专题03 阅读理解说明文（大题专练）（天津专用）2026年高考英语终极冲刺讲练测

专题03 阅读理解说明文 命题·趋势·定位 一、选材特点 天津卷说明文阅读理解选材均源自国际主流科普杂志、学术期刊、权威网站（如《科学》《自然》相关科普专栏），聚焦自然科学与社会科学前沿，完全契合 “自然科学、高科技成果、生态环境、生物、心理” 等指定话题，具体特征如下： 1. 核心主题：以科普说明为主，覆盖生物科学、生态环境、心理科学、交叉学科（神经美学） 四大领域，如海豹的氧气感知机制、北极湖泊消失现象、人类嗅觉的跨感官运作、狗的意图解读能力、神经美学与艺术欣赏，无偏题冷题，均为当下科研热点或社会关注的科普话题。 2. 内容特征：均为前沿科研成果或科普解读，文本包含明确的 “研究背景 — 实验设计 — 结论 / 启示” 或 “现象 — 成因 — 影响 / 建议” 逻辑链，数据详实、论证严谨，既传递科学知识，又引导学生关注自然与社会。 3. 语言风格：语言精准规范、客观平实，多用学术性、说明性词汇（如 neuroscience/aesthetics/permafrost/transcranial magnetic stimulation），句式以复合句为主（定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句），逻辑连接词密集（however/therefore/according to/while），符合科普说明文的表达习惯。 4. 信息密度：文本信息密度高，包含科研术语、实验流程、数据结论、理论观点等核心信息，需精准捕捉关键细节，避免被次要信息干扰。 5. 价值导向：部分文本融入科研启示或社会意义，如强调直接观察对科学研究的重要性、人类行为与大脑机制的关联，引导学生树立科学思维与探究意识。 二、语篇结构 天津卷说明文阅读理解均遵循 “总 — 分 — 总” 或 “现象 — 分析 — 结论” 的经典说明结构，逻辑层次清晰，信息呈现有序，具体特征如下： 1. 开篇总起 / 现象引入：首段通过设问、现象描述、概念定义引出核心话题，无冗余铺垫，如 2023 年 3 月卷首段设问 “我们如何从艺术中获得愉悦”，引出 “神经美学” 概念；2024 年 6 月卷首段指出 “北极湖泊消失” 这一违背常识的现象。 2. 主体分层分析：主体部分按 “分点论证、逻辑递进” 展开，每段聚焦一个核心要点，通过 “实验数据、理论解释、因果推导” 支撑主题，如： 科研类文本：按 “研究目的 — 实验设计 — 实验结果 — 结论” 分层（如 2023 年 6 月卷狗的意图解读研究、2025 年 6 月卷海豹的氧气感知实验）； 现象类文本：按 “现象描述 — 成因分析 — 影响 / 启示” 分层（如 2024 年 6 月卷北极湖泊消失的现象、成因及科研教训）； 概念类文本：按 “概念定义 — 核心特征 — 应用 / 意义” 分层（如 2023 年 3 月卷神经美学的定义、审美三元组合、对艺术创作的启示）。 3. 结尾总结 / 升华：文末通过结论提炼、科研启示、未来展望收尾，如 2024 年 6 月卷强调 “直接观察对科学研究的必要性”、2025 年 3 月卷总结 “嗅觉通过跨感官运作让生活更鲜活”，部分文本提出未来研究方向（如 2023 年 6 月卷狗的意图解读能力的进化机制）。 核心结构总结：引入话题（概念 / 现象 / 研究）→ 分层分析（实验 / 成因 / 特征）→ 总结结论 / 启示，全程以 “逻辑严谨、信息准确” 为核心。 三、命题热点 天津卷说明文阅读理解命题聚焦 “细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨概括、写作目的 / 实验分析” 五大核心考点，其中细节理解与推理判断占比最高，实验分析为科研类文本的特色考点，具体如下： 热点 1：细节理解题（约 35%-40%，最高频考点） · 考查核心：对文本中科研术语、实验流程、数据结论、因果关系的精准提取与匹配，考查学生捕捉科学信息的能力。 · 高频考查点：实验设计的具体操作（如实验分组、变量控制）、科研结论的核心内容、现象的成因细节、理论的核心特征（如审美三元组合的构成）。 · 真题示例：2025 年 6 月卷考查海豹停留 feeder 时间与氧气水平的关系、2023 年 6 月卷考查 2023 年研究中 “不愿” 场景的实验操作。 热点 2：推理判断题（约 25%-30%，高分核心考点） · 考查核心：基于文本细节与逻辑，推理实验结论的隐含意义、现象的潜在影响、理论的应用价值，考查学生的科学逻辑推导能力。 · 高频考查点：实验结果的深层含义（如狗的不同反应暗示的能力）、现象的长远影响（如北极湖泊消失对生态的影响）、不同研究的差异对比（如 2021 年与 2023 年狗的研究设计差异）。 · 真题示例：2025 年 3 月卷推理食物颜色与嗅觉的关联、2024 年 3 月卷推理人类与其他物种的差异。 热点 3：词义猜测题（约 10%-15%，核心考点） · 考查核心：结合上下文语境（如定义解释、同义替换、因果关系），猜测科研术语、学术词汇的含义，考查学生的语境解读与词汇迁移能力。 · 高频考查点：科研领域的专有名词（如 neuroaesthetics/permafrost）、普通词汇的学术化用法（如 “neuronal fireworks” 在神经科学语境中的含义）。 · 真题示例：2023 年 3 月卷猜测 “neuronal fireworks” 的含义、2024 年 3 月卷猜测 “squandering” 的含义。 热点 4：主旨概括题（约 10%-15%，压轴考点） · 考查核心：概括文章的核心话题、科研结论、说明对象，考查学生对文本整体的理解与提炼能力。 · 高频考查点：文章的说明对象（如神经美学、人类嗅觉、北极湖泊消失现象）、核心科研结论（如狗能解读人类意图、海豹能感知血液氧气水平）。 · 真题示例：2025 年 3 月卷考查文章聚焦的核心内容、2024 年 6 月卷考查首段的主旨。 热点 5：写作目的 / 实验分析题（约 10%，特色考点） · 考查核心：分析作者的写作意图、实验设计的目的、段落的功能，考查学生的文体意识与逻辑分析能力。 · 高频考查点：作者介绍科研成果的目的、某段实验描述的作用、不同实验分组的对比意义。 · 真题示例：2023 年 3 月卷考查作者的写作目的、2024 年 3 月卷考查第 4 段的写作目的。 命题共性 1. 答案基于文本：所有考点均紧扣科学信息与逻辑，无主观臆断，推理题需 “有据可依”，细节题需 “精准匹配”。 2. 聚焦科学逻辑：重点考查 “因果关系、对比关系、实验逻辑”，选项多围绕 “因与果、是与非、同与异” 设计。 3. 术语不构成障碍：科研术语均有语境解释或同义替换，不会因术语陌生影响解题。 四、常见的设问形式 天津卷说明文阅读理解的设问形式高度固定，均为特殊疑问句，紧扣五大命题热点，问句简洁精准，无隐晦表述，常见设问形式按考点分类整理如下： 类别 1：细节理解题（高频设问） 1. What does Paragraph X mainly tell us about ______?（第 X 段主要告诉我们关于______的什么内容？） 2. What did the researchers find about ______?（研究人员关于______有什么发现？） 3. How did the experimenter do in the ______ scenario?（实验者在______场景中做了什么？） 4. What causes ______ according to the passage?（根据文章，什么导致了______？） 5. When would ______ happen?（______会在什么情况下发生？） 类别 2：推理判断题（高频设问） 1. What can be inferred from Paragraph X?（从第 X 段可以推断出什么？） 2. What do the results of the study suggest?（研究结果暗示了什么？） 3. How does the 2021 study differ from the 2023 study?（2021 年的研究与 2023 年的研究有何不同？） 4. What can we learn about ______ from the passage?（从文章中我们能了解到关于______的什么？） 5. Which statement is probably supported by the research?（哪项陈述可能得到该研究的支持？） 类别 3：词义猜测题（高频设问） 1. What does the underlined word “” in Paragraph X refer to?（第 X 段中划线词 “” 指的是什么？） 2. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “”?（以下哪项与划线词 “” 意思最接近？） 类别 4：主旨概括题（高频设问） 1. What is the passage mainly about?（这篇文章主要是关于什么的？） 2. What is the focus of the passage?（这篇文章的聚焦点是什么？） 3. What is the main idea of Paragraph X?（第 X 段的主旨是什么？） 类别 5：写作目的 / 实验分析题（高频设问） 1. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?（作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？） 2. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph X?（作者写第 X 段的目的是什么？） 3. What is the function of the experiment described in Paragraph X?（第 X 段描述的实验有什么作用？） 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式 2025 年 6 月 372 词 人与自然 生物科学・海豹能感知血液中氧气水平并调整潜水行为，对比人类呼吸感知机制 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖细节理解、推理判断、因果分析 2025 年 3 月 385 词 人与自然 生命科学・人类嗅觉的敏感性与跨感官运作机制，纠正对嗅觉及 wine experts 的误解 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖主旨概括、细节理解、推理判断、词义关联 2024 年 6 月 368 词 人与自然 生态环境・气候变化背景下北极湖泊意外消失的现象、成因及科研启示 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖主旨概括、细节匹配、推理判断、观点提炼 2024 年 3 月 356 词 人与社会 心理科学・人类不喜欢运动的大脑机制，结合自我差异理论解析运动动机 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖细节理解、词义猜测、目的推断、推理判断 2023 年 6 月 370 词 人与自然 生物科学・研究表明狗具备解读人类意图的能力，能区分 “不愿” 与 “不能” 给予食物的行为 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖细节理解、实验设计对比、推理判断 2023 年 3 月 363 词 人与社会 交叉学科・神经美学（神经科学与美学结合）的研究内容，解析艺术欣赏的 “审美三元组合” 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖词义猜测、细节理解、推理判断、写作目的 热点角度01 细节理解题 析典例·建模型 2025 年 6 月天津卷 47 题 All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO2 from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO2 in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO2 to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO2 levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO2 tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO2 levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO2 is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A. When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B. When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C. When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D. When the CO2 level in the chamber was raised. 原文线索：Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO2 to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. 解题思路建模： 1. 划题干关键词：锁定seals、stay at the feeder for a longer period，明确考查 “海豹在喂食器停留更久的条件”； 2. 定位原文对应段落：根据关键词找到描述实验变量与结果的段落（第二段）； 3. 提取核心逻辑关系：原文明确给出 “氧气水平越高，海豹停留时间越长” 的因果关系，且排除了 “熟悉环境”（仅为实验前提）、“二氧化碳水平”（未提及与停留时间的正向关联）等干扰信息； 4. 逐一匹配选项：A（需要更多食物）、C（熟悉环境）、D（二氧化碳升高）均与实验结果无关，B 选项与原文逻辑完全契合； 5. 确定答案：B 模型总结：细节理解题（科普类）=划题干精准关键词（对象 + 核心问题）→ 定位原文实验 / 现象 / 理论的核心段落→ 提取因果 / 条件 / 数据关系→ 排除干扰项（实验前提 / 无关变量）→ 匹配正确答案 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文细节题聚焦 “科研数据、实验变量、因果关系、理论特征”，答案均能在原文找到直接依据，核心技法为 “精准定位 + 逻辑匹配”，避免被次要信息干扰： 1. 关键词定位技巧： 优先选科研对象、实验变量、核心动词 / 名词（如 seals/oxygen level/stay longer），这类词在科普文本中辨识度高，不易被替换； 避免选通用学术词（如 research/study/experiment），这类词范围广，定位模糊。 2. 细节匹配三大核心逻辑： ✅ 因果关系：锁定because/since/lead to/result in等词，匹配 “原因→结果”（如氧气升高→停留时间长）； ✅ 条件关系：锁定when/if/the more...the more...等词，匹配 “条件→结果”（如当氧气水平高时→停留久）； ✅ 数据关系：锁定数字、比较级（higher/longer/more），匹配 “数据变化→结论”（如 3 滴化学物质→可检测）。 3. 干扰项排除技巧： 排除 “实验前提”：如 “熟悉实验环境” 是实验开展的基础，而非实验结果的直接原因； 排除 “无关变量”：原文未提及与题干问题相关的变量（如本题的二氧化碳水平）； 排除 “偷换概念”：替换原文核心变量（如将 “氧气” 改为 “二氧化碳”）。 4. 长难句拆解技巧： 科普文本多含长难句，优先提取 “主谓宾 / 主系表” 核心结构，忽略修饰成分（如定语从句、状语从句），快速定位关键信息。 破类题·提能力 2023 年 6 月天津卷 47 题 Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A. They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B. They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C. They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D. They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 2024 年 6 月天津卷 49 题 Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know (e.g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t). Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic (北极的) region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region—melting (融化) surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost (永冻层)—there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking (缩小的) lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss”. What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall—particularly increasing autumn rain—is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why—no matter how complex our models are or may one day be—we need direct observation of the natural world. Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A. Because of the solid ice within it. B. Because of its unique composition. C. Because it is far away from the waters. D. Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 热点角度02 推理判断题 析典例·建模型 2025 年 3 月天津卷 47 题 There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Overusing the sense of smell may weaken other senses. B. Hunger has little connection with the sense of smell. C. The colour of food may help bring out its smell. D. Sharpening the senses boosts memory capacity. 原文线索：While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. 解题思路建模： 1. 划题干关键词：锁定inferred from Paragraph 3，明确考查 “从第三段推理隐含信息”； 2. 提取段落核心逻辑：第三段核心观点 “人类嗅觉受所有感官影响，解读气味时会结合视觉、听觉等”，并举例 “饥饿对食物气味的反应影响”； 3. 分析选项与逻辑的关联： A（过度使用嗅觉削弱其他感官）：段落未提及 “过度使用” 及 “感官削弱”，无依据； B（饥饿与嗅觉关联小）：与原文 “饥饿会产生相反反应” 矛盾，排除； C（食物颜色可能帮助凸显气味）：颜色属于视觉范畴，结合 “嗅觉受视觉影响”，可合理推理 “视觉（颜色）辅助嗅觉感知”，符合逻辑； D（提升感官增强记忆力）：段落未提及 “记忆力”，无依据； 4. 确定答案：C 5. 模型总结：推理判断题（科普类）=划题干定位范围（段落 / 话题）→ 提取原文核心观点 / 逻辑→ 分析选项与逻辑的合理关联（不脱离文本）→ 排除无依据 / 矛盾选项→ 确定答案 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文推理题聚焦 “实验结论的隐含意义、理论的应用延伸、现象的潜在关联”，核心是 “基于文本逻辑推理，不主观臆断”，技法分三类： 1. 实验结论推理 · 核心技巧：“实验结果→合理延伸”，避免 “过度推理”； · 示例：原文 “狗能区分‘不愿’与‘不能’给予食物的行为”→ 推理 “狗能解读人类意图”（而非 “狗比其他动物聪明”）； · 关键：推理内容需是实验结论的直接延伸，不添加额外假设。 2. 理论 / 观点推理 · 核心技巧：“核心观点→关联推导”，基于原文观点推导相关场景的应用； · 示例：原文 “嗅觉受视觉、听觉等感官影响”→ 推理 “食物颜色（视觉）可能辅助嗅觉感知”； · 关键：关联推导需符合原文逻辑，不违背核心观点。 3. 现象 / 数据推理 · 核心技巧：“现象 / 数据→隐含意义”，解读现象或数据背后的科学内涵； · 示例：原文 “北极湖泊消失时间比预测早一个世纪”→ 推理 “科学家低估了气候变化的影响”； · 关键：隐含意义需与现象 / 数据直接相关，不偏离主题。 避坑要点 · 排除 “绝对化表述”：选项含never/always/only等绝对词，多为错误答案（科普文本强调严谨性，极少绝对化结论）； · 排除 “无中生有”：选项内容在原文无任何相关信息支撑，直接排除； · 排除 “矛盾表述”：与原文核心观点、实验结果矛盾的选项，直接排除。 破类题·提能力 2023 年 6 月天津卷 50 题 Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A. Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean”. B. Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C. Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D. Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. 2024 年 6 月天津卷 48 题 Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know (e.g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t). Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic (北极的) region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region—melting (融化) surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost (永冻层)—there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking (缩小的) lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss”. What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall—particularly increasing autumn rain—is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why—no matter how complex our models are or may one day be—we need direct observation of the natural world. The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ______. A. proved with emerging lakes B. underestimated by scientists C. well predicted by researchers D. shown elsewhere in the world 热点角度03 词义猜测题 析典例·建模型 2023 年 3 月天津卷 46 题 I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. beautiful painting or sculpture. B. The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C. An advanced brain imaging technology. D. The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 原文线索：Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures... 解题思路建模： 找语境逻辑线索：前句提到 “脑成像技术观察到欣赏美画时特定脑区点亮”，后句 “类似研究用于理解欣赏雕塑时发生的‘neuronal fireworks’”，前后为同义替代关系，“neuronal fireworks” 指代前句的 “brain areas light up”； 匹配选项词义：A（美丽的艺术品）、C（先进脑成像技术）、D（现代艺术审美评估）均与 “脑区活动” 无关，B（特定脑区点亮）契合指代内容； 确定答案：B 模型总结：词义猜测题（科普类）=找语境逻辑线索（同义替代 / 定义解释 / 因果关联）→ 锁定指代对象 / 核心语义→ 匹配选项高频同义词 / 释义→ 验证科普语境契合度 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文词义猜测题考查科研术语、学术化表达，无超纲词，核心技法是 “依托科普语境线索，不依赖词汇储备”，常见语境线索类型： 1. 同义替代线索（高频） · 标志词：similar/also/that is/in other words，或通过 “前句解释 + 后句指代” 形成同义关系； · 示例：原文 “brain areas light up” 与 “neuronal fireworks” 构成同义替代，猜测后者指 “脑区点亮”。 2. 定义解释线索 · 标志词：is defined as/refers to/which means，或通过破折号、括号给出学术术语定义； · 示例：原文 “neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience and aesthetics”，直接通过同位语解释术语含义。 3. 因果 / 功能线索 · 通过术语的功能、作用或因果关系猜测含义； · 示例：原文 “Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks”，通过功能 “添加到天然气中便于检测泄漏”，猜测为 “一种化学物质（乙硫醇）”。 4. 对比 / 转折线索 · 标志词：but/however/while，前后语义形成对比，辅助猜测术语含义； · 示例：原文 “Most mammals can’t directly detect oxygen levels... But a recent study suggests seals can sense the amount of oxygen”，通过对比 “大多数哺乳动物” 与 “海豹”，猜测 “detect” 与 “sense” 同义，为 “感知”。 高频猜测词汇表（科普类核心） 原文词汇 / 短语 常见同义替换（答案词） 语境类型 neuronal fireworks the lighting-up of specific brain areas 科研现象 squandering misusing 行为描述 permafrost frozen ground 地理术语 neuroaesthetics a combination of neuroscience and aesthetics 交叉学科术语 transcranial magnetic stimulation a brain stimulation technology 科研技术 破类题·提能力 题 1：2024 年 3 月天津卷 47 题 Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort—all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it?” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario, figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification: we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A. Conserving. B. Mixing. C. Misusing. D. Sharing. 题 2：2025 年 3 月天津卷 45 题（延伸词义推理） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What does the underlined word “devaluation” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A. Overestimation. B. Undervaluation. C. Misunderstanding. D. Criticism. 热点角度04 主旨大意题 析典例·建模型 2025 年 3 月天津卷 50 题 There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What does the passage focus on? A. How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B. How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C. How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D. How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文主旨题聚焦 “核心科研对象、核心理论 / 结论、说明目的”，核心是 “抓主干、弃枝叶”，技法如下： 1. 核心话题快速锁定： 1. 高频词法：全文反复出现的科研对象（如 sense of smell/neuroaesthetics/seals/Arctic lakes），即为核心话题； 2. 首段法：首段引入的概念、现象或问题，即为全文围绕的核心（如首段设问 “艺术欣赏的愉悦来源”→ 核心话题 “神经美学”）。 2. 核心观点提炼技巧： 2. 段落首句法：科普文本多为 “总 — 分” 结构，各段首句往往是分论点，整合分论点即为主旨； 2. 结尾法：结尾总结的结论、启示，往往是全文核心观点的升华（如 “嗅觉让生活更鲜活”）。 3. 选项排除三大原则： 3. 排除 “片面选项”：仅覆盖某一段分论点，未涵盖全文核心话题（如仅讲 “嗅觉敏感性”，未讲 “跨感官运作”）； 3. 排除 “扩大选项”：将核心话题扩大到相关领域（如将 “嗅觉” 扩大到 “所有感官”）； 3. 排除 “偏离选项”：选项内容与核心话题无关（如核心话题 “嗅觉”，选项讲 “训练感官”）。 破类题·提能力 题 1：2023 年 3 月天津卷 50 题 What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To propose an abstract theory of art making. B. To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way. C. To share some personal understanding of artworks. D. To introduce a new research field for art appreciation. 题 2：2024 年 6 月天津卷 46 题 Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know (e.g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t). Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic (北极的) region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region—melting (融化) surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost (永冻层)—there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking (缩小的) lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss”. What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall—particularly increasing autumn rain—is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why—no matter how complex our models are or may one day be—we need direct observation of the natural world. What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A. General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B. Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C. Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D. Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 热点角度04 写作目的 / 实验分析题 析典例·建模型 2024 年 3 月天津卷 48 题 Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort—all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it?” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario, figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification: we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A. To raise a question. B. To provide a definition. C. To make a comparison. D. To further explain a point. 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文的写作目的 / 实验分析题聚焦 “段落功能、实验作用、作者意图”，核心是 “理清逻辑关系”，技法分两类： 1. 段落写作目的 · 常见段落功能及判断技巧： · 举例说明：段落含for example/for instance/such as，通过具体例子支撑前文观点（如用 “运动” 举例解释 “大脑对浪费努力敏感”）； · 深化解释：段落以The thing is/Moreover/Furthermore开头，进一步阐释前文观点的细节或逻辑； · 提出问题：段落以设问句结尾，引发读者思考，为下文铺垫； · 下定义：段落含is defined as/refers to，对核心术语进行解释（多出现于首段或核心概念首次出现的段落）； · 作比较：段落含while/however/compared with，对比不同对象 / 观点，突出核心特征。 2. 实验分析题（科研类文本特色） · 常见实验功能及判断技巧： · 验证假设：实验结果与前文假设一致，支撑假设成立（如 “海豹氧气感知实验” 验证 “海豹能感知血液氧气水平”）； · 对比差异：通过不同实验组（如 “不愿” 与 “不能” 场景）的对比，突出研究对象的特征（如狗能区分不同意图）； · 引出结论：实验数据为后文结论提供依据（如北极湖泊消失的实验数据引出 “直接观察的重要性”）。 3. 全文写作目的 · 常见全文写作目的： · 介绍科研领域 / 理论：如介绍 “神经美学” 这一新兴交叉学科； · 阐述科研发现 / 结论：如阐述 “狗能解读人类意图” 的研究发现； · 解释现象 / 机制：如解释 “北极湖泊消失” 的成因、“人类嗅觉的跨感官运作” 机制； · 传递科研启示：如强调 “直接观察对科学研究的必要性”。 破类题·提能力 题 1：2023 年 6 月天津卷 46 题 Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A. Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B. Dogs prefer food from generous people. C. Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D. Friendly animals can get food more easily. 题 2：2025 年 6 月天津卷 50 题 All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO2 from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO2 in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO2 to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO2 levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO2 tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO2 levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO2 is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research? A. Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments. B. Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly. C. Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels. D. Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals. 天津卷说明文阅读理解通用解题步骤 1. 跳读全文，锁定核心：花 1 分钟跳读首段（核心话题）、各段首句（分论点）、末段（结论 / 启示），明确 “科研对象 / 现象 + 核心观点 / 结论”； 2. 逐题解题，精准定位：根据题干关键词，跳回原文对应段落，提取核心逻辑（因果 / 条件 / 实验结果），避免通读全文浪费时间； 3. 优先排除错误选项：先排除 “无中生有、偷换概念、扩大 / 缩小范围、绝对化表述” 的选项，缩小选择范围； 4. 验证答案，贴合逻辑：科普文本逻辑严谨，答案需与原文科学逻辑一致，不确定时选择 “最贴合核心观点 / 实验结论” 的选项； 5. 复查细节，避免粗心：重点检查科研术语、实验变量、数据关系的匹配，避免因细节遗漏导致错误。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 A （2026·天津河北·一模）Have you ever stood before Vincent van Gogh’s masterpiece The Starry Night and felt as though the sky were truly in motion? It turns out that this sensation wasn’t your eyes playing tricks on you or a mere product of your imagination. Recent scientific analysis suggests that the swirling (打旋) patterns captured on canvas are not just artistic expressions but accurate representations of atmospheric physics. A team of researchers has discovered that Van Gogh’s brushstrokes mirror real-world turbulence (湍流) with a level of precision that is scientifically astonishing. To understand this connection, researchers analysed the digital images of the painting by treating the varying brightness of the colours as a measure of kinetic energy (动能) . What they found was astonishing. The patterns in The Starry Night correspond to two important principles in fluid dynamics: Kolmogorov’s law (柯尔莫哥洛夫定律) and Batchelor’s scaling (巴切勒标度). Don’t worry if these terms sound abstract — let’s break them down. Kolmogorov’s law describes how energy flows from larger to smaller scales in turbulent flows. Imagine a big swirl breaking down into smaller and smaller ones. This is what happens in the atmosphere, oceans, and other fluid systems. Amazingly, it’s what Van Gogh’s work seems to represent. Batchelor’s scaling, on the other hand, deals with the finer details. The researchers found that the fine details in Van Gogh’s brushstrokes match this principle, which describes how substances like heat or pollutants spread in a turbulent fluid. Finding both of these patterns in one system is rare, which makes this discovery even more exciting. “It reveals a deep and intuitive (直觉的) understanding of natural phenomena. Van Gogh’s precise representation of turbulence might be from studying the movement of clouds and the atmosphere or an inborn sense of how to capture the dynamism of the sky,” says Yongxiang Huang, the study’s lead author. The fact that an artist in the 19th century could capture these complex dynamics so accurately is remarkable. This research bridges the gap between the emotional power of art and the empirical rigour (实证严谨性) of science. It demonstrates that beauty and scientific truth are not contradictory; rather, they can be deeply interconnected. So, the next time you look at The Starry Night, remember that you’re not just seeing a beautiful painting. You are watching the turbulent dance of the atmosphere, frozen in time by a genius who saw the world differently. 1．What is the author’s purpose in asking the question in Paragraph 1? A．To present the science behind a visual effect. B．To highlight the illusion created by the artist. C．To question the viewers’ ability to see details. D．To evaluate the unrealistic nature of the work. 2．Which of the following best illustrates Kolmogorov’s law? A． B． C． D． 3．According to Paragraph 4, the researchers’ finding is remarkable because ______. A．it proves Van Gogh studied physics theories B．it suggests art describes nature better than science C．it reveals a rare match between art and natural laws D．it shows Batchelor’s scaling is widely used in painting 4．According to Huang, what likely explains Van Gogh’s precise depiction of turbulence? A．His formal education in atmospheric physics. B．The calculation of kinetic energy in colours. C．The random movement of his brushstrokes. D．His sharp observation or natural instinct. 5．What can be a suitable title for the passage? A．Van Gogh: A Pioneer of Turbulence Research B．Van Gogh: A Talented Artist or A Natural Scientist C．The Starry Night: Art Teaches Atmospheric Physics D．The Starry Night: Beauty Meets Scientific Precision B （2026·天津·一模）In the animal kingdom, counting skills are known to help grab bigger meals or find safety in group sizes. But clownfish may have uncovered another ‌“value” in numbers: identification. Despite their cute appearance, clownfish are territorial and aggressive. When they spot a member of their own species moving towards their place, they attack, biting and throwing out unwelcome visitors. There are 28 different species of clownfish, however. So how do they actually tell friends from enemies? Depending on the species, clownfish can have anywhere from zero to three white stripes. Previous research suggested the fish pay close attention to these markings. In a 2022 study, scientists found clownfish display more aggressive behavior (e.g., running after or biting others) toward fish with vertical stripes compared with those with horizontal stripes. This time around, ecologist Hayashi and colleagues assumed the fish could actually count those stripes. They placed 50 young, lab-raised common clownfish — which display the typical orange pattern like ‌“Nemo” (a clownfish with three stripes from the film Finding Nemo) — into individual water tanks. Then, the researchers added other clownfish species, which had white stripes ranging from 0 to 3 and were protected inside a see-through case, in the original clownfish’s territory and filmed their reaction. The ‌“native” fish couldn’t run after or bite the newcomers, but they could still rush them and stare them down. And that’s what happened when the newcomers wore the same number of stripes as the resident clownfish. They found that the native clownfish were the hardest on members of their own species with three white stripes. Those fish were run after and bitten 10 times more than those without stripes. Attacks on those fish were two times more frequent than on single-striped ones, and 1.3 times more frequent than on double-striped ones. It turned out that the researchers’ assumption had solid evidence. Even so, biologist Rhodes questions whether the animals are really counting or just noticing more white coloration on the attacked fish. ‌“Maybe researchers could further clarify clownfish’s calculating capacity,” adds Rhodes. ‌“An experiment that goes beyond stripes could help. Could these fish learn, for example, to prefer two squares to three squares?” 6．What new use of counting skills have clownfish demonstrated? A．Building up a large group. B．Making out potential threats. C．Finding reliable food sources. D．Measuring the size of their territory. 7．What did the 2022 study about clownfish focus on? A．The way they defend their territory. B．The diversity of their stripe patterns. C．The impact of their aggression on other species. D．The role of stripe patterns in their behavioral reaction. 8．How was the new study conducted? A．By observing clownfish in their natural habitat. B．By analyzing films themed with clownfish. C．By comparing behaviors of clownfish. D．By referring to previous research data. 9．Which of the following is a Nemo-like clownfish most likely to attack? A．A three-striped fish. B．A double-striped fish. C．A fish with one stripe. D．A fish without stripes. 10．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Rhodes in the last paragraph? A．To point out the significance of the study. B．To lead to an alternative viewpoint on the study. C．To show appreciation of clownfish’s learning ability. D．To support the researchers’ findings about clownfish. C （2026·天津·模拟预测）A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96. 8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 11．Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A．To explain how the brain processes smell. B．To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C．To show a link between breathing and depression. D．To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 12．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 mean? A．Connected. B．Powered. C．Controlled. D．Trained. 13．What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A．Changes in breath cure anxiety. B．Their exact relationship remains unclear. C．Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. D．Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 14．What is a limitation of the current wearable device? A．It cannot track nasal airflow for 24 hours straight. B．It is too heavy to be worn during daily activities. C．It fails to monitor breathing through the mouth. D．It can only be used to test healthy young adults. 15．What is the main finding of this research? A．Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B．Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C．A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D．Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. D （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）For thousands of years, donkeys have been critical for driving human civilizations forward. They’ve helped pull wheeled vehicles, carry travelers and move goods across the world. But where and when these animals first became closely connected with humans has been a mystery. Now, researchers have used genomes of over 200 donkeys to trace their domestication back to a single event around 7,000 years ago in East Africa — about 3,000 years before humans tamed horses. The team published their findings in the journal Science this month. “Through their DNA, the animals are telling their history themselves,” co-author Samantha Brooks, an equine researcher at the University of Florida, says in a statement. “We usually only get the human’s side of history through written accounts, but of course written history does not always record exactly how something happened. Looking at these DNA sequences, we get biological evidence to the environment these animals lived in and the experiences they survived.” The researchers examined 207 genomes from modern donkeys living in 31 countries across the globe. They also looked at genomes from 15 wild equids (马科动物) and 31 earlier donkeys that lived between about 4,000 and 100 years ago. The team reconstructed the animals’ evolutionary tree and used computer models to pinpoint the domestication event, when herders (牧人) in Kenya and the Horn of Africa tamed wild donkeys. They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later. Though it’s still unclear why the original domestication happened, Science News’ Freda Kreier reports that the event coincided with the Sahara growing larger and drier. “Donkeys are champions when it comes to carrying stuff and are good at going at Sahara deserts,” co-author Ludovic Orlando, an evolutionary biologist at Paul Sabatier University in France, tells the publication. Prehistoric humans may have enlisted donkeys’ help in navigating the expanding Sahara. Researchers say these findings could help put donkeys in the spotlight. The animals could benefit from more research: Currently, there are no published genomes from donkeys located south of the Equator in Africa. But understanding where the animals were first domesticated could guide archaeologists to a narrower region to search for insights about the original tamed donkeys. Not only does understanding the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors. 16．What can be learned about donkeys from Paragraph 1? A．They seemed mysterious to human ancestors. B．They underwent multiple domestication events. C．They were tamed at an earlier time than horses. D．They were vividly described by ancient travelers. 17．What message is conveyed in Brooks’ statement? A．The earliest habitats of donkeys are hardly traceable. B．It is increasingly easy to read donkeys’ DNA sequences. C．Written accounts contain vital clues for donkey research. D．Genetic analysis offers insight into the history of donkeys. 18．In their study, the researchers investigate how donkeys ________. A．spread widely in the world B．survived with the help of herders C．developed certain behavioral traits D．adapted to the changing environment 19．As to why the original domestication of donkeys happened, Orlando ________. A．challenges conventional ideas B．provides a possible explanation C．calls for evidence from the Sahara D．holds a different view from Kreier 20．The authors think that their research could help with ________. A．greater protection of wildlife B．better management of donkeys C．recovering early types of donkeys D．raising awareness of climate change 刷真题 A （2026·浙江·高考真题）Carbon removal is crucial for fighting climate change. Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. To design these climate-saving plants, the scientists are using a research tool called SLEAP — an AI software that tracks multiple features of root growth. Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. Now, Pereira has teamed up with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to apply SLEAP to plants. In a study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira establish a new procedure for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes — how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities. Prior to SLEAP, tracking the physical characteristics of both plants and animals required a lot of labor that slowed the scientific process. SLEAP uses computer vision (the ability for computers to understand images) and deep learning (an AI approach for training a computer to learn and work like the human brain) to help researchers process images much more quickly. The application of SLEAP to plants has already enabled researchers to establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date. What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. “Our cooperation is truly proof of what makes Salk science so special and impactful,” says Pereira. “We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines — we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.” 1．What do the scientists at Salk Institute hope to achieve? A．Keeping more carbon in plants. B．Optimizing the use of energy. C．Enhancing biological diversity. D．Reducing carbon absorption. 2．Why did Pereira create SLEAP? A．To generate plant images. B．To conduct research on animals. C．To study climate patterns. D．To track features of root growth. 3．What will SLEAP help the scientists do? A．Pick out diseased plants in the forest. B．Collect samples of plant root systems. C．Identify genes for desirable plant roots. D．Preserve the genes of endangered plants. 4．What can be inferred from Pereira’s words? A．Academic disciplines are of equal importance. B．Computer programming is a must for scientists. C．Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. D．Cooperation outweighs competition in research. B （2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 5．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 6．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 7．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. C （2025·全国一卷·高考真题）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 9．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 10．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 11．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 12．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. D （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 13．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 14．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 15．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 16．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解说明文 热点角度01 细节理解题 破类题·提能力 2023 年 6 月天津卷 47 题 答案：D 2024 年 6 月天津卷 49 题 答案：A 热点角度02 推理判断题 破类题·提能力 2023 年 6 月天津卷 50 题 答案：A 2024 年 6 月天津卷 48 题 答案：B 热点角度03 词义猜测题 破类题·提能力 题 1：2024 年 3 月天津卷 47 题 答案：C 题 2：2025 年 3 月天津卷 45 题（延伸词义推理） 答案：B 热点角度04 主旨大意题 破类题·提能力 题 1：2023 年 3 月天津卷 50 题 答案：D 题 2：2024 年 6 月天津卷 46 题 答案：B 热点角度04 写作目的 / 实验分析题 破类题·提能力 题 1：2023 年 6 月天津卷 46 题 答案：A 题 2：2025 年 6 月天津卷 50 题 答案：B （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 A 1．A 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．D B 6．B 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．B C 11．D 12．A 13．B 14．C 15．B D 16．C 17．D 18．A 19．B 20．B 刷真题 A 1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C B 5．C 6．C 7．D 8．A C 9．C 10．A 11．B 12．D D 13．D 14．D 15．C 16．B 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解说明文 命题·趋势·定位 一、选材特点 天津卷说明文阅读理解选材均源自国际主流科普杂志、学术期刊、权威网站（如《科学》《自然》相关科普专栏），聚焦自然科学与社会科学前沿，完全契合 “自然科学、高科技成果、生态环境、生物、心理” 等指定话题，具体特征如下： 1. 核心主题：以科普说明为主，覆盖生物科学、生态环境、心理科学、交叉学科（神经美学） 四大领域，如海豹的氧气感知机制、北极湖泊消失现象、人类嗅觉的跨感官运作、狗的意图解读能力、神经美学与艺术欣赏，无偏题冷题，均为当下科研热点或社会关注的科普话题。 2. 内容特征：均为前沿科研成果或科普解读，文本包含明确的 “研究背景 — 实验设计 — 结论 / 启示” 或 “现象 — 成因 — 影响 / 建议” 逻辑链，数据详实、论证严谨，既传递科学知识，又引导学生关注自然与社会。 3. 语言风格：语言精准规范、客观平实，多用学术性、说明性词汇（如 neuroscience/aesthetics/permafrost/transcranial magnetic stimulation），句式以复合句为主（定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句），逻辑连接词密集（however/therefore/according to/while），符合科普说明文的表达习惯。 4. 信息密度：文本信息密度高，包含科研术语、实验流程、数据结论、理论观点等核心信息，需精准捕捉关键细节，避免被次要信息干扰。 5. 价值导向：部分文本融入科研启示或社会意义，如强调直接观察对科学研究的重要性、人类行为与大脑机制的关联，引导学生树立科学思维与探究意识。 二、语篇结构 天津卷说明文阅读理解均遵循 “总 — 分 — 总” 或 “现象 — 分析 — 结论” 的经典说明结构，逻辑层次清晰，信息呈现有序，具体特征如下： 1. 开篇总起 / 现象引入：首段通过设问、现象描述、概念定义引出核心话题，无冗余铺垫，如 2023 年 3 月卷首段设问 “我们如何从艺术中获得愉悦”，引出 “神经美学” 概念；2024 年 6 月卷首段指出 “北极湖泊消失” 这一违背常识的现象。 2. 主体分层分析：主体部分按 “分点论证、逻辑递进” 展开，每段聚焦一个核心要点，通过 “实验数据、理论解释、因果推导” 支撑主题，如： 科研类文本：按 “研究目的 — 实验设计 — 实验结果 — 结论” 分层（如 2023 年 6 月卷狗的意图解读研究、2025 年 6 月卷海豹的氧气感知实验）； 现象类文本：按 “现象描述 — 成因分析 — 影响 / 启示” 分层（如 2024 年 6 月卷北极湖泊消失的现象、成因及科研教训）； 概念类文本：按 “概念定义 — 核心特征 — 应用 / 意义” 分层（如 2023 年 3 月卷神经美学的定义、审美三元组合、对艺术创作的启示）。 3. 结尾总结 / 升华：文末通过结论提炼、科研启示、未来展望收尾，如 2024 年 6 月卷强调 “直接观察对科学研究的必要性”、2025 年 3 月卷总结 “嗅觉通过跨感官运作让生活更鲜活”，部分文本提出未来研究方向（如 2023 年 6 月卷狗的意图解读能力的进化机制）。 核心结构总结：引入话题（概念 / 现象 / 研究）→ 分层分析（实验 / 成因 / 特征）→ 总结结论 / 启示，全程以 “逻辑严谨、信息准确” 为核心。 三、命题热点 天津卷说明文阅读理解命题聚焦 “细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨概括、写作目的 / 实验分析” 五大核心考点，其中细节理解与推理判断占比最高，实验分析为科研类文本的特色考点，具体如下： 热点 1：细节理解题（约 35%-40%，最高频考点） · 考查核心：对文本中科研术语、实验流程、数据结论、因果关系的精准提取与匹配，考查学生捕捉科学信息的能力。 · 高频考查点：实验设计的具体操作（如实验分组、变量控制）、科研结论的核心内容、现象的成因细节、理论的核心特征（如审美三元组合的构成）。 · 真题示例：2025 年 6 月卷考查海豹停留 feeder 时间与氧气水平的关系、2023 年 6 月卷考查 2023 年研究中 “不愿” 场景的实验操作。 热点 2：推理判断题（约 25%-30%，高分核心考点） · 考查核心：基于文本细节与逻辑，推理实验结论的隐含意义、现象的潜在影响、理论的应用价值，考查学生的科学逻辑推导能力。 · 高频考查点：实验结果的深层含义（如狗的不同反应暗示的能力）、现象的长远影响（如北极湖泊消失对生态的影响）、不同研究的差异对比（如 2021 年与 2023 年狗的研究设计差异）。 · 真题示例：2025 年 3 月卷推理食物颜色与嗅觉的关联、2024 年 3 月卷推理人类与其他物种的差异。 热点 3：词义猜测题（约 10%-15%，核心考点） · 考查核心：结合上下文语境（如定义解释、同义替换、因果关系），猜测科研术语、学术词汇的含义，考查学生的语境解读与词汇迁移能力。 · 高频考查点：科研领域的专有名词（如 neuroaesthetics/permafrost）、普通词汇的学术化用法（如 “neuronal fireworks” 在神经科学语境中的含义）。 · 真题示例：2023 年 3 月卷猜测 “neuronal fireworks” 的含义、2024 年 3 月卷猜测 “squandering” 的含义。 热点 4：主旨概括题（约 10%-15%，压轴考点） · 考查核心：概括文章的核心话题、科研结论、说明对象，考查学生对文本整体的理解与提炼能力。 · 高频考查点：文章的说明对象（如神经美学、人类嗅觉、北极湖泊消失现象）、核心科研结论（如狗能解读人类意图、海豹能感知血液氧气水平）。 · 真题示例：2025 年 3 月卷考查文章聚焦的核心内容、2024 年 6 月卷考查首段的主旨。 热点 5：写作目的 / 实验分析题（约 10%，特色考点） · 考查核心：分析作者的写作意图、实验设计的目的、段落的功能，考查学生的文体意识与逻辑分析能力。 · 高频考查点：作者介绍科研成果的目的、某段实验描述的作用、不同实验分组的对比意义。 · 真题示例：2023 年 3 月卷考查作者的写作目的、2024 年 3 月卷考查第 4 段的写作目的。 命题共性 1. 答案基于文本：所有考点均紧扣科学信息与逻辑，无主观臆断，推理题需 “有据可依”，细节题需 “精准匹配”。 2. 聚焦科学逻辑：重点考查 “因果关系、对比关系、实验逻辑”，选项多围绕 “因与果、是与非、同与异” 设计。 3. 术语不构成障碍：科研术语均有语境解释或同义替换，不会因术语陌生影响解题。 四、常见的设问形式 天津卷说明文阅读理解的设问形式高度固定，均为特殊疑问句，紧扣五大命题热点，问句简洁精准，无隐晦表述，常见设问形式按考点分类整理如下： 类别 1：细节理解题（高频设问） 1. What does Paragraph X mainly tell us about ______?（第 X 段主要告诉我们关于______的什么内容？） 2. What did the researchers find about ______?（研究人员关于______有什么发现？） 3. How did the experimenter do in the ______ scenario?（实验者在______场景中做了什么？） 4. What causes ______ according to the passage?（根据文章，什么导致了______？） 5. When would ______ happen?（______会在什么情况下发生？） 类别 2：推理判断题（高频设问） 1. What can be inferred from Paragraph X?（从第 X 段可以推断出什么？） 2. What do the results of the study suggest?（研究结果暗示了什么？） 3. How does the 2021 study differ from the 2023 study?（2021 年的研究与 2023 年的研究有何不同？） 4. What can we learn about ______ from the passage?（从文章中我们能了解到关于______的什么？） 5. Which statement is probably supported by the research?（哪项陈述可能得到该研究的支持？） 类别 3：词义猜测题（高频设问） 1. What does the underlined word “” in Paragraph X refer to?（第 X 段中划线词 “” 指的是什么？） 2. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “”?（以下哪项与划线词 “” 意思最接近？） 类别 4：主旨概括题（高频设问） 1. What is the passage mainly about?（这篇文章主要是关于什么的？） 2. What is the focus of the passage?（这篇文章的聚焦点是什么？） 3. What is the main idea of Paragraph X?（第 X 段的主旨是什么？） 类别 5：写作目的 / 实验分析题（高频设问） 1. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?（作者写这篇文章的目的是什么？） 2. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph X?（作者写第 X 段的目的是什么？） 3. What is the function of the experiment described in Paragraph X?（第 X 段描述的实验有什么作用？） 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 命题形式 2025 年 6 月 372 词 人与自然 生物科学・海豹能感知血液中氧气水平并调整潜水行为，对比人类呼吸感知机制 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖细节理解、推理判断、因果分析 2025 年 3 月 385 词 人与自然 生命科学・人类嗅觉的敏感性与跨感官运作机制，纠正对嗅觉及 wine experts 的误解 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖主旨概括、细节理解、推理判断、词义关联 2024 年 6 月 368 词 人与自然 生态环境・气候变化背景下北极湖泊意外消失的现象、成因及科研启示 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖主旨概括、细节匹配、推理判断、观点提炼 2024 年 3 月 356 词 人与社会 心理科学・人类不喜欢运动的大脑机制，结合自我差异理论解析运动动机 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖细节理解、词义猜测、目的推断、推理判断 2023 年 6 月 370 词 人与自然 生物科学・研究表明狗具备解读人类意图的能力，能区分 “不愿” 与 “不能” 给予食物的行为 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖细节理解、实验设计对比、推理判断 2023 年 3 月 363 词 人与社会 交叉学科・神经美学（神经科学与美学结合）的研究内容，解析艺术欣赏的 “审美三元组合” 5 道四选一客观题，涵盖词义猜测、细节理解、推理判断、写作目的 热点角度01 细节理解题 析典例·建模型 2025 年 6 月天津卷 47 题 All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO2 from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO2 in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO2 to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO2 levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO2 tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO2 levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO2 is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A. When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B. When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C. When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D. When the CO2 level in the chamber was raised. 原文线索：Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO2 to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. 解题思路建模： 1. 划题干关键词：锁定seals、stay at the feeder for a longer period，明确考查 “海豹在喂食器停留更久的条件”； 2. 定位原文对应段落：根据关键词找到描述实验变量与结果的段落（第二段）； 3. 提取核心逻辑关系：原文明确给出 “氧气水平越高，海豹停留时间越长” 的因果关系，且排除了 “熟悉环境”（仅为实验前提）、“二氧化碳水平”（未提及与停留时间的正向关联）等干扰信息； 4. 逐一匹配选项：A（需要更多食物）、C（熟悉环境）、D（二氧化碳升高）均与实验结果无关，B 选项与原文逻辑完全契合； 5. 确定答案：B 模型总结：细节理解题（科普类）=划题干精准关键词（对象 + 核心问题）→ 定位原文实验 / 现象 / 理论的核心段落→ 提取因果 / 条件 / 数据关系→ 排除干扰项（实验前提 / 无关变量）→ 匹配正确答案 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文细节题聚焦 “科研数据、实验变量、因果关系、理论特征”，答案均能在原文找到直接依据，核心技法为 “精准定位 + 逻辑匹配”，避免被次要信息干扰： 1. 关键词定位技巧： 优先选科研对象、实验变量、核心动词 / 名词（如 seals/oxygen level/stay longer），这类词在科普文本中辨识度高，不易被替换； 避免选通用学术词（如 research/study/experiment），这类词范围广，定位模糊。 2. 细节匹配三大核心逻辑： ✅ 因果关系：锁定because/since/lead to/result in等词，匹配 “原因→结果”（如氧气升高→停留时间长）； ✅ 条件关系：锁定when/if/the more...the more...等词，匹配 “条件→结果”（如当氧气水平高时→停留久）； ✅ 数据关系：锁定数字、比较级（higher/longer/more），匹配 “数据变化→结论”（如 3 滴化学物质→可检测）。 3. 干扰项排除技巧： 排除 “实验前提”：如 “熟悉实验环境” 是实验开展的基础，而非实验结果的直接原因； 排除 “无关变量”：原文未提及与题干问题相关的变量（如本题的二氧化碳水平）； 排除 “偷换概念”：替换原文核心变量（如将 “氧气” 改为 “二氧化碳”）。 4. 长难句拆解技巧： 科普文本多含长难句，优先提取 “主谓宾 / 主系表” 核心结构，忽略修饰成分（如定语从句、状语从句），快速定位关键信息。 破类题·提能力 2023 年 6 月天津卷 47 题 Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A. They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B. They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C. They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D. They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 原文线索：In the ‘unwilling’’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. 答案：D 解析：关键词unwilling scenario、experimenter do，定位原文后提取核心动作 “将香肠拉到狗够不到的地方”，A（笨拙喂食）是 “unable” 场景的特征，B（假装走开）、C（固定食物到屏幕）未提及，D 与原文细节一致。 2024 年 6 月天津卷 49 题 Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know (e.g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t). Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic (北极的) region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region—melting (融化) surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost (永冻层)—there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking (缩小的) lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss”. What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall—particularly increasing autumn rain—is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why—no matter how complex our models are or may one day be—we need direct observation of the natural world. Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A. Because of the solid ice within it. B. Because of its unique composition. C. Because it is far away from the waters. D. Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 原文线索：The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside. 答案：A 解析：关键词frozen Arctic ground、hard for water to get through，定位原文因果关系 “空隙被固体冰填满→水无法渗入”，B（独特成分）是地面结构描述，非直接原因，C/D 未提及，A 与原文原因完全契合。 热点角度02 推理判断题 析典例·建模型 2025 年 3 月天津卷 47 题 There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Overusing the sense of smell may weaken other senses. B. Hunger has little connection with the sense of smell. C. The colour of food may help bring out its smell. D. Sharpening the senses boosts memory capacity. 原文线索：While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. 解题思路建模： 1. 划题干关键词：锁定inferred from Paragraph 3，明确考查 “从第三段推理隐含信息”； 2. 提取段落核心逻辑：第三段核心观点 “人类嗅觉受所有感官影响，解读气味时会结合视觉、听觉等”，并举例 “饥饿对食物气味的反应影响”； 3. 分析选项与逻辑的关联： A（过度使用嗅觉削弱其他感官）：段落未提及 “过度使用” 及 “感官削弱”，无依据； B（饥饿与嗅觉关联小）：与原文 “饥饿会产生相反反应” 矛盾，排除； C（食物颜色可能帮助凸显气味）：颜色属于视觉范畴，结合 “嗅觉受视觉影响”，可合理推理 “视觉（颜色）辅助嗅觉感知”，符合逻辑； D（提升感官增强记忆力）：段落未提及 “记忆力”，无依据； 4. 确定答案：C 5. 模型总结：推理判断题（科普类）=划题干定位范围（段落 / 话题）→ 提取原文核心观点 / 逻辑→ 分析选项与逻辑的合理关联（不脱离文本）→ 排除无依据 / 矛盾选项→ 确定答案 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文推理题聚焦 “实验结论的隐含意义、理论的应用延伸、现象的潜在关联”，核心是 “基于文本逻辑推理，不主观臆断”，技法分三类： 1. 实验结论推理 · 核心技巧：“实验结果→合理延伸”，避免 “过度推理”； · 示例：原文 “狗能区分‘不愿’与‘不能’给予食物的行为”→ 推理 “狗能解读人类意图”（而非 “狗比其他动物聪明”）； · 关键：推理内容需是实验结论的直接延伸，不添加额外假设。 2. 理论 / 观点推理 · 核心技巧：“核心观点→关联推导”，基于原文观点推导相关场景的应用； · 示例：原文 “嗅觉受视觉、听觉等感官影响”→ 推理 “食物颜色（视觉）可能辅助嗅觉感知”； · 关键：关联推导需符合原文逻辑，不违背核心观点。 3. 现象 / 数据推理 · 核心技巧：“现象 / 数据→隐含意义”，解读现象或数据背后的科学内涵； · 示例：原文 “北极湖泊消失时间比预测早一个世纪”→ 推理 “科学家低估了气候变化的影响”； · 关键：隐含意义需与现象 / 数据直接相关，不偏离主题。 避坑要点 · 排除 “绝对化表述”：选项含never/always/only等绝对词，多为错误答案（科普文本强调严谨性，极少绝对化结论）； · 排除 “无中生有”：选项内容在原文无任何相关信息支撑，直接排除； · 排除 “矛盾表述”：与原文核心观点、实验结果矛盾的选项，直接排除。 破类题·提能力 2023 年 6 月天津卷 50 题 Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A. Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean”. B. Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C. Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D. Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. 原文线索：The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient... after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often... More evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. 答案：A 解析：实验结果 “狗对‘不能’和‘不愿’的反应不同”，核心结论 “狗能区分不同意图的相似行为”，推理 “狗能分辨‘友好’（不能）与‘刻薄’（不愿）”，B（智力进化）、C（狗的意图被识别）、D（比其他动物情绪化）均无依据，A 契合实验结论的延伸。 2024 年 6 月天津卷 48 题 Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know (e.g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t). Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic (北极的) region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region—melting (融化) surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost (永冻层)—there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking (缩小的) lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss”. What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall—particularly increasing autumn rain—is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why—no matter how complex our models are or may one day be—we need direct observation of the natural world. The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ______. A. proved with emerging lakes B. underestimated by scientists C. well predicted by researchers D. shown elsewhere in the world 原文线索：But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss”. 答案：B 解析：现象 “北极湖泊消失比预测早一个世纪”，推理 “科学家低估了气候影响”，A（新兴湖泊证明）、C（预测准确）与原文矛盾，D（其他地区显现）未提及，B 契合现象的隐含意义。 热点角度03 词义猜测题 析典例·建模型 2023 年 3 月天津卷 46 题 I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. beautiful painting or sculpture. B. The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C. An advanced brain imaging technology. D. The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 原文线索：Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures... 解题思路建模： 找语境逻辑线索：前句提到 “脑成像技术观察到欣赏美画时特定脑区点亮”，后句 “类似研究用于理解欣赏雕塑时发生的‘neuronal fireworks’”，前后为同义替代关系，“neuronal fireworks” 指代前句的 “brain areas light up”； 匹配选项词义：A（美丽的艺术品）、C（先进脑成像技术）、D（现代艺术审美评估）均与 “脑区活动” 无关，B（特定脑区点亮）契合指代内容； 确定答案：B 模型总结：词义猜测题（科普类）=找语境逻辑线索（同义替代 / 定义解释 / 因果关联）→ 锁定指代对象 / 核心语义→ 匹配选项高频同义词 / 释义→ 验证科普语境契合度 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文词义猜测题考查科研术语、学术化表达，无超纲词，核心技法是 “依托科普语境线索，不依赖词汇储备”，常见语境线索类型： 1. 同义替代线索（高频） · 标志词：similar/also/that is/in other words，或通过 “前句解释 + 后句指代” 形成同义关系； · 示例：原文 “brain areas light up” 与 “neuronal fireworks” 构成同义替代，猜测后者指 “脑区点亮”。 2. 定义解释线索 · 标志词：is defined as/refers to/which means，或通过破折号、括号给出学术术语定义； · 示例：原文 “neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience and aesthetics”，直接通过同位语解释术语含义。 3. 因果 / 功能线索 · 通过术语的功能、作用或因果关系猜测含义； · 示例：原文 “Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks”，通过功能 “添加到天然气中便于检测泄漏”，猜测为 “一种化学物质（乙硫醇）”。 4. 对比 / 转折线索 · 标志词：but/however/while，前后语义形成对比，辅助猜测术语含义； · 示例：原文 “Most mammals can’t directly detect oxygen levels... But a recent study suggests seals can sense the amount of oxygen”，通过对比 “大多数哺乳动物” 与 “海豹”，猜测 “detect” 与 “sense” 同义，为 “感知”。 高频猜测词汇表（科普类核心） 原文词汇 / 短语 常见同义替换（答案词） 语境类型 neuronal fireworks the lighting-up of specific brain areas 科研现象 squandering misusing 行为描述 permafrost frozen ground 地理术语 neuroaesthetics a combination of neuroscience and aesthetics 交叉学科术语 transcranial magnetic stimulation a brain stimulation technology 科研技术 破类题·提能力 题 1：2024 年 3 月天津卷 47 题 Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort—all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it?” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario, figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification: we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A. Conserving. B. Mixing. C. Misusing. D. Sharing. 原文线索：the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts. 答案：C 解析：前句 “大脑对浪费的努力敏感”，后句 “阻止我们将重要资源______在无意义的努力上”，前后语义一致，“squandering” 与 “wasted” 同义，C（误用、浪费）契合，A（节约）为反向含义，B（混合）、D（分享）无关。 题 2：2025 年 3 月天津卷 45 题（延伸词义推理） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What does the underlined word “devaluation” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A. Overestimation. B. Undervaluation. C. Misunderstanding. D. Criticism. 原文线索：This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. 答案：B 解析：前句 “对葡萄酒专家的负面看法是误导性的”，后句 “实际上人类嗅觉很灵敏”，说明 “devaluation” 是对嗅觉的负面态度，结合 “misguided” 和 “in fact” 的转折，猜测为 “低估”，B（低估）契合，A（高估）反向，C（误解）、D（批评）语义不符。 热点角度04 主旨大意题 析典例·建模型 2025 年 3 月天津卷 50 题 There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What does the passage focus on? A. How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B. How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C. How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D. How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 原文线索：核心观点：人类嗅觉很灵敏，且受其他感官影响（跨感官运作）；段落展开：嗅觉的敏感性→跨感官影响的特征→这种运作的意义（让生活更鲜活）；结尾：嗅觉连接各种感官与内在状态。 解题思路建模： 梳理全文核心话题：全文围绕 “人类嗅觉” 展开，核心是 “嗅觉的运作机制 —— 涉及其他感官的跨感官协作”； 提炼核心主旨：重点在 “嗅觉的运作方式”，而非 “嗅觉辅助其他感官”“所有感官协作” 或 “训练嗅觉”； 逐一分析选项： A：强调 “嗅觉辅助其他感官”，与原文 “嗅觉受其他感官影响” 逻辑颠倒，片面； B：“嗅觉通过涉及其他感官发挥作用”，贴合核心观点与段落展开，全面覆盖； C：“所有感官协作”，偏离 “嗅觉” 核心话题，扩大范围； D：“训练敏感嗅觉”，仅为结尾次要建议，非核心主旨； 确定答案：B模型总结：主旨概括题（科普类）=梳理全文核心话题（科研对象 / 现象）→ 提炼核心观点（机制 / 特征 / 结论）→ 排除片面 / 扩大 / 偏离话题选项→ 选择覆盖核心话题 + 观点的选项 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文主旨题聚焦 “核心科研对象、核心理论 / 结论、说明目的”，核心是 “抓主干、弃枝叶”，技法如下： 1. 核心话题快速锁定： 1. 高频词法：全文反复出现的科研对象（如 sense of smell/neuroaesthetics/seals/Arctic lakes），即为核心话题； 2. 首段法：首段引入的概念、现象或问题，即为全文围绕的核心（如首段设问 “艺术欣赏的愉悦来源”→ 核心话题 “神经美学”）。 2. 核心观点提炼技巧： 2. 段落首句法：科普文本多为 “总 — 分” 结构，各段首句往往是分论点，整合分论点即为主旨； 2. 结尾法：结尾总结的结论、启示，往往是全文核心观点的升华（如 “嗅觉让生活更鲜活”）。 3. 选项排除三大原则： 3. 排除 “片面选项”：仅覆盖某一段分论点，未涵盖全文核心话题（如仅讲 “嗅觉敏感性”，未讲 “跨感官运作”）； 3. 排除 “扩大选项”：将核心话题扩大到相关领域（如将 “嗅觉” 扩大到 “所有感官”）； 3. 排除 “偏离选项”：选项内容与核心话题无关（如核心话题 “嗅觉”，选项讲 “训练感官”）。 破类题·提能力 题 1：2023 年 3 月天津卷 50 题 What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To propose an abstract theory of art making. B. To reveal the beauty of science in an artistic way. C. To share some personal understanding of artworks. D. To introduce a new research field for art appreciation. 原文线索：核心话题 “神经美学”，段落展开：神经美学的定义→ 审美三元组合→ 对艺术创作的启示。 答案：D 解析：核心目的 “介绍神经美学这一艺术欣赏的新研究领域”，A（提出抽象艺术创作理论）、B（以艺术方式揭示科学之美）、C（分享个人艺术理解）均偏离 “介绍科研领域” 的核心目的，D 契合。 题 2：2024 年 6 月天津卷 46 题 Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know (e.g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t). Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic (北极的) region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region—melting (融化) surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost (永冻层)—there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking (缩小的) lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss”. What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall—particularly increasing autumn rain—is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why—no matter how complex our models are or may one day be—we need direct observation of the natural world. What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A. General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B. Commonsense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C. Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D. Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 原文线索：首段核心：科研有时证明常识正确，但有时常识假设错误（如北极湖泊消失现象违背常识）。 答案：B 解析：段落核心 “常识假设有时会被证明错误”，A（常识有时正确）仅为次要信息，C（研究基于常识假设）、D（研究受未知现象启发）未提及，B 贴合段落主旨。 热点角度04 写作目的 / 实验分析题 析典例·建模型 2024 年 3 月天津卷 48 题 Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort—all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it?” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario, figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification: we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A. To raise a question. B. To provide a definition. C. To make a comparison. D. To further explain a point. 原文线索：Paragraph 3 核心：人类大脑对浪费的努力敏感；Paragraph 4：The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort—all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it?” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. 解题思路建模： 回顾前文核心观点：第三段提出 “大脑对浪费的努力敏感” 这一核心观点； 分析本段内容与前文的关系：第四段以 “规律运动” 为例，进一步解释 “大脑为何对运动产生抗拒”—— 运动需要持续努力但回报缓慢，契合 “大脑避免浪费努力” 的观点，是对前文观点的深化说明； 匹配选项功能：A（提出问题）、B（下定义）、C（作比较）均与 “深化解释观点” 无关，D（进一步解释观点）契合； 确定答案：D 模型总结：写作目的 / 实验分析题 =回顾前文核心观点 / 话题→ 分析当前段落 / 实验与前文的逻辑关系（解释 / 支撑 / 举例 / 对比）→ 匹配选项功能→ 确定答案 研考点·通技法 天津卷科普说明文的写作目的 / 实验分析题聚焦 “段落功能、实验作用、作者意图”，核心是 “理清逻辑关系”，技法分两类： 1. 段落写作目的 · 常见段落功能及判断技巧： · 举例说明：段落含for example/for instance/such as，通过具体例子支撑前文观点（如用 “运动” 举例解释 “大脑对浪费努力敏感”）； · 深化解释：段落以The thing is/Moreover/Furthermore开头，进一步阐释前文观点的细节或逻辑； · 提出问题：段落以设问句结尾，引发读者思考，为下文铺垫； · 下定义：段落含is defined as/refers to，对核心术语进行解释（多出现于首段或核心概念首次出现的段落）； · 作比较：段落含while/however/compared with，对比不同对象 / 观点，突出核心特征。 2. 实验分析题（科研类文本特色） · 常见实验功能及判断技巧： · 验证假设：实验结果与前文假设一致，支撑假设成立（如 “海豹氧气感知实验” 验证 “海豹能感知血液氧气水平”）； · 对比差异：通过不同实验组（如 “不愿” 与 “不能” 场景）的对比，突出研究对象的特征（如狗能区分不同意图）； · 引出结论：实验数据为后文结论提供依据（如北极湖泊消失的实验数据引出 “直接观察的重要性”）。 3. 全文写作目的 · 常见全文写作目的： · 介绍科研领域 / 理论：如介绍 “神经美学” 这一新兴交叉学科； · 阐述科研发现 / 结论：如阐述 “狗能解读人类意图” 的研究发现； · 解释现象 / 机制：如解释 “北极湖泊消失” 的成因、“人类嗅觉的跨感官运作” 机制； · 传递科研启示：如强调 “直接观察对科学研究的必要性”。 破类题·提能力 题 1：2023 年 6 月天津卷 46 题 Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A. Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B. Dogs prefer food from generous people. C. Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D. Friendly animals can get food more easily. 原文线索：Paragraph 2：The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. 答案：A 解析：段落实验目的 “验证狗是否具备‘心理理论’”，核心发现 “狗能解读人类行为，偏好友好 / 慷慨的人”，即 “狗也具备心理理论”，B（偏好慷慨的人）是细节，非核心发现，C/D 未提及，A 契合实验核心结论。 题 2：2025 年 6 月天津卷 50 题 All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO2 from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO2 in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO2 to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO2 levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO2 tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO2 levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO2 is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research? A. Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments. B. Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly. C. Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels. D. Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals. 原文线索：实验结论：seals can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood and change their diving behavior in response. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. 答案：B 解析：实验核心发现 “海豹能感知血液氧气水平并调整行为”，A（进化适应低氧环境）是过度推理，C（维持心率）未提及，D（比其他哺乳动物敏感）扩大范围（原文仅对比陆地哺乳动物），B（快速感知氧气水平并行动）契合实验结论。 天津卷说明文阅读理解通用解题步骤 1. 跳读全文，锁定核心：花 1 分钟跳读首段（核心话题）、各段首句（分论点）、末段（结论 / 启示），明确 “科研对象 / 现象 + 核心观点 / 结论”； 2. 逐题解题，精准定位：根据题干关键词，跳回原文对应段落，提取核心逻辑（因果 / 条件 / 实验结果），避免通读全文浪费时间； 3. 优先排除错误选项：先排除 “无中生有、偷换概念、扩大 / 缩小范围、绝对化表述” 的选项，缩小选择范围； 4. 验证答案，贴合逻辑：科普文本逻辑严谨，答案需与原文科学逻辑一致，不确定时选择 “最贴合核心观点 / 实验结论” 的选项； 5. 复查细节，避免粗心：重点检查科研术语、实验变量、数据关系的匹配，避免因细节遗漏导致错误。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 A （2026·天津河北·一模）Have you ever stood before Vincent van Gogh’s masterpiece The Starry Night and felt as though the sky were truly in motion? It turns out that this sensation wasn’t your eyes playing tricks on you or a mere product of your imagination. Recent scientific analysis suggests that the swirling (打旋) patterns captured on canvas are not just artistic expressions but accurate representations of atmospheric physics. A team of researchers has discovered that Van Gogh’s brushstrokes mirror real-world turbulence (湍流) with a level of precision that is scientifically astonishing. To understand this connection, researchers analysed the digital images of the painting by treating the varying brightness of the colours as a measure of kinetic energy (动能) . What they found was astonishing. The patterns in The Starry Night correspond to two important principles in fluid dynamics: Kolmogorov’s law (柯尔莫哥洛夫定律) and Batchelor’s scaling (巴切勒标度). Don’t worry if these terms sound abstract — let’s break them down. Kolmogorov’s law describes how energy flows from larger to smaller scales in turbulent flows. Imagine a big swirl breaking down into smaller and smaller ones. This is what happens in the atmosphere, oceans, and other fluid systems. Amazingly, it’s what Van Gogh’s work seems to represent. Batchelor’s scaling, on the other hand, deals with the finer details. The researchers found that the fine details in Van Gogh’s brushstrokes match this principle, which describes how substances like heat or pollutants spread in a turbulent fluid. Finding both of these patterns in one system is rare, which makes this discovery even more exciting. “It reveals a deep and intuitive (直觉的) understanding of natural phenomena. Van Gogh’s precise representation of turbulence might be from studying the movement of clouds and the atmosphere or an inborn sense of how to capture the dynamism of the sky,” says Yongxiang Huang, the study’s lead author. The fact that an artist in the 19th century could capture these complex dynamics so accurately is remarkable. This research bridges the gap between the emotional power of art and the empirical rigour (实证严谨性) of science. It demonstrates that beauty and scientific truth are not contradictory; rather, they can be deeply interconnected. So, the next time you look at The Starry Night, remember that you’re not just seeing a beautiful painting. You are watching the turbulent dance of the atmosphere, frozen in time by a genius who saw the world differently. 1．What is the author’s purpose in asking the question in Paragraph 1? A．To present the science behind a visual effect. B．To highlight the illusion created by the artist. C．To question the viewers’ ability to see details. D．To evaluate the unrealistic nature of the work. 2．Which of the following best illustrates Kolmogorov’s law? A． B． C． D． 3．According to Paragraph 4, the researchers’ finding is remarkable because ______. A．it proves Van Gogh studied physics theories B．it suggests art describes nature better than science C．it reveals a rare match between art and natural laws D．it shows Batchelor’s scaling is widely used in painting 4．According to Huang, what likely explains Van Gogh’s precise depiction of turbulence? A．His formal education in atmospheric physics. B．The calculation of kinetic energy in colours. C．The random movement of his brushstrokes. D．His sharp observation or natural instinct. 5．What can be a suitable title for the passage? A．Van Gogh: A Pioneer of Turbulence Research B．Van Gogh: A Talented Artist or A Natural Scientist C．The Starry Night: Art Teaches Atmospheric Physics D．The Starry Night: Beauty Meets Scientific Precision 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章说明了研究发现梵高《星月夜》中的漩涡不仅是艺术表达，还精准符合流体力学中的湍流定律。这体现了艺术美感与科学规律的高度统一，展现了艺术家对自然的深刻直觉。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Recent scientific analysis suggests that the swirling (打旋) patterns captured on canvas are not just artistic expressions but accurate representations of atmospheric physics. (最近的科学研究表明，画布上所呈现的旋转图案并非仅仅是艺术表现形式，而是对大气物理现象的准确描绘。)”可知，第一段提出问题作者的目的是阐述一种视觉效果背后的科学原理。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Kolmogorov’s law describes how energy flows from larger to smaller scales in turbulent flows. Imagine a big swirl breaking down into smaller and smaller ones. (柯尔莫哥洛夫定律描述了在湍流中能量是如何从较大尺度向较小尺度流动的。想象一下一个巨大的漩涡逐渐分裂成越来越小的漩涡。)”可知，大漩涡不断分解成小漩涡，A选项最能体现柯尔莫哥洛夫定律。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Finding both of these patterns in one system is rare, which makes this discovery even more exciting. “It reveals a deep and intuitive (直觉的) understanding of natural phenomena. Van Gogh’s precise representation of turbulence might be from studying the movement of clouds and the atmosphere or an inborn sense of how to capture the dynamism of the sky,” says Yongxiang Huang, the study’s lead author. (在一个系统中同时发现这两种模式实属罕见，这使得这一发现更加令人兴奋。“它展现了对自然现象的深刻且直观的理解。梵高对湍流的精确描绘或许源于对云层和大气运动的研究，或者是与捕捉天空动态相关的与生俱来的感知能力，”该研究的首席作者黄永祥说道。)”可知，研究人员的这一发现令人瞩目，因为它揭示了艺术与自然法则之间罕见的契合点。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“Van Gogh’s precise representation of turbulence might be from studying the movement of clouds and the atmosphere or an inborn sense of how to capture the dynamism of the sky (梵高对湍流的精准描绘或许源于他对云层和大气运动的研究，又或许源自他与生俱来的捕捉天空动态变化的能力)”可知，能够解释梵高如此精准地描绘出那种动荡景象的原因可能是：他的敏锐观察力或天生直觉。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Recent scientific analysis suggests that the swirling (打旋) patterns captured on canvas are not just artistic expressions but accurate representations of atmospheric physics. A team of researchers has discovered that Van Gogh’s brushstrokes mirror real-world turbulence (湍流) with a level of precision that is scientifically astonishing. (最近的科学研究表明，画布上所呈现的旋转图案并非仅仅是艺术表现形式，而是对大气物理现象的准确描绘。一组研究人员发现，梵高的笔触与现实中的湍流有着极高的精度相吻合，这一发现从科学角度来看令人惊叹不已。)”结合文章说明了研究发现梵高《星月夜》中的漩涡不仅是艺术表达，还精准符合流体力学中的湍流定律。这体现了艺术美感与科学规律的高度统一，展现了艺术家对自然的深刻直觉。可知，D选项“《星夜》：美与科学精确性的邂逅”最符合文章标题。故选D。 B （2026·天津·一模）In the animal kingdom, counting skills are known to help grab bigger meals or find safety in group sizes. But clownfish may have uncovered another ‌“value” in numbers: identification. Despite their cute appearance, clownfish are territorial and aggressive. When they spot a member of their own species moving towards their place, they attack, biting and throwing out unwelcome visitors. There are 28 different species of clownfish, however. So how do they actually tell friends from enemies? Depending on the species, clownfish can have anywhere from zero to three white stripes. Previous research suggested the fish pay close attention to these markings. In a 2022 study, scientists found clownfish display more aggressive behavior (e.g., running after or biting others) toward fish with vertical stripes compared with those with horizontal stripes. This time around, ecologist Hayashi and colleagues assumed the fish could actually count those stripes. They placed 50 young, lab-raised common clownfish — which display the typical orange pattern like ‌“Nemo” (a clownfish with three stripes from the film Finding Nemo) — into individual water tanks. Then, the researchers added other clownfish species, which had white stripes ranging from 0 to 3 and were protected inside a see-through case, in the original clownfish’s territory and filmed their reaction. The ‌“native” fish couldn’t run after or bite the newcomers, but they could still rush them and stare them down. And that’s what happened when the newcomers wore the same number of stripes as the resident clownfish. They found that the native clownfish were the hardest on members of their own species with three white stripes. Those fish were run after and bitten 10 times more than those without stripes. Attacks on those fish were two times more frequent than on single-striped ones, and 1.3 times more frequent than on double-striped ones. It turned out that the researchers’ assumption had solid evidence. Even so, biologist Rhodes questions whether the animals are really counting or just noticing more white coloration on the attacked fish. ‌“Maybe researchers could further clarify clownfish’s calculating capacity,” adds Rhodes. ‌“An experiment that goes beyond stripes could help. Could these fish learn, for example, to prefer two squares to three squares?” 6．What new use of counting skills have clownfish demonstrated? A．Building up a large group. B．Making out potential threats. C．Finding reliable food sources. D．Measuring the size of their territory. 7．What did the 2022 study about clownfish focus on? A．The way they defend their territory. B．The diversity of their stripe patterns. C．The impact of their aggression on other species. D．The role of stripe patterns in their behavioral reaction. 8．How was the new study conducted? A．By observing clownfish in their natural habitat. B．By analyzing films themed with clownfish. C．By comparing behaviors of clownfish. D．By referring to previous research data. 9．Which of the following is a Nemo-like clownfish most likely to attack? A．A three-striped fish. B．A double-striped fish. C．A fish with one stripe. D．A fish without stripes. 10．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Rhodes in the last paragraph? A．To point out the significance of the study. B．To lead to an alternative viewpoint on the study. C．To show appreciation of clownfish’s learning ability. D．To support the researchers’ findings about clownfish. 【答案】6．B 7．D 8．C 9．A 10．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于小丑鱼的研究，该研究发现小丑鱼能够通过计数入侵者身上的白色条纹数量来判断威胁程度，并据此做出攻击行为。 6．细节理解题。根据第一段“In the animal kingdom, counting skills are known to help grab bigger meals or find safety in group sizes. But clownfish may have uncovered another “value” in numbers: identification. (在动物王国，计数能力已知有助于获取更多食物或在群体规模中找到安全感。但小丑鱼可能揭示了数字的另一种“价值”：识别身份)”可知，小丑鱼展示了计数能力在识别身份方面的新用途，结合第二段中“There are 28 different species of clownfish, however. So how do they actually tell friends from enemies?(然而，小丑鱼有28种不同的种类。那么它们是如何区分敌人和朋友的呢？)”和倒数第二段中“Those fish were run after and bitten 10 times more than those without stripes. Attacks on those fish were two times more frequent than on single-striped ones, and 1.3 times more frequent than on double-striped ones.(研究人员发现，本地小丑鱼对有三条白色条纹的同类攻击性最强。这些鱼被追赶和撕咬的次数是无条纹鱼的10倍。对它们的攻击频率比对单条纹鱼高出2倍，对比双条纹鱼高出1.3倍。)”可推知，小丑鱼计数能力的新用途是区分敌友，辨别潜在威胁。故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In a 2022 study, scientists found clownfish display more aggressive behavior (e.g., running after or biting others) toward fish with vertical stripes compared with those with horizontal stripes. (在2022年的一项研究中，科学家们发现，与水平条纹的鱼相比，小丑鱼对有垂直条纹的鱼表现出更强的攻击性行为（例如，追逐或咬别人）。)”可知，2022年的研究关注的是条纹图案在小丑鱼行为反应中的作用。故选D项。 8．推理判断题。根据第四段中“They placed 50 young, lab-raised common clownfish — which display the typical orange pattern like ‌“Nemo” (a clownfish with three stripes from the film Finding Nemo) — into individual water tanks. Then, the researchers added other clownfish species, which had white stripes ranging from 0 to 3 and were protected inside a see-through case, in the original clownfish’s territory and filmed their reaction. (研究人员将50条实验室培育的普通小丑鱼幼鱼——它们呈现出典型的橙色条纹，如同电影《海底总动员》中三条纹的“尼莫”——分别放入独立的水箱中。随后，研究者在每条鱼的活动区域内放入其他被透明罩保护的小丑鱼，这些鱼的白色条纹数量从0到3不等，并记录下原住小丑鱼的反应)”可知，新研究是通过比较小丑鱼对不同条纹数量鱼类的行为反应来进行的。故选C项。 9．细节理解题。根据第五段中“They found that the native clownfish were the hardest on members of their own species with three white stripes. Those fish were run after and bitten 10 times more than those without stripes. (他们发现，原住小丑鱼对自己物种中拥有三条白色条纹的同类最为凶狠。这些鱼被追逐和撕咬的次数是那些没有条纹的鱼的10倍)”可知，像“尼莫”一样有三条条纹的小丑鱼最有可能攻击同样有三条条纹的鱼。故选A项。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Even so, biologist Rhodes questions whether the animals are really counting or just noticing more white coloration on the attacked fish. (即便如此，生物学家罗兹质疑这些动物是否真的在计数，或者只是注意到被攻击的鱼身上有更多的白色)”以及“An experiment that goes beyond stripes could help. (一个超越条纹的实验可能会有所帮助)”可知，作者提到罗兹是为了引出对这项研究的不同观点。故选B项。 C （2026·天津·模拟预测）A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96. 8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 11．Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A．To explain how the brain processes smell. B．To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C．To show a link between breathing and depression. D．To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 12．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 mean? A．Connected. B．Powered. C．Controlled. D．Trained. 13．What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A．Changes in breath cure anxiety. B．Their exact relationship remains unclear. C．Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. D．Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 14．What is a limitation of the current wearable device? A．It cannot track nasal airflow for 24 hours straight. B．It is too heavy to be worn during daily activities. C．It fails to monitor breathing through the mouth. D．It can only be used to test healthy young adults. 15．What is the main finding of this research? A．Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B．Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C．A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D．Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. 【答案】11．D 12．A 13．B 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究发现呼吸模式具有独特性，可用于身份识别，且与身心健康指标存在关联。 11．推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health.(以色列魏茨曼科学研究所的科学家发现，每个人都有独特的呼吸模式，即鼻呼吸“指纹”，这是一种独特的模式，能揭示一个人的身心健康状况)”可推知，提到呼吸“指纹”是为了强调个人呼吸模式的独特性。故选D。 12．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us?(人类的大脑在吸气过程中处理气味信息，大脑与呼吸之间的这种紧密联系让研究团队产生了一个疑问：我们的呼吸模式是否能反映出大脑的wired——并且每个人的模式都是独一无二的呢？)”可知，此处“wired”指的是大脑内部的神经连接方式，与“connected”意思相近。故选A。 13．推理判断题。根据第四段“Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety.(重要的是，研究人员指出，他们只知道呼吸与情绪之间存在关联，但并不清楚因果关系的方向——是感到焦虑改变了呼吸，还是某种呼吸模式导致了焦虑)”可推知，呼吸和情绪之间的确切关系目前仍不明确。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing.(然而，目前的这款设备存在一些缺陷：其在鼻子下方使用的软管佩戴起来可能会让人感到不适，而且在睡眠时还容易滑落，而且它也无法监测出是通过嘴巴呼吸的)”可知，当前可穿戴设备的一个局限性是无法通过监测口腔呼吸来进行监测。故选C。 15．细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs— it could even be used to identify who you are. (一项新研究发现，呼吸的作用绝不仅仅是让空气在肺部进出——它甚至还能用来识别个人身份)”以及第四段“Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression.(除了用于身份识别外，该研究还发现呼吸模式与身体质量指数、睡眠-觉醒周期以及焦虑、抑郁等心理健康特征之间存在明显关联)”可知，这项研究的主要发现是呼吸模式与身份识别和健康状况都存在关联。故选B。 D （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）For thousands of years, donkeys have been critical for driving human civilizations forward. They’ve helped pull wheeled vehicles, carry travelers and move goods across the world. But where and when these animals first became closely connected with humans has been a mystery. Now, researchers have used genomes of over 200 donkeys to trace their domestication back to a single event around 7,000 years ago in East Africa — about 3,000 years before humans tamed horses. The team published their findings in the journal Science this month. “Through their DNA, the animals are telling their history themselves,” co-author Samantha Brooks, an equine researcher at the University of Florida, says in a statement. “We usually only get the human’s side of history through written accounts, but of course written history does not always record exactly how something happened. Looking at these DNA sequences, we get biological evidence to the environment these animals lived in and the experiences they survived.” The researchers examined 207 genomes from modern donkeys living in 31 countries across the globe. They also looked at genomes from 15 wild equids (马科动物) and 31 earlier donkeys that lived between about 4,000 and 100 years ago. The team reconstructed the animals’ evolutionary tree and used computer models to pinpoint the domestication event, when herders (牧人) in Kenya and the Horn of Africa tamed wild donkeys. They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later. Though it’s still unclear why the original domestication happened, Science News’ Freda Kreier reports that the event coincided with the Sahara growing larger and drier. “Donkeys are champions when it comes to carrying stuff and are good at going at Sahara deserts,” co-author Ludovic Orlando, an evolutionary biologist at Paul Sabatier University in France, tells the publication. Prehistoric humans may have enlisted donkeys’ help in navigating the expanding Sahara. Researchers say these findings could help put donkeys in the spotlight. The animals could benefit from more research: Currently, there are no published genomes from donkeys located south of the Equator in Africa. But understanding where the animals were first domesticated could guide archaeologists to a narrower region to search for insights about the original tamed donkeys. Not only does understanding the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors. 16．What can be learned about donkeys from Paragraph 1? A．They seemed mysterious to human ancestors. B．They underwent multiple domestication events. C．They were tamed at an earlier time than horses. D．They were vividly described by ancient travelers. 17．What message is conveyed in Brooks’ statement? A．The earliest habitats of donkeys are hardly traceable. B．It is increasingly easy to read donkeys’ DNA sequences. C．Written accounts contain vital clues for donkey research. D．Genetic analysis offers insight into the history of donkeys. 18．In their study, the researchers investigate how donkeys ________. A．spread widely in the world B．survived with the help of herders C．developed certain behavioral traits D．adapted to the changing environment 19．As to why the original domestication of donkeys happened, Orlando ________. A．challenges conventional ideas B．provides a possible explanation C．calls for evidence from the Sahara D．holds a different view from Kreier 20．The authors think that their research could help with ________. A．greater protection of wildlife B．better management of donkeys C．recovering early types of donkeys D．raising awareness of climate change 【答案】16．C 17．D 18．A 19．B 20．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了数千年来，驴对人类文明至关重要，但其驯化起源一直成谜。研究人员通过分析 200 多个驴的基因组，确定它们约7000年前在东非被驯化，早于马3000年。这一发现不仅揭示了驴对人类历史的贡献，也有助于未来对其进行更好的保护与管理。 16．细节理解题。根据第一段“Now, researchers have used genomes of over 200 donkeys to trace their domestication back to a single event around 7,000 years ago in East Africa — about 3,000 years before humans tamed horses.(如今，研究人员通过对200多头驴的基因组进行分析，追溯了它们的驯化历史，发现这一过程大约发生在7000年前的东非地区——比人类驯化马匹的时间早了约3000年)”可知，驴的驯化时间比马早了约3000年。故选C。 17．推理判断题。根据第二段“Looking at these DNA sequences, we get biological evidence to the environment these animals lived in and the experiences they survived.(通过对这些DNA序列的分析，我们获得了有关这些动物所生存的环境以及它们所经历的生存过程的生物学证据)”可知，通过DNA序列可以获得生物学证据来了解驴的历史。故选D。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段“They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later.(随后，他们进一步探究了这些动物是如何在大约2500年后迁徙至该大陆的其他地区，并最终抵达欧洲和亚洲的)”可知，研究者追踪了驴如何广泛分布到世界各地。故选A。 19．细节理解题。根据第四段““Donkeys are champions when it comes to carrying stuff and are good at going at Sahara deserts,” co-author Ludovic Orlando, an evolutionary biologist at Paul Sabatier University in France, tells the publication. Prehistoric humans may have enlisted donkeys’ help in navigating the expanding Sahara.(该论文的合著者、法国保罗萨巴蒂耶大学的进化生物学家卢多维克·奥兰多在接受该媒体采访时表示：“在搬运重物方面，驴子堪称佼佼者，而且它们擅长在撒哈拉沙漠地带行进。”史前人类或许曾借助驴子的帮助来穿越不断扩张的撒哈拉沙漠)”可知，至于驴的最初驯化原因，奥兰多给出了一个可能的解释。故选B。 20．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Not only does understanding the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors.(作者们指出，了解马科动物的基因构成不仅有助于揭示它们对人类历史的贡献，而且在未来还可能有助于改善对它们的管理，因为气候变化正在改变地球的环境)”可知，研究有助于改进未来对驴的管理。故选B。 刷真题 A （2026·浙江·高考真题）Carbon removal is crucial for fighting climate change. Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization (优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. To design these climate-saving plants, the scientists are using a research tool called SLEAP — an AI software that tracks multiple features of root growth. Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. Now, Pereira has teamed up with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to apply SLEAP to plants. In a study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira establish a new procedure for using SLEAP to analyze plant root phenotypes — how deep and wide they grow, how massive their root systems become, and other physical qualities. Prior to SLEAP, tracking the physical characteristics of both plants and animals required a lot of labor that slowed the scientific process. SLEAP uses computer vision (the ability for computers to understand images) and deep learning (an AI approach for training a computer to learn and work like the human brain) to help researchers process images much more quickly. The application of SLEAP to plants has already enabled researchers to establish the most extensive catalog (目录) of plant root phenotypes to date. What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. “Our cooperation is truly proof of what makes Salk science so special and impactful,” says Pereira. “We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines — we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts.” 1．What do the scientists at Salk Institute hope to achieve? A．Keeping more carbon in plants. B．Optimizing the use of energy. C．Enhancing biological diversity. D．Reducing carbon absorption. 2．Why did Pereira create SLEAP? A．To generate plant images. B．To conduct research on animals. C．To study climate patterns. D．To track features of root growth. 3．What will SLEAP help the scientists do? A．Pick out diseased plants in the forest. B．Collect samples of plant root systems. C．Identify genes for desirable plant roots. D．Preserve the genes of endangered plants. 4．What can be inferred from Pereira’s words? A．Academic disciplines are of equal importance. B．Computer programming is a must for scientists. C．Interdisciplinary approach promotes creativity. D．Cooperation outweighs competition in research. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述索尔克研究所科学家为固碳优化植物根系，将原追踪动物AI工具SLEAP应用于研究植物根系表型，助力筛选有益基因，这也是跨学科合作的成果。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Scientists at Salk Institute are making use of the natural capacity of plants to absorb carbon dioxide by enhancing their root systems. This optimization ( 优化) aims to increase the amount of carbon stored and extend the duration of its storage. (索尔克研究所的科学家们通过强化植物根系，利用其吸收二氧化碳的天然能力。这一优化旨在增加碳的储存量并延长其储存时间。)”可知，索尔克研究所的科学家们希望让植物储存更多的碳。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Created by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira, SLEAP was initially designed to track animal movement in the lab. (SLEAP 由索尔克研究所的塔尔莫・佩雷拉研发，最初被设计用于在实验室中追踪动物的活动。)”可知，佩雷拉研发SLEAP是为了开展动物相关研究。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“What’s more, tracking these physical root system characteristics helps scientists find genes (基因) associated with those characteristics, as well as whether multiple root characteristics are determined by the same genes or independently. This allows the Salk team to determine what genes are most beneficial to their plant designs. (此外，追踪这些植物根系的物理特征，有助于科学家找到与这些特征相关的基因，同时还能弄清多种根系特征是由同一基因决定，还是各自独立调控。这也让索尔克研究所的研究团队能够确定，哪些基因对其植物育种研究最具利用价值。)”可知，SLEAP能帮助科学家识别出利于培育理想根系的基因。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段佩雷拉的话“We’re not just ‘borrowing’ from different disciplines — we’re really putting them on equal footing in order to create something greater than the sum of its parts. (我们不只是从不同学科中‘借鉴’，而是真正让各学科处于平等地位，以创造出比各部分总和更有价值的成果。)”可知，跨学科的研究方法能够促进创新。故选C项。 B （2025·北京·高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 5．What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 6．What can we learn from this passage? A．Talking about gains from failure is negative. B．New Year resolutions are well received. C．The West tends to overvalue optimism. D．Social roles fail to be highlighted. 7．What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 8．What is the passage mainly about? A．How self-identity works. B．How story-tellers are made. C．How personal stories raise doubts. D．How timing affects personal identity. 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．D 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何改变个人故事。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.  (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可推知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。 7．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合文意。故选A。 C （2025·全国一卷·高考真题）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 9．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 10．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 11．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 12．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 【答案】9．C 10．A 11．B 12．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 D （2025·全国二卷·高考真题）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 13．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 14．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 15．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 16．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】13．D 14．D 15．C 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 16．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 4 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $