专题09 阅读理解说明文押题(话题分类) (天津专用) 2026年高考英语终极冲刺讲练测

专题09 阅读理解说明文押题(话题分类) (天津专用) 热点角度01写作意图题+人与自我类说明文 破类题·提能力 【答案】46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. D 热点角度02主旨大意题+人与社会类说明文 破类题·提能力 【答案】45. A 46. B 47. C 48. D 49. C 50. B 热点角度03 猜测词义题+人与自然类说明文 破类题·提能力 【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A 刷模拟 Passage 1 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．C Passage 2 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B Passage 3 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B 5．B Passage 4 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．C Passage 5 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．B Passage 6 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．A 刷真题 Passage 1 【答案】51. B 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. D Passage 2 【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C Passage 3 【答案】45. B 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. D Passage 4 【答案】51. D 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. B 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题09 阅读理解说明文押题(话题分类) (天津专用) 目 录 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解..................................01 【解题建模·通技法】析典例建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式...................................03 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题强化实战能力.............................16 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考天津卷考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 文章话题 命题形式 2025·3月天津卷 404 人与 自我 人类嗅觉十分灵敏，多种感官运作，嗅觉进化与食物感官知识相关 细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题 2025·6月天津卷 420 人与 自然 海豹能感知血液中氧气量并据此改变潜水行为，人类未演化出此能力 细节理解题、推理判断题 2024·3月天津卷 417 人与 自我 大脑能形成长期目标、处理动机，我们能学会延时满足为目标而努力 细节理解题、主旨大意题 2024·3月天津卷 443 人与 自我 重新阅读能更好地了解自我，能让我们以新的眼光来看待周围的世界 细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题 2024·6月天津卷 366 人与 自然 北极地区部分湖泊消失现象的分析表明直接观察自然世界对科学研究 细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题 2023·3月天津卷 432 人与 社会 介绍神经美学这一学科以及我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感 细节理解题、猜测词义题、推理判断题 2023·6月天津卷 414 人与 自然 研究发现狗会判断人的意图，读懂人类的行为，且更喜欢更友好的人 细节理解题、推理判断题 2023·6月天津卷 364 人与 自我 文章主要讲述了讲故事给我们带来的好处更能促进学习 细节理解题、主旨大意题 命题·趋势·定位 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点：文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构：特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点。 3. 设题特点：就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识。 4. 命题热点：科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 学生在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真确定答案 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段主旨概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 热点角度01写作意图题+人与自我类说明文 析典例·建模型 （2025·3月·天津卷·C篇片段） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. ... 45. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? A. To present a misunderstanding. B. To support a commonly held view. C. To share a personal experience. D. To criticize a certain group of people. 研考点·通技法 写作意图题考查考生文章整体阅读和结构理解能力。结合具体语境，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 锁定题干关键词 在题干中确定核心的、不易被替换的名词或数字作为定位词。 45. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? 第二步 找到原文关键句 定位第一段，锁定关键词： There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. 对于葡萄酒专家，人们总会有些反感的地方。品酒活动已成为特权阶层的典型代表，这些人整天都沉浸在一杯上等葡萄酒之中。这种对葡萄酒专家的负面看法不仅不正确，而且也是对我们的嗅觉能力普遍贬低的一部分。 第三步 比对选项转述句 将选项与原文答题句进行逐字比对，注意同义转述，无中生有或答非所问的选项，选出最佳答案。 根据第一段综合分析可知，作者提及葡萄酒专家的目的是指出一种误解，进而为下文做出铺垫。故选A。 一、写作意图题设题特点 1.提问方式多样 针对全文或者文章某一段落提问其写作意图。常见的提问方式有： What is the main purpose of the text? Why does the author write the passage? The author writes the text mainly to ______. 2.考查深层理解 与其他细节理解题不同，写作意图题要求我们跳出文章表面内容，思考作者创作文章背后的目的，可能是为了传递某种观点、呼吁采取行动、介绍事物、娱乐读者等等。 3.涵盖多种文体 无论是记叙文、说明文、议论文还是应用文，都可能出现写作意图题，不同文体的写作意图有其各自的特点，需要我们区别对待。 二、写作意图题解题策略 1.整体把握文章结构 通读全文，梳理文章的脉络，明确文章的主题、中心论点（议论文）、故事发展（记叙文）或说明对象及主要内容（说明文、应用文）。例如，在议论文中，通过找出论点和论据，判断作者是为了论证某个观点；在记叙文中，通过分析故事的情节和结局，理解作者想要表达的情感或道理。 2.关注首尾段和关键句 文章的首尾段往往是作者表达意图的关键位置，首段可能会引出主题，表明写作目的；尾段则常常起到总结升华、点明主旨的作用。同时，文章中的一些关键语句，如带有强烈情感色彩的句子、反复出现的词语或句子等，也能为我们推断写作意图提供线索。 3.学会分析文体特征 记叙文---通常是通过讲述故事来传达某种道理、情感或人生感悟，写作意图可能是教育读者、分享经历或引发读者的共鸣。 说明文---旨在介绍事物的特点、功能、发展等，写作意图一般是向读者传播知识、提供信息。 议论文---通过阐述观点、论证论据，写作意图是说服读者接受作者的观点。 应用文---包括广告、通知、书信等，通常是为了推销产品、传递信息或邀请读者参与某项活动 。 4.排除干扰选项 干扰选项往往具有迷惑性，常见的类型有：与文章内容无关的选项；只涉及文章部分内容，不能体现整体写作意图的选项；过度推断，与作者真实意图不符的选项。我们要仔细分析每个选项，结合文章内容进行排除。 三、写作意图题答题提醒 1.利用关键词：圈出与文章主题相关的关键词能帮助我们快速把握文章核心，进而推断其写作意图。 2.要换位思考：站在作者的角度，写这篇文章想要达到什么目的，有助于我们准确地理解作者意图。 3.对比各选项：将各个选项进行对比，分析它们之间的差异，找出最符合文章整体内容和风格的选项。 4.避免主观臆断：不能根据自己的想法和经验来判断作者意图，答案要基于文章内容，做到有理有据。 5.重视训练反馈：练习不同类型的写作意图题，熟悉题型特点和解题思路，提高解题的准确率和速度。 破类题·提能力 （2024·3月·天津卷·C篇） Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 46. What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A. Some people are born physically weaker than others. B. Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C. Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D. Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 47. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A. Conserving. B. Mixing. C. Misusing. D. Sharing. 48. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A. To raise a question. B. To provide a definition. C. To make a comparison. D. To further explain a point. 49. According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A. Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B. Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C. Humans care more about immediate rewards. D. Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 50. According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A. A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B. A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C. A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D. A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. 热点角度02主旨大意题+人与社会类说明文 析典例·建模型 （2024·3月·天津卷·D篇） Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know(e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t). Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic(北极的)region. ... 56. What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A. General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B. Common sense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C. Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D. Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 研考点·通技法 主旨大意题包括段落大意、文章大意、标题概括，考查深层理解和概括能力，可通过以下三步解题: 第一步 锁定题干关键词 在题干中确定核心的、不易被替换的名词或数字作为定位词。 56. What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? 第二步 找到原文关键句 用定位词或其同义词在原文中定位，找到包含相关信息的关键句。 56. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know.”和“Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. 第三步 比对选项转述句 将选项与原文答题句进行逐字比对，注意同义转述，无中生有或答非所问的选项，选出最佳答案。 研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。该段表明有时一些常识性的假设可能被证明是错误的。故选B。 一、段落主旨大意题 1.考查目标：理解某一自然段的核心内容。 2.设题形式：以问答式为主，兼顾填空式。 What is the first paragraph mainly about? What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? What message does Paragraph 4 convey? The main idea of paragraph 2 is... 3.易错误区：读完整段却抓不住重点，被细节带偏。 4.技巧一：段首定位法 规律：80%的段落主旨都在第一句，也就是主题句。 操作：先看段首句，抓住核心名词和动词。 5.口诀：段首句是门面，80%主旨藏在里面。 5.技巧二：逻辑关键词：转折定位法 适用：当段首句不是主题句时。 规律：转折词后面的句子往往是段落核心。 操作：找段内的but, however, yet等转折词。 6.技巧三：举例支撑法 适用：段落由多个例子构成。 规律：找出几个例子的共同点。 操作：问自己"这几个例子都在说明什么？" 口诀：例子成堆不要慌，找出共同点就破防。 二、全篇主旨大意题 1.考查目标：理解整篇文章的核心思想，抓住贯穿全文的那条主线。 2.设题形式： What is the text mainly about? What is the main idea of the passage? The passage is mainly concerned about... What is the author's main purpose in writing this passage? 3.易错误区：容易被文中的具体细节或例子迷惑，选了局部内容而非全文主旨。 4.技巧一：首尾段定位法 不同文体的主旨位置不同： 说明文、议论文：主题句常在第一段（开篇点题） 记叙文、夹叙夹议文：主旨常在最后一段（结尾升华感悟） 新闻报道：第一段即为全文概括（包含5W1H） 操作步骤：第一步：先读第一段第一句；第二步：再读最后一段最后一句；第三步：比较首尾，看哪句能概括全文。 5.技巧二：转折词定位法 关键词：but, however, yet, in fact, actually, instead 规律：转折词后面的话，往往是作者真正想说的。 操作：看到转折词立刻圈出，重点读后面的内容。 口诀： 转折之后是重点，作者观点藏后面。 6.技巧三：高频词定位法 高频词：全文反复出现的名词或名词短语。 规律：文章围绕一个中心词展开，这个词就是"主题词"。 操作：快速浏览，看到重复的词就圈出来。 口诀：高频词是钥匙，抓住它就抓住主旨。 三、标题概括题 1.考查目标：标题是一篇文章中心思想的集中体现。这类题目主要考查学生的深层理解能力：测试学生能否穿透细节，准确把握文章的中心思想和作者的核心观点。 2.设问方式： What is the best title for the text? Which of the following is the best title? What can be a suitable title? 3.易错误区： 范围过宽--选项概括范围太宽超出文章内容。以偏概全--选项包含内容是某个细节或次要信息，用局部代替了整体；无中生有--选项内容与主旨无关，文中未提及；主次颠倒--将文章的次要信息或某段内容当作全篇主旨，主次不分。标题特征：概括性--精准、简练；针对性--标题的外延与文章内容符合；醒目性--简洁且能引发读者兴趣。 4.技巧一：串联各段大意+主题词 公式：标题=提取各段大意+主题词 第一步：提取各段大意（全篇）怎么提取→从主题句/高频词/核心词入手，理解段落大意（主题句多为首句、段尾句或转折句；高频词即本段内容围绕其展开的词汇）。 第二步：整合信息，归纳主旨怎么整合归纳→串联各段大意，用一句话概括文章的核心内容和作者观点（合并相同内容，去掉次要内容）。 第三步：对比分析：甄选答案怎么对比甄选→将自拟主旨与选项比对，找出与文章主题最契合的选项最后得出答案。 5.技巧二：定位主旨句+梳理行文脉络 公式：标题=主旨句+文章骨架 第一步：定位主旨句（全篇）寻找统领全文或段落主题的句子，这些句子“暗藏”作者的观点。怎么定位→快速浏览文章的首段、尾段以及每段的首尾句，寻找能统领全文或表达作者观点的句子。通常，主旨句出现在开头提出问题或结尾总结呼吁的位置。 第二步：梳理行文脉络把握文章的骨架，探索作者如何组织各段论证文章主题怎么梳理行文脉络→概括每段大意，理清文章的逻辑结构，看作者如何层层推进主题。 第三步：合并主旨，匹配选项合并主旨将主旨句与行文脉络合并，归纳全文主题怎么合并主旨→将主旨句与文章脉络结合，归纳全文的核心思想匹配选项将归纳的核心思想与选项匹配怎么匹配选项→将得出的核心思想与四个选项逐一比对，找出最契合的选项最后得出答案。 破类题·提能力 （2025·3月·天津卷·C篇） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. 45. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? A. To present a misunderstanding. B. To support a commonly held view. C. To share a personal experience. D. To criticize a certain group of people. 46. What did researchers find about the human sense of smell a decade ago? A. Humans are very sensitive to natural gas. B. Humans can smell extremely weak odours. C. Humans excel in identifying chemicals in the air. D. Humans do worse in detecting smells than animals. 47. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Overusing the sense of smell may weaken other senses. B. Hunger has little connection with the sense of smell. C. The colour of food may help bring out its smell. D. Sharpening the senses boosts memory capacity. 48. When predicting a smell, the brain may make a re-evaluation if________. A. an unpleasant smell is quickly detected B. cross-sensory influences are maximized C. the sense of smell is frequently disturbed D. the perceived smell goes against the expectation 49. According to Paragraph 5, the evolution of the sense of smell has much to do with________. A. easy access to food sources B. human curiosity about nature C. sensory knowledge about food D. dangers in natural environments 50. What does the passage focus on? A. How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B. How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C. How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D. How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 热点角度03 猜测词义题+人与自然类说明文 析典例·建模型 （2023·3月·天津卷·C篇） I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. ... 46．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A beautiful painting or sculpture. B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C．An advanced brain imaging technology. D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 研考点·通技法 猜测词义题考查考生语境逻辑推断和情感推断能力。具体可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 锁定题干关键词 在题干中确定核心的、不易被替换的名词或数字作为定位词。 46．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? 第二步 找到原文关键句 用定位词或其同义词在原文中定位，找到包含相关信息的关键句。 上一句：Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. 划线句：Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. 第三步 比对选项转述句 将选项与原文答题句进行逐字比对，注意同义转述，无中生有或答非所问的选项，选出最佳答案。 上一句提出当进行审美评估，看到时美丽的画作时，我们大脑的一些区域会“发光”。划线句提出类似研究发现，人们在看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时会产生“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”。文中将两种情况进行了类比，由此推知，“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”与上文中的“大脑的一些区域会‘发光’”是同一个意思，即指上文中的“The lighting-up of specific brain areas.”。故选B。 猜测词义题五大线索，破解生词 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型，近三年新高考卷及全国卷均有考查。很多同学遇到生词就慌了神，其实，答案就在上下文之中！掌握以下五大线索，即使不认识单词也能准确猜出词义。 技巧一：定义同位线索——寻找“换句话说” 标志词：that is (to say), in other words, or, namely, refer to, mean, be called, be known as 标点符号：破折号（—）、冒号（：）、括号（）、逗号（,） 操作方法：找到目标词后面的解释性语句，前后意思一致。 实例验证：The process of photosynthesis, that is, the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, is vital for plants. 通过“that is”后的解释，可推断“photosynthesis”意为“光合作用”。 技巧二：对比转折线索——寻找“反义词” 标志词：but, however, while, whereas, yet, instead, rather than, unlike 操作方法：找到转折词，前后意思相反。前面是A，后面是B，那么目标词的意思就是B的反面。 实例验证：She is very outgoing, but her brother is quite introverted. 通过“outgoing”（外向的）可推测“introverted”意为“内向的”。 技巧三：因果逻辑线索——寻找“因为所以” 标志词：because, since, as, for, so, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result 操作方法：原因和结果互相印证。根据已知的原因推导结果的含义，或根据已知的结果反推原因的含义。 实例验证：Because of the heavy rain, the match was postponed.通过“heavy rain”（大雨）可推测“postponed”意为“推迟”。 技巧四：指代替换线索——寻找“它指的是谁” 常考词：it, they, them, that, those, such, the + 名词 操作方法：代词指代的内容通常在前文，寻找最近的名词、名词短语或句子。有时指代对象距离较远，需要对前文内容进行总结。 技巧五：生活常识与经验——寻找“合情合理” 操作方法：结合文章背景和自己的生活常识，推测符合逻辑的意思。注意熟词生义现象，不能拘泥于字面意思。 实例验证：In some Asian cultures, people eat with chopsticks.若遇到“chopsticks”，可结合常识推测为“筷子”。 破类题·提能力 （2019·天津卷·C篇） Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A. loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B. age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D. disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of success 52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. End one’s struggle for liberty. B. Waste one’s energy taking risks. C. Miss the opportunity to succeed. D. Lose the interest to continue learning. 53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？ A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？ A. A tough man can tolerate suffering. B. A wise man can live without self-pity. C. A man should try to satisfy people around him. D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 55. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？ A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 Passage 1 （2026·天津河东·一模）Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements. Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties  — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth. In an era of rapid changes and unexpected challenges, developing resilience is not just a survival skill but a key part of self- development, turning setbacks into stepping stones. The link between difficulties and growth lies in the positive psychological changes after tough life events. Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self- awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more. This growth does not come automatically; it comes from facing difficulties on purpose, strengthening mental strength just as exercise builds muscle. Resilience also plays an important role in life changes. Young people entering the workplace face setbacks such as rejected plans or disagreements that cause self-doubt, but resilient people see these as learning chances. They analyze their mistakes, ask for advice, and develop skills to make progress. Similarly, people traveling alone improve resilience by dealing with unfamiliar environments on their own, trusting their decisions and adapting to difficulties. Some people argue that focusing on resilience puts pressure on people to ignore pain, but resilience means recognizing suffering without being controlled by it. It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time. In a society that values quick solutions, we must realize that true growth is built on resilience. Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth. 1．What is the common misunderstanding about personal growth according to the passage? A．It requires great efforts to achieve. B．It is a smooth process full of achievements. C．It has a close connection with difficulties. D．It can only be gained through work experience. 2．Which of the following is NOT a benefit of dealing with hardships actively? A．Gaining a better understanding of oneself. B．Developing a stronger sense of purpose. C．Avoiding all the pain in life. D．Learning to value life more. 3．What can we infer from the passage about resilience? A．It can be improved through certain methods. B．It is a skill that only a few people can have. C．It has nothing to do with life changes. D．It makes people ignore their sufferings. 4．What does the author think of difficulties in personal growth? A．They are unnecessary obstacles to avoid. B．They are key parts of true personal growth. C．They make people lose confidence easily. D．They can only be solved with quick solutions. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The ways to deal with life’s difficulties. B．The importance of quick solutions in modern society. C．Resilience is the key driver of personal growth. D．Different opinions on the role of resilience. Passage 2 （2026·天津·一模）The Olympic Games represent the peak of athletic achievement. Modern athletes benefit from excellent coaching, good nutrition and recovery strategies. Yet, some are turning to unique methods to improve themselves. One such technique is called EEG neurofeedback (脑电波神经反馈), which involves placing small sensors on the head to record and display brainwaves in real time. It helps athletes recognize and produce brainwave patterns that enhance focus and relaxation, or achieve a personalized best state for their skills. When the technique displays what is happening in the brain in real time, people can easily experiment by bringing different thoughts or images to their minds. Then they’ll immediately see how the brain signals change. It is through this process that they can learn to recognize different brain states and apply psychological strategies to help them take control. In a study, researchers asked 40 adult volunteers to cycle until extreme tiredness on an exercise bike after performing just 12 minutes of neurofeedback. 13 people were asked to produce a brainwave pattern that would be conducive to endurance (耐力) exercise. The other 13 were asked to produce a brainwave pattern which wouldn’t improve performance. The remaining 14 participants had to watch a neurofeedback recording without controlling their brainwaves. The results were striking. The group that had been asked to produce the positive brainwave rode for 30% longer than the others. Later, researchers invited the 26 participants from the first two groups back to the lab. They received the opposite neurofeedback treatment from the first experiment before they repeated the cycling test. The participants rode for an average of 11% longer on the day they received the positive neurofeedback treatment. Despite these results, researchers decided to repeat the study with a larger sample and with more highly-trained cyclists to better understand the role of this technique in other sports. Scientists are now trying to use the research findings to make a difference elsewhere. The research regards neurofeedback as a potential means to help with the recovery or management of diseases of the nervous system. So, while Olympic medals are valued, if neurofeedback research could eventually lead to effective treatments beyond sports, that may well be the biggest prize of all. 1．What is the new technique EEG neurofeedback used for in sports? A．Helping build a nutritional strategy. B．Monitoring athletes’ physical strength. C．Training voluntary brain control in athletes. D．Predicting athletes’ best performance limits. 2．What does the underlined word “conducive” in paragraph 3 possibly mean? A．Identical. B．Resistant. C．Harmless. D．Beneficial. 3．Why were 26 participants invited back to the lab? A．To test the study methods. B．To provide high-level training. C．To further confirm the study results. D．To expand the groups of the subjects. 4．What might be the researchers’ attitude towards the technique’s wide use in sports? A．Cautious. B．Concerned. C．Positive. D．Tolerant. 5．What does the author intend to stress about neurofeedback research in the last paragraph? A．Its limitations outside of sports. B．Its potential to fight certain diseases. C．Its influence on athletic performance. D．Its role in competitive sports like the Olympics. Passage 3 （2026·天津·模拟预测）The sunk cost fallacy (谬论) is a perceptive misconception that makes you feel as if you should continue pouring money, time, or effort into a situation since you’ve already “sunk” so much into it already. For example, have you ever stuck with something because you’ve already put in so much effort? Like reading a terrible book because you’re already halfway through, so you might as well find out what happens. When people become a prey to the sunk cost fallacy, “the effect of loss feels worse than the prospect of gain, so we keep making decisions based on past costs instead of future costs behind the sunk and benefits,” explains Yalda Safai, MD, MPH, a psychiatrist (精神病学家) in New York City. It can be really challenging to walk away from a situation where you’ve already spent any amount of time, money, or energy. What often happens is that you try to rationalize (合理化) the situation by saying that since the spent cost can’t be recovered, you might as well stay the course or distribute additional resources to try to make things better. What ends up happening is that you may stay in an unrewarding stuck situation and lose additional valuable resources, like emotional energy, your time, or money. It’s important to reconsider these sunk costs as just that: money already spent that cannot be recovered. For clear and rational decision-making, the amount you already spent must be viewed as irrelevant to what comes next. However, there’s an unclear line between knowing when to stay the course and when to walk away. For example, you might go through a hard time in a relationship, but this isn’t necessarily grounds for immediately leaving. Or you might try a hobby that you are not 100% passionate about, but could end up loving it once you get past that awkward period — “I’m not very good at this.” In these moments, it’s important to prioritize rational thought. If past results haven’t paid off, then it’s like it won’t in the future either. 1．What is the key feature of the sunk cost fallacy? A．Insisting on investing more resources. B．Focusing on future possible rewards. C．Promoting use of many resources. D．Depending on current enthusiasm. 2．What does the underlined word “prey” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Witness. B．Leader. C．Victim. D．Contributor. 3．What might happen if people fall into the sunk cost fallacy? A．They would receive actual gains. B．They would lose more than gain. C．They would be less ambitious. D．They would be more annoyed. 4．How can people make reasonable choices? A．By making plans based on facts. B．By ignoring unrecoverable costs. C．By listening to various opinions. D．By paying attention to processes. 5．What can we learn from the examples mentioned in the last paragraph? A．People should never give up their relationships or hobbies easily. B．There is no clear standard for deciding when to quit and when to persist. C．Hard times in relationships are necessary for long-term happiness. D．Most hobbies will become enjoyable after the initial awkward period. Passage 4 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）Whether we are sitting down or standing up, still or moving, body posture (姿势) influences our mood. Several studies have shown this link between physical posture and mood. Others have shown a relationship between our mood and our cognitive (认知的) performance, including memory, reasoning, learning, and the speed of reaction and processing of information. So a logical question arises. Can body posture influence our cognitive performance? Previously, a New Zealand team (University of Auckland) carried out an experiment on posture when we walk, especially in the street. The team had found a very clear influence of our posture on our mood and confidence. It appears that walking with a hunched back, bowed head and motionless (静止的) arms has a negative influence on our mental state. Indeed, the researchers found that the simple act of straightening up, standing up straight, with your head held high, and gazing forward gives us a serious boost of confidence. Not only does our spontaneous (自发的) posture have a psychological effect, but by correcting it, it is possible to bring about improvement in the long term. In this other study, this time carried out by an Austrian team (Friedrich Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremberg), researchers observed the same phenomenon, this time in a sitting position. Young adults were invited to participate in tests presented as intended to assess their ability to concentrate. In fact, the researchers had them sit in different postures — from upright to very slumped (耸拉着的) — in order to note their influences on mood and cognition. A first observation indicates that “sitting upright” is associated with a better overall mood. It is also found to have a positive influence on the speed of processing information and completing tasks, although the test pass rate does not vary significantly with posture. Finally, and surprisingly enough, blood pressure is a little more favorable in an upright position. To further complete the list of benefits of sitting upright, we will add that it is widely recommended for protecting the back in case of work that requires sitting for a long time. 1．Why does the writer mention the studies at the beginning? A．To introduce what cognitive performance is. B．To emphasize the importance of body posture. C．To prove the results of those studies are wrong. D．To raise a new question to be studied and solved. 2．The underlined word “hunched” in Paragraph 3 means ______. A．straightened B．bent C．loose D．solid 3．The first study indicates that ______. A．posture influences our mental state B．straightening up has a negative effect C．gazing upward builds up confidence D．walking posture is especially important 4．What did the Austrian study focus on? A．Proving the long-term benefits of good posture. B．Assessing concentration levels in young adults. C．The psychological effects of sitting in different postures. D．Noting the effects of different sitting positions on mood and cognition. 5．What can we learn about sitting upright? A．It increases blood pressure. B．It requires sitting for a long time. C．It has mental and physical benefits. D．It helps improve the test pass rate. Passage 5 （25-26高三下·天津蓟州·开学考试）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in microplastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of microplastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,”Caroline Gauchotte Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 2．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 4．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 5．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To advertise a new water filtering product. B．To inform readers of a study on reducing microplastics in tap water. C．To criticize the poor quality of both tap and bottled water. D．To prove that boiling is the best way to purify drinking water. Passage 6 （2026·天津南开·一模）“I write to find out what I’m thinking,” wrote the great American journalist John Dos Passos. Anyone engaged in writing understands this truth: the act of writing transforms half-formed ideas into precise, logical thought. What sounds coherent when spoken often appears weak and illogical when committed to paper. A recent MIT study provides convincing scientific evidence for this claim. Researchers used wearable brain scanners to compare students who wrote essays independently with those using AI assistance. The findings were clear: AI-assisted writers “consistently underperformed at brain, verbal, and behavioral levels.” They demonstrated that we need to write in order to think deeply. This research emerges at a critical historical moment for literacy. Childhood reading has reached record lows, with nearly half of British adults not reading a single book last year. Adult literacy is declining or making no progress across most OECD countries. Notably, average IQs have begun to decline since the 1980s, along with reasoning and problem-solving abilities — a trend that is unlikely to be random. Walter Ong’s influential work “Orality and Literacy” illuminates why writing is essential. He argued that literacy enabled Ancient Greece’s intellectual revolution. Oral cultures must “think memorable thoughts”, relying on rhyme, emotion, and cliché (陈词滥调) to preserve knowledge. Writing, by contrast, allows for precise, complex statements that can be examined, reviewed, and developed into logical arguments. In our digital age, no technology has surpassed the complicated architecture of the book. While the internet offers fragmented information, books provide rich context and sustained logical connections. Reading is an active process that demands engagement and concentration — it is essentially thinking in dialogue with the text. As our culture becomes increasingly dominated by short-form videos and attention-fragmenting content, we risk losing the capacity for complex reasoning. Reading and writing form the foundation of serious thought — a habit that unites history’s greatest minds. Before we yield our cognitive development to screens and algorithms, we must carefully consider what we might be sacrificing. 1．What is the function of writing according to John Dos Passos? A．Revealing flaws in speech. B．Organizing thoughts. C．Recording spoken words. D．Ensuring fluency. 2．What is the key advantage of writing over oral cultures? A．It makes for logical statements. B．It ensures greater objectivity. C．It preserves knowledge longer. D．It requires “memorable thoughts”. 3．Why does the author describe reading as “thinking in dialogue with the text”? A．To underline its logical structure. B．To contrast with online reading. C．To show its interactive feature. D．To highlight its cultural relevance. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards people’s reasoning capacity? A．Dismissive. B．Skeptical. C．Critical. D．Concerned. 5．Which can be the best title for the passage? A．Writing, Reading, and Thinking: Why Literacy Matters More Than Ever. B．The Digital Age: How Technology Is Reshaping Our Minds. C．The Power of Writing: How Putting Pen to Paper Shapes Thought. D．The Decline of Reading: A Warning Against Digital Distraction. 刷真题 Passage 1 （2024·3月·天津卷）Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 51. What did the author find when reading Montaigne’s Essays? A. He still couldn't understand it. B. He had made notes in it. C. It was a brand new copy. D. It was his favorite work. 52. According to the author, what could be a purpose of voluntary rereading? A. To improve the quality of teaching. B. To learn from admirable characters. C. To collect details for writing novels. D. To help making important decisions. 53. According to Paragraph 4, involuntary rereading can bring about? A. Unexpected reading experience. B. Total concentration on new books. C. Changed preferences for books. D. Enhanced reading skills. 54. What can be learnt about subconscious rereading? A. It prevents memory from fading. B. It helps make who we are. C. It involves actual reading. D. It works best with poetry and music. 55. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading B. Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary? C. Rereading: Pursuit of Truth D. Transformative Power of Rereading Passage 2 (2022天津卷) Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The ECtheory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 47. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their inner emotions. D. Their physical feelings. 48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings 49. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 50. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC. Passage 3 (2021天津卷) A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging (医学影像) procedures. “During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,” said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital. The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉). A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety. Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified (改变的) state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows. “The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure." Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby. “The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness." The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training. 45. One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ . A. a better understanding of children B. less use of certain medicines C. new medical-imaging technology D. an improved reputation of the hospital 46. The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________. A. assist in treating a patient B. carry out hypnosis training C. start up a new department D. learn about the procedure 47. According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________. A. creating a perfect world for patients B. forcing patients into a state of deep sleep C. putting patients into an unconscious state D. leading patients' consciousness away from reality 48. What can we learn about the story used in the procedure? A. It should keep pace with the procedure. B. It reflects the patient's creativity. C. It is selected by the technologist. D. It tells what doctors are doing to the patient. 49. The procedure was received among the staff with ________. A. uncertainty B. enthusiasm C. worry D. criticism 50. What is the passage mainly about? A. An easy way to communicate with patients. B. The standard method of conducting hypnosis. C. An introduction of medical-imaging technology. D. The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures. Passage 4 （2025·6月·天津卷）Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not. We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe. Sometimes the limits we encounter in trying to unlock the nature of the universe are cognitive (认知的). Think about this: human DNA is only about 1.2 percent different from that of chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, no question. But could you teach them advanced mathematics? What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is? What might our brains be capable of then? The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable. Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. For something to be considered scientific, it must, by definition, be testable. There is a problem here: it may not need to be testable right now, but it must be testable at some point in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries. 51. Why does the author mention “knife” and “hammer” in Paragraph 1? A. To demonstrate how tools can be used creatively. B. To highlight consequences of using a wrong tool. C. To show the necessity of keeping a handy tool within reach. D. To stress the need for the right tool to achieve desired results. 52. What is often required in breaking new ground in science? A. Broader science education. B. More advanced facilities for experiments. C. Deeper understanding of the brain power. D. More investment in next-generation scientists. 53. How does the author assess human beings in terms of their cognitive capacity? A. They are just 2.4% away from true abstract thinking. B. They are slightly smarter than other intelligent beings. C. They are yet to evolve further to learn more about the universe. D. They are good at solving problems with advanced mathematics. 54. What message does Paragraph 4 convey? A. Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration. B. Experimental research lays solid foundations for space technology. C. Boundaries of science can be pushed back with determined efforts. D. Limitations of science may result from insufficient testing. 55. What has the author added to the definition of a scientific idea? A. Correct ideas are testable. B. Untestable ideas can be true. C. Some scientific ideas may never be testable. D. An idea must be testable to be seen as correct. 31 / 31 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题09 阅读理解说明文押题(话题分类) (天津专用) 目 录 【命题解码·定方向】命题趋势+3年高考真题热点角度拆解..................................01 【解题建模·通技法】析典例建模型，技法贯通破类题/变式...................................03 【实战刷题·冲高分】精选高考大题+名校模拟题强化实战能力.............................19 热点·角度·拆解 2023-2025高考天津卷考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 文章话题 命题形式 2025·3月天津卷 404 人与 自我 人类嗅觉十分灵敏，多种感官运作，嗅觉进化与食物感官知识相关 细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题 2025·6月天津卷 420 人与 自然 海豹能感知血液中氧气量并据此改变潜水行为，人类未演化出此能力 细节理解题、推理判断题 2024·3月天津卷 417 人与 自我 大脑能形成长期目标、处理动机，我们能学会延时满足为目标而努力 细节理解题、主旨大意题 2024·3月天津卷 443 人与 自我 重新阅读能更好地了解自我，能让我们以新的眼光来看待周围的世界 细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题 2024·6月天津卷 366 人与 自然 北极地区部分湖泊消失现象的分析表明直接观察自然世界对科学研究 细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题 2023·3月天津卷 432 人与 社会 介绍神经美学这一学科以及我们为何会从艺术中获得愉悦感 细节理解题、猜测词义题、推理判断题 2023·6月天津卷 414 人与 自然 研究发现狗会判断人的意图，读懂人类的行为，且更喜欢更友好的人 细节理解题、推理判断题 2023·6月天津卷 364 人与 自我 文章主要讲述了讲故事给我们带来的好处更能促进学习 细节理解题、主旨大意题 命题·趋势·定位 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点：文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构：特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点。 3. 设题特点：就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识。 4. 命题热点：科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 学生在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真确定答案 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段主旨概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 热点角度01写作意图题+人与自我类说明文 析典例·建模型 （2025·3月·天津卷·C篇片段） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. ... 45. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? A. To present a misunderstanding. B. To support a commonly held view. C. To share a personal experience. D. To criticize a certain group of people. 研考点·通技法 写作意图题考查考生文章整体阅读和结构理解能力。结合具体语境，均可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 锁定题干关键词 在题干中确定核心的、不易被替换的名词或数字作为定位词。 45. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? 第二步 找到原文关键句 定位第一段，锁定关键词： There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. 对于葡萄酒专家，人们总会有些反感的地方。品酒活动已成为特权阶层的典型代表，这些人整天都沉浸在一杯上等葡萄酒之中。这种对葡萄酒专家的负面看法不仅不正确，而且也是对我们的嗅觉能力普遍贬低的一部分。 第三步 比对选项转述句 将选项与原文答题句进行逐字比对，注意同义转述，无中生有或答非所问的选项，选出最佳答案。 根据第一段综合分析可知，作者提及葡萄酒专家的目的是指出一种误解，进而为下文做出铺垫。故选A。 一、写作意图题设题特点 1.提问方式多样 针对全文或者文章某一段落提问其写作意图。常见的提问方式有： What is the main purpose of the text? Why does the author write the passage? The author writes the text mainly to ______. 2.考查深层理解 与其他细节理解题不同，写作意图题要求我们跳出文章表面内容，思考作者创作文章背后的目的，可能是为了传递某种观点、呼吁采取行动、介绍事物、娱乐读者等等。 3.涵盖多种文体 无论是记叙文、说明文、议论文还是应用文，都可能出现写作意图题，不同文体的写作意图有其各自的特点，需要我们区别对待。 二、写作意图题解题策略 1.整体把握文章结构 通读全文，梳理文章的脉络，明确文章的主题、中心论点（议论文）、故事发展（记叙文）或说明对象及主要内容（说明文、应用文）。例如，在议论文中，通过找出论点和论据，判断作者是为了论证某个观点；在记叙文中，通过分析故事的情节和结局，理解作者想要表达的情感或道理。 2.关注首尾段和关键句 文章的首尾段往往是作者表达意图的关键位置，首段可能会引出主题，表明写作目的；尾段则常常起到总结升华、点明主旨的作用。同时，文章中的一些关键语句，如带有强烈情感色彩的句子、反复出现的词语或句子等，也能为我们推断写作意图提供线索。 3.学会分析文体特征 记叙文---通常是通过讲述故事来传达某种道理、情感或人生感悟，写作意图可能是教育读者、分享经历或引发读者的共鸣。 说明文---旨在介绍事物的特点、功能、发展等，写作意图一般是向读者传播知识、提供信息。 议论文---通过阐述观点、论证论据，写作意图是说服读者接受作者的观点。 应用文---包括广告、通知、书信等，通常是为了推销产品、传递信息或邀请读者参与某项活动 。 4.排除干扰选项 干扰选项往往具有迷惑性，常见的类型有：与文章内容无关的选项；只涉及文章部分内容，不能体现整体写作意图的选项；过度推断，与作者真实意图不符的选项。我们要仔细分析每个选项，结合文章内容进行排除。 三、写作意图题答题提醒 1.利用关键词：圈出与文章主题相关的关键词能帮助我们快速把握文章核心，进而推断其写作意图。 2.要换位思考：站在作者的角度，写这篇文章想要达到什么目的，有助于我们准确地理解作者意图。 3.对比各选项：将各个选项进行对比，分析它们之间的差异，找出最符合文章整体内容和风格的选项。 4.避免主观臆断：不能根据自己的想法和经验来判断作者意图，答案要基于文章内容，做到有理有据。 5.重视训练反馈：练习不同类型的写作意图题，熟悉题型特点和解题思路，提高解题的准确率和速度。 破类题·提能力 （2024·3月·天津卷·C篇） Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 46. What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A. Some people are born physically weaker than others. B. Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C. Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D. Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 47. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A. Conserving. B. Mixing. C. Misusing. D. Sharing. 48. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A. To raise a question. B. To provide a definition. C. To make a comparison. D. To further explain a point. 49. According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A. Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B. Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C. Humans care more about immediate rewards. D. Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 50. According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A. A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B. A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C. A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D. A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. 【答案】46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了并非人人都喜欢体育锻炼的原因，指出这是因为人脑对无谓的努力很抵触且锻炼本身的回报不确定，不过大脑能形成长期目标、处理动机，我们能学会延时满足，为目标不懈努力。 46. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? (但是为什么不是每个人都喜欢锻炼呢？)”和第二段中“While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. (虽然体育锻炼并没有那么糟糕，但它通常还是令人不愉快的。这是必然的：你正在把你的身体推向它的身体极限，这导致了明显的不适)”可知，有些人不喜欢锻炼是身体被迫达到体能极限时会感到明显不适。由此可知，有些人不喜欢对自己的身体施加太大的压力。故选B项。 47. 词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感。研究表明，它可以计算出行动所需的努力)”可知，人脑对无谓的努力很抵触。由此可知，此处指“它会阻止我们将重要资源浪费在无效的努力上”，画线词意思应该是“浪费，滥用”，与Misusing意思相近。故选C项。 48. 推理判断题。第三段中的“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感)”指出人脑对无谓的努力很抵触，第四段“The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward (问题是，有规律的锻炼来保持“身材”需要持续和相当大的努力——所有这些都是渐进的，回报是不确定的。所以，你的大脑问“这值得吗？”问题的倾向将很难平息。这个特殊的特征也意味着我们通常更喜欢那些付出最少努力却获得最大回报的东西)”用规律锻炼以保持身材的例子具体说明人脑的这种工作机制。由此可知，作者写第四段的目的是进一步解释上文的观点。故选D项。 49. 细节理解题。根据第五段中“While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. (虽然许多物种的思维过程仅限于“食物，吃它！”、“危险，快跑！”、“痛苦，躲避！”，我们已经超越了这一点。我们的大脑可以形成多个长期目标和抱负。我们可以想象一个理想的未来场景，弄清楚我们如何实现它，然后去做)”可知，人类与许多其他物种的不同之处在于，人类能够想象一个美好的未来。故选A项。 50. 推理判断题。根据第六段中“And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. (你的“应该”自我就是做你应该做的事情来成为你的“理想”自我的那个自我。所以，如果你的“理想”自我是一名职业足球运动员，而你的“实际”自我不是，那么你的“应该”自我就是花大量时间训练、锻炼，并在足球方面做得更好的那个人)”可知，“自我差异”理论认为“应该”自我会使人为奋斗目标持续努力。由此可知，为赢得奥运奖牌而训练的游泳运动员表现出最活跃的“应该”自我。故选D项。 热点角度02主旨大意题+人与社会类说明文 析典例·建模型 （2024·3月·天津卷·D篇） Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know(e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t). Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic(北极的)region. ... 56. What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A. General knowledge can at times turn out to be true. B. Common sense assumptions can sometimes prove wrong. C. Research findings should be built on popular assumptions. D. Scientific research is inspired by an unknown phenomenon. 研考点·通技法 主旨大意题包括段落大意、文章大意、标题概括，考查深层理解和概括能力，可通过以下三步解题: 第一步 锁定题干关键词 在题干中确定核心的、不易被替换的名词或数字作为定位词。 56. What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us? 第二步 找到原文关键句 用定位词或其同义词在原文中定位，找到包含相关信息的关键句。 56. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know.”和“Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. 第三步 比对选项转述句 将选项与原文答题句进行逐字比对，注意同义转述，无中生有或答非所问的选项，选出最佳答案。 研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。研究有时会用数据证明我们或多或少已经知道的事情。该段表明有时一些常识性的假设可能被证明是错误的。故选B。 一、段落主旨大意题 1.考查目标：理解某一自然段的核心内容。 2.设题形式：以问答式为主，兼顾填空式。 What is the first paragraph mainly about? What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? What message does Paragraph 4 convey? The main idea of paragraph 2 is... 3.易错误区：读完整段却抓不住重点，被细节带偏。 4.技巧一：段首定位法 规律：80%的段落主旨都在第一句，也就是主题句。 操作：先看段首句，抓住核心名词和动词。 5.口诀：段首句是门面，80%主旨藏在里面。 5.技巧二：逻辑关键词：转折定位法 适用：当段首句不是主题句时。 规律：转折词后面的句子往往是段落核心。 操作：找段内的but, however, yet等转折词。 6.技巧三：举例支撑法 适用：段落由多个例子构成。 规律：找出几个例子的共同点。 操作：问自己"这几个例子都在说明什么？" 口诀：例子成堆不要慌，找出共同点就破防。 二、全篇主旨大意题 1.考查目标：理解整篇文章的核心思想，抓住贯穿全文的那条主线。 2.设题形式： What is the text mainly about? What is the main idea of the passage? The passage is mainly concerned about... What is the author's main purpose in writing this passage? 3.易错误区：容易被文中的具体细节或例子迷惑，选了局部内容而非全文主旨。 4.技巧一：首尾段定位法 不同文体的主旨位置不同： 说明文、议论文：主题句常在第一段（开篇点题） 记叙文、夹叙夹议文：主旨常在最后一段（结尾升华感悟） 新闻报道：第一段即为全文概括（包含5W1H） 操作步骤：第一步：先读第一段第一句；第二步：再读最后一段最后一句；第三步：比较首尾，看哪句能概括全文。 5.技巧二：转折词定位法 关键词：but, however, yet, in fact, actually, instead 规律：转折词后面的话，往往是作者真正想说的。 操作：看到转折词立刻圈出，重点读后面的内容。 口诀： 转折之后是重点，作者观点藏后面。 6.技巧三：高频词定位法 高频词：全文反复出现的名词或名词短语。 规律：文章围绕一个中心词展开，这个词就是"主题词"。 操作：快速浏览，看到重复的词就圈出来。 口诀：高频词是钥匙，抓住它就抓住主旨。 三、标题概括题 1.考查目标：标题是一篇文章中心思想的集中体现。这类题目主要考查学生的深层理解能力：测试学生能否穿透细节，准确把握文章的中心思想和作者的核心观点。 2.设问方式： What is the best title for the text? Which of the following is the best title? What can be a suitable title? 3.易错误区： 范围过宽--选项概括范围太宽超出文章内容。以偏概全--选项包含内容是某个细节或次要信息，用局部代替了整体；无中生有--选项内容与主旨无关，文中未提及；主次颠倒--将文章的次要信息或某段内容当作全篇主旨，主次不分。标题特征：概括性--精准、简练；针对性--标题的外延与文章内容符合；醒目性--简洁且能引发读者兴趣。 4.技巧一：串联各段大意+主题词 公式：标题=提取各段大意+主题词 第一步：提取各段大意（全篇）怎么提取→从主题句/高频词/核心词入手，理解段落大意（主题句多为首句、段尾句或转折句；高频词即本段内容围绕其展开的词汇）。 第二步：整合信息，归纳主旨怎么整合归纳→串联各段大意，用一句话概括文章的核心内容和作者观点（合并相同内容，去掉次要内容）。 第三步：对比分析：甄选答案怎么对比甄选→将自拟主旨与选项比对，找出与文章主题最契合的选项最后得出答案。 5.技巧二：定位主旨句+梳理行文脉络 公式：标题=主旨句+文章骨架 第一步：定位主旨句（全篇）寻找统领全文或段落主题的句子，这些句子“暗藏”作者的观点。怎么定位→快速浏览文章的首段、尾段以及每段的首尾句，寻找能统领全文或表达作者观点的句子。通常，主旨句出现在开头提出问题或结尾总结呼吁的位置。 第二步：梳理行文脉络把握文章的骨架，探索作者如何组织各段论证文章主题怎么梳理行文脉络→概括每段大意，理清文章的逻辑结构，看作者如何层层推进主题。 第三步：合并主旨，匹配选项合并主旨将主旨句与行文脉络合并，归纳全文主题怎么合并主旨→将主旨句与文章脉络结合，归纳全文的核心思想匹配选项将归纳的核心思想与选项匹配怎么匹配选项→将得出的核心思想与四个选项逐一比对，找出最契合的选项最后得出答案。 破类题·提能力 （2025·3月·天津卷·C篇） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. 45. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? A. To present a misunderstanding. B. To support a commonly held view. C. To share a personal experience. D. To criticize a certain group of people. 46. What did researchers find about the human sense of smell a decade ago? A. Humans are very sensitive to natural gas. B. Humans can smell extremely weak odours. C. Humans excel in identifying chemicals in the air. D. Humans do worse in detecting smells than animals. 47. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Overusing the sense of smell may weaken other senses. B. Hunger has little connection with the sense of smell. C. The colour of food may help bring out its smell. D. Sharpening the senses boosts memory capacity. 48. When predicting a smell, the brain may make a re-evaluation if________. A. an unpleasant smell is quickly detected B. cross-sensory influences are maximized C. the sense of smell is frequently disturbed D. the perceived smell goes against the expectation 49. According to Paragraph 5, the evolution of the sense of smell has much to do with________. A. easy access to food sources B. human curiosity about nature C. sensory knowledge about food D. dangers in natural environments 50. What does the passage focus on? A. How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B. How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C. How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D. How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 【答案】45. A 46. B 47. C 48. D 49. C 50. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人们对葡萄酒专家的看法存在误导，实则人类嗅觉十分灵敏，且会结合多种感官与自身状态运作，嗅觉进化与食物感官知识相关，能让生活更鲜活。 45.推理判断题。根据第一段“There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell.(对于葡萄酒专家，人们总会有些反感的地方。品酒活动已成为特权阶层的典型代表，这些人整天都沉浸在一杯上等葡萄酒之中。这种对葡萄酒专家的负面看法不仅不正确，而且也是对我们的嗅觉能力普遍贬低的一部分)”可推知，作者提及葡萄酒专家的目的是指出一种误解。故选A。 46.细节理解题。根据第二段“A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs.(十年前，研究人员发现，人类往往能在比动物更低浓度的情况下察觉到气味，其嗅觉能力甚至超过了除狗之外的大多数其他动物)”可知，十年前研究人员发现人类能够闻到极其微弱的气味。故选B。 47.推理判断题。根据第三段“While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel.(尽管我们的大脑在进行视觉分析方面表现出色，但人类的嗅觉却能对周围环境形成整体印象，这种印象是综合了我们所有感官所获取的信息。当我们闻到一种气味时，我们会根据所看到的、听到的、想到的以及所感受到的来对其进行解读)”可知，嗅觉会结合视觉、听觉等其他感官进行解读。由此推知，食物的颜色可能有助于增强其气味。故选C。 48.细节理解题。根据第四段“The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling.(大脑尤其会致力于对未来气味进行预测，而当这些预测被一种令人意外的气味所打破时，大脑的多个区域会做出反应，试图重新评估我们实际所闻到的气味)”可知，嗅觉的进化与对食物的感官认知有着密切关系。故选D。 49.细节理解题。根据第五段“Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences.(葡萄酒专家在嗅觉预测方面非常出色。浅宝石红色的色泽可能会引导专家从一款优质葡萄酒中嗅出苹果或草莓的香气。嗅觉的进化是在自然环境中发生的，当时感官需要协同工作以寻找潜在的食物来源并记住食用它们的后果。葡萄酒品鉴师的出色能力得益于他们对感官对应关系的了解)”可知，在预测一种气味时，如果所感知到的气味与预期不符，大脑可能会重新进行评估。故选C。 50.主旨大意题。根据第二段“Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers.(事实上，人类是敏感的嗅觉动物)”结合文章围绕嗅觉展开，核心论述嗅觉并非独立运作，而是结合视觉、听觉、情绪等其他感官，通过预测、评估等过程发挥作用。由此可知，这篇文章的重点是嗅觉是如何通过与其他感官的相互作用而发挥作用的。故选B。 热点角度03 猜测词义题+人与自然类说明文 析典例·建模型 （2023·3月·天津卷·C篇） I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. ... 46．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A beautiful painting or sculpture. B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C．An advanced brain imaging technology. D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 研考点·通技法 猜测词义题考查考生语境逻辑推断和情感推断能力。具体可通过以下三步解题： 第一步 锁定题干关键词 在题干中确定核心的、不易被替换的名词或数字作为定位词。 46．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? 第二步 找到原文关键句 用定位词或其同义词在原文中定位，找到包含相关信息的关键句。 上一句：Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. 划线句：Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. 第三步 比对选项转述句 将选项与原文答题句进行逐字比对，注意同义转述，无中生有或答非所问的选项，选出最佳答案。 上一句提出当进行审美评估，看到时美丽的画作时，我们大脑的一些区域会“发光”。划线句提出类似研究发现，人们在看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时会产生“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”。文中将两种情况进行了类比，由此推知，“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”与上文中的“大脑的一些区域会‘发光’”是同一个意思，即指上文中的“The lighting-up of specific brain areas.”。故选B。 猜测词义题五大线索，破解生词 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型，近三年新高考卷及全国卷均有考查。很多同学遇到生词就慌了神，其实，答案就在上下文之中！掌握以下五大线索，即使不认识单词也能准确猜出词义。 技巧一：定义同位线索——寻找“换句话说” 标志词：that is (to say), in other words, or, namely, refer to, mean, be called, be known as 标点符号：破折号（—）、冒号（：）、括号（）、逗号（,） 操作方法：找到目标词后面的解释性语句，前后意思一致。 实例验证：The process of photosynthesis, that is, the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, is vital for plants. 通过“that is”后的解释，可推断“photosynthesis”意为“光合作用”。 技巧二：对比转折线索——寻找“反义词” 标志词：but, however, while, whereas, yet, instead, rather than, unlike 操作方法：找到转折词，前后意思相反。前面是A，后面是B，那么目标词的意思就是B的反面。 实例验证：She is very outgoing, but her brother is quite introverted. 通过“outgoing”（外向的）可推测“introverted”意为“内向的”。 技巧三：因果逻辑线索——寻找“因为所以” 标志词：because, since, as, for, so, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result 操作方法：原因和结果互相印证。根据已知的原因推导结果的含义，或根据已知的结果反推原因的含义。 实例验证：Because of the heavy rain, the match was postponed.通过“heavy rain”（大雨）可推测“postponed”意为“推迟”。 技巧四：指代替换线索——寻找“它指的是谁” 常考词：it, they, them, that, those, such, the + 名词 操作方法：代词指代的内容通常在前文，寻找最近的名词、名词短语或句子。有时指代对象距离较远，需要对前文内容进行总结。 技巧五：生活常识与经验——寻找“合情合理” 操作方法：结合文章背景和自己的生活常识，推测符合逻辑的意思。注意熟词生义现象，不能拘泥于字面意思。 实例验证：In some Asian cultures, people eat with chopsticks.若遇到“chopsticks”，可结合常识推测为“筷子”。 破类题·提能力 （2019·天津卷·C篇） Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before? We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我), whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to work, or to some moral concept. Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson. 51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ________. A. loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity B. age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D. disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of success 52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. End one’s struggle for liberty. B. Waste one’s energy taking risks. C. Miss the opportunity to succeed. D. Lose the interest to continue learning. 53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？ A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？ A. A tough man can tolerate suffering. B. A wise man can live without self-pity. C. A man should try to satisfy people around him. D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. 55. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？ A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A 【解析】 这是一篇议论文，本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。 51.推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。 52.词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止学习，故选D。 53.推理判断题。根据第四段中But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知机会总是留给那些有好奇心的人，故选C。 54.推理判断题。根据第五段We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。 55.主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。 （建议用时：45分钟） 刷模拟 Passage 1 （2026·天津河东·一模）Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements. Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties  — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth. In an era of rapid changes and unexpected challenges, developing resilience is not just a survival skill but a key part of self- development, turning setbacks into stepping stones. The link between difficulties and growth lies in the positive psychological changes after tough life events. Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self- awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more. This growth does not come automatically; it comes from facing difficulties on purpose, strengthening mental strength just as exercise builds muscle. Resilience also plays an important role in life changes. Young people entering the workplace face setbacks such as rejected plans or disagreements that cause self-doubt, but resilient people see these as learning chances. They analyze their mistakes, ask for advice, and develop skills to make progress. Similarly, people traveling alone improve resilience by dealing with unfamiliar environments on their own, trusting their decisions and adapting to difficulties. Some people argue that focusing on resilience puts pressure on people to ignore pain, but resilience means recognizing suffering without being controlled by it. It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time. In a society that values quick solutions, we must realize that true growth is built on resilience. Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth. 1．What is the common misunderstanding about personal growth according to the passage? A．It requires great efforts to achieve. B．It is a smooth process full of achievements. C．It has a close connection with difficulties. D．It can only be gained through work experience. 2．Which of the following is NOT a benefit of dealing with hardships actively? A．Gaining a better understanding of oneself. B．Developing a stronger sense of purpose. C．Avoiding all the pain in life. D．Learning to value life more. 3．What can we infer from the passage about resilience? A．It can be improved through certain methods. B．It is a skill that only a few people can have. C．It has nothing to do with life changes. D．It makes people ignore their sufferings. 4．What does the author think of difficulties in personal growth? A．They are unnecessary obstacles to avoid. B．They are key parts of true personal growth. C．They make people lose confidence easily. D．They can only be solved with quick solutions. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The ways to deal with life’s difficulties. B．The importance of quick solutions in modern society. C．Resilience is the key driver of personal growth. D．Different opinions on the role of resilience. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章纠正了人们对个人成长的常见误解，指出韧性（在困境中适应和成长的能力）才是推动个人深度且持久成长的隐形力量，阐释了韧性与困境、成长的关系，介绍了韧性的培养方法及其重要意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Personal growth is often mistakenly regarded as a smooth upward path of achievements.(个人成长常常被错误地认为是一条充满成就的平稳上升之路。)”可知，人们对个人成长的常见误解是认为它是一个充满成就的平稳过程。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Studies show that those who deal with hardships rather than avoid them gain greater self-awareness, deeper understanding of others, and a stronger sense of purpose. For example, people who survive health problems with resilience often adjust their thinking, regaining confidence in their own abilities and valuing life more.(研究表明，那些直面困难而非逃避困难的人，会获得更强的自我意识、更深刻的他人理解和更坚定的目标感。例如，凭借韧性度过健康问题的人通常会调整自己的思维，重新获得对自身能力的信心，并更加珍惜生命。)”可知，积极应对困难的好处不包括避免生活中的所有痛苦。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“It is a skill that can be developed, not an inborn quality. Simple methods such as changing negative thoughts, building support groups, and practicing thanksgiving can strengthen it over time.(它是一种可以培养的技能，而非与生俱来的品质。通过改变消极想法、建立支持小组、练习感恩等简单方法，久而久之就能增强韧性。)”可推断，韧性可以通过某些方法得到提升。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Difficulties are an essential part of growth, not a detour. Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger.(困难是成长的必要组成部分，而非弯路。培养韧性有助于我们勇敢面对挑战、顺利适应变化，并变得更强大。)”可推断，作者认为困难是真正个人成长的关键部分。故选B项。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Yet psychological research and real-life experiences confirm a different truth: resilience — the ability to adapt and develop amid difficulties — is the unseen force driving deep and lasting growth.(然而，心理学研究和现实生活经验证实了一个不同的真相：心理韧性——在困难中适应和发展的能力——是推动深刻而持久成长的看不见的力量。)”以及最后一段中的“Developing resilience helps us face challenges bravely, adapt smoothly, and become stronger. It remains the most reliable companion on the path to meaningful personal growth.(培养心理韧性有助于我们勇敢地面对挑战，顺利地适应环境，变得更强大。它仍然是通往有意义的个人成长道路上最可靠的伙伴。)”可知，文章主要论述了心理韧性是个人成长的关键驱动力。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2026·天津·一模）The Olympic Games represent the peak of athletic achievement. Modern athletes benefit from excellent coaching, good nutrition and recovery strategies. Yet, some are turning to unique methods to improve themselves. One such technique is called EEG neurofeedback (脑电波神经反馈), which involves placing small sensors on the head to record and display brainwaves in real time. It helps athletes recognize and produce brainwave patterns that enhance focus and relaxation, or achieve a personalized best state for their skills. When the technique displays what is happening in the brain in real time, people can easily experiment by bringing different thoughts or images to their minds. Then they’ll immediately see how the brain signals change. It is through this process that they can learn to recognize different brain states and apply psychological strategies to help them take control. In a study, researchers asked 40 adult volunteers to cycle until extreme tiredness on an exercise bike after performing just 12 minutes of neurofeedback. 13 people were asked to produce a brainwave pattern that would be conducive to endurance (耐力) exercise. The other 13 were asked to produce a brainwave pattern which wouldn’t improve performance. The remaining 14 participants had to watch a neurofeedback recording without controlling their brainwaves. The results were striking. The group that had been asked to produce the positive brainwave rode for 30% longer than the others. Later, researchers invited the 26 participants from the first two groups back to the lab. They received the opposite neurofeedback treatment from the first experiment before they repeated the cycling test. The participants rode for an average of 11% longer on the day they received the positive neurofeedback treatment. Despite these results, researchers decided to repeat the study with a larger sample and with more highly-trained cyclists to better understand the role of this technique in other sports. Scientists are now trying to use the research findings to make a difference elsewhere. The research regards neurofeedback as a potential means to help with the recovery or management of diseases of the nervous system. So, while Olympic medals are valued, if neurofeedback research could eventually lead to effective treatments beyond sports, that may well be the biggest prize of all. 1．What is the new technique EEG neurofeedback used for in sports? A．Helping build a nutritional strategy. B．Monitoring athletes’ physical strength. C．Training voluntary brain control in athletes. D．Predicting athletes’ best performance limits. 2．What does the underlined word “conducive” in paragraph 3 possibly mean? A．Identical. B．Resistant. C．Harmless. D．Beneficial. 3．Why were 26 participants invited back to the lab? A．To test the study methods. B．To provide high-level training. C．To further confirm the study results. D．To expand the groups of the subjects. 4．What might be the researchers’ attitude towards the technique’s wide use in sports? A．Cautious. B．Concerned. C．Positive. D．Tolerant. 5．What does the author intend to stress about neurofeedback research in the last paragraph? A．Its limitations outside of sports. B．Its potential to fight certain diseases. C．Its influence on athletic performance. D．Its role in competitive sports like the Olympics. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了脑电波神经反馈技术在体育领域的应用、研究结果及其在其他领域的潜在应用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“It helps athletes recognize and produce brainwave patterns that enhance focus and relaxation, or achieve a personalized best state for their skills.(它帮助运动员识别和产生增强注意力和放松的脑电波模式，或者为他们的技能达到个性化的最佳状态。)”和“It is through this process that they can learn to recognize different brain states and apply psychological strategies to help them take control.(正是通过这一过程，运动员得以学会识别不同的大脑状态，并运用心理策略实现自我调控。)”可知，EEG神经反馈技术用于训练运动员自主控制大脑。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“In a study, researchers asked 40 adult volunteers to cycle until extreme tiredness on an exercise bike after performing just 12 minutes of neurofeedback. 13 people were asked to produce a brainwave pattern that would be conducive to endurance (耐力) exercise. The other 13 were asked to produce a brainwave pattern which wouldn’t improve performance. The remaining 14 participants had to watch a neurofeedback recording without controlling their brainwaves. The results were striking. The group that had been asked to produce the positive brainwave rode for 30% longer than the others.(在一项研究中，研究人员让40名成年志愿者接受12分钟的神经反馈训练后，在健身自行车上骑行至精疲力竭。其中13人被要求生成conducive耐力运动的脑波模式，另外13人则被要求生成无法提升运动表现的脑波模式，剩余14名参与者仅观看神经反馈记录，不控制自身脑波。研究结果十分惊人：被要求生成积极脑波的小组，骑行时长比其他人多出30%。)”可知，产生积极脑电波的那一组表现更好，由此可推断出，此处指13人被要求产生一种有助于耐力运动的脑电波模式，conducive意为“有益的”。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Later, researchers invited the 26 participants from the first two groups back to the lab. They received the opposite neurofeedback treatment from the first experiment before they repeated the cycling test. The participants rode for an average of 11% longer on the day they received the positive neurofeedback treatment. Despite these results, researchers decided to repeat the study with a larger sample and with more highly-trained cyclists to better understand the role of this technique in other sports.(后来，研究人员邀请了前两组的26名参与者回到实验室。在重复自行车测试之前，他们接受了与第一次实验相反的神经反馈治疗。在接受积极神经反馈治疗的那天，参与者的骑行时间平均延长了11%。尽管已有这些结果，研究人员仍决定扩大样本量，并选取训练水平更高的自行车运动员重复研究，以进一步明确该技术在其他运动项目中的作用。)”可知，邀请26名参与者回到实验室是为了进一步确认研究结果。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“Despite these results, researchers decided to repeat the study with a larger sample and with more highly-trained cyclists to better understand the role of this technique in other sports.(尽管已有这些结果，研究人员仍决定扩大样本量，并选取训练水平更高的自行车运动员重复研究，以进一步明确该技术在其他运动项目中的作用。)”可推断，研究人员对这项技术在体育领域的广泛应用持谨慎态度。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The research regards neurofeedback as a potential means to help with the recovery or management of diseases of the nervous system.(该研究认为神经反馈是一种潜在的帮助神经系统疾病恢复或管理的手段。)”可推断，作者在最后一段强调了神经反馈研究在治疗某些疾病方面的潜力。故选B。 Passage 3 （2026·天津·模拟预测）The sunk cost fallacy (谬论) is a perceptive misconception that makes you feel as if you should continue pouring money, time, or effort into a situation since you’ve already “sunk” so much into it already. For example, have you ever stuck with something because you’ve already put in so much effort? Like reading a terrible book because you’re already halfway through, so you might as well find out what happens. When people become a prey to the sunk cost fallacy, “the effect of loss feels worse than the prospect of gain, so we keep making decisions based on past costs instead of future costs behind the sunk and benefits,” explains Yalda Safai, MD, MPH, a psychiatrist (精神病学家) in New York City. It can be really challenging to walk away from a situation where you’ve already spent any amount of time, money, or energy. What often happens is that you try to rationalize (合理化) the situation by saying that since the spent cost can’t be recovered, you might as well stay the course or distribute additional resources to try to make things better. What ends up happening is that you may stay in an unrewarding stuck situation and lose additional valuable resources, like emotional energy, your time, or money. It’s important to reconsider these sunk costs as just that: money already spent that cannot be recovered. For clear and rational decision-making, the amount you already spent must be viewed as irrelevant to what comes next. However, there’s an unclear line between knowing when to stay the course and when to walk away. For example, you might go through a hard time in a relationship, but this isn’t necessarily grounds for immediately leaving. Or you might try a hobby that you are not 100% passionate about, but could end up loving it once you get past that awkward period — “I’m not very good at this.” In these moments, it’s important to prioritize rational thought. If past results haven’t paid off, then it’s like it won’t in the future either. 1．What is the key feature of the sunk cost fallacy? A．Insisting on investing more resources. B．Focusing on future possible rewards. C．Promoting use of many resources. D．Depending on current enthusiasm. 2．What does the underlined word “prey” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Witness. B．Leader. C．Victim. D．Contributor. 3．What might happen if people fall into the sunk cost fallacy? A．They would receive actual gains. B．They would lose more than gain. C．They would be less ambitious. D．They would be more annoyed. 4．How can people make reasonable choices? A．By making plans based on facts. B．By ignoring unrecoverable costs. C．By listening to various opinions. D．By paying attention to processes. 5．What can we learn from the examples mentioned in the last paragraph? A．People should never give up their relationships or hobbies easily. B．There is no clear standard for deciding when to quit and when to persist. C．Hard times in relationships are necessary for long-term happiness. D．Most hobbies will become enjoyable after the initial awkward period. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了“沉没成本谬误”的定义、表现、危害以及如何理性做出决策，区分何时坚持、何时放弃。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The sunk cost fallacy is a perceptive misconception that makes you feel as if you should continue pouring money, time, or effort into a situation since you’ve already ‘sunk’ so much into it already.(沉没成本谬误是一种认知误区，它让你觉得既然已经投入了大量的金钱、时间或精力，就应该继续投入。)”可知，沉没成本谬误的主要特征是坚持投入更多资源。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“When people become a prey to the sunk cost fallacy, “the effect of loss feels worse than the prospect of gain, so we keep making decisions based on past costs instead of future costs and benefits”(当人们成为沉没成本谬误的prey时，‘损失的感觉比获益的前景更糟糕，所以我们一直根据过去的成本而不是未来的成本和收益做决定’)”可知，此处指人们受沉没成本谬误的影响，做出不理性的决策，是其受害者，prey意为“受害者”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“What ends up happening is that you may stay in an unrewarding stuck situation and lose additional valuable resources, like emotional energy, your time, or money.(最终结果是，你可能会停留在没有回报的困境中，失去更多宝贵的资源，如情感精力、时间或金钱。)”可知，如果人们陷入沉没成本谬误，失去的会比得到的多。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“It’s important to reconsider these sunk costs as just that: money already spent that cannot be recovered. For clear and rational decision-making, the amount you already spent must be viewed as irrelevant to what comes next.(重要的是，要把这些沉没成本重新看作是已经花掉且无法收回的钱。为了做出清晰理性的决定，你已经花费的数额必须被视为与接下来发生的事情无关。)”可知，人们可以通过忽略无法收回的成本来做出合理选择。故选B。 5．推理判断题。根据第四段“However, there’s an unclear line between knowing when to stay the course and when to walk away.(然而，在何时坚持到底和何时放手之间，并没有明确的界限。)”以及后面所举的感情和爱好的例子“For example, you might go through a hard time in a relationship, but this isn’t necessarily grounds for immediately leaving. Or you might try a hobby that you are not 100% passionate about, but could end up loving it once you get past that awkward period — “I’m not very good at this.” In these moments, it’s important to prioritize rational thought. If past results haven’t paid off, then it’s like it won’t in the future either.(例如，你可能在一段关系中经历了一段艰难的时期，但这并不一定是立即离开的理由。或者你可以尝试一个你并不是百分百热爱的爱好，但一旦你度过了尴尬的时期——‘我不太擅长这个’，你就会爱上它。在这些时刻，重要的是要优先考虑理性思考。如果过去的结果没有回报，那么未来也不会。)”可知，决定何时放弃、何时坚持并没有明确的标准。故选B。 Passage 4 （2026·天津滨海新区·一模）Whether we are sitting down or standing up, still or moving, body posture (姿势) influences our mood. Several studies have shown this link between physical posture and mood. Others have shown a relationship between our mood and our cognitive (认知的) performance, including memory, reasoning, learning, and the speed of reaction and processing of information. So a logical question arises. Can body posture influence our cognitive performance? Previously, a New Zealand team (University of Auckland) carried out an experiment on posture when we walk, especially in the street. The team had found a very clear influence of our posture on our mood and confidence. It appears that walking with a hunched back, bowed head and motionless (静止的) arms has a negative influence on our mental state. Indeed, the researchers found that the simple act of straightening up, standing up straight, with your head held high, and gazing forward gives us a serious boost of confidence. Not only does our spontaneous (自发的) posture have a psychological effect, but by correcting it, it is possible to bring about improvement in the long term. In this other study, this time carried out by an Austrian team (Friedrich Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremberg), researchers observed the same phenomenon, this time in a sitting position. Young adults were invited to participate in tests presented as intended to assess their ability to concentrate. In fact, the researchers had them sit in different postures — from upright to very slumped (耸拉着的) — in order to note their influences on mood and cognition. A first observation indicates that “sitting upright” is associated with a better overall mood. It is also found to have a positive influence on the speed of processing information and completing tasks, although the test pass rate does not vary significantly with posture. Finally, and surprisingly enough, blood pressure is a little more favorable in an upright position. To further complete the list of benefits of sitting upright, we will add that it is widely recommended for protecting the back in case of work that requires sitting for a long time. 1．Why does the writer mention the studies at the beginning? A．To introduce what cognitive performance is. B．To emphasize the importance of body posture. C．To prove the results of those studies are wrong. D．To raise a new question to be studied and solved. 2．The underlined word “hunched” in Paragraph 3 means ______. A．straightened B．bent C．loose D．solid 3．The first study indicates that ______. A．posture influences our mental state B．straightening up has a negative effect C．gazing upward builds up confidence D．walking posture is especially important 4．What did the Austrian study focus on? A．Proving the long-term benefits of good posture. B．Assessing concentration levels in young adults. C．The psychological effects of sitting in different postures. D．Noting the effects of different sitting positions on mood and cognition. 5．What can we learn about sitting upright? A．It increases blood pressure. B．It requires sitting for a long time. C．It has mental and physical benefits. D．It helps improve the test pass rate. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍两项研究，发现站姿、坐姿等身体姿势不仅影响情绪与自信，还会影响认知表现，端正姿势对身心均有积极益处。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Several studies have shown this link between physical posture and mood. Others have shown a relationship between our mood and our cognitive (认知的) performance, including memory, reasoning, learning, and the speed of reaction and processing of information.(几项研究表明身体姿势与情绪之间存在联系。另一些研究表明情绪与我们的认知表现之间存在关系，包括记忆、推理、学习以及信息反应和处理速度)”和第二段“ So a logical question arises. Can body posture influence our cognitive performance?(于是一个合理的问题出现了：身体姿势会影响我们的认知表现吗？)”可推知，作者开头提到这些研究是为了提出一个新的有待研究和解决的问题。故选D项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“It appears that walking with a hunched back, bowed head and motionless (静止的) arms has a negative influence on our mental state.(看来，hunched背、低头、手臂不动地走路对我们的精神状态有负面影响)”可知，这里指驼背走路对我们的精神状态有负面影响，所以hunched意为“弯曲的、驼背的”，与bent含义相近。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“The team had found a very clear influence of our posture on our mood and confidence.(该团队发现我们的姿势对情绪和自信心有非常明显的影响)”可知，第一项研究表明姿势会影响我们的精神状态。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“In fact, the researchers had them sit in different postures — from upright to very slumped (耸拉着的) — in order to note their influences on mood and cognition.(事实上，研究人员让他们以不同的姿势坐着，从端正到非常佝偻，以便记录这些姿势对情绪和认知的影响)”可知，奥地利的研究关注不同坐姿对情绪和认知的影响。故选D项。 5．推理判断题。根据第六段“A first observation indicates that “sitting upright” is associated with a better overall mood. It is also found to have a positive influence on the speed of processing information and completing tasks, although the test pass rate does not vary significantly with posture.(初步观察显示，坐姿端正与整体情绪更佳有关。研究还发现，这对信息处理和完成任务的速度有积极影响，尽管测试通过率不会因姿势不同而有显著差异)”和第七段“Finally, and surprisingly enough, blood pressure is a little more favorable in an upright position. To further complete the list of benefits of sitting upright, we will add that it is widely recommended for protecting the back in case of work that requires sitting for a long time.(最后，令人惊讶的是，坐姿端正时血压状态更好。为了进一步完善坐姿端正的好处，我们还要补充，对于需要长时间坐着工作的人来说，端正坐姿被广泛推荐用于保护背部)”可推知，坐姿端正对精神和身体都有益处。故选C项。 Passage 5 （25-26高三下·天津蓟州·开学考试）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in microplastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of microplastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,”Caroline Gauchotte Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 1．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 2．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 3．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 4．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 5．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To advertise a new water filtering product. B．To inform readers of a study on reducing microplastics in tap water. C．To criticize the poor quality of both tap and bottled water. D．To prove that boiling is the best way to purify drinking water. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了新研究发现通过煮沸并过滤自来水可显著减少其中微塑料含量及其相关影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们沉积在深海和喜马拉雅山上，卡在火山岩中，填满了海鸟的胃，甚至落在了南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现在人体内)”可知，作者通过给出例子来呈现微塑料污染问题。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in microplastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of microplastics by just 25 percent.(至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于水中含有足够的碳酸钙来捕获塑料。在这项研究中，煮沸含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水导致微塑料减少了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样本中，煮沸仅使微塑料水平降低了25%)”可知，水的硬度决定了捕获水中微塑料的效果。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.(尽管如此，这些发现为减少微塑料暴露提供了一条潜在的前进道路——这项任务正变得越来越困难。科学家今年早些时候发现，即使是瓶装水，其中的微塑料含量也比最初想象的多10到1000倍)”可知，作者通过提到瓶装水试图说明微塑料问题的严重性。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Gauchotte-Lindsay的话“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.(我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们去除微塑料)”可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于进一步研究的可能方向。故选B。 5．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中“Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it.(现在，新的研究表明，一种简单、廉价的方法可能显著降低水龙头水中微塑料的含量：煮沸并过滤)”以及下文对这项研究的介绍可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是告知读者一项关于减少自来水中微塑料的研究。故选B。 Passage 6 （2026·天津南开·一模）“I write to find out what I’m thinking,” wrote the great American journalist John Dos Passos. Anyone engaged in writing understands this truth: the act of writing transforms half-formed ideas into precise, logical thought. What sounds coherent when spoken often appears weak and illogical when committed to paper. A recent MIT study provides convincing scientific evidence for this claim. Researchers used wearable brain scanners to compare students who wrote essays independently with those using AI assistance. The findings were clear: AI-assisted writers “consistently underperformed at brain, verbal, and behavioral levels.” They demonstrated that we need to write in order to think deeply. This research emerges at a critical historical moment for literacy. Childhood reading has reached record lows, with nearly half of British adults not reading a single book last year. Adult literacy is declining or making no progress across most OECD countries. Notably, average IQs have begun to decline since the 1980s, along with reasoning and problem-solving abilities — a trend that is unlikely to be random. Walter Ong’s influential work “Orality and Literacy” illuminates why writing is essential. He argued that literacy enabled Ancient Greece’s intellectual revolution. Oral cultures must “think memorable thoughts”, relying on rhyme, emotion, and cliché (陈词滥调) to preserve knowledge. Writing, by contrast, allows for precise, complex statements that can be examined, reviewed, and developed into logical arguments. In our digital age, no technology has surpassed the complicated architecture of the book. While the internet offers fragmented information, books provide rich context and sustained logical connections. Reading is an active process that demands engagement and concentration — it is essentially thinking in dialogue with the text. As our culture becomes increasingly dominated by short-form videos and attention-fragmenting content, we risk losing the capacity for complex reasoning. Reading and writing form the foundation of serious thought — a habit that unites history’s greatest minds. Before we yield our cognitive development to screens and algorithms, we must carefully consider what we might be sacrificing. 1．What is the function of writing according to John Dos Passos? A．Revealing flaws in speech. B．Organizing thoughts. C．Recording spoken words. D．Ensuring fluency. 2．What is the key advantage of writing over oral cultures? A．It makes for logical statements. B．It ensures greater objectivity. C．It preserves knowledge longer. D．It requires “memorable thoughts”. 3．Why does the author describe reading as “thinking in dialogue with the text”? A．To underline its logical structure. B．To contrast with online reading. C．To show its interactive feature. D．To highlight its cultural relevance. 4．What is the author’s attitude towards people’s reasoning capacity? A．Dismissive. B．Skeptical. C．Critical. D．Concerned. 5．Which can be the best title for the passage? A．Writing, Reading, and Thinking: Why Literacy Matters More Than Ever. B．The Digital Age: How Technology Is Reshaping Our Minds. C．The Power of Writing: How Putting Pen to Paper Shapes Thought. D．The Decline of Reading: A Warning Against Digital Distraction. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了写作、阅读与思考的紧密关系，强调读写能力对深度思考不可或缺，并对当代读写下滑、思维碎片化表示担忧。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“‘I write to find out what I’m thinking’(我写作是为了弄清楚自己在想什么)”，同时结合其后内容“Anyone engaged in writing understands this truth: the act of writing transforms half-formed ideas into precise, logical thought.(任何从事写作的人都明白这个道理：写作这一行为能够将不完整的想法转化为清晰、有条理的思维。)”可知，在他看来，写作让自己弄清楚自己在想什么，能把模糊想法变成清晰、有逻辑的思想，即，写作的功能是整理思路。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Oral cultures must ‘think memorable thoughts’, relying on rhyme, emotion, and cliché to preserve knowledge. Writing, by contrast, allows for precise, complex statements that can be examined, reviewed, and developed into logical arguments.(口头文化必须“思考那些易于记忆的想法”，依靠韵律、情感和陈词滥调来保存知识。相比之下，书写则能够实现精确、复杂的表述，这些表述可以被审视、回顾，并进而发展成为逻辑严密的论证。)”可知，与口头文化相比，书写的表述精确，复杂，可以被审视和回顾，具有严密的逻辑论证，即，写作能形成精准、复杂、有逻辑的表达。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Reading is an active process that demands engagement and concentration — it is essentially thinking in dialogue with the text.(阅读是一个主动的过程，需要投入精力和集中注意力 —— 本质上，它是与文本进行对话式的思考。)”可知，作者指出阅读是需要读者投入专注的主动过程，由此推知，“与文本对话”是形象的说法，意在说明阅读不是被动接收信息，而是读者主动和文本互动、开展思考的过程。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段“As our culture becomes increasingly dominated by short-form videos and attention-fragmenting content, we risk losing the capacity for complex reasoning.(随着我们的文化日益被短视频和分散注意力的内容所主导，我们有可能丧失复杂推理的能力。)”可知，作者提出在短视频碎片化的背景下，人们有可能丧失复杂推理的能力。由此推知，作者对人们的推理能力表示担忧。故选D项。 5．主旨大意题。通过阅读文章可知，文章末尾段内容“Reading and writing form the foundation of serious thought — a habit that unites history’s greatest minds.(阅读和写作构成了严肃思考的基础——这一习惯将历史上最伟大的思想家们联系在一起。)”点明了文章的主旨核心，即，全文既论述了写作对深度思考的作用，也论述了阅读的价值，指出当前读写素养下降的现状，强调读写是严肃思考的基础，在数字时代愈发重要。选项A“Writing, Reading, and Thinking: Why Literacy Matters More Than Ever(写作、阅读与思考：为何识字能力比以往任何时候都更为重要)”覆盖全文三大核心内容，匹配主旨。故选A项。 刷真题 Passage 1 （2024·3月·天津卷）Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 51. What did the author find when reading Montaigne’s Essays? A. He still couldn't understand it. B. He had made notes in it. C. It was a brand new copy. D. It was his favorite work. 52. According to the author, what could be a purpose of voluntary rereading? A. To improve the quality of teaching. B. To learn from admirable characters. C. To collect details for writing novels. D. To help making important decisions. 53. According to Paragraph 4, involuntary rereading can bring about? A. Unexpected reading experience. B. Total concentration on new books. C. Changed preferences for books. D. Enhanced reading skills. 54. What can be learnt about subconscious rereading? A. It prevents memory from fading. B. It helps make who we are. C. It involves actual reading. D. It works best with poetry and music. 55. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading B. Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary? C. Rereading: Pursuit of Truth D. Transformative Power of Rereading 【答案】51. B 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. D 【解析】 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自己对重新阅读的感悟和想法，认为重新阅读能更好地了解自我，能让我们以新的眼光来看待周围的世界，包括自己。 51. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing.(我拿起的第一本书就是Montaigne的散文。令我惊讶的是，我在页边空白处发现了明显是我自己褪色的笔记。)”可知，作者惊讶地发现书的空白处是自己之前的笔记，故选B。 52. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects.(一位敬业的教师可能也希望重新建立与工作的亲密关系，因此避免通过具有催眠效果的相同的旧笔记来进行教学。)”可知，教师通过主动再读更新内容，提高教学质量是主动再读的目的之一，故选A。 53. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. (相反，有一种非主动再读。原来的阅读要么被遗忘，要么完全被吸收，以至于与文本的新的偶遇产生了惊讶和震惊。我对重新阅读的反应不再符合最初的体验，我也不再确定我是否认出自己是同一个读者。)”可知，非主动再读能让读者感到与最初体验不符合的反应，因此能带来意料之外的阅读体验，故选A。 54. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段“This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition.(这种与书的记忆联系可以伴随我们一生，并继续加强和塑造我们。同样地，多年来，我们可能会背诵很久以前背下来的诗，这些诗已经成为我们认知的一部分。)”可知，潜意识再读有助于进一步塑造自我，是我们认知的一部分，故选B。 55. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light.(重新阅读使我们能够以新的眼光看待周围的世界，包括我们自己。)”和后文对重新阅读的介绍可知，文章主要论述了重新阅读的重要意义，即再读具有提升读者对作品、自我及世界认知的力量，故D项“Transformative Power of Rereading(重新阅读的变革力量)” 符合文章标题，故选D。 Passage 2 (2022天津卷) Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The ECtheory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 47. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their inner emotions. D. Their physical feelings. 48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A. environment impacts how we judge others B. how body temperature is related to health C. the mind and the body influence each other D. how humans interact with their surroundings 49. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human speech is alive with metaphors. B. Human senses have effects on thinking. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 50. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC. 【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。 46.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The ECtheory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。 47. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。 48. 推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。 49. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。 50. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。 Passage 3 (2021天津卷) A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis (催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging (医学影像) procedures. “During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,” said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital. The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉). A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety. Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified (改变的) state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows. “The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure." Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby. “The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness." The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training. 45. One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ . A. a better understanding of children B. less use of certain medicines C. new medical-imaging technology D. an improved reputation of the hospital 46. The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________. A. assist in treating a patient B. carry out hypnosis training C. start up a new department D. learn about the procedure 47. According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________. A. creating a perfect world for patients B. forcing patients into a state of deep sleep C. putting patients into an unconscious state D. leading patients' consciousness away from reality 48. What can we learn about the story used in the procedure? A. It should keep pace with the procedure. B. It reflects the patient's creativity. C. It is selected by the technologist. D. It tells what doctors are doing to the patient. 49. The procedure was received among the staff with ________. A. uncertainty B. enthusiasm C. worry D. criticism 50. What is the passage mainly about? A. An easy way to communicate with patients. B. The standard method of conducting hypnosis. C. An introduction of medical-imaging technology. D. The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures. 【答案】45. B 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. D 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。 45.细节理解题。根据第一段“The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）可知，实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。 46.细节理解题。根据第三段“A French medical-imaging technologist--also a hypnotist -- was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选B。 47.细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.”（催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序）可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。 48.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）以及倒数第二段“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head”（重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选A。 49.细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.”（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B. enthusiasm 热情；C. worry 担心；D. criticism 批评。故选B。 50.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选D。 Passage 4 （2025·6月·天津卷）Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not. We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe. Sometimes the limits we encounter in trying to unlock the nature of the universe are cognitive (认知的). Think about this: human DNA is only about 1.2 percent different from that of chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, no question. But could you teach them advanced mathematics? What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is? What might our brains be capable of then? The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable. Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. For something to be considered scientific, it must, by definition, be testable. There is a problem here: it may not need to be testable right now, but it must be testable at some point in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries. 51. Why does the author mention “knife” and “hammer” in Paragraph 1? A. To demonstrate how tools can be used creatively. B. To highlight consequences of using a wrong tool. C. To show the necessity of keeping a handy tool within reach. D. To stress the need for the right tool to achieve desired results. 52. What is often required in breaking new ground in science? A. Broader science education. B. More advanced facilities for experiments. C. Deeper understanding of the brain power. D. More investment in next-generation scientists. 53. How does the author assess human beings in terms of their cognitive capacity? A. They are just 2.4% away from true abstract thinking. B. They are slightly smarter than other intelligent beings. C. They are yet to evolve further to learn more about the universe. D. They are good at solving problems with advanced mathematics. 54. What message does Paragraph 4 convey? A. Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration. B. Experimental research lays solid foundations for space technology. C. Boundaries of science can be pushed back with determined efforts. D. Limitations of science may result from insufficient testing. 55. What has the author added to the definition of a scientific idea? A. Correct ideas are testable. B. Untestable ideas can be true. C. Some scientific ideas may never be testable. D. An idea must be testable to be seen as correct. 【答案】51. D 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出科学是探索宇宙的有力工具，但存在局限，包括需先进设备、人类认知待进化、有根本性难题难突破，还补充不可测试的想法未必错误。 51.推理判断题。根据第一段“Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not. (科学是解开宇宙奥秘的有力工具，但了解其局限性对于其有效应用至关重要。有时我会把刀柄当作锤子来使用，但要是手边有更合适的工具就好了。就科学而言，它在能进行测试的事物上表现得非常出色，但对于那些无法测试的事物则不然。)”可知，作者在第一段中提及“刀”和“锤子”是为了强调使用合适的工具以达到预期效果的重要性。故选D。 52.细节理解题。根据第二段“We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe. (我们的大脑能够完成并且已经完成了大量的工作。但也有其局限性。有时，如果我们持续努力足够长的时间，这些局限性就会消失——我们只是需要更先进的设备和实验来得出答案。以这种方式在现代科学领域开辟新领域可能会耗费大量资源。下一代超级计算机或极其巨大的望远镜价格不菲，但这些可能是解决宇宙中一些未解之谜所必需的。)”可知，在科学领域开拓新领域时，通常需要更先进的实验设备。故选B。 53.细节理解题。根据第三段“What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is? What might our brains be capable of then? The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable. (倘若我们的DNA进化程度再提高1.2%呢？那我们的大脑又会具备怎样的能力呢？抽象思维的水平或许会令人难以想象。)”可知，作者认为人类的认知能力尚未进一步进化以更好地了解宇宙。故选C。 54.主旨大意题。根据第四段“Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. (有时我们所遭遇的限制是根本性的。存在着一些自然法则，即便我们的大脑变得再先进，我们也可能永远无法理解。还有一些实验我们可能永远无法进行。我们或许永远无法验证是什么导致了宇宙的诞生，以及是什么导致了宇宙诞生的原因。这就是科学可能永远无法取得突破的地方。)”可知，第4段传达了有些关于宇宙的谜题远远超出了科学探索的范畴。故选A。 55.细节理解题。根据第五段“If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries. (如果一个想法无法进行验证，这并不意味着它就是错误的。这意味着目前它还无法被验证。而这些无法验证的想法恰恰往往是最具趣味性的，可能是因为它们已经困扰人类数百年之久。)”可知，作者认为不可测试的想法也可能是正确的。故选B。 43 / 45 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $