专题03 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，山东专用）高二英语下学期

专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——文化与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东泰安·期中） Reports have emerged that English Heritage, the charity responsible for over 400 historic sites, is considering reducing its staff and operating hours due to financial difficulties. This should concern anyone who values the nation’s cultural heritage. These sites, such as castles and ruins, play an important role in people’s lives, especially during weekends and holidays. Over 1.3 million people are members of English Heritage, and Stonehenge attracts 1.5 million visitors annually. While popular sites like Stonehenge will remain unaffected, less-visited locations may face winter closing. Despite increases in membership, visitor numbers, and volunteers, the charity is still struggling financially, with nearly 200 job cuts expected. English Heritage is smaller than the National Trust, the UK’s largest cultural charity. Founded in 1895, the National Trust has voting rights for its members, while English Heritage offers free entry and parking but no voting rights. It has existed in its current form since 2015, when David Cameron’s government cut its public funding, hoping to allow the charity to operate more independently. Initially, the goal was to give English Heritage greater freedom, but the removal of funding has created financial pressures. A consultation with staff and unions is ongoing, but concerns about job cuts remain. Replacing experts with less specialized staff could reduce the quality of service at major sites like Dover Castle and Hadrian’s Wall. Visitors expect high-quality information and educational experiences, which require professional knowledge in history and management. The development of these historic visits, which combine education and leisure, has been a decades-long effort, starting with postwar efforts to open these sites to the public. Experts are essential in designing educational displays and updating exhibits. Nick Merriman, the CEO of English Heritage, faces a challenging task. He hopes to invite more members and volunteers, especially with the popularity of Tudor England from the BBC’s Wolf Hall series. However, with rising costs, it remains uncertain how successful this strategy will be. While historic sites can bear financial challenges, the broader cultural heritage section is in need of support. 1．What worries people who treasure cultural heritage? A．The damage to historic sites in Britain. B．The financial pressure from the government. C．The decrease of employees and opening hours. D．The decline of the popularity of castles and ruins. 2．How does English Heritage differ from the National Trust? A．English Heritage members have voting rights. B．English Heritage charges no entry fees to visitors. C．English Heritage is the UK’s largest cultural charity. D．English Heritage receives more support from the government. 3．What can be inferred about the future of English Heritage? A．It will soon solve all financial problems. B．Its future depends on finance and strategies. C．Service quality at major sites will be ensured. D．Wolf Hall will bring a sharp rise in membership. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Postwar Revival: English Heritage’s Achievements. B．Heritage Tourism Boom: English Heritage’s Ambitions. C．Seasonal Closures: English Heritage’s solution. D．Heritage at Risk: English Heritage’s Funding Crisis. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东名校考试联盟·期中） Even if you’ re not a fan of hummus, or olives, it’s worth giving the Mediterranean diet a chance. In 2025, U. S. News and World Report ranked it Number 1 overall, as well as giving it first place as the best diet for mental health, for healthy eating, for inflammation(炎症), for gut health and for being the easiest diet to follow. The Mediterranean diet dates back to the 1950s when Ancel Keys, a physiologist from Minnesota, came up with the idea for the Seven Countries Study, which revealed its protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. This discovery transformed a regional tradition into a global health symbol. The Mediterranean diet places plant-based foods at the foundation. The core foods include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, legumes, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, and healthy fats such as olive oil. Moderate amounts of lean proteins are encouraged, as are eggs, dairy products and wine. By contrast, red meats and sweets are meant to be consumed less often. This pattern creates a natural defense against many diseases. The Mediterranean diet also embodies a philosophy of mindful living. It depends on shared meals, seasonal celebrations, and handmade food. In Greece, family gatherings center on grilled octopus and ouzo; in Spain, tapas culture helps to cultivate social connections; and in Italy, slow food movements champion local biodiversity. These practices stress the diet’s role in fostering community resilience (适应力) and cultural identity. Although celebrated globally, the Mediterranean diet faces threats from urbanization, processed food consumption, and economic gaps. However, scientists have put forward solutions. They emphasize its sustainability: reliance on local, seasonal ingredients matches eco-friendly practices, while traditional farming models regenerative agriculture. Today, the Mediterranean diet is integrated into public health policies worldwide, serving as a “non-drug prescription” for disease prevention. The Mediterranean diet goes beyond borders, inviting individuals to accept a way of life that honors nature, tradition, and health. It acts as a culinary bridge — connecting past and present, culture and science, and people to the planet. It reminds us the healthiest eating grows from respecting nature, tradition, and community. 1．What can we know about the Mediterranean diet? A．It ranks top for its various flavors. B．It consists of unusual ingredients. C．It has taken the world by storm recently. D．It is recognized for its health-protective effects. 2．What does the underlined phrase “a philosophy of mindful living” in paragraph 4 mean? A．A focus on lifestyle integration. B．A concept on social interactions. C．A lifestyle with conscious practices. D．Patterns of fast-paced modern life. 3．Why is the Mediterranean diet considered sustainable? A．It can get rid of processed foods. B．It is in line with global health policies. C．It combines tradition and sustainability. D．It relies on locally sourced seasonal foods. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To explain the development of the diet. B．To confirm scientific studies on the diet. C．To promote the diet as a sustainable lifestyle. D．To introduce the health benefits of the diet. 主题02 人与社会——科技与社会应用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东威海·期中） Think of a typical college physics course: notetaking, homework struggles and studying for difficult exams. Now imagine access to a tutor (导师) who answers questions at any hour, never tires and never judges. Might you learn more? Maybe even twice as much? That’s the unexpected conclusion from a Harvard study examining learning outcomes for students in a large physics course who worked with a custom-designed AI chatbot. The study was led by lecturer Gregory Kestin and Kelly Miller, who analyzed learning outcomes of 194 students in Kestin’s Physical Sciences 2 course. The students were divided into two groups, each of whom experienced two lessons in continual weeks. During the first week, Group 1 participated in an instructor-guided active learning classroom lesson, while Group 2 engaged with an AI-supported lesson at home; conditions were changed oppositely the following week. “We went into the study curious about whether our AI tutor could be as effective as in-person instructors,” Kestin said. “I certainly didn’t expect students to find the AI-powered lesson more engaging. But that’s exactly what happened: Not only did the AI tutor seem to help students learn more materials, the students also self-reported more engagement when working with AI.” The researchers found that learning gains for students in the AI-tutored group were about double those for students in the in-class group. The researchers believe students’ ability to get personalized feedback (反馈) and self pace with the AI tutor are advantages compared with in-class learning. “In various in-class settings, students with a strong background in the material may be less engaged, and they’re sometimes bored,” Miller said. “Students without the background sometimes struggle to keep up. So the fact that the AI tutor can be supportive of that difference is probably the biggest thing.” Though excited by AI’s potential to revolutionize education, Kestin showed his concern. “While AI has the potential to supercharge learning, it could also undermine learning if we’re not careful,” Kestin said. “AI tutors shouldn’t ‘think’ for students, but rather help them build critical thinking skills. AI tutors shouldn’t replace in-person instruction, but help all students better prepare for it.” 1．What were the participants required to do in the study? A．Report their partners’ feelings. B．Study with different tutors in turn. C．Make a choice between two courses. D．Experience in-class learning for 2 weeks. 2．What did Kestin most probably think of their findings? A．Valueless. B．Doubtful. C．Surprising. D．Confusing. 3．What might probably lead to students’ less engagement in class according to the text? A．Inexperienced in-class instructors. B．Feeling bored with AI’s questions. C．Knowing the materials well in advance. D．Non-personalized feedback from the instructors. 4．What does the underlined word “supercharge” mean in the last paragraph? A．Control. B．Adapt. C．Analyze. D．Boost. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东泰安·期中） Given that overexposure to noise pollution can result in health issues, some escape the noise by traveling for silence, but quiet time at home is just as crucial. “Small pockets of silence in daily life can help us regulate stress,” says psychologist Olga Lehmann whose work centers on silence. She notes her goal is to strike a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life, which is becoming more achievable through quiet-seeking movements. Some quiet-seekers use extreme measures like darkness retreats (静修), which put participants in total darkness with almost no interruption for several days, with the goal of self-discovery and self-reflection. Lehmann says that these options may work for some. For many people, however, it’s a good idea to enjoy something like sitting in a local park without technology for 10 minutes, or attending a silent yoga class. Many quiet-seekers pair silence with community. Meetup organizations like Peace in the Wild which connects nature enthusiasts through outdoor recreation, have turned hiking into a meditative (冥想的) group activity. Silent Book Club, which brings readers together to read for an hour without talking, has risen in popularity. “We call it the quiet happy hour,” says Guinevere de la Mare, co-founder of Silent Book Club. However, quiet-seeking only gets you so far, especially in loud cities, where over 50% of the world’s population lives. The WHO has named noise pollution a leading environmental factor for health issues, topped only by air pollution. “The main issue in cities is always road traffic noise, which is almost impossible to avoid; that’s why many are pushing the idea of electric vehicles,” says Francesco Aletta, an urban sound planner at University College London. Fortunately, cities are showing slow signs of progress. Last year, New York City fixed noise cameras to track vehicles that break the city’s 85-decibel (分贝) limit. And living walls, like the 30,000-plant exterior (外部) on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany, absorb noise while reducing urban heat. 1．What’s the purpose of Lehmann’s work? A．To integrate silence into daily routines. B．To advocate regulating noise pollution. C．To keep the daily stress levels under control. D．To break the balance between silence and chaos. 2．Which movement is suitable for quiet-seekers? A．Joining in a silent outdoor activity. B．Paying a visit to public destinations. C．Participating in loud dance workouts. D．Attending a competitive marathon event. 3．How are cities addressing the road traffic noise? A．By cutting down urban heat. B．By applying innovative practice. C．By breaking the city’s decibel limit. D．By banning all vehicles from urban areas. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The common activities of extreme quiet-seeking. B．How the technology worsens urban noise pollution. C．How people seek quietness and reduce noise pollution. D．The rising popularity of silent activities in communities. 主题03 人与社会——社会关系与互动 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东烟台·期中） Contrary to the general opinion that larger group size lessens cooperation, new research shows adaptive relationships and inborn socially positive desires enable humans to succeed in larger social circles. As social creatures, humans heavily rely on teamwork and can form larger and more complex groups than other animals. Traditionally, scientists believed that as groups grow in size, cooperation becomes more difficult. In large groups, listing one connection may not seem significant, and interacting with everyone sufficiently to build trust becomes challenging. Earlier studies intensified this belief. A recent study led by Rei Akaishi at RIKEN Center has turned this assumption on its head, demonstrating larger groups can actually enhance greater cooperation. The researchers conducted an experiment. Participants played a game where players chose between cooperating and acting selfishly. Group sizes ranged from two to six people. Participants were allowed to leave groups they found undesirable or remove uncooperative members. Their brain activity was monitored throughout. The results showed people in larger groups cooperated more frequently and the tendency to cooperate mounted as group size grew. While group size itself didn’t directly promote cooperative behavior, it influenced how people managed memory and made decisions during social interactions. Even when participants struggled to clearly recall past interactions, they often tended to choose to trust or cooperate. This suggests that when memory becomes unclear, people prioritize cooperation over watchfulness, enabling smoother group interactions. Brain scans offered further insights into the decision - making process. Specific brain regions processed memories of past interactions related to feelings of reward, weighing these memories against personal tendencies and guiding decisions about whether a participant should cooperate with someone who might have previously deserted them. When memories were less reliable, the brain appeared to naturally encourage cooperation, perhaps as a way to maintain group harmony. These findings suggest how humans build trust and interact within groups. Rather than relying merely on stable, long - term relationships, the study highlights the benefits of flexible and adaptable social connections for boosting cooperation. This insight is particularly relevant in today’s world, where digital platforms and online communities expand on constantly changing relationships. 1．What’s the common belief about group size and cooperation? A．Bigger groups favor cooperation. B．Group size has no tie with cooperation. C．Bigger groups negatively affect cooperation. D．Group size is determined by cooperation levels. 2．For participants, which action was permitted in the experiment? A．Recording others’ brain activity. B．Changing game rules midway. C．Dominating the entire experiment. D．Kicking out resistant members. 3．What does paragraph 5 focus on? A．How memories determine decision. B．Why humans enjoy a harmonious lifestyle. C．Why the brain can release sensory information. D．How the brain functions in cooperation promotion. 4．What’s the purpose of the author by writing the last paragraph? A．To warn of risks of Internet addiction. B．To illustrate the practical value of the findings. C．To contrast online and offline social behaviors. D．To call for establishing sound social connections. 主题04 人与自我——自我成长与能力培养 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东济宁·期中） If you’ve ever found yourself scratching (挠) your head over a decision when the answer is obvious, now there’s a scientific reason behind it. “The problem is ‘decision fatigue’ — a psychological phenomenon that influences the quality of your choices after a long day of decision-making, causing indecision or poor choices,” says Evan Polman, assistant professor of marketing at the Wisconsin School of Business. Physicians who have been on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics (开抗生素) to patients when it’s unwise to do so. “Probably it’s because it’s simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says. But interestingly, decision fatigue won’t be an issue when you’re making choices on another’s behalf. By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue. It’s as if there’s something fun and relieving about making someone else’s choice. Getting the best advice, however, will rely on the personality of your adviser. Surprisingly, the best person to ask is someone relatively cool-headed to your circumstances; someone who doubts others and thinks highly of themselves. That’s because a person who cares deeply about others can also suffer from decision fatigue when advising others, presenting the potential for bad advice. “For example, research has found that nurses who are particularly high in sympathy experience career burnout more often than nurses who are less sympathetic,” Polman says. Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process, it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good. “People with decision fatigue will likely choose to go with the current situation, while a change in the course of action can sometimes lead to a positive outcome.” he says. “That’s not to say that risk is always good, but it is related to taking action while decision fatigue certainly leads to inaction.” 1．Which of the following is an example of decision fatigue? A．A lawyer makes weaker judgments after a day of cases. B．A manager approves a project without thorough review. C．A chef follows the usual recipe to make an evening meal. D．A physician advises a patient to drink water after check-up. 2．When do people experience less decision fatigue? A．When they take decision shortcuts. B．When they guide others’ decisions. C．When they encounter major choices. D．When they have advisers to turn to. 3．What makes a better adviser according to the text? A．Experience in giving advice. B．Deep sympathy for others. C．Particular nursing professions. D．Less emotional involvement. 4．What does Polman say about taking risks in decision-making? A．It often ends in regret. B．It promotes taking action. C．It encourages creativity. D．It causes serious consequences. 主题05 人与自我——生活方式与身心健康 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东日照·期中） That satisfying feeling after doomscrolling through endless TikTok videos or impulsively shopping online mimics the relief of scratching an itch. This is dopamine (多巴胺) at work — a brain chemical responsible for feelings of reward and accomplishment. Whether engaging in viral videos or new hobbies, dopamine creates a sense of achievement that keeps us coming back for more. However, reliance on these dopamine hits can lead to lasting brain changes, particularly in teenagers and young adults. This is what my team and I at London Southbank University study. We investigated which brain regions and connections change due to increased social media engagement — or “dopa-mining”, as we call it. Using social media lights up the same parts of your brain as other addictions, such as drugs, alcohol and gambling. Scientists have found that every time you get a “like”, or even watch a video you enjoy, your brain’s reward system gets activated. This is the same system that makes people feel pleasure when they win money or eat their favorite snack. But here’s the catch: the more you use social media, the harder it can be for your brain to resist it. It’s like training your brain to long for those dopamine hits — just like an addiction. Ever wonder why social media feels so addictive? It’s because your brain starts trimming neurons (修剪神经元), a bit like cutting away extra branches on a tree, to make the “reward pathway” faster. This sounds efficient, but it’s not great. The shorter pathway means your brain can “feel” rewards faster, but we know from research that it can also make you more excited and less able to stop yourself from scrolling. Over time, this trimming can cut down the size of certain brain areas, which are key for controlling emotions and making decisions. 1．What does the underlined word “doomscrolling” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Scrolling through a lot of negative news. B．Scrolling through various videos for creation. C．Scrolling long through social media aimlessly. D．Scrolling through specific contents to gain knowledge. 2．What does the author’s team at London Southbank University study? A．Ways to engage in new hobbies. B．Dopamine production in the brain. C．Brain regions affected by social media. D．Similarities among different addictions. 3．What is the result of the brain trimming? A．It enables people to make wise decisions. B．It helps people better control their emotions. C．It strengthens the links between brain regions. D．It makes the size of certain brain areas smaller. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The functions of dopamine in the brain. B．The benefits of social media engagement. C．The exploration into brain’s reward system. D．The lasting effects of social media on the brain. 主题06 人与自然——生态保护与平衡 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东威海·期中） Turn on a light outside at night, and it won’t be long before lots of insects start gathering around it. This behavior has led to a popular comparison for attraction, “like a moth to a flame.” However, according to a new study, it turns out that insects aren’t “attracted” to artificial lights, but rather confused by it. The new finding is based on a theory about insect orientation (定位). Due to their small and lightweight bodies, insects experience less air resistance, allowing them to achieve higher accelerations (加速度), which in turn makes it challenging for them to sense up and down during flight. So, they typically rely on stable light sources like the moon and stars to orient themselves at night, keeping the sky at their backs to stay upright. However, the introduction of artificial lights confuses their natural sense of direction. The insects you see circling street lights, in other words, are probably lost. To reach these conclusions, scientists used high-resolution cameras to film insects flying around artificial lights in Costa Rica. They also attached tiny sensors to insects and filmed motion-capture videos of them in flight. In this way, researchers can slow down the insects’ pace and study their movements in greater detail. The videos showed insects turning their backs toward sources of artificial light—even at the price of flipping over or crashing. This can be dangerous for insects, as circling around artificial lights can put them at risk from enemies, exhaustion, and starvation, causing many to die before morning. Night artificial light is a major cause of insect population loss, which could severely impact crop pollination and food supplies for larger animals, including humans. “Insects have been flying around for 370 million years, and it’s just in the last 150 years that it’s really gone wrong for them,” says entomologist Samuel Fabian. “If we don’t want to influence large amounts of insect populations, we should not have lights shining up into the sky.” 1．Why do insects circle street lights according to scientists? A．They are attracted by street lights. B．They can sense up and down more easily. C．They experience less air resistance around street lights. D．They can’t find their way due to the disturbance of street lights. 2．How did the scientists conduct the experiment? A．By detecting the living environment of insects. B．By making videos to study insects’ movements. C．By monitoring the insects’ brain activity during flight. D．By building models to analyze insects’ motion patterns. 3．Why does the author mention Fabian’s words in the last paragraph? A．To stress the long history of insect flight. B．To appeal to people to reduce light pollution. C．To show the importance of insects to food supplies. D．To remind people of the influence human activities have on insects. 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．How Artificial Lights Impact the Ecosystem B．What Leads to the Loss of Insect Populations C．How Insects Locate Themselves in the Flight D．What’s the Truth Behind Moths Flying to Flames Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东烟台·期中） Seaweed is getting more attention as researchers uncover its health benefits, its use as a food source, and its value to the environment. A research team from the University of Sussex has combined all its advantages into a biodegradable, edible electronic health monitor. “Watching MasterChef, a UK competitive television cooking show, I got inspired to use seaweed in the lab,” says Dr Boland, a materials physics lecturer at the University of Sussex. “Seaweed, when used to thicken desserts, gives them a soft and bouncy structure, favoured by vegetarians to replace gelatina, a clear flavourless material that can solidify when cooled. It got me thinking: what if we could do that with sensing technology?” Seaweed itself doesn’t conduct electricity, but the researchers produced an electrically conductive film by means of adding graphene (石墨烯) to a seaweed mixture. The film quickly absorbs water when placed in a salt bath, forming a hydrogel (凝胶), which can effectively sense pressure, making it a good candidate for monitoring things like heart rate and temperature. “The healthcare industry has always depended on unsustainable rubber or plastic to create wearable monitoring devices, which can put human health at risk from microplastics leaking into water sources as they break down,” says Boland. “In contrast, our Sussex sensor is fully biodegradable as well as highly effective.” Electronics that may be consumed and digested can carry out various beneficial tasks inside the body. The natural composition also places them within the emerging scientific field of eatable electronics. “Future uses of clinical-grade wearable sensors might just be like a second skin: lightweight, easy to apply, and safe due to their all-natural elements. The advancement of Boland’s team will dramatically transform health monitoring technology, which will vastly upgrade the entire patient experience while removing the need for hospital tools, wires and leads,” expressed Dr. Sue Baxter, Director of Innovation and Business Partnerships at the University of Sussex. 1．What do the underlined words “do that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Employ seaweed. B．Cook British cuisine. C．Turn liquid into solid. D．Get favor from vegetarians. 2．The seaweed mixture would not conduct electricity if ____. A．not left in salt water B．not combined with graphene C．it didn’t generate a hydrogel D．it couldn’t sense enough pressure 3．What makes the Sussex sensor special according to Boland? A．Its function. B．Its appearance. C．Its material. D．Its cost-effectiveness. 4．Which of the following best describes the future impact of the advancement? A．Unidentified. B．Insignificant. C．Game-changing. D．Short-lived. 主题07 人与自然——自然规律与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东临沂·期中） Global sea levels experienced an unexpected acceleration in 2024, primarily driven by thermal (热的) expansion — the phenomenon of seawater expanding as it absorbs heat. NASA data revealed an annual rise of 0.23 inches, surpassing the predicted 0.17 inches. “While natural fluctuations exist, the long-term trend is clear: rising speeds are increasing,” stated NASA researcher Josh Willis. Historically, melting ice sheets contributed two-thirds of sea level rise, with thermal expansion accounting for the remaining third. However, 2024 saw a role reversal (逆转): thermal expansion became responsible for two-thirds of the increase. Scientists attribute this shift to record-breaking global temperatures, which pushed ocean heat content and sea surface heights to 30-year highs. Satellite observations since 1993 show the annual rise rate has more than doubled, resulting in a 4-inch global increase over three decades. Continuous satellite monitoring, from the TOPEX/Poseidon mission (1992) to the recently launched Sentinel-6 (2020), ensures data accuracy. The upcoming Sentinel-6B satellite will extend this critical record into the 2030s. Thermal expansion occurs as absorbed heat enters ocean layers. Typically, seawater forms stable layer based on temperature and density. While surface heat transfers slowly to deeper waters, vertical mixing in high-wind zones like the Southern Ocean disrupts (破坏) this pattern. Climate phenomena such as El Nino — characterized by eastward shifts of warm Pacific waters — can also force heat downward, accelerating thermal expansion. 1．What was the main contributor to sea level rise in 2024? A．Accelerated ice sheet melting. B．Increasing rainfall over oceans. C．Changes in ocean current directions. D．Heat-induced expansion of seawater. 2．What do the satellite records indicate about sea level changes? A．Recent slowing of annual rise. B．Over 30 years of observations. C．Data collection began in 2020. D．Complete reliance on European satellite systems. 3．The term “vertical mixing” in Paragraph 4 refers to ______. A．heat exchange between ocean depths and surface B．the layered temperature distribution in deep oceans C．horizontal (水平) movement of warm surface waters D．rapid melting of polar ice caps due to temperature and density 4．What is the major purpose of the article? A．To warn about terrible climate tipping points. B．To compare satellite measurement technologies. C．To analyze causes and patterns of rising sea levels. D．To promote international cooperation in ocean research. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东菏泽·期中） Throughout history, lions have represented courage and strength. Lions live in groups called prides, and the size of a pride depends on food availability, but a typical pride includes one to three males, a dozen females, and their cubs or young lions. Males are larger than females (lionesses). A lion’s body ranges in length from 4.5 to 6.5 feet, with a tail from 26 to 40 inches. Both males and females are powerful, muscular cats with rounded heads and ears. Only adult male lions display a brown, rust, or black mane (鼠毛) which extends down the neck and chest. Lions’ diet consists of more than 70% meat. Lions prefer to hunt big animals including zebra, buffalo, and giraffe. They usually avoid very large(elephant) and very small(monkey) prey (猎物), but they’ll take farm animals. Lions most often hunt at dawn or dusk, but can adapt to their prey to change their schedule. When hunting, lionesses run from more than one direction to catch fleeing animals. Usually, prey is consumed at the hunting site. Male lions tend to be four or five years old before winning a challenge and joining a pride. When a new male takes over a pride, he usually kills the youngest generation of cubs and drives away the adolescents. Most adult lions are killed by humans or other lions, although some die from injuries while hunting. Usually, about 80% of cubs die, but those that survive to adulthood may live to be 10 to 14 years of age. Some cubs are killed by hyenas and wild dogs. The lion is listed as “vulnerable (易危的)” on the IUCN Red List. The wild population decreased by approximately 43% from 1993 to 2014. Although lions can tolerate a wide range of habitats, they are threatened because people continue to kill them and because of the lack of prey. 1．What do we know about lions according to paragraph 1? A．They are social animals. B．They all have a nice mane. C．They are known for their powerful tails. D．They have the same head and ear size. 2．How do lions typically get food? A．By hunting on big farms. B．By hiding close to their prey. C．By using tools to trap their prey. D．By catching their prey cooperatively. 3．What can be learned about cubs in paragraph 3? A．They tend to live a very long life. B．Most of them are killed by other animals. C．They face many threats before adulthood. D．They are carefully protected by their parents. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The shortage of available prey. B．Threatened habitats for lions. C．The tough situation of the wild lion. D．Endangered animals on the IUCN Red List. 主题01 人与社会——科技与社会应用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东济宁·期中） Sight, hearing, “mental” processing... many robots already have all these properties, but touch was one of the debts of the robotic world. A team of Chinese experts has developed a new robot that is capable of touching leaves of plants with an electrode (电极)。 Rather than make physical contact with a plant, existing devices obtain relatively limited information using visual approaches, which are easily influenced by factors such as lighting conditions. So Song Zhongqian and his team developed a new robot that touches plants using an approach inspired by human skin, with structures working together in a hierarchical (分层的) way to gain information through touch. When an electrode in the robot makes contact with a leaf, the device learns about the plant by measuring several properties. The properties include the amount of charge that can be stored at a given voltage (电压), how difficult it is for the electrical current to move through the leaf, and the contact force as the robot grasps the leaf. Next, these data are processed in order to classify the plant, since different data for each measurement relate to different plant species and stages of growth. “The robot has certain demerits, despite the fact that it shows vast potential applications in fields ranging from ecological studies to plant disease detection,” says Song. For example, the device is not yet capable enough to consistently identify types of plants with complicated structures like needle-like leaves. This could be addressed by improving the design of the robot’s electrode. The researchers plan to expand more plants the robot can recognize by collecting data from a wider variety of species, boosting the plant species database they use. Eventually, farmers and agricultural researchers could use the robot to monitor the health and growth of crops and to make tailored decisions about how much water and nutrition to give their plants and how to approach the control of annoying insects. 1．How is the new robot different from existing devices? A．It adopts visual technology to recognize plants. B．It works under specific lighting conditions. C．It collects physical information of plants. D．It uses the electrode to touch plants. 2．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A．The process of the robot identifying plants. B．The uniqueness of plants’ electrical properties. C．The complexity of gathering plants’ properties. D．The critical stages during plants’ growing period. 3．What does the underlined word “demerits” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Significance. B．Flexibility. C．Limitations. D．Functions. 4．How will the robot help farmers and agricultural researchers in the future? A．By replacing human labor in agriculture. B．By developing various plant species. C．By discovering unidentified insects. D．By facilitating crop management. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东临沂·期中） By accident, researchers have photographed Venus' surface from space for the first time. Though the planet's rocky body is hidden beneath the thick clouds, telescopes aboard NASA's Parker Solar Probe (帕克太阳探测器) managed to capture (捕捉) the first visible-light images of the surface taken from space, researchers reported in the February 16 Geophysical Research Letters. “We've never actually seen the surface through the clouds at these wavelengths before, ”said Lori Glaze, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division, on February 10. Though the Parker Solar Probe was built to study the sun, it must make regular flybys of Venus. The planet's gravity pulls the probe, tightening its orbit and bringing it closer to the sun. Those assists from Venus helped the spacecraft (航天器) make headlines when it became the first probe to enter the sun's atmosphere. It was during two such flybys in July 2020 and February2021 that the probe's WISPR telescopes captured the new images. While WISPR found Venus' dayside too bright to image, it was able to recognize extensive surface features, through the clouds on the nightside. The photographs show a planet is so hot that it looks much like red-hot iron, said Brian Wood, an astrophysicist at the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D．C． , and a co-author of the paper. “The pattern of bright and dark that you see is basically a temperature map,” he said — brighter regions are hotter and darker regions are cooler. This pattern correlates well with topographic maps (地形图) previously produced from radar and infrared (雷达和红外线) surveys. Highlands appear dark and lowlands appear bright, Wood said. The images came as NASA prepared to launch two missions to Venus. “The new photographs”, Wood said, “may help in the interpretation of the observations taken in the future from these new missions. ” 1．How did the researchers photograph Venus' surface from space? A．By detecting wavelengths. B．By looking for thick clouds. C．By tracking Venus' rocky body. D．By using the Parker Solar Probe. 2．What helped the spacecraft enter the sun's atmosphere? A．Venus' gravity. B．The sun's assists. C．Its slowing down. D．Its flybys of the sun. 3．What can we learn from Wood's words about the photographs? A．They were taken by infrared and radar. B．They fail to reveal Venus' surface features. C．Brighter areas represent higher temperatures. D．Darker colors mean lowlands in the topography. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．NASA prepared to finish two missions to Venus B．Parker Solar Probe has further explored Venus' surface C．The secrets of Venus' surface uncovered by researchers D．The first visible-light images of Venus' surface taken from space Passage 3 （24-25高二下·山东部分学校·期中） Researchers at Columbia University have developed a new artificial intelligence (AI) (人工智能) method that can accurately predict gene (基因) activity in any human cell (细胞), essentially revealing the cell’s inner mechanisms. Detailed in the latest issue of Nature, this system has the potential to change how scientists study cancer, genetic disorders, and other diseases. “Predictive generalizable computational models allow to uncover biological processes in a fast and accurate way. These methods can effectively conduct large-scale computational experiments, boosting and guiding traditional experimental approaches,” says Raul Rabadan, senior author of the new paper. Traditional biological methods show how cells function or respond to changes, but they lack the ability to forecast these processes. Recent advances in AI and massive biological data collections are making this change possible. However, using AI to forecast gene activity inside cells has been a greater challenge — until now. Rabadan’s team developed an AI model trained on gene expression data from over 1.3 million normal human cells. Unlike earlier models trained on limited data, this system uses genetic information and accessibility data to forecast which genes are active in any cell. The process is similar to how language models like MindLink, an AI chat tool, work: It learns patterns from data and applies them to new situations. Testing showed the model could accurately forecast gene activity in cell types it had not encountered, matching experimental results closely. The researchers applied the AI model to study pediatric leukemia, a childhood cancer caused by inherited mutations (遗传变异). The model predicted how these mutations disturb critical processes in cells, a finding later confirmed through experiments. This understanding highlights the specific mechanisms driving the disease. The AI model could also reveal unexplored regions of the genome, often linked to cancer. These “dark” regions do not code for proteins but may play key roles in disease. Already, Rabadan is working with researchers at Columbia and other universities, exploring different cancers, from brain to blood cancers, learning the grammar of regulation in normal cells, and how cells change in the process of cancer development. 1．What is a problem about traditional biological methods? A．They are difficult to combine with AI. B．They can’t forecast how cells work. C．They are expensive in plenty of research. D．They hardly collect massive biological data. 2．Why does the author mention MindLink in paragraph 4? A．To remove public doubts about AI chat tools. B．To introduce the disadvantages of AI chat tools. C．To explain the experimental results from Rabadan’s team. D．To clarify how the AI model developed by Rabadan’s team functions. 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly stress about the new AI model? A．Its popularity. B．Its application value. C．Its complexity. D．Its design inspiration. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．New AI Model Exposes Secrets of Human Cells B．Scientists Unlock the Secret of Blood Cancers C．Advances in AI Fuel a Heated Debate in Biology D．AI Tools Are Widely Used to Treat Rare Diseases 主题02 人与社会——文化与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东师范大学附属中学·期中） Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter bubble (数字滤泡) , crafted for us alone and designed to serve commercial interests. This future is like 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his life within a reality TV show designed by a studio. Large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The principle is that AI will learn about individual users and adapt accordingly. If you’re a superfan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates and ads tailored to your interests. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes (模因，网络梗), or even fake articles. This is a miserable reality because there are neither computational methods nor moral guidelines in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer have such an accurate understanding of the football team as anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of education? Politics? With the fall of the press and division of everything, conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the current situation might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will become smaller and smaller, until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. As a society, with no shared understanding of the world, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of realness; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conversations that speakers cared enough to have. 1．Why is The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 mentioned? A．To make a comparison. B．To illustrate a situation. C．To support an argument. D．To propose a suggestion. 2．What may personalized AI agents do according to the text? A．Cutting individuals off in false realities. B．Confirming the credibility of the content. C．Standing by the companies’ moral values. D．Improving user behavior by feeding targeted ads. 3．What can be inferred from the text? A．AI has raised concerns over privacy. B．LLMs are in need of faster tech upgrade. C．Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D．Technology development results in a divided society. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and the Future of Human Interaction B．AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C．The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D．Digital Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东潍坊·期中） Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation. On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information. In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves? Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is conflict rather than cooperation. The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict. So what’s next? A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate. 1．What are social media algorithms targeted at? A．Improving social environment. B．Generating PRIME information. C．Avoiding side effects of social media. D．Raising the media platform click rate. 2．Why does the author refer to “false polarization” in paragraph 4? A．To make an assumption. B．To illustrate a conclusion. C．To explain a political issue. D．To present an extreme case. 3．According to the author, algorithms will be improved so as to ________. A．boost engagement and regulate amplification B．strengthen social learning and delete biases C．identify biases and punish PRIME information D．monitor media platforms and guarantee users’ privacy 4．What is the best title of the text? A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions B．Algorithms control the flow of social information C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges 主题03 人与社会——自我认知与心态调整 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东青岛·期中） Tristan Yates and her team have discovered something amazing about babies and memory. Even though most of us can’t remember being babies, their research shows that babies can actually form memories! This study, published in the journal Science, used a special brain-scanning machine called an fMRI to look at how babies’ brains work when they see new things. The researchers showed babies pictures of things they had never seen before, like a canyon or a dog toy. About a minute later, they showed the babies the same picture alongside a new one. If the baby remembered the first picture, they would look at it longer. At the same time, the fMRI machine took pictures of the babies’ brains, especially focusing on the hippocampus, a part of the brain that helps with memory. They found that when the hippocampus was more active, the babies were more likely to remember the picture later. Studying babies is formidable because they can’t follow instructions, get bored quickly, and need lots of comfort. To make it work, the researchers created a relaxing environment with toys, blankets, and even bottles to keep the babies happy. Parents were also nearby to help. This discovery is important because it shows that babies’ brains are busy learning and remembering, even if we can’t recall those memories as we grow older. “Even in their earliest months, babies are already absorbing vast amounts of information about the world around them,” said the lead researcher. During this critical period, babies learn essential skills like recognizing their parents, acquiring language, and mastering the basics of movement. The team emphasizes that understanding how babies’ brains work is not just academic — it has profound implications for how we view early development. “Early experiences shape who we become in ways we’re only beginning to understand,” Yates added. “Babies’ earliest memories, though often forgotten, may play a more significant role in their cognitive and emotional development than previously thought.” 1．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By testing biological samples. B．By using brain imaging technology. C．By assessing babies’ language ability. D．By observing babies’ long-term behaviors. 2．Why did the researchers show the babies the same picture? A．To test their memory ability. B．To study their eye movements. C．To attract their attention longer. D．To compare old and new objects. 3．What does the underlined word “formidable” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Immoral. B．Costly. C．Challenging. D．Rewarding. 4．What can we learn about the study from Yates’ words in the last paragraph? A．It proves babies gain all early memories. B．It advises limiting stimulation for babies. C．It claims language is babies’ primary learning focus. D．It emphasizes early experiences’ role in development. 主题04 人与自然——自然与人类健康 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东潍坊·期中） Every day seems to bring more exciting news about the super drugs — glp-l receptor agonists. First the drugs tackled diabetes (糖尿病). Then, with just one shot a week, they fought obesity. Now studies of health records suggest that they may treat addiction, too. Researchers are even talking, in quiet tones, of their anti-ageing effects. According to a new finding, not only do the drugs act in the gut (肠道), but they combine with receptors (受体) all over the body and in the brain. The drugs appear to reduce inflammation (炎症) and interact with pathways linked to desires and feelings of reward. With every new finding, researchers are learning more about the workings of disease and the links between the body and the brain. Naturally, more work is needed. Although glp-1 agonists have been used in diabetes for 20 years, some of the newer findings are based on observational studies, and will need to be tested by randomized trials. Patients may need to remain on these drugs for their whole lives, which makes the costs uncertain. Yet with time, experimentation and innovation, the benefits will become clearer, and the costs will come down. For patients, the new uses of glp-l drugs mean not just longer lives, but healthier and happier ones. For governments, though the total bill for these drugs could be vast, they would lower some other costs: the direct medical bill for obesity alone amounts to 260 billion dollars a year in America; alcohol abuse is a huge burden for the criminal-justice system. The state would raise less money from taxes on alcohol, but income taxes would go up, as the workforce became healthier. Glp-1 drugs could lead to significant economic and social change. Some business models could be upended. If desires can be controlled, junk-food companies, advertisers and even drug-dealers may shift their focus from quantity to quality. Social values could develop: If being thin is easier, obesity may less often be seen as moral failings. The glp-1 breakthrough is just beginning. Its future is full of promise. 1．Why are the glp-1 receptor agonists called super drugs? A．They are expensive and rare. B．They can be highly addictive. C．They make people feel excited. D．They can treat multiple diseases. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．How the drugs build up. B．How the drugs are taken. C．How the drugs function. D．How the drugs are produced. 3．How can the drugs benefit the government? A．They lower overall costs. B．They end crimes. C．They increase workforce. D．They raise alcohol taxes. 4．What does the author imply about the glp-1 drugs in the last paragraph? A．Their influence will expand. B．They may cause economic crisis. C．They will replace traditional drugs. D．Their social acceptance is dropping. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东省临沂市河东区、费县联考·期中） For over seven decades, fluoride (氟化物) has been added to public water supplies in many countries as a dental health strategy. This practice began in 1945 in the U.S. city of Grand Rapids, where scientists first tested water fluoridation to fight widespread tooth decay (衰变). By the 1950s, it became standard public health policy across America, particularly helping children in low-income families access cavity protection. However, recent scientific findings have reignited debates. A 2024 study published in Environmental Health suggested possible links between high fluoride exposure and subtle changes in children’s cognitive development, though researchers stressed these findings require confirmation through further studies. Fluoride strengthens teeth through two distinct mechanisms. When applied directly — such as through toothpaste — it chemically combines with tooth enamel’s mineral structure, forming a protective barrier against acid attacks from sugary foods. This process, called remineralization, can repair early damage. Systemically, swallowed fluoride enters the bloodstream and gradually releases into saliva, providing continuous enamel reinforcement. Research reveals striking differences between these methods: brushing with fluoride toothpaste delivers 10 times more enamel-protecting fluoride than drinking eight glasses of fluoridated water daily. Natural sources contribute significantly to fluoride intake. A single cup of brewed tea contains fluoride equal to 1 — 2 liters of treated water, while processed foods made with fluoridated water (like canned soups) add more exposure. Modern children’s primary fluoride source has shifted dramatically since the 1950s. A 2022 analysis showed daily toothbrushing exposes children to fluoride matching 2 — 6 cups of fluoridated water, compared to just half a cup from actual water consumption. This shift explains why some scientists now question the necessity of water fluoridation in areas with good dental care access. The debate centers on health equity. While fluoride-free alternatives exist, 40% of American children under 12 still develop cavities (龋齿), with rates three times higher in low-income communities. Dental associations argue fluoridated water remains a crucial safety net, especially for families who might forget to brush or lack dental insurance. Current U.S. regulations maintain fluoride levels at 0.7 milligrams per liter — a balance between dental benefits and potential risks. Health authorities recommend continued monitoring, advising parents to oversee young children’s toothpaste use to prevent accidental over consumption. As global health organizations review new evidence, this decades-old public health practice faces its most serious challenge. The core question remains: How can societies protect vulnerable populations while respecting evolving scientific understanding? 1．What historical fact is mentioned about fluoride use? A．It was first tested in canned foods. B．It became U.S. policy in the 1920s. C．Tea companies promoted its benefits. D．Grand Rapids conducted early experiments. 2．How does fluoride repair early-stage tooth decay? A．Through blood circulation. B．By forming a mineral barrier. C．By killing all mouth bacteria. D．Through saliva mineral release. 3．Why do some scientists question water fluoridation today? A．It causes immediate health risks. B．Modern children consume more tea. C．Canned soups contain excess fluoride. D．Toothpaste provides sufficient fluoride. 4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Fluoride Sources Comparison: Toothpaste vs Drinking Water. B．The Historical Success of Water Fluoridation Programs Since 1945. C．Public Health Dilemma: Reassessing Present Fluoridation Policies. D．How Fluoride Prevents Childhood Cavities: Mechanisms Explained. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与社会——文化与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25学年高二下·山东泰安·期中） Reports have emerged that English Heritage, the charity responsible for over 400 historic sites, is considering reducing its staff and operating hours due to financial difficulties. This should concern anyone who values the nation’s cultural heritage. These sites, such as castles and ruins, play an important role in people’s lives, especially during weekends and holidays. Over 1.3 million people are members of English Heritage, and Stonehenge attracts 1.5 million visitors annually. While popular sites like Stonehenge will remain unaffected, less-visited locations may face winter closing. Despite increases in membership, visitor numbers, and volunteers, the charity is still struggling financially, with nearly 200 job cuts expected. English Heritage is smaller than the National Trust, the UK’s largest cultural charity. Founded in 1895, the National Trust has voting rights for its members, while English Heritage offers free entry and parking but no voting rights. It has existed in its current form since 2015, when David Cameron’s government cut its public funding, hoping to allow the charity to operate more independently. Initially, the goal was to give English Heritage greater freedom, but the removal of funding has created financial pressures. A consultation with staff and unions is ongoing, but concerns about job cuts remain. Replacing experts with less specialized staff could reduce the quality of service at major sites like Dover Castle and Hadrian’s Wall. Visitors expect high-quality information and educational experiences, which require professional knowledge in history and management. The development of these historic visits, which combine education and leisure, has been a decades-long effort, starting with postwar efforts to open these sites to the public. Experts are essential in designing educational displays and updating exhibits. Nick Merriman, the CEO of English Heritage, faces a challenging task. He hopes to invite more members and volunteers, especially with the popularity of Tudor England from the BBC’s Wolf Hall series. However, with rising costs, it remains uncertain how successful this strategy will be. While historic sites can bear financial challenges, the broader cultural heritage section is in need of support. 1．What worries people who treasure cultural heritage? A．The damage to historic sites in Britain. B．The financial pressure from the government. C．The decrease of employees and opening hours. D．The decline of the popularity of castles and ruins. 2．How does English Heritage differ from the National Trust? A．English Heritage members have voting rights. B．English Heritage charges no entry fees to visitors. C．English Heritage is the UK’s largest cultural charity. D．English Heritage receives more support from the government. 3．What can be inferred about the future of English Heritage? A．It will soon solve all financial problems. B．Its future depends on finance and strategies. C．Service quality at major sites will be ensured. D．Wolf Hall will bring a sharp rise in membership. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Postwar Revival: English Heritage’s Achievements. B．Heritage Tourism Boom: English Heritage’s Ambitions. C．Seasonal Closures: English Heritage’s solution. D．Heritage at Risk: English Heritage’s Funding Crisis. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国遗产管理机构因资金困难考虑裁员和缩短运营时间及影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Reports have emerged that English Heritage, the charity responsible for over 400 historic sites, is considering reducing its staff and operating hours due to financial difficulties. This should concern anyone who values the nation’ s cultural heritage. (有报道称，负责400多个历史遗迹的慈善机构英国文化遗产保护组织正考虑因财政困难而减少员工和运营时间。这应该会引起任何珍视国家文化遗产的人的关注)”可知，让珍视文化遗产的人担忧的是员工减少和开放时间减少。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“English Heritage is smaller than the National Trust, the UK’s largest cultural charity. Founded in 1895, the National Trust has voting rights for its members, while English Heritage offers free entry and parking but no voting rights. (英国遗产管理机构比英国最大的文化慈善机构国民托管组织规模小。国民托管组织成立于1895年，其成员拥有投票权，而英国遗产管理机构提供免费入场和停车服务，但没有投票权)”可知，英国遗产管理机构与国民托管组织的不同在于英国遗产管理机构对游客不收取入场费。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Nick Merriman, the CEO of English Heritage, faces a challenging task. He hopes to invite more members and volunteers, especially with the popularity of Tudor England from the BBC’s Wolf Hall series. However, with rising costs, it remains uncertain how successful this strategy will be. While historic sites can bear financial challenges, the broader cultural heritage section is in need of support. (英国遗产管理机构的首席执行官尼克・梅里曼面临着一项具有挑战性的任务。他希望邀请更多的会员和志愿者，尤其是随着英国广播公司《狼厅》系列剧让都铎王朝时期的英格兰广受欢迎。然而，随着成本上升，这一策略能取得多大成功仍不确定。虽然历史遗迹能够承受资金方面的挑战，但更广泛的文化遗产领域需要支持)”可推断，英国遗产管理机构的未来取决于资金和策略。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“Reports have emerged that English Heritage, the charity responsible for over 400 historic sites, is considering reducing its staff and operating hours due to financial difficulties. (有报道称，负责400多个历史遗迹的慈善机构英国文化遗产保护组织正考虑因财政困难而减少员工和运营时间。)”可知，文章主要围绕英国遗产管理机构面临资金危机展开，所以“Heritage at Risk: English Heritage’s Funding Crisis (遗产面临风险：英国遗产管理机构的资金危机)” 作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东名校考试联盟·期中） Even if you’ re not a fan of hummus, or olives, it’s worth giving the Mediterranean diet a chance. In 2025, U. S. News and World Report ranked it Number 1 overall, as well as giving it first place as the best diet for mental health, for healthy eating, for inflammation(炎症), for gut health and for being the easiest diet to follow. The Mediterranean diet dates back to the 1950s when Ancel Keys, a physiologist from Minnesota, came up with the idea for the Seven Countries Study, which revealed its protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. This discovery transformed a regional tradition into a global health symbol. The Mediterranean diet places plant-based foods at the foundation. The core foods include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, legumes, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, and healthy fats such as olive oil. Moderate amounts of lean proteins are encouraged, as are eggs, dairy products and wine. By contrast, red meats and sweets are meant to be consumed less often. This pattern creates a natural defense against many diseases. The Mediterranean diet also embodies a philosophy of mindful living. It depends on shared meals, seasonal celebrations, and handmade food. In Greece, family gatherings center on grilled octopus and ouzo; in Spain, tapas culture helps to cultivate social connections; and in Italy, slow food movements champion local biodiversity. These practices stress the diet’s role in fostering community resilience (适应力) and cultural identity. Although celebrated globally, the Mediterranean diet faces threats from urbanization, processed food consumption, and economic gaps. However, scientists have put forward solutions. They emphasize its sustainability: reliance on local, seasonal ingredients matches eco-friendly practices, while traditional farming models regenerative agriculture. Today, the Mediterranean diet is integrated into public health policies worldwide, serving as a “non-drug prescription” for disease prevention. The Mediterranean diet goes beyond borders, inviting individuals to accept a way of life that honors nature, tradition, and health. It acts as a culinary bridge — connecting past and present, culture and science, and people to the planet. It reminds us the healthiest eating grows from respecting nature, tradition, and community. 1．What can we know about the Mediterranean diet? A．It ranks top for its various flavors. B．It consists of unusual ingredients. C．It has taken the world by storm recently. D．It is recognized for its health-protective effects. 2．What does the underlined phrase “a philosophy of mindful living” in paragraph 4 mean? A．A focus on lifestyle integration. B．A concept on social interactions. C．A lifestyle with conscious practices. D．Patterns of fast-paced modern life. 3．Why is the Mediterranean diet considered sustainable? A．It can get rid of processed foods. B．It is in line with global health policies. C．It combines tradition and sustainability. D．It relies on locally sourced seasonal foods. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To explain the development of the diet. B．To confirm scientific studies on the diet. C．To promote the diet as a sustainable lifestyle. D．To introduce the health benefits of the diet. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地中海饮食，强调了其健康益处、可持续性以及它所代表的生活方式哲学。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In 2025, U. S. News and World Report ranked it Number 1 overall, as well as giving it first place as the best diet for mental health, for healthy eating, for inflammation, for gut health and for being the easiest diet to follow.(2025年，《美国新闻与世界报道》将其评为整体排名第一，同时将其评为心理健康、健康饮食、抗炎、肠道健康以及最容易遵循的饮食方式的第一名。)”可知，地中海饮食因其健康保护作用而得到认可。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据下文“It depends on shared meals, seasonal celebrations, and handmade food. In Greece, family gatherings center on grilled octopus and ouzo; in Spain, tapas culture helps to cultivate social connections; and in Italy, slow food movements champion local biodiversity. These practices stress the diet’s role in fostering community resilience (适应力) and cultural identity.(它依赖于共享餐食、季节性庆祝活动以及手工制作的食物。在希腊，家庭聚会以烤章鱼和茴香酒为中心；在西班牙，小吃文化有助于培养社交关系；在意大利，慢食运动倡导保护当地的生物多样性。这些饮食习惯强调了饮食在增强社区适应能力和塑造文化身份方面所起的作用。)”可知，地中海饮食也体现了一种带有自觉实践的生活方式。由此可知，划线的短语“a philosophy of mindful living”的意思是“一种带有自觉实践的生活方式”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“They emphasize its sustainability: reliance on local, seasonal ingredients matches eco-friendly practices, while traditional farming models regenerative agriculture.(他们强调其可持续性：依赖当地、时令食材符合环保做法，而传统农业模式则支持再生农业。)”可知，地中海饮食被认为是可持续的，是因为它依赖于当地采购的时令食品。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The Mediterranean diet goes beyond borders, inviting individuals to accept a way of life that honors nature, tradition, and health. It acts as a culinary bridge — connecting past and present, culture and science, and people to the planet. It reminds us the healthiest eating grows from respecting nature, tradition, and community.(地中海饮食超越了国界，邀请个人接受一种尊重自然、传统和健康的生活方式。它就像一座烹饪的桥梁——连接着过去和现在、文化和科学，以及人与地球。它提醒我们，最健康的饮食方式源于对自然、传统和社区的尊重。)”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是将这种饮食作为一种可持续的生活方式来推广。故选C。 主题02 人与社会——科技与社会应用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东威海·期中） Think of a typical college physics course: notetaking, homework struggles and studying for difficult exams. Now imagine access to a tutor (导师) who answers questions at any hour, never tires and never judges. Might you learn more? Maybe even twice as much? That’s the unexpected conclusion from a Harvard study examining learning outcomes for students in a large physics course who worked with a custom-designed AI chatbot. The study was led by lecturer Gregory Kestin and Kelly Miller, who analyzed learning outcomes of 194 students in Kestin’s Physical Sciences 2 course. The students were divided into two groups, each of whom experienced two lessons in continual weeks. During the first week, Group 1 participated in an instructor-guided active learning classroom lesson, while Group 2 engaged with an AI-supported lesson at home; conditions were changed oppositely the following week. “We went into the study curious about whether our AI tutor could be as effective as in-person instructors,” Kestin said. “I certainly didn’t expect students to find the AI-powered lesson more engaging. But that’s exactly what happened: Not only did the AI tutor seem to help students learn more materials, the students also self-reported more engagement when working with AI.” The researchers found that learning gains for students in the AI-tutored group were about double those for students in the in-class group. The researchers believe students’ ability to get personalized feedback (反馈) and self pace with the AI tutor are advantages compared with in-class learning. “In various in-class settings, students with a strong background in the material may be less engaged, and they’re sometimes bored,” Miller said. “Students without the background sometimes struggle to keep up. So the fact that the AI tutor can be supportive of that difference is probably the biggest thing.” Though excited by AI’s potential to revolutionize education, Kestin showed his concern. “While AI has the potential to supercharge learning, it could also undermine learning if we’re not careful,” Kestin said. “AI tutors shouldn’t ‘think’ for students, but rather help them build critical thinking skills. AI tutors shouldn’t replace in-person instruction, but help all students better prepare for it.” 1．What were the participants required to do in the study? A．Report their partners’ feelings. B．Study with different tutors in turn. C．Make a choice between two courses. D．Experience in-class learning for 2 weeks. 2．What did Kestin most probably think of their findings? A．Valueless. B．Doubtful. C．Surprising. D．Confusing. 3．What might probably lead to students’ less engagement in class according to the text? A．Inexperienced in-class instructors. B．Feeling bored with AI’s questions. C．Knowing the materials well in advance. D．Non-personalized feedback from the instructors. 4．What does the underlined word “supercharge” mean in the last paragraph? A．Control. B．Adapt. C．Analyze. D．Boost. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哈佛大学的一项研究发现，人工智能导师在物理课程中比传统教师指导的课堂更有效，提高了学生的学习效果和参与度，不过应该谨慎使用人工智能导师，避免误用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The students were divided into two groups, each of whom experienced two lessons in continual weeks. During the first week, Group 1 participated in an instructor-guided active learning classroom lesson, while Group 2 engaged with an AI-supported lesson at home; conditions were changed oppositely the following week.(学生们被分成两组，每组都连续参加了两周的课程。在第一周，第一组参加了由教师指导的互动式学习课堂课程，而第二组则在家进行了由人工智能支持的课程；接下来的一周，两组的情况则相反)”可知，在研究中参与者需要依次跟着不同的导师学习。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“I certainly didn’t expect students to find the AI-powered lesson more engaging.(我原本完全没想到学生们会认为由人工智能驱动的课程会更具吸引力)”可知，凯斯廷对他们的发现大为惊讶。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“In various in-class settings, students with a strong background in the material may be less engaged, and they’re sometimes bored(在各种课堂情境中，那些对所学内容有深厚基础的学生可能会表现得较为消极，有时甚至会感到厌倦)”可知，可能导致学生在课堂上参与度降低的因素是学生提前熟知相关材料。故选C。 4．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Not only did the AI tutor seem to help students learn more materials, the students also self-reported more engagement when working with AI.(这款人工智能辅导软件不仅有助于学生掌握更多知识，而且学生们自己也反馈说在使用该软件进行学习时参与度更高)”以及划线词后文“it could also undermine learning if we’re not careful(但是我们不小心谨慎，这也可能会削弱学习效果)”可知，人工智能有可能极大地促进学习与后文为转折关系。故划线词意思是“促进”。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东泰安·期中） Given that overexposure to noise pollution can result in health issues, some escape the noise by traveling for silence, but quiet time at home is just as crucial. “Small pockets of silence in daily life can help us regulate stress,” says psychologist Olga Lehmann whose work centers on silence. She notes her goal is to strike a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life, which is becoming more achievable through quiet-seeking movements. Some quiet-seekers use extreme measures like darkness retreats (静修), which put participants in total darkness with almost no interruption for several days, with the goal of self-discovery and self-reflection. Lehmann says that these options may work for some. For many people, however, it’s a good idea to enjoy something like sitting in a local park without technology for 10 minutes, or attending a silent yoga class. Many quiet-seekers pair silence with community. Meetup organizations like Peace in the Wild which connects nature enthusiasts through outdoor recreation, have turned hiking into a meditative (冥想的) group activity. Silent Book Club, which brings readers together to read for an hour without talking, has risen in popularity. “We call it the quiet happy hour,” says Guinevere de la Mare, co-founder of Silent Book Club. However, quiet-seeking only gets you so far, especially in loud cities, where over 50% of the world’s population lives. The WHO has named noise pollution a leading environmental factor for health issues, topped only by air pollution. “The main issue in cities is always road traffic noise, which is almost impossible to avoid; that’s why many are pushing the idea of electric vehicles,” says Francesco Aletta, an urban sound planner at University College London. Fortunately, cities are showing slow signs of progress. Last year, New York City fixed noise cameras to track vehicles that break the city’s 85-decibel (分贝) limit. And living walls, like the 30,000-plant exterior (外部) on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany, absorb noise while reducing urban heat. 1．What’s the purpose of Lehmann’s work? A．To integrate silence into daily routines. B．To advocate regulating noise pollution. C．To keep the daily stress levels under control. D．To break the balance between silence and chaos. 2．Which movement is suitable for quiet-seekers? A．Joining in a silent outdoor activity. B．Paying a visit to public destinations. C．Participating in loud dance workouts. D．Attending a competitive marathon event. 3．How are cities addressing the road traffic noise? A．By cutting down urban heat. B．By applying innovative practice. C．By breaking the city’s decibel limit. D．By banning all vehicles from urban areas. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The common activities of extreme quiet-seeking. B．How the technology worsens urban noise pollution. C．How people seek quietness and reduce noise pollution. D．The rising popularity of silent activities in communities. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人们通过各种方式寻求安静，如参加安静的活动、进行静修等，同时也介绍了城市为减少噪音污染所采取的措施。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“She notes her goal is to strike a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life, which is becoming more achievable through quiet - seeking movements. (她指出，她的目标是在和平与日常生活的混乱之间取得平衡，通过寻求安静的运动，这一点越来越容易实现。)”可知，Lehmann的工作目标是在平静和日常生活的混乱之间找到平衡，将安静融入日常生活中。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“For many people, however, it’s a good idea to enjoy something like sitting in a local park without technology for 10 minutes, or attending a silent yoga class. (然而，对许多人来说，在当地的公园里坐10分钟，不带任何科技产品，或者参加一个无声的瑜伽课，都是一个不错的主意。)”以及第三段中“Meetup organizations like Peace in the Wild which connects nature enthusiasts through outdoor recreation, have turned hiking into a meditative group activity. (像“野外和平”这样的聚会组织通过户外娱乐活动将自然爱好者联系起来，把徒步旅行变成了一种冥想的团体活动。)”可推知，参加安静的户外活动适合寻求安静的人。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Last year, New York City fixed noise cameras to track vehicles that break the city’s 85-decibel (分贝) limit. And living walls, like the 30,000-plant exterior (外部) on an office building in Dusseldorf, Germany, absorb noise while reducing urban heat. (去年，纽约市安装了噪音摄像头，以追踪超过该市85分贝限制的车辆。而生活墙，就像德国杜塞尔多夫一栋办公楼的3万株植物外墙，在吸收噪音的同时减少了城市的热量。)”可知，城市通过安装噪音摄像头和使用绿植墙等创新方法来解决道路交通噪音问题。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Given that overexposure to noise pollution can result in health issues, some escape the noise by traveling for silence, but quiet time at home is just as crucial. “Small pockets of silence in daily life can help us regulate stress,” says psychologist Olga Lehmann whose work centers on silence. She notes her goal is to strike a balance between peace and the chaos of everyday life, which is becoming more achievable through quiet-seeking movements. (考虑到过度暴露于噪音污染会导致健康问题，一些人通过旅行来躲避噪音，但在家的安静时间同样至关重要。“在日常生活中，一小段安静的时间可以帮助我们调节压力，”心理学家Olga Lehmann说，她的工作主要集中在安静上。她指出，她的目标是在和平与日常生活的混乱之间取得平衡，通过寻求安静的运动，这一点越来越容易实现。)”可知，文章主要讲述了人们通过各种方式寻求安静，如参加安静的活动、进行静修等，同时也介绍了城市为减少噪音污染所采取的措施，由此可知，这篇文章的主旨是“人们如何寻求安静，减少噪音污染。”故选C项。 主题03 人与社会——社会关系与互动 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东烟台·期中） Contrary to the general opinion that larger group size lessens cooperation, new research shows adaptive relationships and inborn socially positive desires enable humans to succeed in larger social circles. As social creatures, humans heavily rely on teamwork and can form larger and more complex groups than other animals. Traditionally, scientists believed that as groups grow in size, cooperation becomes more difficult. In large groups, listing one connection may not seem significant, and interacting with everyone sufficiently to build trust becomes challenging. Earlier studies intensified this belief. A recent study led by Rei Akaishi at RIKEN Center has turned this assumption on its head, demonstrating larger groups can actually enhance greater cooperation. The researchers conducted an experiment. Participants played a game where players chose between cooperating and acting selfishly. Group sizes ranged from two to six people. Participants were allowed to leave groups they found undesirable or remove uncooperative members. Their brain activity was monitored throughout. The results showed people in larger groups cooperated more frequently and the tendency to cooperate mounted as group size grew. While group size itself didn’t directly promote cooperative behavior, it influenced how people managed memory and made decisions during social interactions. Even when participants struggled to clearly recall past interactions, they often tended to choose to trust or cooperate. This suggests that when memory becomes unclear, people prioritize cooperation over watchfulness, enabling smoother group interactions. Brain scans offered further insights into the decision - making process. Specific brain regions processed memories of past interactions related to feelings of reward, weighing these memories against personal tendencies and guiding decisions about whether a participant should cooperate with someone who might have previously deserted them. When memories were less reliable, the brain appeared to naturally encourage cooperation, perhaps as a way to maintain group harmony. These findings suggest how humans build trust and interact within groups. Rather than relying merely on stable, long - term relationships, the study highlights the benefits of flexible and adaptable social connections for boosting cooperation. This insight is particularly relevant in today’s world, where digital platforms and online communities expand on constantly changing relationships. 1．What’s the common belief about group size and cooperation? A．Bigger groups favor cooperation. B．Group size has no tie with cooperation. C．Bigger groups negatively affect cooperation. D．Group size is determined by cooperation levels. 2．For participants, which action was permitted in the experiment? A．Recording others’ brain activity. B．Changing game rules midway. C．Dominating the entire experiment. D．Kicking out resistant members. 3．What does paragraph 5 focus on? A．How memories determine decision. B．Why humans enjoy a harmonious lifestyle. C．Why the brain can release sensory information. D．How the brain functions in cooperation promotion. 4．What’s the purpose of the author by writing the last paragraph? A．To warn of risks of Internet addiction. B．To illustrate the practical value of the findings. C．To contrast online and offline social behaviors. D．To call for establishing sound social connections. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了最新研究发现人类在较大群体中反而可能展现出更强的合作倾向及其背后的脑机制与记忆作用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Traditionally, scientists believed that as groups grow in size, cooperation becomes more difficult. In large groups, listing one connection may not seem significant, and interacting with everyone sufficiently to build trust becomes challenging. Earlier studies intensified this belief.(传统上，科学家们认为，随着群体规模的扩大，合作变得更加困难。在大群体中，列出一条联系可能看起来并不重要，而与每个人充分互动以建立信任也变得具有挑战性。早期的研究强化了这一观点)”可知，关于群体规模和合作的普遍看法是更大的群体对合作有负面影响。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Participants were allowed to leave groups they found undesirable or remove uncooperative members.(参与者被允许离开他们认为不理想的群体，或移除不合作的成员)”可知，在实验中，参与者被允许踢出不合作的成员。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段中“Brain scans offered further insights into the decision - making process. Specific brain regions processed memories of past interactions related to feelings of reward, weighing these memories against personal tendencies and guiding decisions about whether a participant should cooperate with someone who might have previously deserted them. When memories were less reliable, the brain appeared to naturally encourage cooperation, perhaps as a way to maintain group harmony.(脑部扫描为决策过程提供了进一步的见解。特定的大脑区域会处理与奖励感相关的过去互动的记忆，将这些记忆与个人倾向进行权衡，并指导参与者是否应该与之前可能抛弃过他们的人合作。当记忆不那么可靠时，大脑似乎会自然地鼓励合作，这或许是为了维持群体和谐的一种方式)”可知，第五段主要讲的是大脑在促进合作方面的功能。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“These findings suggest how humans build trust and interact within groups. Rather than relying merely on stable, long - term relationships, the study highlights the benefits of flexible and adaptable social connections for boosting cooperation. This insight is particularly relevant in today’s world, where digital platforms and online communities expand on constantly changing relationships.(这些发现揭示了人类如何在群体中建立信任和互动。这项研究强调了灵活和适应性的社会关系对促进合作的好处，而不仅仅是依赖于稳定的长期关系。在当今世界，数字平台和在线社区在不断变化的关系中不断扩展，这一见解尤为重要)”可知，作者写最后一段的目的是说明这些发现的实用价值。故选B。 主题04 人与自我——自我成长与能力培养 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东济宁·期中） If you’ve ever found yourself scratching (挠) your head over a decision when the answer is obvious, now there’s a scientific reason behind it. “The problem is ‘decision fatigue’ — a psychological phenomenon that influences the quality of your choices after a long day of decision-making, causing indecision or poor choices,” says Evan Polman, assistant professor of marketing at the Wisconsin School of Business. Physicians who have been on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics (开抗生素) to patients when it’s unwise to do so. “Probably it’s because it’s simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says. But interestingly, decision fatigue won’t be an issue when you’re making choices on another’s behalf. By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue. It’s as if there’s something fun and relieving about making someone else’s choice. Getting the best advice, however, will rely on the personality of your adviser. Surprisingly, the best person to ask is someone relatively cool-headed to your circumstances; someone who doubts others and thinks highly of themselves. That’s because a person who cares deeply about others can also suffer from decision fatigue when advising others, presenting the potential for bad advice. “For example, research has found that nurses who are particularly high in sympathy experience career burnout more often than nurses who are less sympathetic,” Polman says. Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process, it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good. “People with decision fatigue will likely choose to go with the current situation, while a change in the course of action can sometimes lead to a positive outcome.” he says. “That’s not to say that risk is always good, but it is related to taking action while decision fatigue certainly leads to inaction.” 1．Which of the following is an example of decision fatigue? A．A lawyer makes weaker judgments after a day of cases. B．A manager approves a project without thorough review. C．A chef follows the usual recipe to make an evening meal. D．A physician advises a patient to drink water after check-up. 2．When do people experience less decision fatigue? A．When they take decision shortcuts. B．When they guide others’ decisions. C．When they encounter major choices. D．When they have advisers to turn to. 3．What makes a better adviser according to the text? A．Experience in giving advice. B．Deep sympathy for others. C．Particular nursing professions. D．Less emotional involvement. 4．What does Polman say about taking risks in decision-making? A．It often ends in regret. B．It promotes taking action. C．It encourages creativity. D．It causes serious consequences. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了决策疲劳的心理现象、其影响及如何通过他人建议缓解这一问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中““The problem is ‘decision fatigue’ — a psychological phenomenon that influences the quality of your choices after a long day of decision-making, causing indecision or poor choices,” says Evan Polman, assistant professor of marketing at the Wisconsin School of Business. (威斯康星大学商学院市场营销助理教授埃文・波尔曼表示：“问题在于‘决策疲劳’——这是一种心理现象，在经历了一整天的决策之后，它会影响你做出选择的质量，导致犹豫不决或做出糟糕的选择。”)”可知，决策疲劳是一种在长时间决策后影响选择质量，导致优柔寡断或糟糕选择的心理现象。A选项中“一名律师在处理了一天的案件后做出了较弱的判断”，符合长时间决策后出现判断质量下降的情况，是决策疲劳的例子。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But interestingly, decision fatigue won’t be an issue when you’re making choices on another’s behalf. By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue.(但有趣的是，当你代表他人做选择时，决策疲劳就不会成为问题。通过扮演顾问而不是决策者的角色，一个人不会遭受决策疲劳的后果。)”可知，当人们指导他人的决策时，经历的决策疲劳较少。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Getting the best advice, however, will rely on the personality of your adviser. Surprisingly, the best person to ask is someone relatively cool-headed to your circumstances; someone who doubts others and thinks highly of themselves. That’s because a person who cares deeply about others can also suffer from decision fatigue when advising others, presenting the potential for bad advice.(然而，获得最好的建议取决于顾问的性格。令人惊讶的是，最适合询问的人是那些相对冷静的人，那些怀疑他人且自视甚高的人。这是因为一个非常关心他人的人在给他人提供建议时，也可能会遭受决策疲劳的困扰，从而有可能给出糟糕的建议。)”可推知，情感卷入较少的人能成为更好的顾问。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““People with decision fatigue will likely choose to go with the current situation, while a change in the course of action can sometimes lead to a positive outcome.” he says. “That’s not to say that risk is always good, but it is related to taking action while decision fatigue certainly leads to inaction.”(“有决策疲劳的人很可能会选择维持现状，而行动过程中的改变有时会带来积极的结果。”他说，“这并不是说冒险总是好的，但它与采取行动有关，而决策疲劳肯定会导致不作为。”)”可推知，波尔曼认为在决策中冒险能促进采取行动。故选B。 主题05 人与自我——生活方式与身心健康 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东日照·期中） That satisfying feeling after doomscrolling through endless TikTok videos or impulsively shopping online mimics the relief of scratching an itch. This is dopamine (多巴胺) at work — a brain chemical responsible for feelings of reward and accomplishment. Whether engaging in viral videos or new hobbies, dopamine creates a sense of achievement that keeps us coming back for more. However, reliance on these dopamine hits can lead to lasting brain changes, particularly in teenagers and young adults. This is what my team and I at London Southbank University study. We investigated which brain regions and connections change due to increased social media engagement — or “dopa-mining”, as we call it. Using social media lights up the same parts of your brain as other addictions, such as drugs, alcohol and gambling. Scientists have found that every time you get a “like”, or even watch a video you enjoy, your brain’s reward system gets activated. This is the same system that makes people feel pleasure when they win money or eat their favorite snack. But here’s the catch: the more you use social media, the harder it can be for your brain to resist it. It’s like training your brain to long for those dopamine hits — just like an addiction. Ever wonder why social media feels so addictive? It’s because your brain starts trimming neurons (修剪神经元), a bit like cutting away extra branches on a tree, to make the “reward pathway” faster. This sounds efficient, but it’s not great. The shorter pathway means your brain can “feel” rewards faster, but we know from research that it can also make you more excited and less able to stop yourself from scrolling. Over time, this trimming can cut down the size of certain brain areas, which are key for controlling emotions and making decisions. 1．What does the underlined word “doomscrolling” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Scrolling through a lot of negative news. B．Scrolling through various videos for creation. C．Scrolling long through social media aimlessly. D．Scrolling through specific contents to gain knowledge. 2．What does the author’s team at London Southbank University study? A．Ways to engage in new hobbies. B．Dopamine production in the brain. C．Brain regions affected by social media. D．Similarities among different addictions. 3．What is the result of the brain trimming? A．It enables people to make wise decisions. B．It helps people better control their emotions. C．It strengthens the links between brain regions. D．It makes the size of certain brain areas smaller. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．The functions of dopamine in the brain. B．The benefits of social media engagement. C．The exploration into brain’s reward system. D．The lasting effects of social media on the brain. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体对大脑的影响，特别是多巴胺在其中的作用，以及过度使用社交媒体可能导致的长期大脑变化。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“That satisfying feeling after doomscrolling through endless TikTok videos or impulsively shopping online mimics the relief of scratching an itch. (在无穷无尽的 TikTok 视频中doomscrolling或冲动性网购后产生的满足感，类似于挠痒后获得的舒缓感。)”“doomscrolling”与“impulsively shopping online(冲动性网购)”并列，描述一种无意识的行为，且通过“endless TikTok videos(无穷无尽的TikTok视频)”可知，是长时间、无目的的浏览。由此可知，doomscrolling意为“长时间漫无目的地浏览社交媒体”。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“This is what my team and I at London Southbank University study. We investigated which brain regions and connections change due to increased social media engagement — or “dopa-mining”, as we call it.(这是我和我在伦敦南岸大学的团队所研究的。我们调查了由于社交媒体参与度的增加，哪些大脑区域和连接发生了变化——我们称之为“多巴胺挖掘”。)”可知，作者在伦敦南岸大学的团队研究的是受社交媒体影响的大脑区域。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Over time, this trimming can cut down the size of certain brain areas, which are key for controlling emotions and making decisions.(随着时间的推移，这种修剪会缩小某些大脑区域的大小，而这些区域对于控制情绪和做出决策至关重要。)”可知，大脑修剪的结果是使某些大脑区域的大小变小。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“However, reliance on these dopamine hits can lead to lasting brain changes, particularly in teenagers and young adults. This is what my team and I at London Southbank University study.(然而，依赖这些多巴胺刺激会导致大脑发生长期变化，尤其是在青少年和年轻人中。这是我和我在伦敦南岸大学的团队所研究的。)”可知，本文主要讲述的是社交媒体对大脑的长期影响。故选D。 主题06 人与自然——生态保护与平衡 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东威海·期中） Turn on a light outside at night, and it won’t be long before lots of insects start gathering around it. This behavior has led to a popular comparison for attraction, “like a moth to a flame.” However, according to a new study, it turns out that insects aren’t “attracted” to artificial lights, but rather confused by it. The new finding is based on a theory about insect orientation (定位). Due to their small and lightweight bodies, insects experience less air resistance, allowing them to achieve higher accelerations (加速度), which in turn makes it challenging for them to sense up and down during flight. So, they typically rely on stable light sources like the moon and stars to orient themselves at night, keeping the sky at their backs to stay upright. However, the introduction of artificial lights confuses their natural sense of direction. The insects you see circling street lights, in other words, are probably lost. To reach these conclusions, scientists used high-resolution cameras to film insects flying around artificial lights in Costa Rica. They also attached tiny sensors to insects and filmed motion-capture videos of them in flight. In this way, researchers can slow down the insects’ pace and study their movements in greater detail. The videos showed insects turning their backs toward sources of artificial light—even at the price of flipping over or crashing. This can be dangerous for insects, as circling around artificial lights can put them at risk from enemies, exhaustion, and starvation, causing many to die before morning. Night artificial light is a major cause of insect population loss, which could severely impact crop pollination and food supplies for larger animals, including humans. “Insects have been flying around for 370 million years, and it’s just in the last 150 years that it’s really gone wrong for them,” says entomologist Samuel Fabian. “If we don’t want to influence large amounts of insect populations, we should not have lights shining up into the sky.” 1．Why do insects circle street lights according to scientists? A．They are attracted by street lights. B．They can sense up and down more easily. C．They experience less air resistance around street lights. D．They can’t find their way due to the disturbance of street lights. 2．How did the scientists conduct the experiment? A．By detecting the living environment of insects. B．By making videos to study insects’ movements. C．By monitoring the insects’ brain activity during flight. D．By building models to analyze insects’ motion patterns. 3．Why does the author mention Fabian’s words in the last paragraph? A．To stress the long history of insect flight. B．To appeal to people to reduce light pollution. C．To show the importance of insects to food supplies. D．To remind people of the influence human activities have on insects. 4．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．How Artificial Lights Impact the Ecosystem B．What Leads to the Loss of Insect Populations C．How Insects Locate Themselves in the Flight D．What’s the Truth Behind Moths Flying to Flames 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现：昆虫并非被人造光源吸引，而是被其迷惑。文中解释了昆虫依靠月亮和星星等稳定光源定位，而人造光扰乱了它们的方向感，导致其绕着路灯盘旋，这也会对昆虫种群造成危害，最后呼吁减少光污染。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“However, the introduction of artificial lights confuses their natural sense of direction. The insects you see circling street lights, in other words, are probably lost(然而，人造光的引入扰乱了它们天生的方向感。换句话说，你看到的绕着路灯盘旋的昆虫可能是迷路了)”可知，人造光扰乱了昆虫的自然方向感，它们绕着路灯盘旋是因为迷失了方向，即由于路灯的干扰而找不到路。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“To reach these conclusions, scientists used high - resolution cameras to film insects flying around artificial lights in Costa Rica. They also attached tiny sensors to insects and filmed motion - capture videos of them in flight(为了得出这些结论，科学家们使用高分辨率相机拍摄了哥斯达黎加昆虫在人造光周围飞行的画面。他们还在昆虫身上安装了微型传感器，并拍摄了它们飞行时的动作捕捉视频)”以及第四段“In this way, researchers can slow down the insects’ pace and study their movements in greater detail(通过这种方式，研究人员可以放慢昆虫的速度，更详细地研究它们的动作)”可知，科学家通过用高分辨率相机拍摄昆虫在人造光周围飞行的视频，还在昆虫身上安装微型传感器并拍摄它们飞行的动作捕捉视频，即通过制作视频来研究昆虫的动作。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Insects have been flying around for 370 million years, and it’s just in the last 150 years that it’s really gone wrong for them(昆虫已经飞行了3.7亿年，而就在过去的150年里，它们的情况真的变糟了)”以及“If we don’t want to influence large amounts of insect populations, we should not have lights shining up into the sky(如果我们不想影响大量的昆虫种群，我们就不应该让灯光照向天空)”可知，在过去的150年里，昆虫的飞行情况变糟了，如果我们不想影响大量的昆虫种群，我们就不应该让灯光照向天空，可推理出作者引用Fabian的话是为了呼吁人们减少光污染。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, according to a new study, it turns out that insects aren’t “attracted” to artificial lights, but rather confused by it.(然而，根据一项新研究，事实证明昆虫并不是被人造光“吸引”，而是被其迷惑了)”、第三段“However, the introduction of artificial lights confuses their natural sense of direction. The insects you see circling street lights, in other words, are probably lost(然而，人造光的引入扰乱了它们天生的方向感。换句话说，你看到的绕着路灯盘旋的昆虫可能是迷路了)”、最后一段“Insects have been flying around for 370 million years, and it’s just in the last 150 years that it’s really gone wrong for them(昆虫已经飞行了3.7亿年，而就在过去的150年里，它们的情况真的变糟了)”以及“If we don’t want to influence large amounts of insect populations, we should not have lights shining up into the sky(如果我们不想影响大量的昆虫种群，我们就不应该让灯光照向天空)”可知，文章开头提到人们常说“像飞蛾扑火一样”，但新研究表明昆虫并非被人造光吸引，而是被迷惑，接着具体解释了原因，所以文章主要探讨的是飞蛾扑火背后的真相。D项“What’s the Truth Behind Moths Flying to Flames(飞蛾扑火背后的真相是什么)”可以作为最佳标题，故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东烟台·期中） Seaweed is getting more attention as researchers uncover its health benefits, its use as a food source, and its value to the environment. A research team from the University of Sussex has combined all its advantages into a biodegradable, edible electronic health monitor. “Watching MasterChef, a UK competitive television cooking show, I got inspired to use seaweed in the lab,” says Dr Boland, a materials physics lecturer at the University of Sussex. “Seaweed, when used to thicken desserts, gives them a soft and bouncy structure, favoured by vegetarians to replace gelatina, a clear flavourless material that can solidify when cooled. It got me thinking: what if we could do that with sensing technology?” Seaweed itself doesn’t conduct electricity, but the researchers produced an electrically conductive film by means of adding graphene (石墨烯) to a seaweed mixture. The film quickly absorbs water when placed in a salt bath, forming a hydrogel (凝胶), which can effectively sense pressure, making it a good candidate for monitoring things like heart rate and temperature. “The healthcare industry has always depended on unsustainable rubber or plastic to create wearable monitoring devices, which can put human health at risk from microplastics leaking into water sources as they break down,” says Boland. “In contrast, our Sussex sensor is fully biodegradable as well as highly effective.” Electronics that may be consumed and digested can carry out various beneficial tasks inside the body. The natural composition also places them within the emerging scientific field of eatable electronics. “Future uses of clinical-grade wearable sensors might just be like a second skin: lightweight, easy to apply, and safe due to their all-natural elements. The advancement of Boland’s team will dramatically transform health monitoring technology, which will vastly upgrade the entire patient experience while removing the need for hospital tools, wires and leads,” expressed Dr. Sue Baxter, Director of Innovation and Business Partnerships at the University of Sussex. 1．What do the underlined words “do that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Employ seaweed. B．Cook British cuisine. C．Turn liquid into solid. D．Get favor from vegetarians. 2．The seaweed mixture would not conduct electricity if ____. A．not left in salt water B．not combined with graphene C．it didn’t generate a hydrogel D．it couldn’t sense enough pressure 3．What makes the Sussex sensor special according to Boland? A．Its function. B．Its appearance. C．Its material. D．Its cost-effectiveness. 4．Which of the following best describes the future impact of the advancement? A．Unidentified. B．Insignificant. C．Game-changing. D．Short-lived. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国研究团队利用海藻和石墨烯开发出可食用、可降解的电子健康监测设备，具有环保与医疗双重价值。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“‘Watching MasterChef, a UK competitive television cooking show, I got inspired to use seaweed in the lab,’ says Dr Boland, a materials physics lecturer at the University of Sussex. (‘观看英国电视烹饪比赛节目《厨艺大师》时，我受到了启发，想在实验室里使用海藻，’苏塞克斯大学材料物理学讲师博兰博士说。)”以及“It got me thinking: what if we could do that with sensing technology? (这让我开始思考：如果我们能把这项技术用于传感技术呢？)”可知，此处“do that”指的是使用海藻，即利用海藻的特性进行传感技术的开发。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Seaweed itself doesn’t conduct electricity, but the researchers produced an electrically conductive film by means of adding graphene (石墨烯) to a seaweed mixture.  (海藻本身不导电，但研究人员通过在海藻混合物中添加石墨烯制成了一种导电薄膜。)”可知，如果海藻混合物没有与石墨烯结合，它就不会导电。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“‘The healthcare industry has always depended on unsustainable rubber or plastic to create wearable monitoring devices, which can put human health at risk from microplastics leaking into water sources as they break down,’ says Boland. ‘In contrast, our Sussex sensor is fully biodegradable as well as highly effective.’ (博兰说：‘医疗保健行业一直依赖不可持续的橡胶或塑料来制造可穿戴监测设备，这些设备在分解时，微塑料会泄漏到水源中，从而使人类健康面临风险。相比之下，我们苏塞克斯大学研发的传感器不仅完全可生物降解，而且非常有效。’)”可知，博兰认为Sussex传感器的特别之处在于它的材料，即可生物降解。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘Future uses of clinical-grade wearable sensors might just be like a second skin: lightweight, easy to apply, and safe due to their all-natural elements. The advancement of Boland’s team will dramatically transform health monitoring technology, which will vastly upgrade the entire patient experience while removing the need for hospital tools, wires and leads,’ expressed Dr. Sue Baxter, Director of Innovation and Business Partnerships at the University of Sussex. (苏塞克斯大学创新与商业合作主任苏·巴克斯特博士表示：‘未来临床级可穿戴传感器的使用可能就像第二层皮肤一样：轻便、易于使用，而且由于其天然成分而安全。博兰团队的进步将彻底改变健康监测技术，这将极大地提升整个患者的体验，同时消除对医院工具、电线和导线的需求。’)”可推知，这种进步的未来影响是具有变革性的，即“Game-changing”。故选C。 主题07 人与自然——自然规律与探索 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东临沂·期中） Global sea levels experienced an unexpected acceleration in 2024, primarily driven by thermal (热的) expansion — the phenomenon of seawater expanding as it absorbs heat. NASA data revealed an annual rise of 0.23 inches, surpassing the predicted 0.17 inches. “While natural fluctuations exist, the long-term trend is clear: rising speeds are increasing,” stated NASA researcher Josh Willis. Historically, melting ice sheets contributed two-thirds of sea level rise, with thermal expansion accounting for the remaining third. However, 2024 saw a role reversal (逆转): thermal expansion became responsible for two-thirds of the increase. Scientists attribute this shift to record-breaking global temperatures, which pushed ocean heat content and sea surface heights to 30-year highs. Satellite observations since 1993 show the annual rise rate has more than doubled, resulting in a 4-inch global increase over three decades. Continuous satellite monitoring, from the TOPEX/Poseidon mission (1992) to the recently launched Sentinel-6 (2020), ensures data accuracy. The upcoming Sentinel-6B satellite will extend this critical record into the 2030s. Thermal expansion occurs as absorbed heat enters ocean layers. Typically, seawater forms stable layer based on temperature and density. While surface heat transfers slowly to deeper waters, vertical mixing in high-wind zones like the Southern Ocean disrupts (破坏) this pattern. Climate phenomena such as El Nino — characterized by eastward shifts of warm Pacific waters — can also force heat downward, accelerating thermal expansion. 1．What was the main contributor to sea level rise in 2024? A．Accelerated ice sheet melting. B．Increasing rainfall over oceans. C．Changes in ocean current directions. D．Heat-induced expansion of seawater. 2．What do the satellite records indicate about sea level changes? A．Recent slowing of annual rise. B．Over 30 years of observations. C．Data collection began in 2020. D．Complete reliance on European satellite systems. 3．The term “vertical mixing” in Paragraph 4 refers to ______. A．heat exchange between ocean depths and surface B．the layered temperature distribution in deep oceans C．horizontal (水平) movement of warm surface waters D．rapid melting of polar ice caps due to temperature and density 4．What is the major purpose of the article? A．To warn about terrible climate tipping points. B．To compare satellite measurement technologies. C．To analyze causes and patterns of rising sea levels. D．To promote international cooperation in ocean research. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章基于NASA数据，揭示了2024年全球海平面加速上升的主因从冰盖融化转为海水热膨胀，并通过30年卫星观测数据验证这一趋势，同时解析海洋热量垂直传递的物理机制。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Global sea levels experienced an unexpected acceleration in 2024, primarily driven by thermal (热的) expansion — the phenomenon of seawater expanding as it absorbs heat. (2024年全球海平面出现意外加速上升，主要原因是海水热膨胀——即海水吸收热量后体积膨胀的现象)”可知，其主因是海水的热膨胀。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Satellite observations since 1993 show the annual rise rate has more than doubled, resulting in a 4-inch global increase over three decades. (自1993年以来的卫星观测数据显示，海平面年均上升速率已增长一倍以上，导致全球海平面在过去三十年间累计上升了约4英寸)”可知，卫星记录显示了30年来海平面观测的变化。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“Thermal expansion occurs as absorbed heat enters ocean layers. Typically, seawater forms stable layer based on temperature and density. While surface heat transfers slowly to deeper waters (当吸收的热量进入海洋各层时，就会发生热膨胀现象。通常情况下，海水会根据温度和密度形成稳定的分层结构。虽然表层热量向深海水域传递的过程较为缓慢)”和下文“disrupts (破坏) this pattern (打破这一模式)”可知，此处详细解释热膨胀发生的机制，能够打破表层热量向深层传递缓慢模式，从而让热量进入各层的应该是“海洋深处和海洋表面之间的热交换”。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章的首段指出海平面上升加速这一现象，第二段分析热膨胀是其主导原因，第三段展示卫星观测趋势，第四段解释热膨胀机制。因此，文章的主要目的是分析海平面上升的原因和模式。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东菏泽·期中） Throughout history, lions have represented courage and strength. Lions live in groups called prides, and the size of a pride depends on food availability, but a typical pride includes one to three males, a dozen females, and their cubs or young lions. Males are larger than females (lionesses). A lion’s body ranges in length from 4.5 to 6.5 feet, with a tail from 26 to 40 inches. Both males and females are powerful, muscular cats with rounded heads and ears. Only adult male lions display a brown, rust, or black mane (鼠毛) which extends down the neck and chest. Lions’ diet consists of more than 70% meat. Lions prefer to hunt big animals including zebra, buffalo, and giraffe. They usually avoid very large(elephant) and very small(monkey) prey (猎物), but they’ll take farm animals. Lions most often hunt at dawn or dusk, but can adapt to their prey to change their schedule. When hunting, lionesses run from more than one direction to catch fleeing animals. Usually, prey is consumed at the hunting site. Male lions tend to be four or five years old before winning a challenge and joining a pride. When a new male takes over a pride, he usually kills the youngest generation of cubs and drives away the adolescents. Most adult lions are killed by humans or other lions, although some die from injuries while hunting. Usually, about 80% of cubs die, but those that survive to adulthood may live to be 10 to 14 years of age. Some cubs are killed by hyenas and wild dogs. The lion is listed as “vulnerable (易危的)” on the IUCN Red List. The wild population decreased by approximately 43% from 1993 to 2014. Although lions can tolerate a wide range of habitats, they are threatened because people continue to kill them and because of the lack of prey. 1．What do we know about lions according to paragraph 1? A．They are social animals. B．They all have a nice mane. C．They are known for their powerful tails. D．They have the same head and ear size. 2．How do lions typically get food? A．By hunting on big farms. B．By hiding close to their prey. C．By using tools to trap their prey. D．By catching their prey cooperatively. 3．What can be learned about cubs in paragraph 3? A．They tend to live a very long life. B．Most of them are killed by other animals. C．They face many threats before adulthood. D．They are carefully protected by their parents. 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The shortage of available prey. B．Threatened habitats for lions. C．The tough situation of the wild lion. D．Endangered animals on the IUCN Red List. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了狮子这一物种的相关信息，包括它们在历史中的象征意义、狮群的构成、狮子的体型特征、饮食习惯、狩猎方式、狮子的生命周期以及它们所面临的生存威胁等。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Lions live in groups called prides, and the size of a pride depends on food availability, but a typical pride includes one to three males, a dozen females, and their cubs or young lions.(狮子群居生活，它们的群体被称为狮群。狮群的规模取决于食物的可获取量，不过一个典型的狮群通常包括一到三只雄狮、十几只雌狮，以及它们的幼崽或小狮子。)”可知，狮子群居生活，它们的群体被称为狮群，一个典型的狮群包含一到三只雄狮、十几只雌狮以及它们的幼崽或小狮子。也就是说，狮子是群居动物。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“When hunting, lionesses run from more than one direction to catch fleeing animals. Usually, prey is consumed at the hunting site.(捕猎时，母狮会从多个方向发起进攻，以围捕那些逃窜的动物。通常情况下，猎物会在捕猎地点被吃掉。)”可知，狮子在捕猎时，母狮会从多个方向奔跑来围捕逃窜的动物，这体现了狮子通过合作来捕捉猎物。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most adult lions are killed by humans or other lions, although some die from injuries while hunting. Usually, about 80% of cubs die, but those that survive to adulthood may live to be 10 to 14 years of age. Some cubs are killed by hyenas and wild dogs.(大多数成年狮子会被人类或其他狮子杀死，不过也有一些狮子是在捕猎时因受伤而死亡。一般来说，大约80%的幼崽会夭折，但那些存活到成年的狮子可能会活到10到14岁。也有一些幼崽会被鬣狗和野狗杀死。)”可知，大部分幼崽会夭折，有些会被鬣狗和野狗杀死，新的雄狮接管狮群时也会杀死最年幼的幼崽，所以幼崽在成年之前面临着许多威胁。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“The lion is listed as “vulnerable (易危的)” on the IUCN Red List. The wild population decreased by approximately 43% from 1993 to 2014. Although lions can tolerate a wide range of habitats, they are threatened because people continue to kill them and because of the lack of prey(狮子在世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录中被列为“易危”物种。从1993年到2014年，野生狮子的数量大约减少了43%。尽管狮子能够适应多种多样的栖息地，但它们仍然受到威胁，这是因为人类持续捕杀它们，并且它们的猎物也越来越少。)”可知，狮子在世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录中被列为“易危”物种，从1993年到2014年野生狮子数量大约减少了43%，尽管狮子能适应多种栖息地，但它们因人类捕杀和猎物缺乏而受到威胁。整体在讲述野生狮子所面临的艰难处境。故选C。 主题01 人与社会——科技与社会应用 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东济宁·期中） Sight, hearing, “mental” processing... many robots already have all these properties, but touch was one of the debts of the robotic world. A team of Chinese experts has developed a new robot that is capable of touching leaves of plants with an electrode (电极)。 Rather than make physical contact with a plant, existing devices obtain relatively limited information using visual approaches, which are easily influenced by factors such as lighting conditions. So Song Zhongqian and his team developed a new robot that touches plants using an approach inspired by human skin, with structures working together in a hierarchical (分层的) way to gain information through touch. When an electrode in the robot makes contact with a leaf, the device learns about the plant by measuring several properties. The properties include the amount of charge that can be stored at a given voltage (电压), how difficult it is for the electrical current to move through the leaf, and the contact force as the robot grasps the leaf. Next, these data are processed in order to classify the plant, since different data for each measurement relate to different plant species and stages of growth. “The robot has certain demerits, despite the fact that it shows vast potential applications in fields ranging from ecological studies to plant disease detection,” says Song. For example, the device is not yet capable enough to consistently identify types of plants with complicated structures like needle-like leaves. This could be addressed by improving the design of the robot’s electrode. The researchers plan to expand more plants the robot can recognize by collecting data from a wider variety of species, boosting the plant species database they use. Eventually, farmers and agricultural researchers could use the robot to monitor the health and growth of crops and to make tailored decisions about how much water and nutrition to give their plants and how to approach the control of annoying insects. 1．How is the new robot different from existing devices? A．It adopts visual technology to recognize plants. B．It works under specific lighting conditions. C．It collects physical information of plants. D．It uses the electrode to touch plants. 2．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A．The process of the robot identifying plants. B．The uniqueness of plants’ electrical properties. C．The complexity of gathering plants’ properties. D．The critical stages during plants’ growing period. 3．What does the underlined word “demerits” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Significance. B．Flexibility. C．Limitations. D．Functions. 4．How will the robot help farmers and agricultural researchers in the future? A．By replacing human labor in agriculture. B．By developing various plant species. C．By discovering unidentified insects. D．By facilitating crop management. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了中国专家研发的新型触觉机器人。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A team of Chinese experts has developed a new robot that is capable of touching leaves of plants with an electrode (电极)。(一个中国专家团队研发出了一款新型机器人，这款机器人能够用电极触碰植物的叶子)”以及第二段的“Rather than make physical contact with a plant, existing devices obtain relatively limited information using visual approaches, which are easily influenced by factors such as lighting conditions.(现有设备不是与植物进行物理接触，而是使用视觉方法获取相对有限的信息，这些方法很容易受到照明条件等因素的影响)”可知，新型机器人与现有设备的不同之处在于它使用电极触摸植物。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“When an electrode in the robot makes contact with a leaf, the device learns about the plant by measuring several properties. The properties include the amount of charge that can be stored at a given voltage (电压), how difficult it is for the electrical current to move through the leaf, and the contact force as the robot grasps the leaf. Next, these data are processed in order to classify the plant, since different data for each measurement relate to different plant species and stages of growth.(当机器人中的电极与叶子接触时，该设备通过测量几种特性来了解植物。这些特性包括在给定电压下可以储存的电荷量，电流通过叶子的困难程度，以及机器人抓住叶子时的接触力。接下来，对这些数据进行处理，以便对植物进行分类，因为每次测量的不同数据与不同的植物种类和生长阶段有关。)”可知，本段主要讲述了机器人识别植物的过程。故选A。 3．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“despite the fact that it shows vast potential applications in fields ranging from ecological studies to plant disease detection,” says Song. For example, the device is not yet capable enough to consistently identify types of plants with complicated structures like needle-like leaves. This could be addressed by improving the design of the robot’s electrode.(尽管事实上它在从生态学研究到植物病害检测等领域显示出巨大的潜在应用，”Song说。例如，该设备还不足以始终如一地识别具有针状叶子等复杂结构的植物类型。这可以通过改进机器人电极的设计来解决。)”可知，尽管机器人有很大的应用潜力，但也有不足，比如不能很好地识别复杂结构的植物。所以demerits意思是“局限性”。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Eventually, farmers and agricultural researchers could use the robot to monitor the health and growth of crops and to make tailored decisions about how much water and nutrition to give their plants and how to approach the control of annoying insects.(最终，农民和农业研究人员可以利用该机器人来监测农作物的健康和生长状况，并就给予植物多少水分和营养，以及如何防治恼人的害虫做出量身定制的决策)”可知，未来该机器人将通过促进作物管理来帮助农民和农业研究人员。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东临沂·期中） By accident, researchers have photographed Venus' surface from space for the first time. Though the planet's rocky body is hidden beneath the thick clouds, telescopes aboard NASA's Parker Solar Probe (帕克太阳探测器) managed to capture (捕捉) the first visible-light images of the surface taken from space, researchers reported in the February 16 Geophysical Research Letters. “We've never actually seen the surface through the clouds at these wavelengths before, ”said Lori Glaze, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division, on February 10. Though the Parker Solar Probe was built to study the sun, it must make regular flybys of Venus. The planet's gravity pulls the probe, tightening its orbit and bringing it closer to the sun. Those assists from Venus helped the spacecraft (航天器) make headlines when it became the first probe to enter the sun's atmosphere. It was during two such flybys in July 2020 and February2021 that the probe's WISPR telescopes captured the new images. While WISPR found Venus' dayside too bright to image, it was able to recognize extensive surface features, through the clouds on the nightside. The photographs show a planet is so hot that it looks much like red-hot iron, said Brian Wood, an astrophysicist at the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D．C． , and a co-author of the paper. “The pattern of bright and dark that you see is basically a temperature map,” he said — brighter regions are hotter and darker regions are cooler. This pattern correlates well with topographic maps (地形图) previously produced from radar and infrared (雷达和红外线) surveys. Highlands appear dark and lowlands appear bright, Wood said. The images came as NASA prepared to launch two missions to Venus. “The new photographs”, Wood said, “may help in the interpretation of the observations taken in the future from these new missions. ” 1．How did the researchers photograph Venus' surface from space? A．By detecting wavelengths. B．By looking for thick clouds. C．By tracking Venus' rocky body. D．By using the Parker Solar Probe. 2．What helped the spacecraft enter the sun's atmosphere? A．Venus' gravity. B．The sun's assists. C．Its slowing down. D．Its flybys of the sun. 3．What can we learn from Wood's words about the photographs? A．They were taken by infrared and radar. B．They fail to reveal Venus' surface features. C．Brighter areas represent higher temperatures. D．Darker colors mean lowlands in the topography. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．NASA prepared to finish two missions to Venus B．Parker Solar Probe has further explored Venus' surface C．The secrets of Venus' surface uncovered by researchers D．The first visible-light images of Venus' surface taken from space 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了帕克太阳探测器首次从太空拍摄到金星表面的可见光图像。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Though the planet's rocky body is hidden beneath the thick clouds, telescopes aboard NASA's Parker Solar Probe (帕克太阳探测器) managed to capture (捕捉) the first visible-light images of the surface taken from space, researchers reported in the February 16 Geophysical Research Letters.(研究人员在2月16日的《地球物理研究快报》中报告，尽管这颗行星的岩石表面被厚厚的云层覆盖，但美国宇航局的帕克太阳探测器上的望远镜成功捕捉到了从太空拍摄的金星表面的第一张可见光图像。)”可知，研究人员是通过帕克太阳探测器拍摄到金星表面的。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The planet's gravity pulls the probe, tightening its orbit and bringing it closer to the sun. Those assists from Venus helped the spacecraft (航天器) make headlines when it became the first probe to enter the sun's atmosphere.(金星的引力将探测器拉近，使其轨道更紧，从而更接近太阳。正是这些来自金星的助力帮助这艘航天器成为首个进入太阳大气层的探测器，从而并登上了新闻头条。)”可知，是金星的引力帮助航天器进入太阳大气层。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段““The pattern of bright and dark that you see is basically a temperature map,” he said — brighter regions are hotter and darker regions are cooler. This pattern correlates well with topographic maps (地形图) previously produced from radar and infrared (雷达和红外线) surveys. Highlands appear dark and lowlands appear bright, Wood said(Wood说道：“你看到的明暗模式基本上就是一张温度图——较亮区域更热，较暗区域更冷。这种模式与之前通过雷达和红外线测量得到的地形图非常吻合。高地呈现深色，低地呈现亮色。”)”可知，较亮区更热，因此较亮区域代表较高温度。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Though the planet's rocky body is hidden beneath the thick clouds, telescopes aboard NASA's Parker Solar Probe (帕克太阳探测器) managed to capture (捕捉) the first visible-light images of the surface taken from space, researchers reported in the February 16 Geophysical Research Letters.(研究人员在2月16日的《地球物理研究快报》中报告，尽管这颗行星的岩石表面被厚厚的云层覆盖，但美国宇航局的帕克太阳探测器上的望远镜成功捕捉到了从太空拍摄的金星表面的第一张可见光图像。)”以及后文的介绍可知，文章主要介绍了帕克太阳探测器首次从太空拍摄到金星表面的可见光图像。故D项“从太空拍摄到金星表面的第一张可见光图像”符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·山东部分学校·期中） Researchers at Columbia University have developed a new artificial intelligence (AI) (人工智能) method that can accurately predict gene (基因) activity in any human cell (细胞), essentially revealing the cell’s inner mechanisms. Detailed in the latest issue of Nature, this system has the potential to change how scientists study cancer, genetic disorders, and other diseases. “Predictive generalizable computational models allow to uncover biological processes in a fast and accurate way. These methods can effectively conduct large-scale computational experiments, boosting and guiding traditional experimental approaches,” says Raul Rabadan, senior author of the new paper. Traditional biological methods show how cells function or respond to changes, but they lack the ability to forecast these processes. Recent advances in AI and massive biological data collections are making this change possible. However, using AI to forecast gene activity inside cells has been a greater challenge — until now. Rabadan’s team developed an AI model trained on gene expression data from over 1.3 million normal human cells. Unlike earlier models trained on limited data, this system uses genetic information and accessibility data to forecast which genes are active in any cell. The process is similar to how language models like MindLink, an AI chat tool, work: It learns patterns from data and applies them to new situations. Testing showed the model could accurately forecast gene activity in cell types it had not encountered, matching experimental results closely. The researchers applied the AI model to study pediatric leukemia, a childhood cancer caused by inherited mutations (遗传变异). The model predicted how these mutations disturb critical processes in cells, a finding later confirmed through experiments. This understanding highlights the specific mechanisms driving the disease. The AI model could also reveal unexplored regions of the genome, often linked to cancer. These “dark” regions do not code for proteins but may play key roles in disease. Already, Rabadan is working with researchers at Columbia and other universities, exploring different cancers, from brain to blood cancers, learning the grammar of regulation in normal cells, and how cells change in the process of cancer development. 1．What is a problem about traditional biological methods? A．They are difficult to combine with AI. B．They can’t forecast how cells work. C．They are expensive in plenty of research. D．They hardly collect massive biological data. 2．Why does the author mention MindLink in paragraph 4? A．To remove public doubts about AI chat tools. B．To introduce the disadvantages of AI chat tools. C．To explain the experimental results from Rabadan’s team. D．To clarify how the AI model developed by Rabadan’s team functions. 3．What does paragraph 5 mainly stress about the new AI model? A．Its popularity. B．Its application value. C．Its complexity. D．Its design inspiration. 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．New AI Model Exposes Secrets of Human Cells B．Scientists Unlock the Secret of Blood Cancers C．Advances in AI Fuel a Heated Debate in Biology D．AI Tools Are Widely Used to Treat Rare Diseases 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哥伦比亚大学团队开发了一种能精准预测人类细胞基因活动的AI模型，通过分析130万细胞数据揭示细胞内部机制，并在儿科白血病研究中验证其应用潜力，为疾病研究提供新工具。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Traditional biological methods show how cells function or respond to changes, but they lack the ability to forecast these processes. (传统的生物学方法能够展示细胞如何运作或应对变化，但这些方法无法预测这些过程)”可知，传统生物学方法无法预测细胞如何工作。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Unlike earlier models trained on limited data, this system uses genetic information and accessibility data to forecast which genes are active in any cell. The process is similar to how language models like MindLink, an AI chat tool, work: It learns patterns from data and applies them to new situations. (与早期基于有限数据训练的模型不同，该系统利用基因信息和可及性数据来预测任何细胞中哪些基因处于活跃状态。这个过程类似于MindLink等AI聊天工具的语言模型工作原理：系统从数据中学习规律模式，并将其应用于新的场景中)”可推知，作者通过把该系统的工作过程类比为MindLink语言模型的工作原理，解释该团队的AI模型如何通过基因数据预测细胞活动。故选D项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“The researchers applied the AI model to study pediatric leukemia, a childhood cancer caused by inherited mutations (遗传变异). The model predicted how these mutations disturb critical processes in cells, a finding later confirmed through experiments. This understanding highlights the specific mechanisms driving the disease. The AI model could also reveal unexplored regions of the genome, often linked to cancer. These “dark” regions do not code for proteins but may play key roles in disease. (研究人员运用该AI模型研究了儿童白血病，一种由遗传突变引发的儿童癌症。该模型成功预测了这些突变如何干扰细胞的关键生理过程，这一发现随后通过实验得到验证。这一认知揭示了驱动疾病发展的具体机制。该AI模型还能揭示基因组中尚未被探索的区域——这些区域通常与癌症相关。这些“暗区”虽然不编码蛋白质，但可能在疾病发生中扮演关键角色)”可知，第五段重点描述该模型在儿科白血病研究中的实际应用，证明其应用于解决医学问题的价值。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Researchers at Columbia University have developed a new artificial intelligence (AI) (人工智能) method that can accurately predict gene (基因) activity in any human cell (细胞), essentially revealing the cell’s inner mechanisms. (哥伦比亚大学的研究人员开发出一种新型人工智能(AI)方法，能够准确预测任何人类细胞中的基因活动，从而揭示细胞的内部运作机制)”可知，文章围绕一种能精准预测人类细胞基因活动的AI模型展开，该模型由哥伦比亚大学团队开发，可以揭示细胞内部运作机制，具有巨大应用潜力，为疾病研究提供了新工具。因此，A项“新的AI模型揭示了人类细胞的秘密”概括这一主题，适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会——文化与社会现象 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东师范大学附属中学·期中） Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter bubble (数字滤泡) , crafted for us alone and designed to serve commercial interests. This future is like 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his life within a reality TV show designed by a studio. Large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The principle is that AI will learn about individual users and adapt accordingly. If you’re a superfan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates and ads tailored to your interests. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes (模因，网络梗), or even fake articles. This is a miserable reality because there are neither computational methods nor moral guidelines in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer have such an accurate understanding of the football team as anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of education? Politics? With the fall of the press and division of everything, conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the current situation might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will become smaller and smaller, until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. As a society, with no shared understanding of the world, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of realness; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conversations that speakers cared enough to have. 1．Why is The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 mentioned? A．To make a comparison. B．To illustrate a situation. C．To support an argument. D．To propose a suggestion. 2．What may personalized AI agents do according to the text? A．Cutting individuals off in false realities. B．Confirming the credibility of the content. C．Standing by the companies’ moral values. D．Improving user behavior by feeding targeted ads. 3．What can be inferred from the text? A．AI has raised concerns over privacy. B．LLMs are in need of faster tech upgrade. C．Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D．Technology development results in a divided society. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．AI and the Future of Human Interaction B．AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C．The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D．Digital Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要说明了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter bubble (数字滤泡) , crafted for us alone and designed to serve commercial interests. This future is like 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his life within a reality TV show designed by a studio.(想象一下不太遥远的未来，我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中，这个泡沫是专门为我们打造的，旨在服务企业利益。这个未来类似于1998年的电影《楚门的世界》，在电影中，主角在不知情的情况下，在一档由制作工作室设计的真人秀节目中度过了他的一生。)”可知，作者在第一段提到《楚门的世界》是为了说明一种可能出现的情况，即我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. (相反，个性化的AI代理威胁着将我们每个人困在一个个性化和虚幻的不真实世界中，从我们的数字活动中获利，并将我们与真正的联系隔离开来。)”可知，个性化的AI代理可能会将个人隔离在虚假现实中。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中“Bad as the current situation might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will become smaller and smaller, until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. As a society, with no shared understanding of the world, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions.(尽管现状可能很糟糕，但更陌生的时代还在前方，让我们怀念今天的信息茧房。很快，我们的泡沫将越来越小，直到我们的数字世界只包含我们自己。作为一个社会，我们将完全无法做出富有成效的集体决策，因为我们将对世界没有共同的理解。)”可知，信息茧房会削弱集体决策能力，让我们没有对世界的共同理解。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter bubble (数字滤泡) , crafted for us alone and designed to serve commercial interests.(想象一下不太遥远的未来，我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中，这个泡沫是专门为我们打造的，旨在服务企业利益。)”以及最后一段“Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of realness; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conversations that speakers cared enough to have.(重视人类创作的内容不仅关乎真实性，也确保我们关注作者用心提出的观点和发言者用心参与的对话。)”可知，本文主要讨论了人工智能驱动的数字“信息茧房”对人类互动的潜在影响，强调了陷入个性化虚假现实的风险，以及重视人类创作内容的重要性，故D项“Digital Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations(数字茧房与人类创作的价值)”符合本文标题，故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东潍坊·期中） Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation. On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information. In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves? Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is conflict rather than cooperation. The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict. So what’s next? A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate. 1．What are social media algorithms targeted at? A．Improving social environment. B．Generating PRIME information. C．Avoiding side effects of social media. D．Raising the media platform click rate. 2．Why does the author refer to “false polarization” in paragraph 4? A．To make an assumption. B．To illustrate a conclusion. C．To explain a political issue. D．To present an extreme case. 3．According to the author, algorithms will be improved so as to ________. A．boost engagement and regulate amplification B．strengthen social learning and delete biases C．identify biases and punish PRIME information D．monitor media platforms and guarantee users’ privacy 4．What is the best title of the text? A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions B．Algorithms control the flow of social information C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了社交媒体的算法影响了人类的社交，一些人利用算法放大来推销自己，新闻充斥着负面和道德信息，因此存在冲突而不是合作。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms.(在社交媒体平台上，算法的主要目的是放大维持用户粘性的信息，这意味着它们会让人们点击内容并回到平台上)”可知，社交媒体算法的目标是提高媒体平台点击率。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict.(功能不匹配的一个关键结果是人们开始对他们的社会世界形成错误的认知，这种情况经常发生在政治领域。最近的研究表明，当算法有选择地放大更极端的政治观点时，人们开始认为他们的政治内部群体和外部群体的分歧比实际情况更严重。这种“虚假两极分化”可能是更大政治冲突的一个重要来源)”可推知，作者在第4段提到“虚假极化”是为了说明结论。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate.(一些研究团队正在研究新的算法设计，以增加用户粘性，同时惩罚PRIME信息。这可能会维持社交媒体平台所寻求的用户活动，但也会使人们的社会认知更加准确)”可知，算法将得到改进，以提高参与度和调节放大。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation.(如今，人们越来越多地在社交媒体环境中与他人互动，算法控制着他们看到的社交信息流。人们与在线算法的互动可能会影响他们向他人学习的方式，带来负面后果，包括社会误解、冲突和错误信息的传播)”结合文章主要说明了社交媒体的算法影响了人类的社交，一些人利用算法放大来推销自己，新闻充斥着负面和道德信息，因此存在冲突而不是合作。故C选项“社交媒体算法扭曲了人类的社交学习”最符合文章标题。故选C。 主题03 人与社会——自我认知与心态调整 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东青岛·期中） Tristan Yates and her team have discovered something amazing about babies and memory. Even though most of us can’t remember being babies, their research shows that babies can actually form memories! This study, published in the journal Science, used a special brain-scanning machine called an fMRI to look at how babies’ brains work when they see new things. The researchers showed babies pictures of things they had never seen before, like a canyon or a dog toy. About a minute later, they showed the babies the same picture alongside a new one. If the baby remembered the first picture, they would look at it longer. At the same time, the fMRI machine took pictures of the babies’ brains, especially focusing on the hippocampus, a part of the brain that helps with memory. They found that when the hippocampus was more active, the babies were more likely to remember the picture later. Studying babies is formidable because they can’t follow instructions, get bored quickly, and need lots of comfort. To make it work, the researchers created a relaxing environment with toys, blankets, and even bottles to keep the babies happy. Parents were also nearby to help. This discovery is important because it shows that babies’ brains are busy learning and remembering, even if we can’t recall those memories as we grow older. “Even in their earliest months, babies are already absorbing vast amounts of information about the world around them,” said the lead researcher. During this critical period, babies learn essential skills like recognizing their parents, acquiring language, and mastering the basics of movement. The team emphasizes that understanding how babies’ brains work is not just academic — it has profound implications for how we view early development. “Early experiences shape who we become in ways we’re only beginning to understand,” Yates added. “Babies’ earliest memories, though often forgotten, may play a more significant role in their cognitive and emotional development than previously thought.” 1．How did the researchers conduct the study? A．By testing biological samples. B．By using brain imaging technology. C．By assessing babies’ language ability. D．By observing babies’ long-term behaviors. 2．Why did the researchers show the babies the same picture? A．To test their memory ability. B．To study their eye movements. C．To attract their attention longer. D．To compare old and new objects. 3．What does the underlined word “formidable” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Immoral. B．Costly. C．Challenging. D．Rewarding. 4．What can we learn about the study from Yates’ words in the last paragraph? A．It proves babies gain all early memories. B．It advises limiting stimulation for babies. C．It claims language is babies’ primary learning focus. D．It emphasizes early experiences’ role in development. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了Tristan Yates及其团队关于婴儿记忆的研究成果。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“This study, published in the journal Science, used a special brain-scanning machine called an fMRI to look at how babies’ brains work when they see new things. (这项发表在《科学》杂志上的研究使用了一种叫做功能磁共振成像的特殊脑部扫描机器来观察婴儿在看到新事物时大脑是如何工作的。)”可知，研究人员通过使用脑成像技术来进行这项研究的。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The researchers showed babies pictures of things they had never seen before, like a canyon or a dog toy. About a minute later, they showed the babies the same picture alongside a new one. If the baby remembered the first picture, they would look at it longer. At the same time, the fMRI machine took pictures of the babies’ brains, especially focusing on the hippocampus, a part of the brain that helps with memory. They found that when the hippocampus was more active, the babies were more likely to remember the picture later. (研究人员向婴儿展示了他们以前从未见过的东西的图片，比如峡谷或狗玩具。大约一分钟后，他们向婴儿们展示了同一张照片和一张新照片。如果婴儿记得第一张图片，他们会看得更久。与此同时，fMRI机器拍摄了婴儿大脑的照片，特别关注海马体，这是大脑中帮助记忆的一部分。他们发现，当海马体更活跃时，婴儿更有可能在以后记住这张照片。)”可知，研究人员给婴儿看同样的照片是为了测试他们的记忆能力。故选A项。 3．词句猜测题。根据后文“because they can’t follow instructions, get bored quickly, and need lots of comfort. To make it work, the researchers created a relaxing environment with toys, blankets, and even bottles to keep the babies happy. Parents were also nearby to help. (因为他们不能遵循指示，很快就会感到无聊，需要很多安慰。为了让它起作用，研究人员创造了一个放松的环境，用玩具、毯子甚至瓶子来让婴儿开心。家长们也在附近帮忙。)”可知，因为婴儿不能遵循指示，不能自主配合研究员完成研究，所以研究婴儿是一项艰巨的任务，推知formidable意为“有挑战性的”，和C项意思相近。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Early experiences shape who we become in ways we’re only beginning to understand,” Yates added. “Babies’ earliest memories, though often forgotten, may play a more significant role in their cognitive and emotional development than previously thought.” (Yates补充说：“早期的经历以我们才刚刚开始理解的方式塑造了我们。”“婴儿最早的记忆虽然经常被遗忘，但可能在他们的认知和情感发展中发挥的作用比之前认为的更重要。”)”可知，Yates的话强调早期经历在发展中的作用。故选D项。 主题04 人与自然——自然与人类健康 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东潍坊·期中） Every day seems to bring more exciting news about the super drugs — glp-l receptor agonists. First the drugs tackled diabetes (糖尿病). Then, with just one shot a week, they fought obesity. Now studies of health records suggest that they may treat addiction, too. Researchers are even talking, in quiet tones, of their anti-ageing effects. According to a new finding, not only do the drugs act in the gut (肠道), but they combine with receptors (受体) all over the body and in the brain. The drugs appear to reduce inflammation (炎症) and interact with pathways linked to desires and feelings of reward. With every new finding, researchers are learning more about the workings of disease and the links between the body and the brain. Naturally, more work is needed. Although glp-1 agonists have been used in diabetes for 20 years, some of the newer findings are based on observational studies, and will need to be tested by randomized trials. Patients may need to remain on these drugs for their whole lives, which makes the costs uncertain. Yet with time, experimentation and innovation, the benefits will become clearer, and the costs will come down. For patients, the new uses of glp-l drugs mean not just longer lives, but healthier and happier ones. For governments, though the total bill for these drugs could be vast, they would lower some other costs: the direct medical bill for obesity alone amounts to 260 billion dollars a year in America; alcohol abuse is a huge burden for the criminal-justice system. The state would raise less money from taxes on alcohol, but income taxes would go up, as the workforce became healthier. Glp-1 drugs could lead to significant economic and social change. Some business models could be upended. If desires can be controlled, junk-food companies, advertisers and even drug-dealers may shift their focus from quantity to quality. Social values could develop: If being thin is easier, obesity may less often be seen as moral failings. The glp-1 breakthrough is just beginning. Its future is full of promise. 1．Why are the glp-1 receptor agonists called super drugs? A．They are expensive and rare. B．They can be highly addictive. C．They make people feel excited. D．They can treat multiple diseases. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．How the drugs build up. B．How the drugs are taken. C．How the drugs function. D．How the drugs are produced. 3．How can the drugs benefit the government? A．They lower overall costs. B．They end crimes. C．They increase workforce. D．They raise alcohol taxes. 4．What does the author imply about the glp-1 drugs in the last paragraph? A．Their influence will expand. B．They may cause economic crisis. C．They will replace traditional drugs. D．Their social acceptance is dropping. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了GLP-1受体激动剂作为“超级药物”的多重疗效、作用机制及其在医疗和经济社会层面带来的广泛影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Every day seems to bring more exciting news about the super drugs — glp-l receptor agonists. First the drugs tackled diabetes (糖尿病). Then, with just one shot a week, they fought obesity. Now studies of health records suggest that they may treat addiction, too. (关于超级药物——glp-l受体激动剂，每天似乎都有更令人兴奋的消息传来。首先，这些药物可以治疗糖尿病。然后，每周只需注射一次，就能对抗肥胖。现在，对健康记录的研究表明，它们可能也可以治疗成瘾。)”可知，glp-1受体激动剂之所以被称为超级药物，是因为它们可以治疗多种疾病。故选D。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“According to a new finding, not only do the drugs act in the gut (肠道), but they combine with receptors (受体) all over the body and in the brain. The drugs appear to reduce inflammation (炎症) and interact with pathways linked to desires and feelings of reward. (根据一项新的发现，这些药物不仅在肠道中起作用，而且与全身和大脑中的受体结合。这些药物似乎可以减少炎症，并与与欲望和奖励感相关的通路相互作用。)”可知，第二段主要讲的是这些药物是如何起作用的。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“For governments, though the total bill for these drugs could be vast, they would lower some other costs: the direct medical bill for obesity alone amounts to 260 billion dollars a year in America; alcohol abuse is a huge burden for the criminal-justice system. The state would raise less money from taxes on alcohol, but income taxes would go up, as the workforce became healthier. (对于政府来说，尽管这些药物的费用可能很高，但它们会降低其他一些成本：仅在美国，肥胖的直接医疗费用每年就高达2600亿美元；酒精滥用给刑事司法系统带来了巨大负担。国家从酒精税中征收的税收会减少，但随着劳动力的健康状况改善，所得税会增加。)”可知，这些药物对政府的好处是降低总体成本。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Glp-1 drugs could lead to significant economic and social change. Some business models could be upended. If desires can be controlled, junk-food companies, advertisers and even drug-dealers may shift their focus from quantity to quality. Social values could develop: If being thin is easier, obesity may less often be seen as moral failings. The glp-1 breakthrough is just beginning. Its future is full of promise. (glp-1药物可能会带来重大的经济和社会变革。一些商业模式可能会被颠覆。如果欲望可以得到控制，垃圾食品公司、广告商甚至毒贩都可能将注意力从数量转向质量。社会价值观可能会发展：如果减肥变得更容易，肥胖可能就不那么容易被视为道德缺陷了。glp-1的突破才刚刚开始。它的未来充满希望。)”可知最后一段提到gLP-1药物可能引发经济和社会变革，如颠覆商业模式、改变社会价值观（肥胖不再被视为道德缺陷），并强调突破才刚刚开始，未来充满希望。由此可推知，作者在最后一段暗示glp-1药物的影响将会扩大。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·山东省临沂市河东区、费县联考·期中） For over seven decades, fluoride (氟化物) has been added to public water supplies in many countries as a dental health strategy. This practice began in 1945 in the U.S. city of Grand Rapids, where scientists first tested water fluoridation to fight widespread tooth decay (衰变). By the 1950s, it became standard public health policy across America, particularly helping children in low-income families access cavity protection. However, recent scientific findings have reignited debates. A 2024 study published in Environmental Health suggested possible links between high fluoride exposure and subtle changes in children’s cognitive development, though researchers stressed these findings require confirmation through further studies. Fluoride strengthens teeth through two distinct mechanisms. When applied directly — such as through toothpaste — it chemically combines with tooth enamel’s mineral structure, forming a protective barrier against acid attacks from sugary foods. This process, called remineralization, can repair early damage. Systemically, swallowed fluoride enters the bloodstream and gradually releases into saliva, providing continuous enamel reinforcement. Research reveals striking differences between these methods: brushing with fluoride toothpaste delivers 10 times more enamel-protecting fluoride than drinking eight glasses of fluoridated water daily. Natural sources contribute significantly to fluoride intake. A single cup of brewed tea contains fluoride equal to 1 — 2 liters of treated water, while processed foods made with fluoridated water (like canned soups) add more exposure. Modern children’s primary fluoride source has shifted dramatically since the 1950s. A 2022 analysis showed daily toothbrushing exposes children to fluoride matching 2 — 6 cups of fluoridated water, compared to just half a cup from actual water consumption. This shift explains why some scientists now question the necessity of water fluoridation in areas with good dental care access. The debate centers on health equity. While fluoride-free alternatives exist, 40% of American children under 12 still develop cavities (龋齿), with rates three times higher in low-income communities. Dental associations argue fluoridated water remains a crucial safety net, especially for families who might forget to brush or lack dental insurance. Current U.S. regulations maintain fluoride levels at 0.7 milligrams per liter — a balance between dental benefits and potential risks. Health authorities recommend continued monitoring, advising parents to oversee young children’s toothpaste use to prevent accidental over consumption. As global health organizations review new evidence, this decades-old public health practice faces its most serious challenge. The core question remains: How can societies protect vulnerable populations while respecting evolving scientific understanding? 1．What historical fact is mentioned about fluoride use? A．It was first tested in canned foods. B．It became U.S. policy in the 1920s. C．Tea companies promoted its benefits. D．Grand Rapids conducted early experiments. 2．How does fluoride repair early-stage tooth decay? A．Through blood circulation. B．By forming a mineral barrier. C．By killing all mouth bacteria. D．Through saliva mineral release. 3．Why do some scientists question water fluoridation today? A．It causes immediate health risks. B．Modern children consume more tea. C．Canned soups contain excess fluoride. D．Toothpaste provides sufficient fluoride. 4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Fluoride Sources Comparison: Toothpaste vs Drinking Water. B．The Historical Success of Water Fluoridation Programs Since 1945. C．Public Health Dilemma: Reassessing Present Fluoridation Policies. D．How Fluoride Prevents Childhood Cavities: Mechanisms Explained. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了探讨了水氟化的历史背景、防蛀机制及现代争议，探讨了如何在保障弱势群体口腔健康的同时，应对新科学发现提出的潜在风险。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“This practice began in 1945 in the U.S. city of Grand Rapids, where scientists first tested water fluoridation to fight widespread tooth decay (衰变). (这种做法始于1945年的美国大急流城，那里的科学家首次测试了水氟化，以对抗普遍存在的蛀牙)”可知，大急流城进行了氟化物使用的早期实验。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When applied directly — such as through toothpaste — it chemically combines with tooth enamel’s mineral structure, forming a protective barrier against acid attacks from sugary foods. This process, called remineralization, can repair early damage. (当直接使用时，如通过牙膏，它会与牙釉质的矿物质结构发生化学反应，形成一层保护屏障，抵御含糖食物产生的酸性侵蚀。这一被称为“再矿化”的过程，能够修复早期的牙齿损伤)”可知，氟化物通过形成一种矿物质屏障来修复早期的蛀牙。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A 2022 analysis showed daily toothbrushing exposes children to fluoride matching 2 — 6 cups of fluoridated water, compared to just half a cup from actual water consumption. This shift explains why some scientists now question the necessity of water fluoridation in areas with good dental care access. (2022年的一项分析表明，每日刷牙使儿童接触的氟化物量相当于2到6杯氟化水，而实际饮水量仅提供约半杯氟化水的氟含量。这一数据变化解释了为何部分科学家开始质疑在口腔保健普及地区继续推行氟化水政策的必要性)”可知，部分科学家质疑水氟化的必要性是因为牙膏能提供足够的氟化物。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中“The debate centers on health equity. (争论的核心在于健康公平性)”和最后一段“As global health organizations review new evidence, this decades-old public health practice faces its most serious challenge. The core question remains: How can societies protect vulnerable populations while respecting evolving scientific understanding? (随着全球卫生组织重新评估最新证据，这项延续数十年的公共卫生实践正面临前所未有的严峻挑战。核心问题始终在于：社会如何在尊重科学认知发展的同时，切实保障弱势群体的健康权益)”可知，文章围绕水氟化展开，介绍了其历史背景、防蛀机制及现代争议，重点探讨了如何在保障弱势群体口腔健康的同时，应对新科学发现提出的潜在风险。因此，C项“公共卫生困境：重新评估目前的氟化政策”突出了文章的核心内容，适合作为标题。故选C项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $