Unit 1 Science and scientists 阅读·久久为功-【新课程学案】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第二册教师用书word（人教版）

附：《阅读·久久为功》 一、背主题名句，写大气文章 1．(教材名句)To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.—Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld 提出新的问题，发现新的可能，从新的角度审视已存在的问题，这些需要创造性的想象力，并标志着科学的真正进步。——(美)阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦； (波兰)利奥波德·英费尔德 2．The future of science can only belong to the diligent and modest younger generation！—Pavlov 科学的未来只能属于勤奋而谦虚的年轻一代！——巴甫洛夫 3．Science is to sort out the facts, so that form the common rules and conclusions.—Darwin 科学就是整理事实，从而形成普遍的规律和结论。——达尔文 4．The scientist is motivated primarily by curiosity and a desire for truth.—Irving Langmuir 科学家的驱动力主要是好奇心和对真理的渴望。——欧文·朗缪尔 5．Scientific progress depends on the labor and the value of their inventions of scientists.—Pasteur 科学的进步取决于科学家的劳动和他们的发明的价值。——巴斯德 二、课文不厌百遍读，书中自有“黄金屋” 课文1　JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”(约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”) Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome.This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death.In the early 19th century, ， millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated treat cholera.In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all. [课文对译] 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。 [难句破解] 句①中when引导的是定语从句，它修饰先行词the early 19th century。 句②中because引导的是原因状语从句；how to prevent ...部分是“疑问词＋不定式”结构，它作knew的宾语。 In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct, but he still needed proof.Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that He was determined to find out why. [课文对译] 关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。 [难句破解]　 句③中that引导的是表语从句。that在句中不作成分，但不可以省略。 句④中第一个that引导的是宾语从句，它作discovered的宾语，该宾语从句中又包含so ...that ...引导的结果状语从句。 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places .There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40)．However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.Accordingly, could not be used.Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. [课文对译] 斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。 [难句破解]　 句⑤中where引导的是定语从句，它修饰先行词the exact places; 该从句中又包含一个who引导的定语从句，它修饰先行词all those。 句⑥中so that引导的是目的状语从句。 The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste.Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste.The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. [课文对译] 事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。 Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.However, cholera is still a problem.Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed .For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology. [课文对译] 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。 [难句破解]　 句⑦中the way后的从句是省略了关系词that/in which的定语从句。 课文2　THE FATHER OF CHINA'S AEROSPACE(中国航天之父) Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well­respected man. [课文对译] 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬。《钱学森的故事》一书作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献、成就斐然。 [难句破解]　 句①中Described by ...devotion是过去分词短语作状语，该状语中who引导的定语从句修饰先行词a man。 Born in Shanghai in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering.However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. [课文对译] 钱学森1911年生于上海，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。 Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies.Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology.As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA's leading space­exploration centres. [课文对译] 1935年，钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探索中心之一。 After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955.He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme.At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped.No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China.Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge.When he was asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles？”， his reply was a determined “Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.” [课文对译] 留学美国的最后几年，钱学森克服困难，于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候，中国还很贫穷，火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，而且没有该领域的人才或专家。然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。有人问他：“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗？”他的回答十分坚定：“有什么不能的，外国人能造出来的，我们中国人同样能造得出来。” Under Qian's leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets.In 1970, China successfully launched its first man­made satellite, Dong Fang Hong Ⅰ， from a Long March rocket.Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou spacecraft can also be traced back to Qian's research, Qian earned the name of “the father of China's aerospace”． [课文对译] 在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父”。 Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research.However, was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing.His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research. On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qian's death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways. [课文对译] 钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。 2009年10月31日，钱学森逝世，举国哀痛，人们以各种方式纪念他、缅怀他。 [难句破解]　 句②中what引导的从句是主语从句。 A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT (一个纯思维的世界) Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics.Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair, unable to move and using a computer to talk.Since he ， his world became one of abstract thought. [课文对译] 史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。 [难句破解]　 句③中since引导原因状语从句，该从句中包含which引导的定语从句，先行词是disease。 Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964.In general, there were two main theories on the origin of the universe.The first was the steady state theory, The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space.The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge.During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle's lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths.Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theory — and not the steady state theory — was true. Hawking's own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes.A star was born. [课文对译] 霍金最早成名于1964年，当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论：第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终；另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德·霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。 [难句破解]　 句④中which引导的是非限制性定语从句，该从句中又包含that引导的宾语从句，作holds的宾语。 So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius? Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes . and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore, he was quite determined.This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease.Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults.This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. [课文对译] 那么，是什么使史蒂芬·霍金成为一名天ｵ呢？除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助。最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。 [难句破解]　 句⑤中though引导的是省略形式的让步状语从句，该从句中又包含what引导的宾语从句，作介词in的宾语。 句⑥中第一个what引导的是宾语从句，作say的宾语；第二个what引导的也是宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。 三、词汇记忆无诀窍，适时“回首”记得牢 1．cholera n．　　　　　　　 霍乱 2．severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 同义|serious adj. 严重的；严肃的 拓展|severely adv. 严重地；严厉地 3．frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 拓展|frustration n. 懊恼；沮丧；挫折 4．attend to 关怀；照料；处理 5．once and for all 最终地；彻底地 联想 6．contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 近义|contrary adj. 相反的 拓展|contradiction n. 矛盾；反驳 7．infection n. 感染；传染 8．infect vt. 使感染；传染 拓展 9．germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌 10．subscribe vi. 认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) 11．subscribe to 同意；赞同 同义|agree with, approve of 12．proof n. 证据；证明；检验 拓展|prove v. 证明 13．multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的 拓展|multiply v. 繁殖；增加；乘以 14．pump n. 泵；抽水机；打气筒 15．water pump 水泵 16．household n． 一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人 搭配|household appliances 　 家用电器 17．suspect vt.&vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 18．blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责 搭配 19．handle n. 把手；拉手；柄 vt. 处理；搬动；操纵 同义|do/deal with 　　 处理 20．intervention n. 介入；出面；干涉 拓展|intervene v. 干预；介入 21．link n. 联系；纽带 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联 搭配|link with 与……联系 同义 22．raw adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的 反义|cooked adj. 熟的 23．pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的 24．substantial adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 同义|abundant adj. 大量的；丰富的 25．decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量 　 vt.&vi. 减少；减小；降低 搭配 同义|reduce/lessen 反义|increase v. 增加 26．thanks to 幸亏；由于 近义|because of/due to/owing to/on account of 27．statistic n． 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 28．transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态 vi. 改变；转变 搭配|transform ...into ...　 把……变成…… 拓展|transformation n. 转变；改变 29．thinking n. 思想；思维；见解 拓展 30．protein n. 蛋白质 31．virus n. 病毒 32．finding n． 发现；调查结果；(法律)判决 33．initial adj. 最初的；开始的；第一的 同义|original adj. 起初的；原先的 拓展|initially adv. 最初地 34．framework n. 　　　 框架；结构 拓展|theoretical framework　 理论框架 35．solid adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的 n. 固体 联想 36．cast vt. 投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投掷 搭配 37．shadow n. 阴影；影子；背光处 38．rainbow n. 彩虹 39．pour vt. 倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料) 搭配|pour ...out ... 倾诉；倾吐 40．concrete n. 混凝土 adj. 混凝土制的；确实的；具体的 41．patriotic adj. 爱国的 拓展|patriotism n. 爱国主义；爱国精神 42．mechanic n. 机械师；机械修理工 拓展|mechanical adj. 机械的；发动机的；机器的 43．break out 突然开始；爆发 拓展 44．defend vt. 保卫；防守；辩解 搭配|defend ...against 保护……免受…… 拓展|defence n. 防御；保护 45．assistant n. 助理；助手 拓展 46．in charge of 主管；掌管 拓展 47．missile n. 导弹 48．leadership n. 领导；领导地位；领导才能 49．trace vt. 追溯；追踪；查出 n. 痕迹；遗迹；踪迹 搭配|be traced back to 追溯到 同义|track v. 追踪 50．outstanding adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的 同义|excellent/remarkable 51．gifted adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 同义|talented adj. 有天赋的；有才能的 52．come down with 患(病)；染上(小病) 53．abstract adj. 抽象的；理论上的 n. (文献等的)摘要 反义|concrete adj. 具体的 54．steady adj. 稳定的；平稳的；稳步的 拓展|steadily adv. 稳定地 反义|unsteady adj. 不稳定的 55．concept n. 概念；观念 56．astronomer n. 天文学家 57．astronomy n. 天文学 58．besides prep. 除……之外(还) adv. 而且；此外 联想|beside prep. 在……旁边 同义|except for/apart from/but 59．furthermore adv. 此外；再者 同义|besides/what's more/moreover/in addition 60．above all 最重要的是；尤其是 拓展 61．fault n. 弱点；过错 同义|weakness/mistake/error 62．shift n. 改变；转换；轮班 vi.&vt. 转移；挪动；转向 搭配|shift ...into ... 把……变成…… 63．vivid adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的 四、范文佳作多背诵，写作增分最实用 (一)单元写作任务范文背诵 写作话题 1　科学家品质 假定你是李华，最近收到了好友John的来信。John希望自己将来成为一名科学家，来信咨询科学家需要具备哪些品质。请给他回一封电子邮件，内容包括： 1．对John的梦想表示支持；　2.科学家应具备的品质。 注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；　2.请按如下格式作答。 Dear John， ____________________________________________________________________________　 ____________________________________________________________________________ 　Yours， Li Hua [推荐范文] Dear John， I'm glad to know that you hope to become a scientist in the future.I'm for your dream. To be a good scientist, you need to have some scientific spirit.Firstly, scientists should be interested in and curious about certain things.They pay attention to various aspects of the research problem and keep exploring.In addition, scientists need to be imaginative and willing to experiment bravely with new ideas and methods.As we all know, scientists are often intelligent and able to form independent opinions and methods.What's more, caution and persistence are also necessary for scientists to succeed. All in all, becoming a scientist is not easy.Work hard and wish you success. Yours， Li Hua 写作话题 2　校园科技节 假定你是李华，你想邀请英国交换生David下周一参加你校举办的“科技节”，并欣赏学生们的“科技小发明”。请给他写一封邮件，内容包括： 1．写信目的；　2.活动时间和地点；　3.活动目的和内容；　4.表达希望。 注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；　2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：科技小发明technology gadgets [推荐范文] Dear David， I'm glad to invite you to the Science Festival to be held in our school next Monday to enjoy the students' technology gadgets. The Science Festival is scheduled to take place on the playground from 8 a．m. to 11 a．m., lasting three hours.Its purpose is to encourage us students to think creatively and share our works with others.At this festival, you can enjoy various gadgets which are of great use in our daily life.What's more, some excellent student inventors will introduce the functions of their technology gadgets and perform them on the spot, which I think will be the most exciting part. I would appreciate it if you could join in the coming Science Festival.Looking forward to your reply and your coming. Yours， Li Hua (二)单元主题优美语段背诵 语段1　科技走进老年人的生活 As elderly teachers, we should thank our students and children.It was those lovely teenagers that taught us to use science technology so that we could find a solution on the Internet by ourselves.Without them, our life is always invariable and boring.They “force” us to accept and use technology, which seems to put us under pressure.However, the fact is that our young fellows let us really accept and use science technology to make our life more convenient. 作为年长的教师，我们应该感谢我们的学生和孩子们。正是那些可爱的青少年教会了我们运用科技，这样我们就可以自己在互联网上找到解决方案。没有他们，我们的生活总是一成不变、枯燥乏味的。他们“强迫”我们接受和使用科技，这看起来好像给我们带来了压力。然而，事实是，我们的年轻人让我们真正接受并使用科技，从而让我们的生活更方便了。 语段2　科技发明比赛场景 The day of the competition came very fast.We all brought our masterpieces into the classroom.Every team had a different design — from boxes made of different materials to boxes that operated in different ways.One fellow even attached a motor to his box and turned it into a refrigerator.Before we left school, Mr Hussey gave each group an ice tube of the same size.We put them in the iceboxes that were placed side by side on the table.Then we left for home, hoping that we would win. 比赛日来得很快。我们都把自己的杰作带进了教室。每个团队都有不同的设计——从由不同材料制成的盒子到以不同方式操作的盒子。一个人甚至在他的盒子上安装了一个马达，把它变成了一个冰箱。在我们离开学校之前，赫西老师给了每组一个大小相同的冰管。我们把它们并排放在桌子上的冰箱里。然后我们就回家了，希望我们能赢。 五、主题集群阅读，拓展主题认知 时尚悦读(一)　中国历史名人——李四光 Li Siguang (1889－1971), is the founder of China's geomechanics, a native of Huanggang, Hubei. Li Siguang studied in Japan and the United Kingdom in his early years.He became a geological professor at Peking University upon his return from abroad in 1920. After the People's Republic of China was established, Li Siguang held the positions of deputy president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and minister of geology.In the 1920s, Li Siguang set up the subject of geological mechanics and made great contributions to the geological theory.He studied lithosphere with the mechanic theory, and established the tectonic system, one of the basic concepts of tectonic mechanics.He provided new ways to explore the natural phenomena and ushered in new ways of studying the lithosphere movement. China's oil reconnaissance and survey, changing the situation of “oil­deficiency” in the country, enabling the large­scale development of oil fields to raise the country to the ranks of the world major oil producers. With the geological mechanics， he analyzed the geology and pointed out that China had ② abundant oil and gas resources.The continuous development of Daqing oilfield, Shengli oilfield and Dagang oilfield proved that Li Siguang was really far­sighted in science.In the earthquake studies, Li Siguang emphasized the importance of observing changes in terrestrial stress on the base of studying geological structural movement, and showed clearly the orientation for earthquake forecasting work.What's more, as early as the 1920s, Li Siguang visited many places such as the piedmont of Taihang Mountain, Datong Basin, Lushan Mountain and Huangshan Mountain, and found the vestige variations of the Quaternary Period glacier. authorities' conclusion that China had no Quaternary Period glacier. [难句破解]　 句①是状语复杂的简单句，其中“changing ...country”和“enabling ...producers”是两个现在分词短语，它们在句中作结果状语。 句②中that引导的是宾语从句，它作pointed out的宾语。 句③中that引导的是同位语从句，它作conclusion的同位语。 [助读译文] 李四光(1889－1971)，中国地质力学的创建人，湖北黄冈人。李四光早年曾在日本、英国留学。他于1920年回国，在北京大学任地质学教授。 中华人民共和国成立后，李四光任中国科学院副院长、地质部部长。在20世纪20年代，李四光创立了地质力学，为地质理论作出了巨大贡献。李四光运用力学观点来研究地壳运动现象，建立了“构造体系”这一地质力学的基本概念，为探索地质自然现象提供了新方法，为研究地壳运动规律开辟了新途径。他的理论为中国石油勘探作出巨大贡献，改变了中国的“缺油”局面，使得大规模的油田发展将中国变成了世界主要的石油生产国。 他运用地质力学分析了中国地质构造特点，认为中国具有丰富的油气资源。大庆、胜利、大港等油田的相继发现证实了李四光真的有科学远见。在地震研究方面，李四光强调在研究地质构造活动性的基础上，观察地应力的变化，为实现地震预报指出了方向。此外，早在20世纪20年代初，李四光就实地考察了太行山麓、大同盆地、庐山和黄山等地，发现了第四纪冰川的遗迹变化。他证明了许多学术权威断言的中国无第四纪冰川的结论是错误的。 时尚悦读(二)　科学突破 If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century， you would have ① a real problem on your hands.In just 100 years, the world has changed completely.Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery, it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century.Here are some of them. One of the 20th century's premier scientists was Albert Einstein.In the summer of 1905，this outspoken young man was rocking his one­year­old baby when he was suddenly inspired.Subsequently，“E＝mc2” was born.It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time, mass or length are constant — they change according to our experience of them. In 1928, another important finding was made by biologist Alexander Fleming.Before he went on holiday, Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory.When he came back, he noticed something strange.He double­checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed.This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin, which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria.A few years later, penicillin was being mass­produced and helping to save the lives of millions. During World War Ⅱ， when Fleming's discovery was first helping to cure people, the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles.The navy turned to Eckert, an engineer, and Mauchly, a physicist, to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort.Although they only finished after the war in 1946, it did not matter.This huge machine was the world's first computer. With the development of computers, people expected to get more things done efficiently.During the Cold War, a“huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists. it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other.By the end of the 1960s, some mini­networks were established, but only a few computers could connect to them.In 1990, Tim Berners­Lee invented the World Wide Web, which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other.Nowadays, life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable. These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth.Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”， with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests.There is no doubt about it.Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology， whether lucky or planned， the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. ③ [难句破解] 句①中使用了虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的假设。If引导的状语从句谓语用一般过去时态，主句谓语用would＋动词原形。 句②是with复合结构，其中现在分词作宾语补足语，补充说明computers。 句③是含蓄虚拟语气句。Without引导的短语表示含蓄条件，句子谓语用虚拟语气；whether lucky or planned是一个省略句，补全为whether it was lucky or it was planned；as we know it today是as引导的方式状语从句。 [助读译文] 如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可不是件容易的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。例如以下几位。 20 世纪最杰出的科学家，爱因斯坦是其一。1905年夏天，这个坦率的年轻人给他一岁的孩子晃动摇篮时，突然受到启发。于是，“E＝mc2”诞生了。它证明了一小块物质可以产生巨大的能量。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。 1928年，另一项重要的发现由生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明发现了。在去度假之前，弗莱明在实验室里放了一个培养细菌的器皿。回来时，他注意到器皿里有点儿奇怪。经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。 第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次用来帮助治愈疾病时，美国海军正在寻找提高导弹精度的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利，两人共同制造一台机器来完成这项工作。尽管机器在1946年战争结束后才制造出来，但仍产生了巨大影响。这台巨大的机器是世界上第一台计算机。 随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。到20 世纪60 年代末，一些小型网络已经建立起来，但只有少数计算机可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯纳·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。 这些20 世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。毫无疑问，如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $