living shorter lifespan. 4．What is the most suitable title for the passage? A．Climate Change’s New Evidence: Extreme Heat B．New Study Reveals the Recent Heat Waves Crisis C．What Years of Heat Waves Can Do to Your Life and Work D．Heat Waves Are Speeding Up Human Aging 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“热浪加速人类生物衰老”这一研究发现，说明了其研究依据、热浪现状、易受伤害的人群，以及该发现对人类健康的意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段内容“Scientists analyzed 15 years’ worth of health data from nearly 25,000 adults in Taiwan and found that two years of exposure to heat waves could accelerate a person’s so-called biological aging by eight to 12 extra days.(科学家分析了台湾近25000名成年人15年的健康数据，发现暴露在热浪中两年可能会使一个人的所谓生物衰老额外加速8到12天。)”可知，关于暴露在热浪中的主要发现是它会使生物衰老增加相当于8到12天的时间。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段内容“The researchers quantified the heat’s effects by comparing people’s biological age to their chronological age. Biological age, is a measure of how healthy a person’s lungs, liver and cells are compared with a perfectly healthy person, Dr. Guo said.(研究人员通过比较人们的生物年龄和实际年龄来量化热浪的影响。郭博士说，生物年龄是衡量一个人的肺、肝和细胞与完全健康的人相比健康程度的指标。)”可推断，如果生物年龄的评估不准确，那么该研究衡量热量影响的能力就会受到质疑。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段内容“Since biological aging is closely linked to death and many diseases, speeding it up can be an indicator of serious health problems.(由于生物衰老与死亡和许多疾病密切相关，加速生物衰老可能是严重健康问题的一个指标。)”可知，由于衰老是与疾病相关的，因此加速衰老意味着健康状况不佳。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章围绕“热浪加速人类生物衰老”这一核心研究发现展开，介绍了其相关细节。选项D“热浪正在加速人类衰老”符合主题，适合用作标题。故选D。 C （24-25高二下·上海·月考）The United States contribution to coastal plastic pollution world-wide is significantly larger than previously thought, possibly by as much as five times, according to a study published Friday. According to the research, published in Science Advances, two factors contributed to the sharp increase: Americans are using more plastic than ever and the current study included pollution produced by United States exports of plastic waste, while the earlier one did not. The United States, which does not have sufficient infrastructure (基础建设) to handle its recycling demands at home, exports about half of its recyclable waste. Of the total exported, about 88 percent ends up in countries considered to have inadequate waste management. “When you consider how much of our plastic waste isn’t actually recyclable because it is low-value, polluted or difficult to process, it’s not surprising that a lot of it ends up polluting the environment,” said the study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law, research professor of oceanography at Sea Education Association, in a statement. The study estimates that in 2016, the United States contributed between 1.1 and 2.5 million tons of plastic waste to the oceans through a combination of littering, dumping and mismanaged exports. At a minimum, that’s almost double the total estimated waste in the team’s previous study. At the high end, it would be a fivefold increase over the earlier estimate. The ranges are wide partly because “there’s no real standard for being able to provide good quality data on collection and disposal of waste in general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource economist at DSM Environmental Solutions, a consulting firm, and an author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the researchers had evaluated waste-disposal practices in countries around the world and used their “best professional judgment” to determine the lowest and highest amounts of plastic waste likely to escape into the environment. They settled on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent. Tony Walker, an associate professor at the Dalhousie University School for Resource and Environmental Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that analyzing waste data can amount to a “data minefield (危机四伏的局面)” because there are no data standards across municipalities. Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped overseas, he said, data is often not recorded at all. Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who was not involved in the study, said it could offer a more accurate accounting of plastic pollution than the previous study, which likely underestimated the United States’ contribution. “They’ve put their best estimate, as accurate as they can be with this data,” he said, and used ranges, which underscores that the figures are estimates. 1．According to the research, what has made the US contribution to coastal plastic pollution higher than thought? A．More unrecyclable plastic waste has been produced. B．Some once excluded data is now included in the study. C．Americans have begun to export plastic waste recently. D．People have no device at home to dispose of plastic waste. 2．The total estimated plastic waste was according to the team’s previous study. A．about 0.26 million tons B．about 0.55 million tons C．about 1.1 million tons D．about 2.2 million tons 3．Why is there a wide range in the team’s estimate? A．Countries around the world vary a lot in the amount of plastic waste. B．More plastic waste has escaped into the environment than before. C．No such data-related standard is widely acknowledged. D．The team hopes to give a possible prospect. 4．It can be inferred from the passage that Tony Walker . A．doesn’t think the team’s estimates are that accurate B．underestimates the US contribution to plastic waste C．doesn’t think that the team should provide such estimates D．feels regretful that he hasn’t been involved in the study 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，美国对全球沿海塑料污染的“贡献”比此前认为的高得多，原因包括用塑增加和纳入出口废塑料污染，数据标准缺失致估算范围大。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“According to the research, published in Science Advances, two factors contributed to the sharp increase：Americans are using more plastic than ever and the current study included pollution produced by United States exports of plastic waste, while the earlier one did not.(根据发表在《科学进展》上的研究，有两个因素导致了塑料的急剧增加：美国人使用的塑料比以往任何时候都多，目前的研究包括了美国出口塑料废物产生的污染，而之前的研究没有)”可知，因为现在的研究包含了之前未考虑的数据，所以美国对沿海塑料污染的“贡献”比之前认为的要高。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“The study estimates that in 2016, the United States contributed between 1.1 and 2.5 million tons of plastic waste to the oceans through a combination of littering, dumping and mismanaged exports.(该研究估计，2016年，美国通过乱扔垃圾、倾倒和管理不善的出口向海洋排放了110万至22万吨塑料废物)”以及第六段“At a minimum, that’s almost double the total estimated waste in the team’s previous study.(至少，这几乎是该团队之前研究中估计的垃圾总量的两倍)”可计算出之前研究中估计的塑料垃圾总量约为1.1÷2=0.55百万吨。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第七段“The ranges are wide partly because ‘there’s no real standard for being able to provide good quality data on collection and disposal of waste in general,’ said Ted Siegler, a resource economist at DSM Environmental Solutions, a consulting firm, and an author of the study.(DSM Environmental Solutions的资源经济学家、该研究的作者泰德·西格勒（Ted Siegler）表示，范围很广，部分原因是‘总体上没有能够提供高质量废物收集和处置数据的真正标准’)”可知，数据范围广是因为没有被广泛认可的数据相关标准。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who was not involved in the study, said it could offer a more accurate accounting of plastic pollution than the previous study, which likely underestimated the United States’ contribution. ‘They’ve put their best estimate, as accurate as they can be with this data,’ he said, and used ranges, which underscores that the figures are estimates.(然而，没有参与这项研究的沃克博士说，与之前可能低估了美国贡献的研究相比，这项研究能更准确地计算塑料污染。他说：‘他们给出了最好的估计，在这些数据的基础上尽可能准确’，并使用了范围，这强调了这些数字是估计值)”可知，沃克博士认为研究团队的估计是基于现有数据尽可能准确的，但也只是估计，言外之意是他认为这些估计并非绝对准确。故选A项。 D （24-25高二下·上海·期中）The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet Would you like adding fossil fuel dressing to your tomato salad, or how about coating salt water fish with it? If only it were so easy to see the effect of fossil fuels on food production, even environmentally friendly food lovers might find their lunch turning to ash in their mouth. The global food system is more dependent on fossil fuels than we tend to recognize. They power the tractors that prepare fields and the pumps that extract groundwater for soil watering. They are used to manufacture fertilizers They drive the trucks, trains, and ships that transport food. 1 So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽). 2 . Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil. 3 . It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss. For a healthier planet, we must find a way to stop “eating” fossil fuels. Unfortunately, ending that dependency will be even tougher than reducing emissions from the power network or transportation. But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now. 4 . Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel. A．Reducing food waste should be a top priority. B．In fact, we may as well think of ourselves as eating fossil fuels. C．Despite this, many farmers are already producing food with minimal fossil fuel input. D．Fortunately, removing fossil fuels from food production is a simple and straightforward process. E．Seafood is often even worse due to the inefficiency of feeding them with smaller, wild-caught fish. F．This intensive use of energy from fossil fuels is not only surprising but also contributes to the global food oversupply. 【答案】1．B 2．E 3．F 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了全球粮食系统对矿物燃料的依赖和后果以及如何结束这种依赖。 1．下文“So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽).(能源学者Vaclav Smil这样说，他做了一些计算来说明这一点。他估计，生产一条法式面包平均需要大约30毫升柴油燃料。一公斤烤鸡需要300多毫升。令人惊讶的是，在加热的温室中种植一公斤西红柿并长途运输所需的柴油是家禽的两倍)”举例说明食物对矿物燃料的依赖，结合标题“The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet(矿物燃料饮食)”可知，B项“事实上，我们不妨把自己看作是在吃化石燃料”符合语境，引起下文，并呼应标题，故选B。 2．根据下文的举例“Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil.(例如，据Smil说，生产一公斤养殖咸水鱼需要消耗2升柴油，这令人震惊)”可知，E项“海鲜往往更糟糕，因为用更小的、野生捕获的鱼喂养它们效率低下”符合语境，和上文“Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽).(令人惊讶的是，在加热的温室中种植一公斤西红柿并长途运输所需的柴油是家禽的两倍)”并列，说明生产各种食物需要消耗的矿物燃料，同时和下文形成例证关系，故选E。 3．根据下文“It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss.(这也是农业产生约三分之一温室气体排放的主要原因，也是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素)”中关键词“also”可知，空处也是说明消耗大量矿物燃料导致的后果，F项“这种对矿物燃料能源的大量使用不仅令人惊讶，而且还导致了全球粮食供应过剩”符合语境，故选F。 4．上文“But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now.(但我们现在有很多事情可以做得更好)”提到我们可以通过各种方法来减少对矿物燃料的依赖，空处应是紧接着说明怎么做，A项“减少食物浪费应该是当务之急”符合语境，和下文“Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel.(各国政府应支持保护碳储存土壤和更有效地利用水和肥料的耕作方式。我们应该少吃肉。如果我们不这样做，我们每一口都要用柴油调味)”并列说明具体方法，故选A。 三、完形填空 A （24-25高二下·上海·期末）Don’t Hibernate AH, WINTER, the season of roast dinners and heated blankets. Not so much time for getting up early to hit the gym, going for a run in the evening darkness, or even taking a brief walk at lunch time. The evidence confirms what you probably 1 . In winter, most people tend to spend more time in a sedentary (久坐的) way. Does that mean we casual exercisers are fated to 2 in the icy months, or are there ways to address it? And does anything about the colder, darker months actually make maintaining our 3 easier? First of all, it is helpful for you to make the effort during winter, even if you are not 4 about your six-pack (发达的腹肌). Seasonal affective disorder (properly abbreviated as SAD), which is often linked to reduced 5 to sunlight during the shorter winter days, may affect not just mood but your health as well. While exercise is not a cure-all, studies suggest that it can help to 6 the mood disorder. Are there benefits to training in cold weather? This is 7 . For years, it was assumed that bodies burn more calories in the cold to keep warm, while also helping the body’s-white fat to take on the properties of brown fat, which 8 as a fuel to maintain body temperature. However, just how beneficial the process can be is open to 9 . Still, the benefits of exercise make it more than worth toughing out the odd pre-dawn alarm. But how do you get it done? “My top tip would be to either use your commute (通勤) to get your workout in, or make sure you get out again as soon as you get home,” says running coach Havley Hemmings. “I’d also 10 teaming up with someone so you’re accountable to go for a run.” Of course, if training outdoors does not sound like fun, even when you are 11 up, there are other options. Walking 4,000 steps a day, for example, can significantly reduce your risk of all-cause mortality (死亡率). At the other end of the range, a short, sharp 12 of high-intensity interval training can boost your mood while helping to reduce fat. If you are not used to training, an entry-level 13 is the Timmons Method, or 20 seconds of squats (深蹲) or kettlebell (壶铃) swings work, followed by two minutes of active recovery (just moving around) repeated a few times. And finally, don’t 14 the importance of your mood on getting you to work out in the first place. There is fairly strong evidence that 15 vitamin D can positively affect your mood, and it is nearly impossible to get enough from the sun in winter. Get a supplement (补充剂) — and don’t be afraid to chase it with roast dinners. 1．A．pretend B．regret C．suspect D．understand 2．A．break down B．fall behind C．set off D．wake up 3．A．balance B．fitness C．innocence D．reputation 4．A．annoyed B．excited C．disappointed D．concerned 5．A．addiction B．desire C．exposure D．preference 6．A．detect B．diagnose C．relieve D．treat 7．A．funnier B．rarer C．stranger D．trickier 8．A．abandons B．employs C．functions D．targets 9．A．interpretation B．adaptation C．negotiation D．temptation 10．A．appreciate B．practice C．recommend D．resist 11．A．built B．wrapped C．set D．held 12．A．component B．burst C．block D．portion 13．A．alternative B．opportunity C．requirement D．technique 14．A．emphasize B．investigate C．underestimate D．welcome 15．A．inadequate B．excessive C．superior D．sufficient 【答案】 1．C 2．B 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．C 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．C 11．B 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了冬季锻炼的必要性和方法。作者指出，冬季人们更容易久坐不动，但锻炼对身心健康至关重要。虽然冷天锻炼的好处尚存争议，但运动可以缓解季节性情感障碍，并带来其他健康益处。作者建议利用通勤时间锻炼，或与朋友结伴运动。此外，每天走4000步或进行高强度间歇训练也能有效提升健康水平。最后，作者强调情绪对锻炼的重要性，并建议补充维生素D来改善冬季情绪。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些证据证实了你可能有所怀疑的事情。A. pretend假装；B. regret后悔；C. suspect怀疑；D. understand理解。根据后文“In winter, most people tend to spend more time in a sedentary way.(在冬季，大多数人往往会更多地以静坐的方式度过时光)”指证据证实了你可能“怀疑”的事 —— 冬天人们更久坐。故选C。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这是否意味着我们这些偶尔锻炼的人在寒冷的冬季注定会落后于其他人呢？还是说我们有办法解决这个问题呢？A. break down出故障；B. fall behind落后；C. set off突出；D. wake up醒来。根据上文“Does that mean we casual exercisers are fated to”可知，冬天久坐是否意味着偶尔锻炼的人注定会落后于其他人？fall behind（落后）指锻炼进度滞后，符合语境。故选B。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么，那些寒冷、阴暗的月份是否真的会让我们更容易保持健康呢？A. balance平衡；B. fitness健康；C. innocence无辜；D. reputation名誉。根据上文“casual exercisers”提到了锻炼的人，所以是指保持健康，故选B。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：首先，即便你并不在意自己的六块腹肌，冬季的时候努力锻炼也是有好处的。A. annoyed生气的；B. excited激动的；C. disappointed失望的；D. concerned关心的。根据后文“about your six-pack”指不“在意”腹肌，冬天锻炼也有帮助。be concerned about（在意）符合语义，故选D。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：季节性情感障碍（其正式缩写为 SAD）通常与冬季日照时间缩短导致的“阳光暴露减少”有关，这种病症不仅会影响情绪，还可能对健康造成影响。A. addiction上瘾；B. desire渴望；C. exposure曝光，接触；D. preference偏爱。根据后文“to sunlight during the shorter winter days”可知，季节性情感障碍与冬季“暴露于”阳光减少有关，故选C。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然锻炼并不能完全治愈这种病症，但研究表明，它确实有助于缓解情绪障碍。A. detect查明；B. diagnose诊断；C. relieve缓解；D. treat对待。根据上文“While exercise is not a cure-all”可知，虽然锻炼并不能完全治愈这种病症，但的确有助于“缓解”情绪障碍。故选C。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这就要复杂一些了。A. funnier更有趣的；B. rarer更稀少的；C. stranger更陌生的；D. trickier更复杂的。寒冷天气训练是否有益？这是“更复杂的”问题。trickier（更复杂的）对应后文“燃烧卡路里的说法存在争议”，故选D。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：多年来，人们一直认为，在寒冷的环境中，人体会消耗更多热量来保持体温，同时还能促使白色脂肪转化为具有类似棕色脂肪的功能特性，而棕色脂肪的作用就是为维持体温提供能量。A. abandons抛弃；B. employs采用；C. functions起作用；D. targets以……为目标。根据后文“as a fuel to maintain body temperature”指棕色脂肪的作用就是为维持体温提供能量。故选C。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，这一过程究竟能带来多大的益处，尚存在不同的解释。A. interpretation解释；B. adaptation改编；C. negotiation协商；D. temptation诱惑。根据上文“just how beneficial the process can be is open to”指该过程的益处仍有待“解释”，open to interpretation（有待解读）为固定表达。故选A。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“我还建议你找个人一起锻炼，这样你就有了督促自己去跑步的动力了。”A. appreciate感激；B. practice练习；C. recommend推荐；D. resist抵制。根据后文“teaming up with someone so you’re accountable to go for a run”可知，跑步教练“推荐”组队锻炼。recommend doing sth.（建议做某事）符合语境，故选C。 11．考查动词短语辨析。当然，如果在户外进行训练听起来并不有趣（即便你已经包裹得很严实），那么还有其他选择可供选择。A. built (up)建立；B. wrapped(up)包裹；C. set(up)设置；D. held(up)持有。根据上文“if training outdoors does not sound like fun”可知，冬天在户外锻炼，即使你已经包裹得很严实，户外锻炼也可能无趣，因为实在是太寒冷了，故选B。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这一系列训练的另一端，进行一次短暂而高强度的间歇训练能够提升你的情绪，同时还能帮助你减脂。A. component部分；B. burst爆发；C. block街区；D. portion部分。根据后文“of high-intensity interval training”指短暂、剧烈的高强度间歇训练“爆发”。a burst of（一阵）强调短时高强度，故选B。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你不习惯训练，一个入门级的替代方法是蒂蒙斯训练法，或者20秒的深蹲或壶铃摆动训练，接着进行两分钟的动态恢复（只是四处走动），重复几次。A. alternative选择；B. opportunity机会；C. requirement要求；D. technique技术。根据上文“If you are not used to training”可知，与“若不习惯训练”呼应，指替代选项是泰蒙斯训练法，故选A。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：最后一点要强调的是，不要低估你的情绪对于促使你开始锻炼的重要性。A. emphasize强调；B. investigate调查；C. underestimate低估；D. welcome欢迎。根据后文“vitamin D can positively affect your mood”可知，建议不要“低估”情绪对锻炼的重要性。故选C。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有相当充分的证据表明，充足的维生素D能够对人的情绪产生积极影响，而在冬季几乎不可能通过晒太阳来获取足够的维生素 D。A. inadequate不充分的；B. excessive过度的；C. superior更优的；D. sufficient足够的。根据后文“vitamin D can positively affect your mood”可知，产生积极影响需要充足的维生素D。故选D。 B （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）No, You Don’t Get an A Just for Effort After 20 years of teaching, I thought I’d heard every argument in the book from students who wanted a better grade. But recently, multiple students had a new complaint: “My grade doesn’t reflect the effort I put into this course.” High marks are for 1 , not grit (硬扛，死磕). In the past, students understood that hard work was not sufficient; an A required great work. Yet today, many students expect to be rewarded for the quantity of their effort rather than the quality of their knowledge. In surveys, two-thirds of college students say that “trying hard” should be a factor in their grades, and a third think they should get at least a B just for 2 at (most) classes. This isn’t Gen Z’s fault. It’s the result of a(n) 3 about one of the most popular educational theories. More than a generation ago, the psychologist Carol Dweck published groundbreaking experiments that changed how many parents and teachers talk to kids. Praising kids for their abilities 4 their resilience (韧劲), making them more likely to give up when they encountered setbacks. To persist and learn in the face of challenges, kids needed to believe that abilities and skills are 5 , and the best way to nurture this growth mindset was to shift from praising intelligence to effort. This idea quickly made its way into viral articles, best-selling books and popular TED talks. Psychologists have long found that rewarding effort cultivates a strong work ethic and reinforces learning. That’s especially 6 for students who weren’t born into comfort or don’t have a record of achievement. 7 , the problem is that we’ve taken the practice of celebrating hard work. We are treating it as an end in itself. We’ve taught a generation of kids that their worth is defined 8 by their work ethic. That does great harm to the students. One study found that if there wasn’t a time limit, the higher people scored on their own 9 , the more likely they were to stick to a task they will never accomplish. This is what worries me most about valuing perseverance above all else: It can motivate people to stick with a bad 10 instead of developing better ones. With students, a textbook example is pulling all-nighters rather than spacing out their studying over a few days. Teachers and parents owe kids a more 11 message. There’s a reason we award Olympic medals to the athletes who swim the fastest, not the ones who train the hardest. Motivation is only one of multiple variables (变量) in the achievement equation (等式). Ability, opportunity and luck 12 , too. The ideal 13 to a disappointing grade is not to complain that your diligence wasn’t rewarded. It’s to ask how you could make your investment 14 better. Trying harder isn’t always the answer. Sometimes it’s working smarter, and other times it’s working on something else altogether. Every teacher should support students to succeed. In my classes, I make it clear that my goal is to give as many A’s as possible. But they’re earned through mastering all. The true 15 of learning is not the time and energy you put in. It’s the knowledge and skills you take out. 1．A．industriousness B．engagement C．morality D．excellence 2．A．doing well B．showing up C．nodding off D．burning out 3．A．misunderstanding B．stretching C．extinction D．emergence 4．A．creates B．restores C．stocks D．hurts 5．A．intangible B．attainable C．preservable D．valuable 6．A．fearful B．sentimental C．dreary D．important 7．A．Therefore B．Otherwise C．However D．Besides 8．A．barely B．initially C．primarily D．proportionately 9．A．grit B．education C．adaptability D．intellect 10．A．tendency B．strategy C．motive D．criterion 11．A．balanced B．universal C．motivational D．random 12．A．vary B．arise C．count D．interfere 13．A．switch B．response C．obstacle D．access 14．A．run out B．drop in C．catch on D．pay off 15．A．measurement B．significance C．theory D．reward 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．C 9．A 10．B 11．A 12．C 13．B 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者结合自己最近在教学中听到学生对成绩抱怨的经历，探讨了教育不应仅以努力程度作为评分标准，卓越的成果才是获得高分的正当理由，指出过度强调努力反而会让学生陷入低效策略，平衡看待能力、方法和机会才是关键。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：高分代表优秀，而不是坚韧。A. industriousness勤勉；B. engagement参与；C. morality道德；D. excellence优秀。根据下文“an A required great work”可知，得A需要出色的工作，因此高分代表的是优秀。故选D。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在调查中，三分之二的大学生表示，“努力”应该是他们成绩的一个因素，三分之一的人认为，他们应该至少得到一个B，因为他们在（大多数）课程中都出现了。A. doing well表现好；B. showing up出现；C. nodding off打瞌睡；D. burning out精疲力竭。根据上文“Yet today, many students expect to be rewarded for the quantity of their effort rather than the quality of their knowledge.”可知，许多学生期望根据他们努力的数量而不是知识的质量得到奖励，因此其想法会是因为在课程中出现而至少得到一个B。故选B。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是对最流行的教育理论之一的误解的结果。A. misunderstanding误解；B. stretching延伸；C. extinction灭绝；D. emergence出现。根据下文“____7____, the problem is that we’ve taken the practice of celebrating hard work. We are treating it as an end in itself.”可知，我们已经养成了庆祝辛勤工作的习惯，把它本身看作是目的，这是对教育理论的误解。故选A。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：赞扬孩子的能力会伤害他们的韧性，使他们更有可能在遇到挫折时放弃。A. creates创造；B. restores恢复；C. stocks储存；D. hurts伤害。根据下文“making them more likely to give up when they encountered setbacks”可知，这会让孩子更有可能在遇到挫折时放弃，因此是指伤害他们的韧性。故选D。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为了在挑战面前坚持和学习，孩子们需要相信能力和技能是可以获得的，而培养这种成长心态的最好方法是从赞扬智力转变为赞扬努力。A. intangible无形的；B. attainable可获得的；C. preservable可保存的；D. valuable有价值的。根据下文“this growth mindset”可知，成长心态对应的是相信能力和技能是可以获得的。故选B。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这对那些并非出生在舒适环境或没有成就记录的学生尤其重要。A. fearful害怕的；B. sentimental感伤的；C. dreary沉闷的；D. important重要的。根据下文“for students who weren’t born into comfort or don’t have a record of achievement”可知，对那些并非出生在舒适环境或没有成就记录的学生而言，奖励努力从而培养强烈的职业道德，并加强学习是很重要的。故选D。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，问题是我们已经养成了庆祝辛勤工作的习惯。A. Therefore因此；B. Otherwise否则；C. However然而；D. Besides此外。根据上文“Psychologists have long found that rewarding effort cultivates a strong work ethic and reinforces learning.”和下文“the problem is that we’ve taken the practice of celebrating hard work”可知，前面肯定奖励努力的意义，后面指出我们面临的问题，前后是转折关系，应用However“然而”衔接。故选C。 8．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们教育了一代孩子，他们的价值主要是由他们的职业道德来定义的。A. barely几乎不；B. initially最初地；C. primarily主要地；D. proportionately成比例地。根据上文“We are treating it as an end in itself.”可知，我们把庆祝辛勤工作本身看作是目的，这会导致让孩子们认为他们的价值主要是由职业道德来定义的。故选C。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一项研究发现，如果没有时间限制，人们在自己的毅力上得分越高，他们就越有可能坚持完成一项他们永远无法完成的任务。A. grit毅力；B. education教育；C. adaptability适应性；D. intellect智力。根据下文“This is what worries me most about valuing perseverance above all else”可知，作者很担心把毅力看得比什么都重要这件事，因此是指在自己的毅力上得分越高。故选A。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：把毅力看得比什么都重要，这是我最担心的：它会促使人们坚持一个糟糕的策略，而不是发展出更好的策略。A. tendency趋势；B. strategy策略；C. motive动机；D. criterion标准。根据下文“With students, a textbook example is pulling all-nighters rather than spacing out their studying over a few days.”可知，后面举出学生通宵学习而非在几天内分开学习的例子，这是他们对待学习的策略，因此是指会促使人们坚持一个糟糕的策略。故选B。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：老师和家长应该给孩子一个更平衡的讯息。A. balanced平衡的；B. universal普遍的；C. motivational激励的；D. random随机的。根据下文“There’s a reason we award Olympic medals to the athletes who swim the fastest, not the ones who train the hardest. Motivation is only one of multiple variables (变量) in the achievement equation (等式).”可知，奖牌奖励的是卓越的表现，而非仅仅是刻苦的训练，影响成就的变量很多，动机只是其中一个，因此是指给孩子一个更平衡的关于成就的讯息。故选A。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：能力、机会和运气也很重要。A. vary变化；B. arise出现；C. count重要；D. interfere干扰。根据上文“Motivation is only one of multiple variables (变量) in the achievement equation (等式).”可知，影响成就的变量很多，能力、机会和运气也很重要。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：面对令人失望的成绩，理想的反应不是抱怨你的勤奋没有得到回报。A. switch切换；B. response反应；C. obstacle障碍；D. access使用权。根据下文“not to complain that your diligence wasn’t rewarded”可知，抱怨勤奋没有得到回报不是面对令人失望的成绩的理想反应。故选B。 14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：而是问你如何才能让你的投入取得更好的效果。A. run out用完；B. drop in顺访；C. catch on流行；D. pay off取得好效果。根据此处是讨论如何取得更好的成就的情境，以及上文“how you could make your investment”可知，学生需要思考的是如何才能让投入更好地奏效，即取得更好的效果。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：学习的真正衡量标准不是你投入的时间和精力。A. measurement衡量；B. significance意义；C. theory理论；D. reward奖励。根据上文“In my classes, I make it clear that my goal is to give as many A’s as possible. But they’re earned through mastering all.”可知，A是通过掌握所有技能而获得的，因此是指学习的真正衡量标准不是投入的时间和精力。故选A。 四、选词填空 A （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．channel    B．featuring    C figure    D hanging    E. initially    F. oral G. ritually    H. scare    I. surge    J. troubled    K. worn Keeping the Five Venoms at Bay In China, people refer to the fifth lunar month as the “month of poison,” since the warmer, wetter climate brings a 1 in creatures thought to be venomous (有毒的). During the Dragon Boat Festival, people traditionally ward off the “five venoms” — snakes, scorpions, centipedes, geckos, and toads — though some are actually harmless. These venomous creatures have long 2 the Chinese, who have imagined them as evil spirits. Then various remedies have been developed. For instance, many people hang the herb on their doors to prevent them from entering. Some even weave the Chinese mugwort (艾草) into a human or tiger 3 for better effect. Additionally, 4 ones, such as adding realgar (雄黄), a type of mineral, to alcohol to create realgar wine, have been used a part of Traditional Chinese Medicine to get rid of poisons. Apart from herbs, people also rely on symbolic items for protection. One example is the use of five-colored threads (五彩绳), 5 to prevent disease. Legend holds that after the poet Qu Yuan drowned himself in the Miluo River, people made zongzi and threw them into the water as offerings to him. To 6 off the dragons in the river that night eat the offerings, people used the five-colored threads to wrap up the zongzi. Children also wear clothes or shoes 7 patterns of the “five venoms” to get away from them. In addition, ancient Chinese people believed in the magical power of talismans (符). Red paper bearing the “five venoms” would be pinned to walls and pierced with needles. This was believed to 8 kill the venoms and prevent them from making their presence felt. Today, some of these ancient customs of driving away the “five venoms” remain alive in Chinese culture. Even in cities, you can see people with mugwort 9 in front of their homes. From a modern perspective, these traditions 10 ancient wisdom into modern practices. 【答案】 1．I 2．J 3．C 4．F 5．K 6．H 7．B 8．G 9．D 10．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国传统习俗中端午节驱“五毒”的由来及相关做法，包括使用草药、象征物品和符咒等，展现了古代智慧在现代的延续。 1．考查名词。句意：在中国，人们把农历五月称为“毒月”，因为温暖潮湿的气候会导致被认为有毒的生物激增。分析句子可知，空格处需填入名词作宾语，根据上文的“the warmer, wetter climate”可知，温暖潮湿的气候会导致有毒生物“激增”，surge意为“激增；猛增”，指生物数量因气候原因增多，符合“毒月”的语境。故选I项。 2．考查动词。句意：这些有毒生物长期以来困扰着中国人，他们将其想象成恶灵。分析句子结构，空格处需填入动词作谓语，根据下文的“who have imagined them as evil spirits.”可知，恶灵应该给人带来困扰，troubled意为“困扰；使忧虑”，与“imagined as evil spirits”呼应，体现古人对五毒的恐惧。故选J项。 3．考查名词。句意：有些人甚至把艾草编织成人体或老虎的形状，以达到更好的效果。分析句子可知，空格处需填入名词作宾语，根据常识和上文的“Some even weave the Chinese mugwort (艾草) into a human or tiger”可知，此处指的是编织成人形，figure意为“形状；形象”，human or tiger figure表示“人形或虎形”，符合编织艾草的做法。故选C项。 4．考查形容词。句意：此外，口服疗法，如将雄黄（一种矿物）加入酒中制成雄黄酒，已被用作中药的一部分来排毒。分析句子可知，空格处需填入形容词修饰ones，根据下文的“adding realgar (雄黄), a type of mineral, to alcohol to create realgar wine”可知，此处指的是口服的药物，oral意为“口服的”，oral ones指代“口服的药物”，与“加入酒中”的做法对应。故选F项。 5．考查非谓语动词。句意：一个例子是使用五彩绳，传统上用于预防疾病。分析句子结构，空格处需填入非谓语动词作定语，根据上文的“One example is the use of five-colored threads (五彩绳)”可知，此处指的是“穿戴”相关的话题，逻辑主语是“five-colored threads”，worn意为“穿戴的”，此处指五彩绳“被佩戴”以辟邪，过去分词表被动。故选K项。 6．考查动词。句意：为了吓跑当晚河里想吃祭品的龙，人们用五彩绳包裹粽子。分析句子可知，空格处需填入动词，根据上文的“people made zongzi and threw them into the water as offerings to him.”可知，人们往水里扔粽子是为了吓跑龙，scare off为固定搭配，意为“避开；吓跑”，“throw zongzi into water”的行为呼应，体现驱邪目的。故选H项。 7．考查非谓语动词。句意：孩子们还会穿带有“五毒”图案的衣服或鞋子来躲避它们。分析句子结构，空格处需填入非谓语动词作定语，根据下文的“patterns of the “five venoms” to get away from them.”可知，此处表示穿戴的服装的特征，其逻辑主语是“clothes or shoes”，featuring意为“以……为特色；带有”，现在分词表主动，指衣物上“有五毒图案”。故选B项。 8．考查副词。句意：这被认为能仪式性地杀死毒物，防止它们出现。分析句子可知，空格处需填入副词修饰动词kill，根据上文“Red paper bearing the “five venoms” would be pinned to walls and pierced with needles.”可知，这是人们为辟邪所举行的仪式，ritually意为“仪式上地”，与“pin red paper and pierce with needles”的仪式行为对应，体现传统做法的象征性。故选G项。 9．考查非谓语动词。句意：即使在城市里，你也能看到人们把艾草挂在家门口。分析句子结构，空格处需填入非谓语动词作宾补，根据下文的“in front of their homes.”可知，艾草应是挂在门前，其逻辑主语是“mugwort”，hanging意为“悬挂”，现在分词表状态，指艾草“被挂在门前”的状态。故选D项。 10．考查动词。句意：从现代的角度来看，这些传统将古代智慧转化为现代实践。分析句子可知，空格处需填入动词作谓语，根据下文的“into modern practices.”可知，此处指的是将古代智慧转化为现代实践，channel...into...为固定搭配，意为“将……导入/转化为”，符合“传统智慧延续到现代”的语境。故选A项。 B （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）Directions: Complete the following paragraphs by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．soil     B．practices     C． underscored     D．order E. themed     F. staged     G. anticipating     H. immersive I. boasts     J. solidifying     K. context Shanghai Unveils Pharaohs’ Glory The Shanghai Museum transformed into a gateway to the Nile Valley today as the monumental exhibition, “Top of the Pyramid: Ancient Egyptian Civilization”, officially opened its doors. Praised as the largest and most significant display of Egyptian antiquities ever 1 in China, the exhibition promises an unprecedented journey through 4,000 years of Pharaonic splendor, diplomacy, and enduring mystery. The grand opening ceremony resonated with a sense of historic occasion. Dignitaries, including high-level representatives from Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and Chinese cultural leaders, 2 the exhibition’s role as a peak of Sino-Egyptian cultural exchange. The presence of artifacts, many leaving Egyptian 3 for the first time, granted the event profound significance. The exhibition 4 a stunning 788 carefully selected artifacts sourced directly from seven premier Egyptian institutions. This collection transcends the typical; it features national treasures of the highest 5 . These masterpieces of ancient artistry, rarely seen outside Egypt offer an intimate glimpse into royal burial 6 and beliefs in the afterlife. “This exhibition represents far more than a display of antiquities.” stated Dr. Ahmed El-Damaty, a senior advisor from the Egyptian delegation, during the opening. “It is a profound dialogue between two of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations.” The exhibition is widely seen as a major soft power initiative, strengthening cultural ties between Egypt and China, particularly within the 7 of the Belt and Road framework. Anticipation in Shanghai has been building for months. “Egyptomania” is tangible, with 8 events, lectures, and merchandise appearing across the city. The Shanghai Museum has prepared extensively, creating 9 environments with dramatic lighting, contextual projections, and replicas of tomb interiors to enhance the visitor experience while ensuring state-of-the-art security and climate control for the priceless artifacts. “Top of the Pyramid” is not just an exhibition; it’s a monumental cultural event, placing the pinnacle of ancient Egyptian achievement firmly within reach of the Chinese public and 10 Shanghai’s status as a global hub for world-class cultural exchange. 【答案】 1．F 2．C 3．A 4．I 5．D 6．B 7．K 8．E 9．H 10．J 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主题是：上海博物馆举办大型古埃及文明主题展，展现中埃文化交流成果，凸显其作为国际文化枢纽的地位。 1．考查动词。句意：该展览被誉为中国有史以来举办过的规模最大、意义最重大的埃及文物展览，它承诺将带来一场前所未有的旅程，穿越 4000 年的法老辉煌、外交史和不朽谜团。空格处应填非谓语动词作后置定语，根据空前“display of Egyptian antiquities”可知，此处指“展览被举办”，应用动词stage“举行，举办”，且display与stage之间为被动关系，需用过去分词形式staged。故选F项。 2．考查动词。句意：包括埃及旅游和文物部高级代表和中国文化界领袖在内的政要们强调了此次展览是中埃文化交流的巅峰之作。空格处应填谓语动词，且根据前文“The grand opening ceremony resonated with a sense of historic occasion.”可知，句子时态为一般过去时，所以应填动词的过去式，结合句意可知，此处指“强调展览的作用”，underscored“强调”为动词的过去式，符合句意。故选C项。 3．考查名词。句意：许多文物首次离开埃及的土地，使这一活动具有深远的意义。空格处应填名词作宾语，此处指“离开埃及的土地”，名词soil“土地”符合句意。故选A项。 4．考查动词。句意：该展览展出了788件直接来自埃及七家顶级机构的精心挑选的文物。空格处应填谓语动词，且根据语境可知，句子时态为一般现在时，主语为单数名词，所以应填动词的第三人称单数形式，boasts“拥有，展出”为动词的第三人称单数形式，符合句意。故选I项。 5．考查名词。句意：这批藏品超越了常规；它拥有最高级别的国宝。空格处应填名词作宾语，此处指“最高等级”，名词order“级别，顺序”符合句意。故选D项。 6．考查名词。句意：这些在埃及境外罕见的古代艺术杰作，让人得以一窥王室的埋葬习俗和对来世的信仰。空格处应填名词作宾语，此处指“皇家丧葬习俗”，practices“习俗”为名词的复数形式，符合句意。故选B项。 7．考查名词。句意：该展览被广泛视为一项重大的软实力举措，加强了埃及和中国之间的文化联系，特别是在“一带一路”框架的背景下。空格处应填名词作介词within的宾语，根据空后“of the Belt and Road framework”可知，此处指“在……背景下”，名词context“背景”符合句意。故选K项。 8．考查形容词。句意：“埃及热”是显而易见的，全市范围内涌现出以埃及为主题的活动、讲座和商品。空格处应填形容词作定语修饰名词events，此处指“以埃及为主题的活动”，形容词themed“以……为主题的”符合句意。故选E项。 9．考查形容词。句意：上海博物馆做了充分的准备，创造了沉浸式的环境，有戏剧性的灯光、情境投影和墓室内部的复制品，以增强游客的体验，同时确保为无价文物提供最先进的安全和气候控制。空格处应填形容词作定语修饰名词environments，此处指“沉浸式的环境”，形容词immersive“沉浸式的”符合句意。故选H项。 10．考查动词。句意：“金字塔之巅”不仅仅是一个展览；它是一项重大的文化活动，将古埃及成就的巅峰牢牢地置于中国公众的视野中，并巩固了上海作为世界级文化交流全球枢纽的地位。空格处应填非谓语动词与placing并列，且和主语it之间为主动关系，所以应填现在分词形式，此处指“巩固了上海的地位”，solidifying“巩固”为动词的现在分词形式，符合句意。故选J项。 五、概要写作 A （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Chocolate lovers might face a challenge: the world’s chocolate supply is under threat. The cacao (可可) tree, from which chocolate is made, is suffering. Diseases wipe out a third of the global cacao crop annually, and droughts caused by climate change are making things worse. But there’s hope! Mars Inc., the world’s largest chocolate company, is leading a groundbreaking study on the cacao tree. They’re sharing their findings for free, aiming to ensure that cacao continues to be grown. The focus is on finding ways to increase the yield (产量) of cacao per hectare (亩) since expanding the areas of cacao cultivation often leads to deforestation. This research is crucial because the majority of cacao is grown in Africa by small-scale farmers who lack resources to improve crop yields. Improving cacao plants to produce more per hectare could encourage farmers to adopt more intensive farming techniques. This shift could help protect rainforests and support small farmers’ wealth. Additionally, tackling the issue of disease is critical. Fungi (真菌), like witch’s broom and frosty pod, have destroyed cacao plantations in the Americas and could threaten Africa’s crops. A key part of the solution is genetic research to find disease-resistant cacao trees. Surprisingly, a study led by Juan-Carlos Motamayor revealed that cacao has a much richer genetic diversity than previously thought, opening doors to breeding disease-resistant species. Mars, together with the USDA and IBM, is working hard to speed up this research. Scientists are optimistic that by identifying and breeding cacao trees with desirable features, such as high yield and disease resistance, they can triple cacao production. This would not only secure the chocolate supply but also allow farmers to diversify their crops, leading to year-round harvests and a move away from destructive farming practices. So, the next time you enjoy a piece of chocolate, remember it’s part of a bigger picture involving science, sustainability, and supporting global communities. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The world’s chocolate supply is threatened by diseases and droughts. Mars Inc. leads a study to boost cacao yield per hectare via genetic research, aiming to breed disease-resistant trees. This aims to triple production, protect rainforests, and support African small-scale farmers. Collaborating with USDA and IBM, they leverage cacao’s rich genetic diversity to ensure sustainability and end destructive farming. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍全球的巧克力供应受到疾病和干旱的威胁。玛氏公司（Mars Inc.）领导了一项通过基因研究提高每公顷可可产量的研究，旨在培育抗病树木。该计划旨在使产量增加两倍，保护雨林，并支持非洲小农。他们与美国农业部和IBM合作，利用可可丰富的基因多样性来确保可持续性，并结束破坏性的农业生产。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①Chocolate lovers might face a challenge: the world’s chocolate supply is under threat. ②Mars Inc., the world’s largest chocolate company, is leading a groundbreaking study on the cacao tree. They’re sharing their findings for free, aiming to ensure that cacao continues to be grown. ③Improving cacao plants to produce more per hectare could encourage farmers to adopt more intensive farming techniques. This shift could help protect rainforests and support small farmers’ wealth. ④Mars, together with the USDA and IBM, is working hard to speed up this research. Scientists are optimistic that by identifying and breeding cacao trees with desirable features, such as high yield and disease resistance, they can triple cacao production. 2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 The global supply of chocolate is threatened by diseases and droughts. Mars Inc. is leading an effort to increase cocoa production per hectare through genetic research aimed at breeding disease-resistant trees. They collaborated with the United States Department of Agriculture and IBM to leverage the rich genetic diversity of cocoa to ensure sustainability and put an end to destructive agricultural production. 【点睛】[高分句型1]：Mars Inc. leads a study to boost cacao yield per hectare via genetic research, aiming to breed disease-resistant trees.（运用了非谓语动词中的现在分词作状语。） [高分句型2]：Collaborating with USDA and IBM, they leverage cacao’s rich genetic diversity to ensure sustainability and end destructive farming.（运用了非谓语动词中的现在分词作状语以及动词不定式作目的状语。） B （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 40 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Do You Find It So Hard to Not Multitask? Most of us do multitasking almost daily. But it’s time to change that. Let’s take the smartphone for example. On average you check your phone 110 times a day—that means you’re spending 23 days every year glued to your smartphone! Habits encouraging you to multitask make you unproductive. But it’s hard to let go of these habits because you’ve conditioned your brain to send misleading signals to your body. Research has shown that when you multitask “successfully”, you activate the reward mechanism in your brain that releases dopamine, the happy hormone. You feel so good that you believe you’re being effective and this further encourages your multitasking habit. This rush can also make you overly optimistic, less careful about the work you do and more likely to make mistakes. Multitaskers basically get addicted to this rush which leads them to believe they are being effective when in fact they’re not. To get rid of this multitasking habit so you can find real productivity. You simply have to commit to it and have the self discipline to stick to one task at a time. Just say to yourself: When I walk, I walk. When I talk to someone, I talk to someone. Focus on the one thing you are doing. And like that, you’ve mastered monotasking. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 The passage argues that multitasking reduces productivity and leads to mistakes due to the brain’s addiction to dopamine-driven multitasking rushes. To break multitasking habits one requires self-discipline and commitment to single-task focus. 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了为何人们难以戒除多任务处理的习惯。 【详解】1.要点摘录 ①Most of us do multitasking almost daily. Habits encouraging you to multitask make you unproductive. ②Research has shown that when you multitask “successfully”, you activate the reward mechanism in your brain that releases dopamine. ③This rush can also make you overly optimistic, less careful about the work you do and more likely to make mistakes. ④To get rid of this multitasking habit so you can find real productivity, you simply have to commit to it and have the self-discipline to stick to one task at a time. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2、3三个要点进行整合，阐述多任务处理的弊端，第4个要点单独作为解决措施。 3.遣词造句 The passage argues that multitasking reduces productivity and leads to mistakes due to the brain’s addiction to dopamine-driven multitasking rushes. To break multitasking habits one requires self-discipline and commitment to single-task focus. 【点睛】【高分句型1】The passage argues that multitasking reduces productivity and leads to mistakes due to the brain’s addiction to dopamine-driven multitasking rushes. 运用了一个复杂的主从复合句，对原文第1-2段进行了概括。其中that引导了宾语从句，表达高级。 【高分句型2】To break multitasking habits one requires self-discipline and commitment to single-task focus.运用了一个不定式作目的状语的句子，对原文第3段进行了概括。 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题02 Units 3~4（语篇综合练） （建议用时：40分钟） 语法填空 A 物种分类标准复杂无统一界定，单个基因突变可形成新物种 语法填空 B AI 可按规则创作诗歌，但无理解与情感，作品空洞无灵魂 语法填空 C 尼斯湖水怪目击事件被记录传播，古老传说得以延续 语法填空 D 身高由基因和环境共同决定，纠正常见长高错误认知 阅读理解 A 日食会影响动物行为，部分动物异常反应还受人类活动干扰 阅读理解 B 热浪暴露会加速人体生物衰老，易感人群受影响更显著 阅读理解 C 美国对全球沿海塑料污染的贡献远高于此前估算值 阅读理解 D 全球粮食生产高度依赖化石燃料，带来诸多环境问题 完形填空 A 冬季易久坐不动，坚持锻炼有益健康，并有多种可行方式 完形填空 B 高分看成果而非仅努力，成就受多种因素共同影响 选词填空 A 介绍端午节驱五毒的传统习俗及文化内涵 选词填空 B 上海举办古埃及文物大展，推动中埃文化交流 概要写作 A 巧克力供应面临危机，科研致力于培育高产抗病可可树 概要写作 B 多任务处理降低效率，需专注单任务提升工作效果 一、语法填空 A （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What is the minimum difference a species must show in order to be classed as a new species? This is less straightforward than it seems. The concept of species, as a way of classifying animals and plants, 1 (rely) on finding some feature that all members of that species share, and which is unique to them. This works pretty well for many organisms, but species 2 (put) together continually or split into two as biologists search for the perfect classification system. There are currently at least 26 different ways 3 (define) the concept of a species. Some consider physical or genetic similarity, while others consider whether populations interbreed (杂交繁殖)—or whether they could if they weren’t separated by a geographical barrier, such as a mountain range or ocean. Other definitions of species focus on the evolutionary history of the organism, grouping species according to 4 recently they shared a common ancestor. 5 biologists could agree on a single definition of a species, identifying a point at which a new species is created would still be difficult. Theoretically, the minimum difference could be single mutated (变异) gene, marking a fork in the evolutionary tree 6 one species splits into two. However, biologists almost certainly wouldn’t recognize the creation of the new species until later, when the genetic mutation appeared as a difference in the way the animal looked or behaved. The 7 (close) we’ve come to this was probably in 2016, when researchers at the Janelia Research Campus in Virginia artificially altered the genome (基因组) of a species of Drosophila fruit fly. This change to a single gene altered the frequency of the courtship ‘song’   8 (produce) by the male fly. The insects 9 (carry) this gene could still mate with the wild population, so they couldn’t be considered a separate species by most definitions. But they preferred to mate with similarly mutated flies, and if this mutation had occurred in the wild, it’s possible that this might have resulted 10 the evolution of a new species. B （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期中）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Can AI Create “Great” Poetry? Last week, I sent a request to ChatGPT, the latest artificial intelligence chatbot. In less than a minute, the program had created in full a rhyming Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗). Tools like ChatGPT seem sure to change the world of poetry — and so much else — but poets also have a lot to teach us about artificial intelligence. If algorithms are getting good at writing poetry, it’s partially 1 poetry was always an algorithmic business. Even the most rebellious poets follow more rules than they might like to admit. When 2 (teach) to imitate the structure of sonnet, schoolchildren are effectively learning to follow algorithmic constraints. 3 it surprise us that computers can do so, too? But considering how ChatGPT works, its ability to follow the rules for sonnets seems 4 (impressive) as no one taught it these rules. It is based on a newer kind of AI known as a large language model (LLM). 5 (put) it simply, LLMs analyze large amounts of human writing and learn to predict the next word which should appear in a string of text, based on context. One frequent criticism of LLMs is that they do not understand 6 they write; they just do a great job of guessing the next word. The moment a private verse by Dickinson makes us feel like the poet speaks directly to us, we 7 (experience) the effects of a technology called language. Of course, every Dickinson poem reflects her intention to create meaning. When ChatGPT puts words together, it intends 8 . Some argue that writings by LLMs therefore have no meaning, only the appearance of it. If I see a cloud in the sky that looks like a giraffe, I recognize it as an accidental similarity. In the same way, this argument goes, we should regard the writings of ChatGPT as merely imitating real language, meaningless and random as cloud shapes. When I showed my friends the sonnet by ChatGPT, they called it “soulless and barren” 9 following all the rules for sonnets. But is the average sonnet by a human any better? 10 we now expect computers to write not just poems but good poems, then we have set a much higher bar. C （24-25高二下·上海宝山·期末）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. There are few scary legends that survive the centuries to bother the next generation, but one such creature’s strange tale has persisted over a millennium. On May 2,1933, an unattributed article appeared in a Scottish local newspaper. It carried the eyewitness account of a 1 (marry) couple who claimed they had spotted a large creature in the waters of Loch Ness. According to the report, “The creature entertained itself, rolling for fully a minute, its body looking like 2 of a whale, and the water falling down rapidly.” In the Scottish Highlands, Loch Ness is a 22.5-mile-long lake, nearly two miles across at its widest point, and its waters 3 reach a depth of 788 feet. The article noted that for centuries it 4 (credit) with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster. It hinted that 5 the couple had seen might be the creature that had inspired stories of the mythical water spirit or shape-shifting water horse of Celtic legend. Three months after the couple’s sighting, the same newspaper published a letter from a Londoner named George Spicer, 6 claimed that while driving with his wife around Loch Ness he’d seen a strange creature cross the road in front of him. “I saw the nearest approach 7 a dragon or prehistoric animal that I have ever seen in my life.” he wrote. In the weeks 8 (follow) the article’s publication, Campbell wrote more stories on the subject for the Scottish media. In one article Campbell stated, “Many people in the area now think that the ‘monster’ is indeed a prehistoric creature.” And he announced with confidence, “It is certain 9 (see) again.” Catching wind of the strange story, the national newspaper The Scotsman sent journalist Philip Stalker to Loch Ness. Stalker filed a report that included an eyewitness account from Alex Campbell, who claimed that 10 he hadn’t believed in the monster at first, he’d later seen a long-necked creature for himself. Campbell would emerge as a key witness, eventually claiming to have seen the creature on 18 occasions, sometimes at close range. He was, in a sense, the man who invented the monster. D （24-25高二下·上海杨浦·期末）Directions:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Myths and Facts about Growing Taller As soon as they walk into a room, tall people command attention. They also enjoy some advantages, such as 1 (consider) attractive (especially for men). Tall people also tend to have higher status jobs and consequently earn more money than others. It’s no wonder that many young people are concerned about growing as tall as possible. There are many myths about growth and height in circulation, though, so let’s examine them and find out the truth. Myth: A person’s height is completely determined by genes. Fact: Genes do play a role, 2 (determine) about 60 to 80 percent of a person’s height. But the rest is influenced by environmental factors, of which nutrition during childhood is 3 (important). Without enough vitamins, minerals, and protein, children do not become as tall as their genes would allow. Myth: Caffeine stops children from growing. Fact: Drinking normal amounts of coffee won’t affect growth. A child or teenager can have a cup of coffee or tea 4 no ill effects on height. However, Overconsumption of caffeine may negatively affect growth because it interferes with sleep, 5 is when most growth happens. Myth: Stretching or hanging upside down can make you taller. Fact: It’s not clear 6 this is true or not. Some evidence indicates that stretching can increase height while one 7 (grow). But this doesn’t work 8 one is fully grown. Hanging upside down makes one taller temporarily, but this may not make a lasting difference. Understanding 9 growth happens can help people make decisions. For young people who are still growing, a healthy diet is the best way for them to maximize their height.   Adults past their early 20s don’t have many ways to permanently change their height. They have to rely on measures like tall shoes, inserts and certain types of clothing. But remember that 10 you’re not as tall as you would like, your character and choices are more important. 二、阅读理解 A （25-26高二下·上海浦东新·月考）For centuries, people have noticed that when the sky darkens during a solar eclipse, some animals behave strangely. Records from the 16th century mention birds ceasing to sing and even falling to the ground during eclipses. But until recently, scientific studies that provided quantitative information about how eclipses affect animals were few and far between. The total solar eclipses that crossed North America in August 2017 and April 2024 gave biologists a rare chance to examine how eclipses affect animal behavior. On average, a total solar eclipse happens somewhere on Earth every 18 months, but a given spot on the globe will be in a total eclipse’s path just a few times in a millennium. The proximity of the 2017 and 2024 eclipses, in time and in place, was a boon (益处) to scientists hoping to build datasets and replicate experiments. In both eclipses, Andrew Farnsworth, a visiting scientist at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, used weather surveillance radar to track broad patterns in the movement of animals through the atmosphere. “The biological activity definitely dipped,” he says. His team observed birds and insects “descending from the sky as if night was approaching”. However, they didn’t see nocturnal behaviors, like nighttime migrations, switch on. “The eclipse was enough to shut down the daytime behaviors on these broad scales, but it wasn’t enough to initiate the classic nocturnal ones,” Farnsworth says. Jennifer Tsuruda, an assistant professor at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, studied the behavior of honeybees during the 2017 and 2024 eclipses. Her team removed bees from their hives and tracked how quickly they returned home before, during, and after each eclipse. While the male drones made a beeline for their hives during the 2017 totality, the female workers were “actually a little bit more hesitant” Tsuruda says, and “slower to return” home. In 2017, she also found that honeybees were less likely to leave their hives during an eclipse, but in hives with lots of young that needed to be fed, the workers still ventured out. Future studies might examine what about an eclipse actually affects animals’ behavior. “It’s not Just the amount of light that changes” Tsuruda says—the animals might be responding to changes in temperature or humidity. Adam Hartstone-Rose, a professor at North Carolina State University, found another potential factor in some animals’ eclipse behavior: the humans around them. He studied zoo animals during the 2017 and 2024 eclipses. During the 2017 eclipse, he found that some animals headed to their enclosures as if it were nighttime, but others, like a giraffe galloping around its paddock, showed signs of anxiety. In 2024, his team observed giraffes again, and found that “the giraffes really seem to be reacting not to the eclipse itself, but to the people’s reaction to the eclipse.” Hartstone-Rose says. Crowds of exuberant eclipse-watchers, rather than changes in the sky, seemed to put the giraffes on edge. While total eclipses are a relatively rare occurrence, studying them “does have a place in the big picture,” Farnsworth says. “Anytime you can study animal behavior at big scales and see the impact of some kind of stimulus on their behavior, I think it’s important to add something to our understanding.” 1．Based on Andrew Farnsworth’s radar observations, what can be inferred about animals’ response to eclipses? A．They immediately activated full nocturnal migration patterns. B．Their biological activities ceased completely during totality. C．Daytime behaviors were suppressed without triggering typical night behaviors. D．Insect populations suffered irreversible declines post-eclipse. 2．What distinct behavior did male honeybees exhibit compared to female workers during the 2017 eclipse? A．They abandoned their hives permanently when darkness fell. B．They significantly increased food-seeking activity for young bees. C．They returned to hives more directly and rapidly. D．They displayed heightened aggression toward researchers. 3．Hartstone-Rose’s 2024 zoo study suggests that giraffes’ anxiety during eclipses primarily resulted from: A．physiological discomfort caused by sudden temperature drops. B．disruption to their circadian rhythms due to darkness. C．scientists’ invasive data collection methods. D．human observers’ excited reactions rather than celestial changes. 4．What central concept do the researchers emphasize regarding eclipse behavior studies? A．Their limited applicability due to eclipses’ rarity at fixed locations. B．The necessity to prioritize light-based explanations over other variables. C．The potential to predict species-specific extinction risks. D．Their value in revealing how stimuli influence large-scale animal behavior. B （25-26高二上·上海黄浦·月考）Living through extreme heat waves can speed up your rate of aging, according to research published Monday. Scientists analyzed 15 years’ worth of health data from nearly 25,000 adults in Taiwan and found that two years of exposure to heat waves could accelerate a person’s so — called biological aging by eight to 12 extra days. It may not sound like a lot, but this number builds over time, said Cui Guo, an assistant professor at the University of Hong Kong who led the study, which was published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change. “This small number actually matters,” she said. “This was a study of a two-year exposure, but we know heat waves have actually been occurring for decades.” The research comes as climate change is making heat waves more intense and long-lasting. The West Coast of the United States is suffering from extremely hot temperatures while Iran is experiencing searing heat. Record-breaking temperatures punished Europe, Japan and Korea earlier this month. France recently experienced its second heat wave of the summer, leading to a national debate over air-conditioning. In 2024, the hottest year on record, climate change was responsible for 41 extra days of extreme heat worldwide, according to an analysis by World Weather Attribution. Particular groups are more vulnerable (易受伤害的) to faster aging because of heat, the researchers found. If you’re an older person who has lived through many heat waves, you may age faster than a younger person who had the same exposure, Dr. Guo said. Other factors, such as living without air-conditioning or working outdoors, can also make your aging rate significantly worse. Dr. Guo cautions this isn’t the same as losing literal days off your life; it reflects a measurable shift in biological aging markers, not the calendar. The study defined heat waves as both a period of at least two continuous days of abnormally high temperatures as well as any time when officials issued heat warnings. It also took the sum of a person’s heat exposure into account. The researchers quantified the heat’s effects by comparing people’s biological age to their chronological (按照时间计算的) age. Biological age, is a measure of how healthy a person’s lungs, liver and cells are compared with a perfectly healthy person, Dr. Guo said. The study used 12 of these health measurements, known as biomarkers, to calculate how heat affected the rate of aging for the study’s participants. The results accounted for individual factors that can affect aging markers, such as exercise, smoking and preexisting disease. “Most countries are facing an aging population,” Dr. Guo said. Since biological aging is closely linked to death and many diseases, speeding it up can be an indicator of serious health problems. The population of Taiwan, along with Italy, Spain and Hong Kong, ranks as one of the oldest in the world. In the United States, a little less than a quarter of the population is expected to be 65 or older by 2050. 1．What was the primary finding about exposure to heat waves? A．It affected the health of a large population of people in Taiwan. B．It caused an increase in biological aging equivalent to 8-12 days. C．It triggered 41 extra days of extreme heat globally. D．It reversed aging markers in outdoor workers by 10%. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A．Officials issue heat warnings when temperatures have remained abnormally high for at least two continuous days. B．The study’s ability to measure heat’s impact would be questionable if the assessment of biological age were inaccurate. C．A person’s chronological age is more closely related to their lung and liver health than their biological age. D．The definition of heat waves used in the study is identical to the one commonly adopted by most climate research. 3．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．Living without air-conditioning has sped up the aging rate of French workers. B．Heat waves accelerate aging in seniors as much as in the young. C．As aging is tied to disease, speeding it up signals poor health. D．Biological aging serves as markers and can translate to living shorter lifespan. 4．What is the most suitable title for the passage? A．Climate Change’s New Evidence: Extreme Heat B．New Study Reveals the Recent Heat Waves Crisis C．What Years of Heat Waves Can Do to Your Life and Work D．Heat Waves Are Speeding Up Human Aging C （24-25高二下·上海·月考）The United States contribution to coastal plastic pollution world-wide is significantly larger than previously thought, possibly by as much as five times, according to a study published Friday. According to the research, published in Science Advances, two factors contributed to the sharp increase: Americans are using more plastic than ever and the current study included pollution produced by United States exports of plastic waste, while the earlier one did not. The United States, which does not have sufficient infrastructure (基础建设) to handle its recycling demands at home, exports about half of its recyclable waste. Of the total exported, about 88 percent ends up in countries considered to have inadequate waste management. “When you consider how much of our plastic waste isn’t actually recyclable because it is low-value, polluted or difficult to process, it’s not surprising that a lot of it ends up polluting the environment,” said the study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law, research professor of oceanography at Sea Education Association, in a statement. The study estimates that in 2016, the United States contributed between 1.1 and 2.5 million tons of plastic waste to the oceans through a combination of littering, dumping and mismanaged exports. At a minimum, that’s almost double the total estimated waste in the team’s previous study. At the high end, it would be a fivefold increase over the earlier estimate. The ranges are wide partly because “there’s no real standard for being able to provide good quality data on collection and disposal of waste in general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource economist at DSM Environmental Solutions, a consulting firm, and an author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the researchers had evaluated waste-disposal practices in countries around the world and used their “best professional judgment” to determine the lowest and highest amounts of plastic waste likely to escape into the environment. They settled on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent. Tony Walker, an associate professor at the Dalhousie University School for Resource and Environmental Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that analyzing waste data can amount to a “data minefield (危机四伏的局面)” because there are no data standards across municipalities. Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped overseas, he said, data is often not recorded at all. Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who was not involved in the study, said it could offer a more accurate accounting of plastic pollution than the previous study, which likely underestimated the United States’ contribution. “They’ve put their best estimate, as accurate as they can be with this data,” he said, and used ranges, which underscores that the figures are estimates. 1．According to the research, what has made the US contribution to coastal plastic pollution higher than thought? A．More unrecyclable plastic waste has been produced. B．Some once excluded data is now included in the study. C．Americans have begun to export plastic waste recently. D．People have no device at home to dispose of plastic waste. 2．The total estimated plastic waste was according to the team’s previous study. A．about 0.26 million tons B．about 0.55 million tons C．about 1.1 million tons D．about 2.2 million tons 3．Why is there a wide range in the team’s estimate? A．Countries around the world vary a lot in the amount of plastic waste. B．More plastic waste has escaped into the environment than before. C．No such data-related standard is widely acknowledged. D．The team hopes to give a possible prospect. 4．It can be inferred from the passage that Tony Walker . A．doesn’t think the team’s estimates are that accurate B．underestimates the US contribution to plastic waste C．doesn’t think that the team should provide such estimates D．feels regretful that he hasn’t been involved in the study D （24-25高二下·上海·期中）The Fossil Fuel (矿物燃料) Diet Would you like adding fossil fuel dressing to your tomato salad, or how about coating salt water fish with it? If only it were so easy to see the effect of fossil fuels on food production, even environmentally friendly food lovers might find their lunch turning to ash in their mouth. The global food system is more dependent on fossil fuels than we tend to recognize. They power the tractors that prepare fields and the pumps that extract groundwater for soil watering. They are used to manufacture fertilizers They drive the trucks, trains, and ships that transport food. 1 So says energy scholar Vaclav Smil, who has done some calculations to illustrate this point. He estimates that producing an average French loaf requires the equivalent of about 30 milliliters of diesel (柴油) fuel. A kilogram of roast chicken requires over 300 milliliters. Surprisingly, a kilogram of tomatoes cultivated in a heated greenhouse and transported long distances requires twice as much diesel as the poultry (家禽). 2 . Producing a kilogram of farmed salt water fish, for example, uses a shocking 2 liters of diesel, according to Smil. 3 . It is also a major reason why agriculture generates around a third of greenhouse gas emissions and is a dominant driver of biodiversity loss. For a healthier planet, we must find a way to stop “eating” fossil fuels. Unfortunately, ending that dependency will be even tougher than reducing emissions from the power network or transportation. But there are a thousand things we could be doing better now. 4 . Governments should support farming practices that conserve carbon-storing soil and use water and fertilizers more efficiently. And we should eat much less meat. If we don’t, we are stuck seasoning each bite with diesel. A．Reducing food waste should be a top priority. B．In fact, we may as well think of ourselves as eating fossil fuels. C．Despite this, many farmers are already producing food with minimal fossil fuel input. D．Fortunately, removing fossil fuels from food production is a simple and straightforward process. E．Seafood is often even worse due to the inefficiency of feeding them with smaller, wild-caught fish. F．This intensive use of energy from fossil fuels is not only surprising but also contributes to the global food oversupply. 三、完形填空 A （24-25高二下·上海·期末）Don’t Hibernate AH, WINTER, the season of roast dinners and heated blankets. Not so much time for getting up early to hit the gym, going for a run in the evening darkness, or even taking a brief walk at lunch time. The evidence confirms what you probably 1 . In winter, most people tend to spend more time in a sedentary (久坐的) way. Does that mean we casual exercisers are fated to 2 in the icy months, or are there ways to address it? And does anything about the colder, darker months actually make maintaining our 3 easier? First of all, it is helpful for you to make the effort during winter, even if you are not 4 about your six-pack (发达的腹肌). Seasonal affective disorder (properly abbreviated as SAD), which is often linked to reduced 5 to sunlight during the shorter winter days, may affect not just mood but your health as well. While exercise is not a cure-all, studies suggest that it can help to 6 the mood disorder. Are there benefits to training in cold weather? This is 7 . For years, it was assumed that bodies burn more calories in the cold to keep warm, while also helping the body’s-white fat to take on the properties of brown fat, which 8 as a fuel to maintain body temperature. However, just how beneficial the process can be is open to 9 . Still, the benefits of exercise make it more than worth toughing out the odd pre-dawn alarm. But how do you get it done? “My top tip would be to either use your commute (通勤) to get your workout in, or make sure you get out again as soon as you get home,” says running coach Havley Hemmings. “I’d also 10 teaming up with someone so you’re accountable to go for a run.” Of course, if training outdoors does not sound like fun, even when you are 11 up, there are other options. Walking 4,000 steps a day, for example, can significantly reduce your risk of all-cause mortality (死亡率). At the other end of the range, a short, sharp 12 of high-intensity interval training can boost your mood while helping to reduce fat. If you are not used to training, an entry-level 13 is the Timmons Method, or 20 seconds of squats (深蹲) or kettlebell (壶铃) swings work, followed by two minutes of active recovery (just moving around) repeated a few times. And finally, don’t 14 the importance of your mood on getting you to work out in the first place. There is fairly strong evidence that 15 vitamin D can positively affect your mood, and it is nearly impossible to get enough from the sun in winter. Get a supplement (补充剂) — and don’t be afraid to chase it with roast dinners. 1．A．pretend B．regret C．suspect D．understand 2．A．break down B．fall behind C．set off D．wake up 3．A．balance B．fitness C．innocence D．reputation 4．A．annoyed B．excited C．disappointed D．concerned 5．A．addiction B．desire C．exposure D．preference 6．A．detect B．diagnose C．relieve D．treat 7．A．funnier B．rarer C．stranger D．trickier 8．A．abandons B．employs C．functions D．targets 9．A．interpretation B．adaptation C．negotiation D．temptation 10．A．appreciate B．practice C．recommend D．resist 11．A．built B．wrapped C．set D．held 12．A．component B．burst C．block D．portion 13．A．alternative B．opportunity C．requirement D．technique 14．A．emphasize B．investigate C．underestimate D．welcome 15．A．inadequate B．excessive C．superior D．sufficient B （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）No, You Don’t Get an A Just for Effort After 20 years of teaching, I thought I’d heard every argument in the book from students who wanted a better grade. But recently, multiple students had a new complaint: “My grade doesn’t reflect the effort I put into this course.” High marks are for 1 , not grit (硬扛，死磕). In the past, students understood that hard work was not sufficient; an A required great work. Yet today, many students expect to be rewarded for the quantity of their effort rather than the quality of their knowledge. In surveys, two-thirds of college students say that “trying hard” should be a factor in their grades, and a third think they should get at least a B just for 2 at (most) classes. This isn’t Gen Z’s fault. It’s the result of a(n) 3 about one of the most popular educational theories. More than a generation ago, the psychologist Carol Dweck published groundbreaking experiments that changed how many parents and teachers talk to kids. Praising kids for their abilities 4 their resilience (韧劲), making them more likely to give up when they encountered setbacks. To persist and learn in the face of challenges, kids needed to believe that abilities and skills are 5 , and the best way to nurture this growth mindset was to shift from praising intelligence to effort. This idea quickly made its way into viral articles, best-selling books and popular TED talks. Psychologists have long found that rewarding effort cultivates a strong work ethic and reinforces learning. That’s especially 6 for students who weren’t born into comfort or don’t have a record of achievement. 7 , the problem is that we’ve taken the practice of celebrating hard work. We are treating it as an end in itself. We’ve taught a generation of kids that their worth is defined 8 by their work ethic. That does great harm to the students. One study found that if there wasn’t a time limit, the higher people scored on their own 9 , the more likely they were to stick to a task they will never accomplish. This is what worries me most about valuing perseverance above all else: It can motivate people to stick with a bad 10 instead of developing better ones. With students, a textbook example is pulling all-nighters rather than spacing out their studying over a few days. Teachers and parents owe kids a more 11 message. There’s a reason we award Olympic medals to the athletes who swim the fastest, not the ones who train the hardest. Motivation is only one of multiple variables (变量) in the achievement equation (等式). Ability, opportunity and luck 12 , too. The ideal 13 to a disappointing grade is not to complain that your diligence wasn’t rewarded. It’s to ask how you could make your investment 14 better. Trying harder isn’t always the answer. Sometimes it’s working smarter, and other times it’s working on something else altogether. Every teacher should support students to succeed. In my classes, I make it clear that my goal is to give as many A’s as possible. But they’re earned through mastering all. The true 15 of learning is not the time and energy you put in. It’s the knowledge and skills you take out. 1．A．industriousness B．engagement C．morality D．excellence 2．A．doing well B．showing up C．nodding off D．burning out 3．A．misunderstanding B．stretching C．extinction D．emergence 4．A．creates B．restores C．stocks D．hurts 5．A．intangible B．attainable C．preservable D．valuable 6．A．fearful B．sentimental C．dreary D．important 7．A．Therefore B．Otherwise C．However D．Besides 8．A．barely B．initially C．primarily D．proportionately 9．A．grit B．education C．adaptability D．intellect 10．A．tendency B．strategy C．motive D．criterion 11．A．balanced B．universal C．motivational D．random 12．A．vary B．arise C．count D．interfere 13．A．switch B．response C．obstacle D．access 14．A．run out B．drop in C．catch on D．pay off 15．A．measurement B．significance C．theory D．reward 四、选词填空 A （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．channel    B．featuring    C figure    D hanging    E. initially    F. oral G. ritually    H. scare    I. surge    J. troubled    K. worn Keeping the Five Venoms at Bay In China, people refer to the fifth lunar month as the “month of poison,” since the warmer, wetter climate brings a 1 in creatures thought to be venomous (有毒的). During the Dragon Boat Festival, people traditionally ward off the “five venoms” — snakes, scorpions, centipedes, geckos, and toads — though some are actually harmless. These venomous creatures have long 2 the Chinese, who have imagined them as evil spirits. Then various remedies have been developed. For instance, many people hang the herb on their doors to prevent them from entering. Some even weave the Chinese mugwort (艾草) into a human or tiger 3 for better effect. Additionally, 4 ones, such as adding realgar (雄黄), a type of mineral, to alcohol to create realgar wine, have been used a part of Traditional Chinese Medicine to get rid of poisons. Apart from herbs, people also rely on symbolic items for protection. One example is the use of five-colored threads (五彩绳), 5 to prevent disease. Legend holds that after the poet Qu Yuan drowned himself in the Miluo River, people made zongzi and threw them into the water as offerings to him. To 6 off the dragons in the river that night eat the offerings, people used the five-colored threads to wrap up the zongzi. Children also wear clothes or shoes 7 patterns of the “five venoms” to get away from them. In addition, ancient Chinese people believed in the magical power of talismans (符). Red paper bearing the “five venoms” would be pinned to walls and pierced with needles. This was believed to 8 kill the venoms and prevent them from making their presence felt. Today, some of these ancient customs of driving away the “five venoms” remain alive in Chinese culture. Even in cities, you can see people with mugwort 9 in front of their homes. From a modern perspective, these traditions 10 ancient wisdom into modern practices. B （24-25高二下·上海黄浦·期末）Directions: Complete the following paragraphs by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A．soil     B．practices     C． underscored     D．order E. themed     F. staged     G. anticipating     H. immersive I. boasts     J. solidifying     K. context Shanghai Unveils Pharaohs’ Glory The Shanghai Museum transformed into a gateway to the Nile Valley today as the monumental exhibition, “Top of the Pyramid: Ancient Egyptian Civilization”, officially opened its doors. Praised as the largest and most significant display of Egyptian antiquities ever 1 in China, the exhibition promises an unprecedented journey through 4,000 years of Pharaonic splendor, diplomacy, and enduring mystery. The grand opening ceremony resonated with a sense of historic occasion. Dignitaries, including high-level representatives from Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and Chinese cultural leaders, 2 the exhibition’s role as a peak of Sino-Egyptian cultural exchange. The presence of artifacts, many leaving Egyptian 3 for the first time, granted the event profound significance. The exhibition 4 a stunning 788 carefully selected artifacts sourced directly from seven premier Egyptian institutions. This collection transcends the typical; it features national treasures of the highest 5 . These masterpieces of ancient artistry, rarely seen outside Egypt offer an intimate glimpse into royal burial 6 and beliefs in the afterlife. “This exhibition represents far more than a display of antiquities.” stated Dr. Ahmed El-Damaty, a senior advisor from the Egyptian delegation, during the opening. “It is a profound dialogue between two of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations.” The exhibition is widely seen as a major soft power initiative, strengthening cultural ties between Egypt and China, particularly within the 7 of the Belt and Road framework. Anticipation in Shanghai has been building for months. “Egyptomania” is tangible, with 8 events, lectures, and merchandise appearing across the city. The Shanghai Museum has prepared extensively, creating 9 environments with dramatic lighting, contextual projections, and replicas of tomb interiors to enhance the visitor experience while ensuring state-of-the-art security and climate control for the priceless artifacts. “Top of the Pyramid” is not just an exhibition; it’s a monumental cultural event, placing the pinnacle of ancient Egyptian achievement firmly within reach of the Chinese public and 10 Shanghai’s status as a global hub for world-class cultural exchange. 五、概要写作 A （24-25高二下·上海嘉定·期中）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Chocolate lovers might face a challenge: the world’s chocolate supply is under threat. The cacao (可可) tree, from which chocolate is made, is suffering. Diseases wipe out a third of the global cacao crop annually, and droughts caused by climate change are making things worse. But there’s hope! Mars Inc., the world’s largest chocolate company, is leading a groundbreaking study on the cacao tree. They’re sharing their findings for free, aiming to ensure that cacao continues to be grown. The focus is on finding ways to increase the yield (产量) of cacao per hectare (亩) since expanding the areas of cacao cultivation often leads to deforestation. This research is crucial because the majority of cacao is grown in Africa by small-scale farmers who lack resources to improve crop yields. Improving cacao plants to produce more per hectare could encourage farmers to adopt more intensive farming techniques. This shift could help protect rainforests and support small farmers’ wealth. Additionally, tackling the issue of disease is critical. Fungi (真菌), like witch’s broom and frosty pod, have destroyed cacao plantations in the Americas and could threaten Africa’s crops. A key part of the solution is genetic research to find disease-resistant cacao trees. Surprisingly, a study led by Juan-Carlos Motamayor revealed that cacao has a much richer genetic diversity than previously thought, opening doors to breeding disease-resistant species. Mars, together with the USDA and IBM, is working hard to speed up this research. Scientists are optimistic that by identifying and breeding cacao trees with desirable features, such as high yield and disease resistance, they can triple cacao production. This would not only secure the chocolate supply but also allow farmers to diversify their crops, leading to year-round harvests and a move away from destructive farming practices. So, the next time you enjoy a piece of chocolate, remember it’s part of a bigger picture involving science, sustainability, and supporting global communities. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B （24-25高二下·上海浦东新·期末）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 40 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Why Do You Find It So Hard to Not Multitask? Most of us do multitasking almost daily. But it’s time to change that. Let’s take the smartphone for example. On average you check your phone 110 times a day—that means you’re spending 23 days every year glued to your smartphone! Habits encouraging you to multitask make you unproductive. But it’s hard to let go of these habits because you’ve conditioned your brain to send misleading signals to your body. Research has shown that when you multitask “successfully”, you activate the reward mechanism in your brain that releases dopamine, the happy hormone. You feel so good that you believe you’re being effective and this further encourages your multitasking habit. This rush can also make you overly optimistic, less careful about the work you do and more likely to make mistakes. Multitaskers basically get addicted to this rush which leads them to believe they are being effective when in fact they’re not. To get rid of this multitasking habit so you can find real productivity. You simply have to commit to it and have the self discipline to stick to one task at a time. Just say to yourself: When I walk, I walk. When I talk to someone, I talk to someone. Focus on the one thing you are doing. And like that, you’ve mastered monotasking. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 / 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $