专题04 阅读理解（记叙文+新闻报道）（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语下学期

专题04 阅读理解（记叙文+新闻报道） 一、人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）“I’m living my childhood dream,” Djokovic told fans on court as he received the US Open trophy from a former rival, Andy Roddick. “I had the dream to become the best player in the world and win Wimbledon.” He’s won a lot more than just one Wimbledon, and Roddick’s presence was a reminder: Djokovic who won his first major at the Australian Open in 2008-has entered into another tennis era as the player to beat, with rivals like Roger Federer now retired and injuries challenging the careers of Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray. He owes his continued success to constant self-reflection around his goals. “One of the biggest lessons I have learned probably mentally throughout my career is that even if you find a formula that works, it’s not a guarantee,” he said. “And actually most likely it’s not going to work the next year. You need to reinvent, yourself, because everyone else does. As a 36-year-old competing with 20-year-olds, I probably have to do it more than I have ever done it in order to keep my body in shape, in order to be able to recover so that I can perform on the highest level consistently.” He showed as much again in the last few weeks, bouncing back from his Wimbledon loss to Carlos Alcaraz to beat the Spaniard (who, indeed, is 20 years old) in the Cincinnati final. Alcaraz was stopped by Medvedev in the US Open semis, but Djokovic is aware of the pressure to keep up-and try and stay ahead. “I focus on what I need to do and how I get myself in the best state so that I can win the biggest trophies in our sport,” he said. “That’s what I care about.” It was two years ago that Medvedev discontinued a different history-in-the-making moment for Djokovic as Novak went for the calendar Grand Slam — sweeping all four majors in one year. But that 2021 final loss provided lessons for Djokovic that he applied this past week: Block out all the noise. “I really did my best in the last 48 hours not to allow the importance of the moment and what’s on the line get to my head, because two years ago that’s what happened, and I underperformed, and I wasn’t able to be at my best, and I was outplayed,” he recalled. And he has no plans of slowing down. “I’m going to keep going,” he said. “I feel good in my own body. I still feel I have the support of my environment, of my team, of my family. These are the moments and these are the kind of emotions that I motivate myself with every single day when I’m not playing a tournament,” he added. “Yeah, occasionally I’m asking myself, ‘Why do I need this still at this stage after all I have done?’ ‘How long do I want to keep going?’ I do have these questions in my head, of course. But knowing that I play at such a high level still and I win the biggest tournaments in this sport... I don’t want to leave this sport if I’m still at the top, if I’m still playing the way I’m playing.” Djokovic takes to the court again this week (12-17 September), suiting up for Team Serbia in the Davis Cup Finals Group Stage in Valencia, Spain. 1．Which of the following is TRUE about Djokovic? A．He is going to challenge Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray soon. B．He was beaten by Carlos Alcaraz in the Cincinnati final. C．He lost when playing for the Grand Slam in 2021. D．He is playing with so much pressure to keep on that he wants to retire. 2．What motivates Djokovic to continue playing professional tennis? A．Finding a formula that works for all tennis players. B．Proving that he’s better than young players today. C．Challenging his rivals — Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray. D．Feeling physically good and having emotional support. 3．What is Djokovic’s next scheduled competition? A．Wimbledon. B．Australian Open. C．Davis Cup Finals Group Stage. D．US Open. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Djokovic Lives His Childhood Dream. B．Djokovic Reinvents Himself. C．Djokovic Wins Wimbledon. D．Djokovic Finds a Formula for Tennis. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了网球运动员德约科维奇在获得美国网球公开赛奖杯后的感受和经历，包括他对自身职业生涯的反思、面对年轻对手的挑战、对胜利的渴望以及未来的计划。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“It was two years ago that Medvedev discontinued a different history-in-the-making moment for Djokovic as Novak went for the calendar Grand Slam—sweeping all four majors in one year.(两年前，当德约科维奇冲击年度全满贯（一年内赢得四大满贯赛事）时，梅德韦杰夫终止了他创造不同历史的时刻。)”可知，2021年德约科维奇冲击年度全满贯时失利。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“And he has no plans of slowing down. “I’m going to keep going,” he said. “I feel good in my own body. I still feel I [have] the support of my environment, of my team, of my family. These are the moments and these are the kind of emotions that I motivate myself with every single day when I’m not playing a tournament,” he added.(而且他没有放慢脚步的打算。“我会继续前进，”他说。“我感觉自己的身体状态很好。我仍然觉得我得到了身边环境、团队和家人的支持。这些时刻和情感是我在不参加比赛时每天激励自己的动力，”他补充道。)”可知，身体状态良好以及得到周围环境、团队和家人的情感支持激励着他继续打职业网球。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Djokovic takes to the court again this week（12-17 September）, suiting up for Team Serbia in the Davis Cup Finals Group Stage in Valencia, Spain.(本周（9月12日至17日），德约科维奇将再次登上球场，代表塞尔维亚队参加在西班牙瓦伦西亚举行的戴维斯杯决赛小组赛。)”可知，德约科维奇接下来的比赛是戴维斯杯决赛小组赛。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“He owes his continued success to constant self-reflection around his goals.(他将自己持续的成功归功于围绕目标不断进行的自我反思。)”以及全文内容可知，文章不仅讲述了德约科维奇的成功，还强调了他如何通过不断自我反思和改进来保持高水平表现。选项B“Djokovic Reinvents Himself()”与文章中的“You need to reinvent (你需要重塑自我)”以及及德约科维奇不断适应新环境、新挑战的态度相吻合。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海浦东新·期中）My husband, Aaron Simone, is the secretary of defense — not of our country, but of our household. I promoted him to SecDef after a shameful incident in which I called him late one night while he was away on a fishing trip. I was convinced there was an intruder lurking in our apartment because I kept hearing strange noises outside our bedroom door. The real culprit was the ice maker in our refrigerator, something Aaron guessed a minute into our phone call. But he stayed on the line with me for hours, calming me down and advising me on how to barricade the bedroom door. Needless to say, the ice maker didn’t come for me that night, and all we lost was some sleep. Aaron didn’t get upset with me (bless him), but he did get a security bar for our front door to ensure no one could force their way in at night. And in recognition of his heroism, I appointed him SecDef. “Now, where should we put this thing when we’re not using it?” I asked about the new device. “That’s up to you,” he said. “You’re in charge of the Department of the Interior.” With one position apiece, we felt we should continue to name our Cabinet. Some decisions were easy. He, by far the more confident and competent driver, was a shoo-in for transportation secretary. And since I have more enthusiasm for shopping, I was the natural choice to lead the Department of Commerce. Others aren’t as obvious. My husband does the cooking, but I buy the groceries. So which one of us should oversee the Department of Agriculture? Aaron is more diplomatic than I am, but I host more of our parties. So who’d be the better secretary of state? One appointment came as a surprise to both of us. We were chopping ingredients for a salad(again, who’s in charge of Agriculture? ) when I got — essentially — an onion splinter. Yes, an ultrathin sliver of red onion slipped inside the pad of my finger. As I stared incredulously at my injury, Aaron got the tweezers and plucked out the offending onion. And just like that, he became surgeon general. That said, our Cabinet is far from complete. I’m on deck to run the Department of Education, but my duties won’t start until we have kids. Neither of us has entrepreneurial aspirations, so I doubt we’ll ever have our own Small Business Administration. And our families get along, so we could even get away without a U. N. ambassador. But there’s one Cabinet position neither of us wants and we hope we never need: attorney general. 1．Why did the author promote her husband to SecDef of their household? A．He demonstrated marvellous skill during his fishing trip. B．He physically shielded her from a real intruder in the house. C．He comforted her when she was frightened and added security measures. D．He successfully repaired the malfunctioning ice-maker in the refrigerator. 2．Which of the following most accurately describes Aaron Simone? A．aggressive, restless, and organized B．bold, forgetful, and reliable C．protective, patient, and resourceful D．handy, fearless, and careless 3．What does the fact that they could get away without a “U. N. ambassador” suggest? A．They hold a strong disinterest in international affairs and interactions. B．The relationship among their families is so harmonious that such a role is unnecessary. C．There is no necessity for diplomatic representation in their family setup. D．They are under financial limitations that prevent them from assuming such a position. 4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Filling the Cabinet. B．Unconventional Household Roles. C．A Perfect Match. D．Unexpected SecDef Appointment. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要通过叙述作者和丈夫之间的一些生活趣事，如作者因冰箱制冰机的声音误以为有入侵者，丈夫耐心安慰并采取措施，以及他们如何以幽默的方式互相任命为家庭“内阁”成员等，来展现他们之间的亲密关系和日常生活。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“I was convinced there was an intruder lurking in our apartment because I kept hearing strange noises outside our bedroom door. The real culprit was the ice maker in our refrigerator, something Aaron guessed a minute into our phone call. But he stayed on the line with me for hours, calming me down and advising me on how to barricade the bedroom door.(我坚信我们的公寓里有个闯入者，因为我一直听到卧室门外有奇怪的声响。真正的“罪魁祸首”是我们冰箱里的制冰机，在我们通话一分钟后，Aaron就猜到了。但他还是在电话里陪了我好几个小时，让我平静下来，还教我如何用东西堵住卧室的门。)”以及第二段“Aaron didn’t get upset with me (bless him), but he did get a security bar for our front door to ensure no one could force their way in at night. And in recognition of his heroism, I appointed him SecDef.(Aaron并没有生我的气（谢天谢地），但他确实在前门装了一根安全门闩，以确保晚上没人能强行闯入。为了表彰他的英勇行为，我任命他为我们家的“国防部长”。)”可知，作者以为有入侵者，其实是冰箱制冰机的声音，丈夫在电话里陪了她几个小时，让她平静下来并教她如何堵住卧室门。后来丈夫还在前门装了安全门闩来确保安全，作者为了表彰他的英勇行为，任命他为家里的“国防部长”。由此可知，作者提升丈夫为家里的“国防部长”是因为当她害怕时丈夫安慰了她，并增加了安全措施。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“But he stayed on the line with me for hours, calming me down and advising me on how to barricade the bedroom door.(但他还是在电话里陪了我好几个小时，让我平静下来，还教我如何用东西堵住卧室的门。)”可知，当作者感到害怕时，亚伦在电话里陪了她好几个小时，让她平静下来，这显示出他很有耐心；再根据第二段“Aaron didn’t get upset with me (bless him), but he did get a security bar for our front door to ensure no one could force their way in at night. (Aaron并没有生我的气（谢天谢地），但他确实在前门装了一根安全门闩，以确保晚上没人能强行闯入。)”可知，Aaron在前门安装安全门闩确保安全，体现了他具有保护欲，想要保护家人的安全。再根据倒数第二段“As I stared incredulously at my injury, Aaron got the tweezers and plucked out the offending onion. And just like that, he became surgeon general.(我难以置信地盯着自己的伤口时，Aaron拿来了镊子，把那块讨厌的洋葱取了出来。就这样，他成了我们家的“卫生部长”。)”可知，当作者手指扎进洋葱碎片时，Aaron能及时拿来镊子取出洋葱，这表明他足智多谋，能够想办法解决问题。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“And our families get along, so we could even get away without a U. N. ambassador.(而且我们双方的家庭相处得很好，所以就算没有“联合国大使”这个职位，我们也能应付得过来。)”可知，作者提到他们就算没有“联合国大使”这个职位也能应付得过来，原因是他们双方的家庭相处得很好。因此，他们就算没有“联合国大使”也能应付得过来这一事实表明他们家庭之间的关系非常和谐，以至于这样的一个角色是不必要的。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章开篇讲述了作者封丈夫为家里的“国防部长”的原因，之后围绕着给家里的“内阁”成员命名展开，详细讨论了各个“内阁”职位的归属，如“交通部长”“商业部长”“卫生部长”等，还提到了一些尚未确定或不需要的职位，整体内容主要围绕着组建家庭“内阁”展开。选项A“Filling the Cabinet(组建内阁)”准确地概括了文章主要内容，即作者和丈夫为家里设置不同的“内阁”职位。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海东昌·期中）In 1975. Englishman Tom Michell was teaching at an English-language boarding school in Argentina. On winter break, he went to Uruguay and on the beach came across a penguin, the lone survivor of a spill (漏油事故). Michell brought him back to the apartment where he was staying, cleaned him and fed him. The penguin quickly became attached to the young teacher, so he brought the bird whom he’d named Juan Salvado-back with him to school. In Michell’s new book, The Penguin Lessons, he writes about the joy that. Juan Salvado brought to everyone he met. The possibility of letting Juan Salvado swim free in the school’s outdoor pool had occurred to me, as our pool was unusual because it was completely free of any filtration of chlorination system (氯化系统过滤). The pool sat unused during the chilly winter, but once the temperature rose, it was drained, scrubbed, and filled. This cycle continued every two weeks throughout the season. By the end of the pool’s first two weeks in use, the weather was still cool, and only a few students wanted to swim. I had waited for this particular evening when the pool was scheduled for its routine cleaning-no one would object if Juan Salvado dirtied the water before it was drained. As soon as the swimmers departed, I signaled the students who were exercising Juan Salvado on the fields nearby to bring him. One of the students, Diego, placed the bird next to me, and as I walked to the pool, Juan Salvado followed. He surveyed the water without apparently comprehending its nature. “Go on!” I said. He looked at me, then at the pool. “It’s all right. You can swim!” I said, splashing water on him. Juan Salvado looked me in the eyes as if to ask, “Ah! Is this where the fish come from?” Without further encouragement, he plunged in. With a single flip of his wings, he flew like an arrow across the water and collided (碰撞) the wall on the opposite side, face-first, at a considerable speed. The impact was obvious. Juan Salvado then rose to the surface, but after a moment, he gave a vigorous shake and ducked below the surface again. I was thoroughly familiar with Juan Salvado’s awkward and amusing progress on land, but now I watched in awe. It was clear to me now how badly he needed to use his wing muscles that hadn’t been used for too long. Juan Salvado had finally found the freedom to express his true nature and show us just what it meant to be a penguin. 1．Why did Tom Michel chooses such a time to let Juan Salvado go to the swimming pool for the first time? A．To give the penguin a big enough place to practise swimming. B．To observe the penguin at a close range without any interruption. C．To ensure that the penguin would not cause additional inconvenience. D．To protect the penguin against any harm caused by the chilly weather 2．What was the penguin’s initial reaction when he was brought to the pool? A．Anger and frustration B．Thrill and anticipation. C．Disappointment and regret. D．Curiosity and hesitation. 3．What did Juan Salvado’s swimming reveal about his nature? A．His clumsiness on land. B．His need for companionship. C．His need to use his wing muscles. D．His preference for warmer climates. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述Tom Michell在阿根廷任教期间救助一只名为Juan Salvado的企鹅，并将其带到学校游泳池游泳的经历，展示了企鹅在水中的自然本性和给人们带来的快乐。 1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“I had waited for this particular evening when the pool was scheduled for its routine cleaning - no one would object if Juan Salvado dirtied the water before it was drained.( 我一直在等待这个特别的晚上，因为泳池被安排进行例行清洁——如果胡安·萨尔瓦多在排干之前把水弄脏，没有人会反对的。)”可知，作者选择在游泳池要进行常规清洁的这个特定晚上让企鹅下水，是因为即便企鹅把水弄脏了，也不会有人反对，也就是确保企鹅不会造成额外的不便。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“He surveyed the water without apparently comprehending its nature.( 他环视着水面，显然不了解它的性质。)”以及第四段中““Go on!” I said. He looked at me, then at the pool.(“继续！”我说。他看了看我，又看了看游泳池。)”可知，企鹅先是观察水，似乎不理解水的性质，作者让它下水时，它看看作者又看看游泳池。这表明企鹅对水充满好奇（survey the water 体现好奇），同时又有些犹豫（look at me, then at the pool 体现犹豫）。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“It was clear to me now how badly he needed to use his wing muscles that hadn’t been used for too long. Juan Salvado had finally found the freedom to express his true nature and show us just what it meant to be a penguin.( 现在我明白了，他是多么迫切地需要使用他那长时间没有使用过的翅膀肌肉。胡安·萨尔瓦多终于找到了表达自己真实本性的自由，向我们展示了作为一只企鹅意味着什么。)”可知，企鹅游泳这件事表明它非常需要使用已经很久没有用过的翼肌，这体现了它的本性。故选C项。 二、人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）The Ivory Towers of Ice-cream What is the most popular thing in the world? Music, guessed Donald Trump. No, replied his interviewer, Ali G; it is ice-cream. The problem, however, is that ice-cream drips. The solution, said the British comedian, is to sell “ice-cream gloves” to stop people’s hands getting sticky. The Donald somehow kept a straight face. Carpigiani, an Italian firm that makes ice-cream machines, has a better business plan. Avoiding gloves, it is going into education. Its home market is SATURATED. Italy already boasts 37,000 makers making gelatos — handmade Italian ice-creams. Since there are only so many scoops of ice-creams one nation can eat, exports are now 80% of Carpigiani’s business. Unfortunately, most foreigners have no idea how to make a proper gelato. So Carpigiani has set up Gelato University to teach them. In well-lit classrooms and shiny kitchens in Anzola dell’ Emilia, near Bologna, where Carpigiani has its factory, students from Russia, Belgium, Colombia, Morocco, Japan, Britain and Turkey are learning the secrets of selecting the perfect ingredients and freezing them. Lawrence Fama, a retired chemical engineer, hopes to set up an ice-cream shop in his home city of San Francisco. Corrado Barberis, an Italian economist, aims to take the real deal to Lille in northern France. Most teaching is done abroad: Gelato University also holds courses in countries such as America, Australia and China. Andrea Cocchi, Carpigiani’s managing director, sees the best growth prospects in Asia and South America. A week’s basic course in Anzola dell’ Emilia costs students €900 ($1,200). There is a sweetener, however: a €900 voucher for Carpigiani machines. For Gelat o University is not just about making the world a cooler place. It is also a marketing tool, and a rather cost-effective one at that. The fees cover the running costs, and more than 15% of students end up buying equipment. In the past three years student numbers have more than tripled, to about 6,700. Over the same period, Carpigiani’s sales have risen from €93 million to €113 million (roughly 8,000 machines). Sometimes the soft sell works. 1．The word SATURATED in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______. A．wet B．freezing C．delicious D．full 2．If you sign up for Gelato University, you can do the following things EXCEPT ______. A．have an idea of how to select perfect ingredients B．solve the dripping problem of ice-creams C．learn how to freeze materials necessary for making a gelato D．get a price reduction when buying the company’s machines 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Gelato University is set up by Carpigiani to sell ice-cream gloves. B．Lawrence Fama and Corrado Barberis are teachers at Gelato University. C．Gelato University tackles climate change by making the world a cooler place. D．Gelato University helps Carpigiani sell equipment and gain attention. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了意大利冰淇淋机制造商Carpigiani针对国内市场饱和的问题，通过建立Gelato University来培训外国客户制作正宗的意大利冰淇淋，以此作为营销工具促进设备销售。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“Since there are only so many scoops of ice-cream one nation can eat, exports are now 80% of Carpigiani’s business.(由于一个国家能吃掉的冰淇淋数量是有限的，如今卡比詹尼（Carpigiani）公司 80% 的业务都是出口业务。)”可知，一个国家能吃的冰淇淋数量有限，所以公司的出口业务占比达到 80%，这说明其国内市场已经“饱和”。由此可知，SATURATED意为“饱和的”，与“full（满的，饱和的）”意思最接近。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“students from Russia, Belgium, Colombia, Morocco, Japan, Britain and Turkey are learning the secrets of selecting the perfect ingredients and freezing them(来自俄罗斯、比利时、哥伦比亚、摩洛哥、日本、英国和土耳其的学生正在学习挑选完美食材以及冷冻这些食材的秘诀。)”可知，学生们在学校可以学习挑选完美的原料以及冷冻这些原料的方法，所以A选项“知道如何挑选完美的原料”和C选项“学习如何冷冻制作意大利手工冰淇淋所需的材料”是可以做到的；根据最后一段“A week’s basic course in Anzola dell’ Emilia costs students €900 ($1,200). There is a sweetener, however: a €900 voucher for Carpigiani machines.(在安佐拉・德尔埃米莉亚（Anzola dell’Emilia）参加为期一周的基础课程需要学生花费900欧元（1200美元）。不过，还有一个诱人之处：一张价值900欧元的卡比詹尼（Carpigiani）机器代金券。)”可知，学生报名课程可以得到一张价值900欧元的公司机器优惠券，即购买公司机器有优惠，所以D选项“购买公司的机器有价格优惠”也可以做到；而文中并没有提到在Gelato University可以解决冰淇淋会滴下来的问题。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段“Carpigiani has set up Gelato University to teach them.(卡比詹尼（Carpigiani）公司已经创办了意式冰淇淋大学来教他们。)”以及最后一段“For Gelato University is not just about making the world a cooler place. It is also a marketing tool, and a rather cost-effective one. The fees cover the running costs, and more than 15% of students end up buying equipment.(因为意式冰淇淋大学不只是为了让世界变成一个更清凉能吃到更多冰淇淋的地方。它还是一种营销工具，而且是相当划算的营销工具。课程费用足以支付运营成本，并且超过15%的学生最终会购买公司的设备。)”可知，Gelato University不仅教人们制作冰淇淋，还是一个营销工具，能帮助Carpigiani销售设备并获得关注。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海中学·期中）① Sports fans often experience intense loyalty to their teams, forming deep attachments that can significantly impact their mood and well - being based on the team's success or failure. ② Dr. Sarah Lane, a sociologist specializing in sports psychology, describes team loyalty as a connection where fans see their team's outcomes as personal victories or losses. For some, their favorite team's identity becomes an extension of their own, making them feel personally involved in every win or loss. Dr. Lane explains that many fans even tie their identity to their team, with their happiness or disappointment closely tied to the team's performance. This sense of belonging goes beyond simply enjoying the sport; it's a personal connection that draws fans deeply into the team's journey. ③ Another view on fan loyalty emphasizes the social and cultural aspect of fandom. Few fans embody this better than supporters of long - standing teams with historic records. For example, fans of the Royal Eagles soccer club, who haven't won a championship in decades, remain strong and loyal. Many Eagles supporters emphasize community and tradition rather than the team's record, showing that loyalty can be more about belonging than success. ④ Jacob Marsh, the Eagles' marketing director, adds another perspective, focusing on the fan experience. “We focus on the fan experience, rather than just the team's performance,” Marsh explains. Supporting the Eagles is often about connecting with others and being part of something bigger. He believes that fostering an environment where fans feel valued strengthens their loyalty, creating a close - knit community even in challenging seasons. ⑤ Finally, Dr. Lane highlights that social connection is a major driver of loyalty. “When fans feel a bond with others who support the same team, it enhances their experience,” she says. For many, supporting a team is not just about the game but about shared identity and solidarity with fellow fans. 1．Match paragraphs 2 to 5 with the perspective each of them discusses regarding fan loyalty. a. Community and tradition over success b. Social bonds and shared identity c. Personal identification with the team d. Enhancing the fan experience A．②c ③a ④d ⑤b B．②c ③b ④a ⑤d C．②b ③a ④c ⑤d D．②b ③c ④a ⑤d 2．According to Dr. Sarah Lane, what aspect of fan loyalty is most significant? A．The team's win - loss record. B．The enjoyment of watching the sport. C．The marketing strategies used to engage fans. D．The personal connection fans feel to the team's identity. 3．What does Jacob Marsh believe is key to building fan loyalty? A．Creating a welcoming fan community. B．Highlighting the team's historic achievements. C．Increasing the promotion of team merchandise. D．Placing emphasis on the team's overall performance. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了关于体育粉丝对球队忠诚的不同视角，包括个人与球队的认同、社区和传统的重要性、提升粉丝体验以及社会联系和共享身份等方面。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Dr. Sarah Lane, a sociologist specializing in sports psychology, describes team loyalty as a connection where fans see their team's outcomes as personal victories or losses.(专门研究体育心理学的社会学家莎拉・莱恩博士将球队忠诚度描述为一种联系，在这种联系中，球迷将球队的结果视为个人的胜利或失败)” 可知，第 2 段讨论的是个人与球队的认同，对应 c；根据第三段“Many Eagles supporters emphasize community and tradition rather than the team's record, showing that loyalty can be more about belonging than success.(许多老鹰队的支持者强调社区和传统，而不是球队的记录，这表明忠诚更多的是关于归属感，而不是成功)” 可知，第 3 段讨论的是社区和传统高于成功，对应 a；根据第四段“Jacob Marsh, the Eagles' marketing director, adds another perspective, focusing on the fan experience.(老鹰队的营销总监雅各布・马什补充了另一个视角，关注球迷体验)” 可知，第 4 段讨论的是提升球迷体验，对应 d；根据第五段“Finally, Dr. Lane highlights that social connection is a major driver of loyalty.(最后，莱恩博士强调社会联系是忠诚的主要驱动因素)” 以及“For many, supporting a team is not just about the game but about shared identity and solidarity with fellow fans.(对许多人来说，支持一支球队不仅仅是为了比赛，而是为了与其他球迷分享身份和团结)”可知，第 5 段讨论的是社会联系和共享身份，对应 b。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Dr. Sarah Lane, a sociologist specializing in sports psychology, describes team loyalty as a connection where fans see their team's outcomes as personal victories or losses. For some, their favorite team's identity becomes an extension of their own, making them feel personally involved in every win or loss.(专门研究体育心理学的社会学家莎拉・莱恩博士将球队忠诚度描述为一种联系，在这种联系中，球迷将球队的结果视为个人的胜利或失败。对一些人来说，他们最喜欢的球队的身份成为了他们自己身份的延伸，让他们觉得自己个人参与到了每一场胜利或失败中)” 可知，莎拉・莱恩博士认为球迷对球队身份的个人联系是球迷忠诚最重要的方面。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段 “Jacob Marsh, the Eagles' marketing director...He believes that fostering an environment where fans feel valued strengthens their loyalty, creating a close - knit community even in challenging seasons.(老鹰队的营销总监雅各布・马什…… 他认为，营造一种让球迷感到被重视的环境可以增强他们的忠诚度，即使在充满挑战的赛季也能创建一个紧密的社区)” 可知，雅各布・马什认为创建一个受欢迎的球迷社区是建立球迷忠诚度的关键。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海浦东新·期中） ▲Greenwich Village, New York City                                                $4, 500/ month Picture a charming tree-lined street straight out of a classic New York movie. Just a 10-minute walk from New York University, this two-bedroom apartment is located in the heart of Greenwich Village, known for its artistic atmosphere and historic brownstones. Built in the early 1900s, this building has been thoughtfully restored to combine modern comfort s with timeless elegance. The apartment features high ceilings, large windows, and hardwood floors, creating a bright and inviting space. Residents can enjoy easy access to Washington Square Park, trendy cafes, and fashion shops, making it perfect for students or young professionals seeking a lively urban lifestyle. Metro Realty, (212) 555-7890 ▲Portland, Oregon                                                              $2, 200/ month Located in the eco-friendly Pearl District, this two-bedroom apartment combines modern design with sustainable living, offering a peaceful escape from the city’s noise. Featuring 1, 100 square feet of thoughtfully designed space, the home includes a bright living area, two restful bedrooms, and a stylish kitchen equipped with energy-efficient appliances. Ideal for eco-conscious renters who value both comfort and sustainability. The Green Nest, (503) 555-6789 ▲Cambridge, Massachusetts                                                      $3, 800/ month The city of Cambridge is developing a new residential area just one mile from Harvard University. This energetic community, called Harvard Green, will include 1, 500 homes, 1, 200 student housing units, entertaining facilities, an outdoor shopping square, and scenic green spaces. A standout feature of this project is a two-bedroom, two-bathroom modern apartment located on the third floor of the Elmwood building. With its clean, modern look and high-quality features, it's perfect for students, professionals, or anyone seeking a convenient and eco-friendly lifestyle. Cambridge Living, (617) 555-1234 1．What can we learn about the apartment in Greenwich Village? A．It has a bird’s eye view of Washington Square Park. B．It is within walking distance of New York University. C．The building was first constructed in the late 1800s. D．All the residents can join a private golf club nearby. 2．Green-minded individuals preferring quiet would most likely choose ________. A．Greenwich Village, NYC B．Harvard Green. Cambridge C．Pearl District, Portland D．Elmwood Building, Massachusetts 3．Where would you most probably find the above text? A．A real estate platform offering rental properties. B．A travel blog featuring top neighborhoods in USA． C．A university website about students’ housing options. D．A community news site reporting on local updates. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文是应用文。文章列出了三个不同地点的租赁房产信息，包括地点、租金、房屋特点、周边设施以及联系方式。 1．细节理解题。根据Greenwich Village, New York City下的“Just a 10-minute walk from New York University, this two-bedroom apartment is located in the heart of Greenwich Village, known for its artistic atmosphere and historic brownstones.(这间两居室公寓距离纽约大学（New York University）仅10分钟步行路程，位于格林威治村（Greenwich Village）的中心地带，以其艺术氛围和历史悠久的褐砂石而闻名)”可知，Greenwich Village步行即可到达纽约大学。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据Portland, Oregon下的“Located in the eco-friendly Pearl District, this two-bedroom apartment combines modern design with sustainable living, offering a peaceful escape from the city’s noise.(位于生态友好的Pearl District，这套两居室公寓结合了现代设计和可持续生活，提供了一个安静的逃离城市的噪音)”可知，喜欢安静的环保人士最有可能选择Pearl District, Portland。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据每间公寓都有没有多少钱的信息，以及Portland, Oregon下的“Ideal for eco-conscious renters who value both comfort and sustainability.(对于重视舒适性和可持续性的生态意识租房者来说是理想的选择)”可知，这是三则房屋出租信息，所以最有可能在提供租赁房源的房地产平台找到本文。故选A项。 三、人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海复旦复兴·期中）In June 1894, Harper’s Bazaar highlighted currants (醋栗), noting that over forty of the sixty known currant varieties were of American origin, including the black currant, white currant, and red currant. Currants were once common in 19th-century US recipes, but they have since disappeared, while they remain popular in the UK for jams and jellies. Even confectionery (糖果) flavors differ: black currant in the UK and grape in the US. This change is due to a forgotten war launched by the US government against currants. Currants come in black, red, or white and are typically sour. They grew wild in North America for centuries and were used by Native American communities for cooking and medicinal purposes. Early colonists introduced European varieties, and by the 19th century, currants were used in jams, jellies, wines, and remedies. By the early 20th century, the US was producing European currants on a large scale, especially in New York. However, New York was also home to the eastern white pine, a crucial source of wood. The import of pine seedlings from Europe introduced Cronartium Ribicola, a fungus (真菌) which infected white pine trees with a disease called white pine blister rust. Efforts to get rid of the disease included banning white pine imports, but by 1921, the disease had spread across the US, threatening the wood industry. The fungus needed two hosts: pine trees and currant plants. To fight against the disease, the US government initiated a program to remove currant plants in 1916, which led to the destruction of them across the country. The program destroyed both European and native currant species, including those used medicinally by native communities like the Menominee Tribe. The efforts were ultimately unsustainable and ceased by the late 1960s, but the damage was done. White pine blister rust persisted, and currant cultivation remained restricted in many states. This campaign changed American cooking habits greatly, making currants unfamiliar to most. By the mid-20th century, currant recipes had nearly disappeared from American cookbooks. 1．The first paragraph is intended to______. A．highlight the varieties of currants and their origins B．explain the historical significance of currants in the US C．describe the previous popularity of currants in the US and the UK D．introduce the topic of currants and their decline in American cooking 2．Which of the following is a feature of currants? A．They vary in color. B．They originated in Europe. C．They taste sweet when ripe. D．They were mainly used for medical purposes. 3．What was the primary reason for the US government’s campaign against currants? A．To promote the growth of other fruits. B．To protect the eastern white pine trees. C．To make space for other agricultural crops. D．To improve the flavor of American confectionery. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．What the history and varieties of currants in the US are. B．How currants were used by Native American communities. C．Why confectionery flavors differ between the US and the UK. D．Why currants are not as common as they used to be in the US. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国的醋栗曾经十分常见和品种丰富，但是为了保护松树政府开始清除醋栗，导致醋栗几乎在美国消失。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“In June 1894, Harper’s Bazaar highlighted currants (醋栗), noting that over forty of the sixty known currant varieties were of American origin, including the black currant, white currant, and red currant. Currants were once common in 19th-century US recipes, but they have since disappeared, while they remain popular in the UK for jams and jellies. Even confectionery (糖果) flavors differ: black currant in the UK and grape in the US. This change is due to a forgotten war launched by the US government against currants.(1894年6月，《时尚芭莎》对醋栗进行了重点报道，指出在已知的60种醋栗中，有40多种源自美国，包括黑醋栗、白醋栗和红醋栗。在19世纪的美国食谱中，醋栗曾经很常见，但后来就消失了，而在英国，醋栗仍然很受欢迎，被用来制作果酱和果冻。甚至糖果的口味也不一样：英国是黑醋栗，美国是葡萄。这种变化是由于美国政府发起的一场被遗忘的战争)”可知，第一段旨在介绍醋栗的话题及其在美国烹饪中的衰落。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Currants come in black, red, or white and are typically sour.(醋栗有黑色、红色或白色，通常是酸的)”可知，颜色各不相同是醋栗的特征。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“The import of pine seedlings from Europe introduced Cronartium Ribicola, a fungus (真菌) which infected white pine trees with a disease called white pine blister rust. Efforts to get rid of the disease included banning white pine imports, but by 1921, the disease had spread across the US, threatening the wood industry.(从欧洲进口的松树幼苗引入了一种真菌，它使白松感染了一种叫做白松水疱锈病的疾病。根除这种疾病的努力包括禁止进口白松，但到1921年，这种疾病已经蔓延到美国各地，威胁到木材工业)”可知，美国政府反对醋栗的主要原因是保护东部的白松。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“This campaign changed American cooking habits greatly, making currants unfamiliar to most. By the mid-20th century, currant recipes had nearly disappeared from American cookbooks.(这场运动极大地改变了美国人的烹饪习惯，使大多数人对醋栗感到陌生。到20世纪中期，加仑的食谱几乎从美国食谱中消失了)”结合文章主要介绍了美国的醋栗曾经十分常见和品种丰富，但是为了保护松树政府开始清除醋栗，导致醋栗几乎在美国消失。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是为什么醋栗在美国不像以前那么常见了。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海华东模范·期中）Each one of us shares this planet with seven billion other individuals. And we all need transportation. The majority of cars, motorcycles, boats and planes cause pollution. They are also noisy. This is a serious problem in many cities. So inventors are coming up with innovative ideas to try to reduce the pollution and noise.By Land In many cities around the world, motorcycles are becoming increasingly popular. Currently, Vietnam has around 33 million motorcycles. China has almost 120 million. The convenience of these motorcycles comes at a cost. Air pollution is a growing problem. In large cities, people often complain it is difficult to breathe. They also complain about the noise. To solve these problems, a U.S. company designed an environmentally friendly motorcycle. It uses electricity as fuel. You can drive it for 40 miles (64 kilometers) before recharging the battery. It is also quiet and fast-60 miles (96 kilometers) per hour. This makes it a good choice for getting around a city.By Water The Italian city of Venice is a city with only a few roads. There are no cars in the city center. Instead of cars, water taxis and buses carry people along the city’s canals. The engines of these boats are simple and cheap. However, they cause pollution, particularly to the water. This causes damage to the city’s buildings. English mechanics Dick Strawbridge and Jem Stans designed a solar-powered water taxi. The solar panels charge three electric batteries. These, in turn, provide power to the engine. The water taxi can carry six passengers. It can run for a day. In the future, solar taxis could be an alternative to Venice’s current taxis.By Air Designing an environmentally friendly airplane is a real challenge. Planes use an enormous amount of jet fuel. This means they cause significant air pollution, and they are very noisy. Some major airplane manufacturers have started to address the problems. They are using cleaner fuels, for example. However, Swiss engineers have gone one step further. They developed a solar airplane — the Solar Impulse. Solar panels cover its wings. These panels provide power to four electric motors and batteries. The batteries allow the plane to fly at night. This plane holds the world record for the longest solar-powered flight — 985 miles (1541 kilometers) from Arizona to Texas in the United States. 1．What do the three innovative ideas proposed have in common? A．They aim to solve traffic problems in big cities. B．They use cleaner energy and cause less pollution. C．They aim to change traditional way of transporting goods. D．They are good will of developed countries to help developing countries. 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．China owns the largest number of motorcycles. B．There are no cars in the center of Venice city. C．Solar-powered water taxi can run for a day with one battery at work. D．The newly designed motorcycle can drive 60 miles after being charged. 3．According to the passage, the distinguished merit of Solar Impulse is ________. A．lighter wings B．less noise C．powerful batteries D．longest solar panels 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是应用文。介绍了几款新的减少污染和噪音的交通工具。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“And we all need transportation. The majority of cars, motorcycles, boats and planes cause pollution. They are also noisy. This is a serious problem in many cities. So inventors are coming up with innovative ideas to try to reduce the pollution and noise.(我们都需要交通工具。大多数汽车、摩托车、船和飞机造成污染。它们也很吵。这在许多城市都是一个严重的问题。因此，发明家们想出了创新的想法，试图减少污染和噪音)”，By Land下第二段的“It uses electricity as fuel. (它使用电力作为燃料)”，By Water下第二段的“The solar panels charge three electric batteries. These, in turn, provide power to the engine.(太阳能电池板为三个电池充电。这些反过来又为发动机提供动力)”和By Air下的“Some major airplane manufacturers have started to address the problems. They are using cleaner fuels, for example. (一些主要的飞机制造商已经开始着手解决这些问题。例如，他们正在使用更清洁的燃料)”可知，提出的三个创新想法，它们使用更清洁的能源，造成更少的污染。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据小标题By Water下第一段的“The Italian city of Venice is a city with only a few roads. There are no cars in the city center.(意大利城市威尼斯是一个只有几条道路的城市。市中心没有汽车)”可知，威尼斯市中心没有汽车，B项正确。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“They developed a solar airplane — the Solar Impulse. Solar panels cover its wings. These panels provide power to four electric motors and batteries. The batteries allow the plane to fly at night. This plane holds the world record for the longest solar-powered flight—985 miles (1541 kilometers) from Arizona to Texas in the United States.(他们开发了一架太阳能飞机——“阳光动力号”。太阳能电池板覆盖着它的翅膀。这些面板为四个电动机和电池提供电力。电池使飞机能在夜间飞行。这架飞机保持着最长太阳能飞行的世界纪录——从美国亚利桑那州到德克萨斯州，飞行了985英里(1541公里))”可推知，阳光动力号的电池使飞机能在夜间飞行一整夜，所以它有强大的电池。故选C项。 一、人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海嘉定封浜·期中）This year’s United Nations Prize for Research in the Life Sciences（UNPRLS）goes to a Chinese scientist, Tu Youyou, for the discovery of artemisinin（青蒿素）and its use in the treatment of malaria（疟疾）—a medical advance that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world. Tu’s pioneering work on malaria began on May 23, 1967 when the Chinese government started a program aimed at finding a cure for the deadly disease. Tu combed the Chinese traditional medicine texts for possible treatments, and by 1972, had made 380 extracts（提取物）from 200 herbs. Her team then tested the extracts one by one on the malaria-infected mice. One of the extracts from Qinghao—or sweet wormwood—sharply reduced malaria growth in the animals. At a March 1972 meeting of the project’s key participants, Tu reported that the natural plant extract wiped out the malaria in mice and monkeys. Later that year it proved effective in treating human patients. The first English-language scientific journal（期刊）mentioning successful clinical trials for artemisinin appeared in late 1979 and two years later, Tu presented her discovery at an international meeting at the World Health Organization（WHO）and it was immediately recognized as a breakthrough. In 2015, she was finally awarded the Nobel Prize for her discovery. Artemisinin is still the most powerful anti-malarial drug presently available, and an artemisinin-based drug combination is now the standard drug for the disease. The WHO lists artemisinin and related drugs in its catalog of “Essential Medicines” “It is clear that Tu’s work has saved millions of lives, particularly in the developing world, and continues to bring about long-term medical benefits in the ongoing fight against this deadly disease,” the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization（UNESCO）prize committee writes in a statement published today. 1．What has served as the major inspiration for Tu’s discovery？ A．The English-language scientific journals. B．Exchanges with scientists at international meetings. C．Her malaria-fighting experience in the developing countries. D．Her extensive reading of the Chinese traditional medicine books. 2．How long has it taken Tu to get her first official international recognition of her achievement? A．About 6 years. B．About 7 years. C．About 9 years. D．About 43 years. 3．What can we know about the artemisinin？ A．It has to be taken from the natural plants in China. B．It is still the most effective drug in curing malaria. C．It must be combined with other drugs for treatment. D．It is the only anti-malarial medicine used in the world. 4．Why was Tu given this year’s UNPRLS according to the UNESCO prize committee？ A．Her pioneering work has rid the world of malaria. B．Her drug has promoted the use of natural herbs. C．Her team discovered artemisinin and tested it successfully. D．Her discovery has helped to save millions of lives in the world. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D 【分析】本文是一篇新闻报道，介绍了今年的联合国生命科学研究奖颁给了中国科学家屠呦呦，因为她的“用青蒿素治疗疟疾”这一发现拯救了全球数百万人的生命。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Tu combed the Chinese traditional medicine texts for possible treatments, and by 1972, had made 380 extracts（提取物）from 200 herbs. Her team then tested the extracts one by one on the malaria-infected mice. One of the extracts from Qinghao—or sweet wormwood—sharply reduced malaria growth in the animals.”（屠呦呦梳理了中医文献，寻找可能的治疗方法，到1972年，从200种草药中提取了380种提取物，她的团队随后在感染疟疾的老鼠身上逐个测试这些提取物，发现青蒿的提取物能显著降低动物体内疟疾的发展）可知，屠呦呦这一发现的灵感来源是她广泛阅读中医文献，故D项正确。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“At a March 1972 meeting of the project’s key participants, Tu reported that the natural plant extract wiped out the malaria in mice and monkeys. Later that year it proved effective in treating human patients.”（在1972年3月该项目主要参与者的一次会议上，屠呦呦报告说，青蒿的提取物可以消除老鼠和猴子身上的疟疾，那年晚些时候，它被证明在治疗人类病人方面是有效的）及第五段中的“The first English-language scientific journal（期刊）mentioning successful clinical trials for artemisinin appeared in late 1979 and two years later, Tu presented her discovery at an international meeting at the World Health Organization（WHO）and it was immediately recognized as a breakthrough.”（1979年底，英文科学期刊首次提到青蒿素临床试验的成功，两年后，也就是1981年，屠呦呦在世界卫生组织的一次国际会议上介绍了她的发现，并立即被认为是一项突破）可知，从1972年第一次报告青蒿素可以治疗疟疾到1981年在国际上得到正式认可共历时9年的时间，故C项正确。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Artemisinin is still the most powerful anti-malarial drug presently available”可知，青蒿素仍然是目前最有效的抗疟疾药物，故B项正确。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段““It is clear that Tu’s work has saved millions of lives, particularly in the developing world, and continues to bring about long-term medical benefits in the ongoing fight against this deadly disease,” the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization（UNESCO）prize committee writes in a statement published today.”（世界教科文组织颁奖委员会在今天发表的一份声明中写道：很明显，屠呦呦的工作挽救了数百万人的生命，特别是在发展中国家，并继续为正在进行的防治这种致命疾病的斗争带来长期的医疗效益）可知，今年的联合国生命科学研究奖颁给屠呦呦是因为她的这一发现帮助拯救了世界上数百万人的生命，故D项正确。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海顾村·期中）Eton, a ten-year-old boy, used to go for a walk with his father every day on a nearby hill. One day the boy said, “Dad, let’s have a race today. One who touches top of hill first, wins the race.” Father agreed. Both of them started running toward hilltop. After running for some time, Father suddenly stopped. Eton asked, “What happened? Why did you stop suddenly? Have you accepted your defeat already?” “No, some pebbles (砾石) got stuck in my shoes. I stopped to remove them.” Father replied. “Some pebbles got stuck in my shoes too, but I don’t care. Once I touch top then I will remove them.” Eton replied. Saying this, the boy ran ahead fast. Father removed pebbles from his shoes and moved ahead. Eton had gone far ahead, but now he started feeling pain in his feet because of the pebbles stuck in his shoes and his running speed started to decrease. Gradually, Father came close to him. Seeing his boy. Father shouted from behind, “Why don’t you remove pebbles from your shoes first?” “But I don’t have time for this!” said the boy. In a short white, Father overtook him. Eton’s pain bad increased a lot due to the pricking pebbles and now he was not even able to walk. He stopped there and screamed. “Dad, I can’t run any more.” Father quickly ran back and took off Eton’s shoes and saw that his feet were injured. Father took the boy back home and applied some medicine to the injuries. When pain subsided a bit, he talked to the boy, “Son, I told you to first remove your pebbles and then go on with the race.” “But I want to win the race first,” Eton said. “It is not like that son, if any problem come in our life, then we should not delay solving them by saying that we don’t have time right now. It would have taken you hardly one minute to remove that pebble but now to save that one minute, you will have to suffer from pain for one week”, Father said. 1．What was the underlying reason for Eton’s insistence on not removing the pebbles? A．His overemphasis on the result of winning the race clouded his judgment. B．He firmly wanted to show his father that he could endure the pain. C．He didn’t know the most efficient way to remove the pebbles quickly. D．He was influenced by a competitive environment that valued speed above all. 2．Which of the following best describes the father’s attitude towards the race? A．He was extremely eager to win the race and took it very seriously. B．He thought the race was just a casual activity and didn’t care about the result at all. C．He regarded the race as a way to teach his son a life lesson rather than just a competition. D．He considered the race a precious chance to fully prove his remarkable physical strength. 3．What does “the pebbles stuck in the shoes” symbolize? A．Temporary setbacks that can be overcome with determination. B．Small problems that, if neglected, can grow into major obstacles. C．Hidden dangers that can interrupt one’s journey if not detected early. D．Minor annoyances that should be endured for the sake of a greater goal. 4．Based on the story, what can we infer about Eton’s character? A．He is self-centered and believes he can overcome any obstacle with his own wisdom. B．He is sociable but refuses to listen to anyone’s advice, even when it is clearly beneficial. C．He is lazy and tries to avoid any task that requires extra effort, like removing the pebbles. D．He is highly competitive but lacks the ability to think sensibly in the face of challenges. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Eton和父亲赛跑，Eton因急于赢比赛不清理鞋里的砾石，最终脚受伤，父亲借此教导他要及时解决生活中问题的故事。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中““Some pebbles got stuck in my shoes too, but I don’t care. Once I touch top then I will remove them.” Eton replied.(“也有一些鹅卵石卡在我的鞋子里，但我不在乎。一旦我到达山顶，我就会把它们拿掉。”伊顿答道)”和第五段中““But I want to win the race first,” Eton said.(“但我想先赢得比赛，”伊顿说)”可推知，Eton坚持不清理鞋里砾石的根本原因是他过度看重赢得比赛的结果，这蒙蔽了他的判断。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““It is not like that son, if any problem come in our life, then we should not delay solving them by saying that we don’t have time right now. It would have taken you hardly one minute to remove that pebble but now to save that one minute, you will have to suffer from pain for one week”, Father said.(“不是这样的，孩子，如果我们的生活中出现任何问题，那么我们不应该说我们现在没有时间来拖延解决它们。你移走那块石头几乎不需要一分钟，但现在为了节省这一分钟，你必须忍受一个星期的痛苦。”父亲说)”可推知，父亲把这次赛跑当作教导儿子人生道理的方式，而非单纯的比赛。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Some pebbles got stuck in my shoes too, but I don’t care. Once I touch top then I will remove them. (我的鞋子里也进了一些砾石，但我不在乎。等我到了山顶再把它们弄出来)”、第三段中“Eton had gone far ahead, but now he started feeling pain in his feet because of the pebbles stuck in his shoes and his running speed started to decrease. Gradually, Father came close to him. (Eton已经远远领先了，但现在由于鞋子里的砾石，他的脚开始疼起来，跑步速度也开始减慢。渐渐地，父亲靠近了他)”、第四段中“Eton’s pain bad increased a lot due to the pricking pebbles and now he was not even able to walk.(由于砾石的刺痛，Eton的疼痛加剧了很多，现在他甚至都走不动了)”和最后一段中““It is not like that son, if any problem come in our life, then we should not delay solving them by saying that we don’t have time right now. It would have taken you hardly one minute to remove that pebble but now to save that one minute, you will have to suffer from pain for one week”, Father said.(“不是这样的，孩子，如果我们的生活中出现任何问题，那么我们不应该说我们现在没有时间来拖延解决它们。你移走那块石头几乎不需要一分钟，但现在为了节省这一分钟，你必须忍受一个星期的痛苦。”父亲说)”可知，一开始鞋里进砾石只是小问题，但因为忽视了这些小问题，最终它们演变成了大障碍，导致Eton无法继续比赛，造成严重的后果。所以“the pebbles stuck in the shoes”象征着“被忽视后会演变成大障碍的小问题”。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段中Eton的话“Dad, let’s have a race today. One who touches top of hill first, wins the race.(爸爸，今天我们来一场比赛吧。谁先摸到山顶，谁就赢得比赛)”可知，Eton有很强的竞争意识；又根据第二段中“Some pebbles got stuck in my shoes too, but I don’t care. Once I touch top then I will remove them.(也有一些鹅卵石卡在我的鞋子里，但我不在乎。一旦我到达山顶，我就会把它们拿掉)和第三段中“But I don’t have time for this!(但我没时间跟你说这个！)”可推知，Eton在面对挑战时缺乏理智思考的能力。故选D项。 二、人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海交大附中嘉定分·期中）The Unselfish Gene There has long been a general assumption that human beings are essentially selfish. We’re apparently ruthless, with strong impulses to compete against each other for resources and to accumulate power and possessions. If we are kind to one another, it’s usually because we have secret motives. If we are good, it’s only because we have managed to control and transcend our innate selfishness and brutality. This bleak view of human nature is closely associated with the science writer Richard Dawkins, whose 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with — and helped to justify — the competitive and individualistic spirit that was so prevalent in late 20th-century societies. Like many others, Dawkins justifies his views with reference to the field of evolutionary psychology. Prehistory is usually seen as a period of intense competition, when life was such a brutal battle that only those with traits such as selfishness, aggression and ruthlessness survived. This seems logical. But, in fact, the assumption on which this all rests — that prehistoric life was a desperate struggle for survival — is false. It’s important to remember that in the prehistoric era, the world was very sparsely populated. According to some estimates, around 15,000 years ago, the population of the whole world was less than half a million. Humans at that time were hunter-gatherers. With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources or had any need to develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or to go to war. There is significant evidence to back this notion from contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, who live in the same way as prehistoric humans did. As the anthropologist Bruce Knauft has remarked, hunter-gatherers are characterized by “extreme political and sexual egalitarianism (平等主义)”. Knauft has observed that individuals in such groups don’t accumulate property or possessions and have an ethical obligation to share everything. The Kung people of southern Africa, for example, swap arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed, the reward does not go to the person who fired the arrow, but to the person the arrow belongs to. And if a person becomes too domineering (专横的), the other members of the group drive him/ her away from the community. Typically, in such groups, men do not dictate what women do. Women in hunter-gatherer groups worldwide often benefit from a high level of autonomy, being able to select their own marriage partners, decide what work they do and work whenever they choose to. And if a marriage breaks down, they have custody rights over their children. 1．What is the author doing in the first paragraph? A．Describing a commonly held belief about people’s behavior. B．Justifying his opinion about our tendency to be greedy. C．Setting out two opposing views about human nature. D．Explaining why he thinks that humans act in a selfish manner. 2．What point is made about Richard Dawkins’ book The Selfish Gene? A．It presented a view that was in line with the attitudes of its time. B．Its success was due to the scientific support it offered. C．Its appeal lay in the radical nature of its ideas. D．It took an innovative approach to the analysis of human psychology. 3．What does the author suggest about the prehistoric era in the fourth paragraph? A．Societies were more complex than many people believe. B．Supplies of natural resources were probably relatively plentiful. C．Most estimates about population sizes are likely to be inaccurate. D．Humans moved across continents more than was previously thought. 4．The author refers to Bruce Knauft and Kung people of south Africa in order to prove that ______. A．selfishness is a relatively recent development in human societies B．only people in isolated communities can live in an unselfish manner C．very few lifestyles have survived unchanged since prehistoric times D．hunter-gatherer cultures worldwide are declining in number 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕人类本性是否自私展开讨论，反驳了人类本质自私的观点，以史前时代和当代狩猎采集群体为例进行论证。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“There has long been a general assumption that human beings are essentially selfish. We’re apparently ruthless, with strong impulses to compete against each other for resources and to accumulate power and possessions. If we are kind to one another, it’s usually because we have secret motives. If we are good, it’s only because we have managed to control and transcend our innate selfishness and brutality.(长期以来，人们普遍认为人类本质上是自私的。我们显然很无情，有着强烈的冲动去相互竞争资源、积累权力和财产。如果我们对彼此友善，通常是因为我们有隐秘的动机。如果我们表现善良，那只是因为我们成功地控制并超越了我们与生俱来的自私和残忍)”可知，作者在第一段描述了一种关于人类行为的普遍看法：人类本质上是自私的。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This bleak view of human nature is closely associated with the science writer Richard Dawkins, whose 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with — and helped to justify — the competitive and individualistic spirit that was so prevalent in late 20th century societies.(这种对人性的悲观看法与科学作家理查德·道金斯密切相关，他1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书大受欢迎，因为它与20世纪后期社会中盛行的竞争和个人主义精神非常契合，并为其提供了依据)”可知，道金斯的《自私的基因》提出的观点与20世纪后期社会中盛行的竞争和个人主义精神非常契合，与当时的社会态度相符。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“It’s important to remember that in the prehistoric era, the world was very sparsely populated. According to some estimates, around 15,000 years ago, the population of the whole world was less than half a million. Humans at that time were hunter gatherers. With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources or had any need to develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or to go to war.(重要的是要记住，在史前时代，世界人口非常稀少。据一些估计，大约15000年前，全世界的人口还不到50万。当时的人类是狩猎采集者。在如此低的人口密度下，史前狩猎采集群体似乎不太可能为了资源而相互竞争，也没有必要培养残忍和竞争意识，或者发动战争)”可推知，史前时代世界人口非常稀少，自然资源供应可能相对充足。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段“There is significant evidence to back this notion from contemporary hunter gatherer groups, who live in the same way as prehistoric humans did. As the anthropologist Bruce Knauft has remarked, hunter gatherers are characterized by “extreme political and sexual egalitarianism (平等主义)”. Knauft has observed that individuals in such groups don’t accumulate property or possessions and have an ethical obligation to share everything.(当代狩猎采集群体的生活方式与史前人类相同，有大量证据支持这一观点。正如人类学家布鲁斯·克瑙夫特所说，狩猎采集者的特点是“极端的政治和性别平等主义”。克瑙夫特观察到，这类群体中的个人不会积累财产，并且有道德义务分享一切)”以及第六段中“The Kung people of southern Africa, for example, swap arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed, the reward does not go to the person who fired the arrow, but to the person the arrow belongs to. And if a person becomes too domineering (专横的), the other members of the group drive him/ her away from the community.(例如，非洲南部的孔族人在打猎前会交换箭，当一只动物被杀死时，奖励不会归射箭的人，而是归箭的主人。如果一个人变得太专横，群体中的其他成员就会把他/她赶出群体)”可知，作者提及布鲁斯·克瑙夫特和南非的昆族人是为了说明当代狩猎采集群体的生活方式与史前人类相同，这类群体中的个人不会积累财产，并且有道德义务分享一切。由此证明自私是人类社会中相对较新的发展，是后期才出现的。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海建平·期中）Many trees in the Brackham area were brought down in the terrible storms. The town itself lost two great lime trees from the former market square. The disappearance of such prominent features had altered the appearance of the town center entirely, much to the annoyance of its conservative inhabitants. Among the annoyed, under normal circumstances, would have been Chief Inspector Douglas Pelham, head of the local police force. But at the height of that week’s storm, when the winds brought down even the mature walnut tree in his garden, Pelham had in fact been in no fit state to notice. A large and healthy man, he had for the first time in his life been seriously ill with an attack of bronchitis (支气管炎). When he first complained of an aching head and tightness in his chest, his wife, Molly, had tried to persuade him to go to the doctor. Convinced that the police force could not do without him, he had, as usual, ignored her and attempted to carry on working. It was only when his colleague, Sergeant Lloyd, took the initiative and drove him to the doctor’s door that he finally gave in. In no time at all, Lloyd took him to the chemist’s to get his prescribed antibiotics and then home to Molly, who sent him straight to bed. When Molly told him, on the Thursday morning, that the walnut tree had been brought down during the night, Pelham wasn’t been able to take it in. On Thursday evening, he asked weakly about damage to the house, groaned thankfully when he heard there was none, and pulled the sheets over his head. It wasn’t until Saturday, when the antibiotics took effect, his temperature dropped and he got up, that he realized with a shock that the loss of the walnut tree had made a permanent difference to the appearance of the living-room. Previously, the view from the living-room had featured the handsome walnut tree. This has not darkened the room because there was also a window on the opposite wall, but it had provided interesting patterns of light and shade that disguised (掩饰) the true state of the worn furniture in the living room. Also, the leafy garden had created an impression of privacy. With the tree gone, the room seemed cruelly bright, its worn furnishings exposed in all their shabbiness (简陋). And the view from the window didn’t bear looking at. 1．Why were some people in Brackham annoyed after the storm? A．The town looked different. B．The police had done little to help. C．No market could be held. D．Fallen trees had not been removed. 2．From the third paragraph, what do we learn about Chief Inspector Pelham and his work? A．He found his work extremely annoying. B．He was sure that he played a vital role in his work. C．He considered the police systems not efficient. D．He did not trust the decisions made by his superiors. 3．When Inspector Pelham’s wife told him about the walnut tree, he appeared to be ________. A．relaxed. B．shocked. C．saddened. D．uninterested. 4．What was the impact of the storm on the Pelhams’ living-room? A．It was pleasantly brighter. B．It felt less private. C．It had a better view. D．It looked less shabby. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。Brackham地区风暴吹倒许多树，警局局长Pelham因支气管炎病倒，康复后发现自家核桃树被吹倒，客厅景象大变。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Many trees in the Brackham area were brought down in the terrible storms. The town itself lost two great lime trees from the former market square. The disappearance of such prominent features had altered the appearance of the town center entirely, much to the annoyance of its conservative inhabitants.(布拉卡姆地区在暴风雨中损失惨重，众多树木被连根拔起。尤其令人痛心的是，镇中心历史悠久的集市广场上，两棵地标性的参天椴树也未能幸免。这些百年古树的消失，使得小镇中心景观面目全非，引得当地守旧的居民们怨声载道)”可知，风暴过后，布拉克姆镇上的一些人感到不满是因为这个城镇看起来变得不一样了。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Convinced that the police force could not do without him, he had, as usual, ignored her and attempted to carry on working.(但佩勒姆警长坚信警察局离不开他，于是像往常一样没有听从妻子的劝告，继续工作)”可知，首席督察佩勒姆确信自己在工作中起着至关重要的作用。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“When Molly told him, on the Thursday morning, that the walnut tree had been brought down during the night, Pelham wasn’t been able to take it in.(周四清晨，当莫莉告知他那棵胡桃树在昨夜风暴中倒下时，佩勒姆一时难以置信)”可知，当佩勒姆警官的妻子向他提及那棵核桃树时，他感到吃惊。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Previously, the view from the living-room had featured the handsome walnut tree. This has not darkened the room because there was also a window on the opposite wall, but it had provided interesting patterns of light and shade that disguised (掩饰) the true state of the worn furniture in the living room. Also, the leafy garden had created an impression of privacy.(原先从客厅望出去，那棵挺拔的胡桃树是最醒目的景致。虽然对面墙上的窗户保证了室内采光，但树影婆娑间投下的斑驳光影，巧妙遮掩了客厅陈旧家具的岁月痕迹。而今枝叶繁茂的庭院景致不再，那份静谧的私密感也随之消散)”可知，场风暴让静谧的私密感也随之消散，佩勒姆家的客厅变得不再那么私密了。故选B。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海七宝·期中）New molecules (分子) engineered by Weill Cornell Medicine researchers can enable rapid, direct “editing” of genes in a wide range of cell types, creating a series of research and therapeutic possibilities. The molecules, known as base editors (碱基编辑器), can attach to a target DNA sequence and chemically alter a single DNA letter. Base editing technology, just two years old, developed from the better-known CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. CRISPR/Cas9 molecules allow scientists to cut almost any piece of DNA in a cell and in this way disable or remove a gene. By contrast, a base editor molecule, using essentially the same DNA-targeting mechanism, chemically modifies a gene rather than cutting it out. Base editing is better for making or correcting single-base “point mutations (基因突变)” in DNA — the cause of many inherited diseases and cancers — and in principle involves less risk of having impact on other normal DNA．However, first-generation base editors operate efficiently in relatively few cell types. Together, the team systematically re-engineered the principal existing set of base editors, known as BE3, BE4Gam and xBE3, to boost their production in cells — low production had been a problem in many cell types. The optimized (优化的) editors, unlike the first-generation version, work efficiently in a wide variety of cell types and model systems, including mouse and human cell lines, and even liver cells in live mice. “These new base editors allow us to model and study diseases such as cancer in new ways, but they really have applications all the way across biomedical research,” said senior study author Dr. Lukas Dow, an assistant professor of biochemistry in medicine and a member of the Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, and a paid advisory board member for Mirimus, Inc., a company focused on genome (基因组) editing technologies to develop animal models. The Weill Cornell Medicine scientists now plan to use the new editors for several research applications, including the investigation of mutations associated with cancers to find suitable targets for therapies. “There is a huge list of cancer-linked mutations whose precise roles in cancer are unknown, and now with these optimized tools we can study them affordably and in a feasible time frame,” Dr. Dow said. The optimized editors are also being studied by researchers working on other applications, including potential therapies for genetic diseases. 1．How many types of molecules are mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A．1. B．2. C．3. D．4. 2．According to the passage, what is a key advantage of base editing over CRISPR/Cas9 for correcting point mutations? A．It is significantly cheaper to employ. B．It involves less risk to non-target DNA． C．It can edit multiple genes at the same time. D．It requires no specialized equipment. 3．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Scientists think it’s better to remove a gene than to edit it. B．The first-generation base editors fail to work in cells. C．Base editing technology is of great value mainly in medication. D．It is unknown how some mutations cause cancer. 4．Which is the best title for this passage? A．DNA Editing Just Got Easier. B．Say Goodbye to Genetic Disease. C．The Birth of a New Technology: DNA Editing. D．Mutations in DNA． 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了新型碱基编辑器（base editors）的研发及其在基因编辑中的应用优势，包括更高效、更低风险的特点，并探讨了其在癌症研究和遗传疾病治疗中的潜力。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The molecules, known as base editors (碱基编辑器), can attach to a target DNA sequence and chemically alter a single DNA letter. (这些分子被称为碱基编辑器，它们能够附着在目标DNA序列上，并通过化学方式改变单个DNA碱基字母)”和“CRISPR/Cas9 molecules allow scientists to cut almost any piece of DNA in a cell and in this way disable or remove a gene. (CRISPR/Cas9分子能让科学家切割细胞中几乎任何一段DNA，从而破坏或移除某个基因)”可知，前两段提到两种分子：碱基编辑器和CRISPR/Cas9分子。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Base editing is better for making or correcting single-base “point mutations (基因突变)” in DNA — the cause of many inherited diseases and cancers — and in principle involves less risk of having impact on other normal DNA. (碱基编辑技术更适合用于制造或修正DNA中的单碱基“点突变”——许多遗传病和癌症的诱因，而且原则上对正常DNA造成影响的风险更低)”可知，与CRISPR/Cas9相比，碱基编辑在纠正点突变方面的关键优势是它对非目标DNA的风险更小。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There is a huge list of cancer-linked mutations whose precise roles in cancer are unknown (目前存在大量与癌症相关的基因突变，但其在癌症发生中的确切作用尚不明确)”可知，目前还不清楚一些突变是如何导致癌症的。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“New molecules (分子) engineered by Weill Cornell Medicine researchers can enable rapid, direct “editing” of genes in a wide range of cell types, creating a series of research and therapeutic possibilities. (威尔康奈尔医学院的研究人员开发出新型分子工具，能够实现对多种细胞类型基因的快速直接‘编辑’，为一系列研究和治疗应用开辟了新途径)”可知，文章围绕碱基编辑技术展开，说明研究人员优化了该技术，使其能在更多细胞类型中高效运作，相比CRISPR/Cas9技术更精准，为癌症和遗传病研究提供了新工具。因此，A项“DNA编辑变得更简单”突出了碱基编辑技术的进步，最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。 三、人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海嘉定二中·期中）The Earth is facing a climate crisis, but it’s also getting greener and leafier. According to new research, the rise is largely due to China and India. A study by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), based on extensive satellite photographs and published in the journal Nature Sustainability, has revealed that the two countries with the world’s biggest populations are also responsible for the largest increase in greenness. Since 2000, the planet’s green leaf area has increased by 5 percent, or over 2 million square miles. That’s an area equivalent to the sum total of the Amazon rainforests, NASA says. But researchers stressed that the new greenery does not neutralize deforestation and its negative impacts on ecosystems elsewhere. A third of the leaf increase is thanks to China and India, due to the implementation of major tree-planting projects alongside a vast increase in agriculture. Using the data from a NASA sensor, researchers discovered that China is the source of a quarter of the increase in green leaf area, despite possessing only 6.6 percent of the world’s vegetated area (植被区). Forests account for 42 percent of that increase, while croplands make up a further 32 percent. China’s increase in forest area is the result of forest preservation and expansion programs, NASA said, established to fight against the impacts of climate change, air pollution and soil erosion (水土流失). India has contributed a further 6.8 percent rise in green leaf area, with 82 percent from croplands and 4.4 percent from forests. Rama Nemani, a co-author of the study and a researcher at NASA’s Ames Research Center, said in a statement, “When the greening of the Earth was first observed, we thought it was due to a warmer, wetter climate and fertilization from the added carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to more leaf growth in northern forests, for instance.” “Now, with the data that lets us understand the phenomenon at really small scales, we see that humans are also contributing,” Nemani said. “This will help scientists make better predictions about the behavior of different Earth systems, which will help countries make better decisions about how and when to take action.” Thomas Pugh, a professor at the University of Birmingham’s School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, said the NASA report expands scientists’ understanding of the causes behind global greening. But he also cautioned that a direct line cannot be drawn between an increase in global greening and a decrease in negative impacts of climate change. 1．The passage mainly tells us that . A．China and India have the world’s largest green leaf areas B．China and India are the lead role players in global greening C．our planet is experiencing a climate crisis despite human efforts D．our planet is getting greener due to the joint efforts of the world 2．What can be learned about China and India? A．The area of croplands in India is larger than that in China. B．India’s rise in leaf area is largely due to its forestry program. C．They both show a greater increase in forests than in croplands. D．China boasts twenty-five percent of the global rise in leaf area. 3．According to Rama Nemani, their new findings are . A．unexpected but significant B．surprising but valueless C．predictable but disappointing D．uncontrollable but inspiring 4．What can be inferred from the passage? A．There is an indirect link between global greening and climate change. B．The new greenery does not have any positive effect on the global climate. C．The gain in greenness does not make up for the damage from loss of leaf area. D．The increase in greening reduces the deforestation rate and its impact globally. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。地球正面临着气候危机，但它也变得越来越绿色和枝繁叶茂。根据最新研究，这一增长主要归功于中国和印度。文章同时介绍了中国和印度在这一增长中的具体体现。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段The Earth is facing a climate crisis, but it’s also getting greener and leafier. According to new research, the rise is largely due to China and India.可知地球正面临着气候危机，但它也变得越来越绿色和叶子。根据最新研究，这一增长主要归功于中国和印度。即中国和印度是全球绿化的主导角色，故选B。 2．推理判断题。第四段第一句China is the source of a quarter of the increase in green leaf area可知中国的绿叶面积增长了四分之一，即中国拥有全球25%的叶面积增长。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“When the greening of the Earth was first observed, we thought it was due to a warmer, wetter climate and fertilization from the added carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to more leaf growth in northern forests, for instance.” “Now, with the data that lets us understand the phenomenon at really small scales, we see that humans are also contributing,” Nemani said.可知最初Nemani第一次观察到地球变绿时，他们认为这是由于气候变暖、变湿，以及大气中二氧化碳的增加，而下文提到“现在，有了这些数据，我们可以在非常小的范围内理解这种现象，我们发现人类也在做出贡献。”，即这一项新发现是“没有预料到的；出乎意料之外”的；再根据本段最后一句This will help scientists make better predictions about the behavior of different Earth systems, which will help countries make better decisions about how and when to take action.可知Rama Nemani认为这一新发现将帮助科学家更好地预测不同地球系统的动向，将帮助各国更好地决定如何以及何时采取行动。即这项新发现是有意义的，故选A。 4．推理判断题。最后一段最后一句But he also cautioned that a direct line cannot be drawn between an increase in global greening and a decrease in negative impacts of climate change.可知全球绿化的增加和气候变化负面影响的减少之间并不能直接区分开，即绿度的增加不能弥补绿叶面积的损失。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海闵行中学·期中）“It’s a windy day in Laguna San Ignacio, and the waves seem to come from all directions,” said Sara Clemence in Bloomberg Businessweek. My children and I are riding on a 18-foot boat—small enough that we can reach down into the water if a gray whale swims up alongside. And then we see what we’ve come for: a heart-shaped shower of water and a dark mass rushing below it. As instructed, we splash (溅泼) the water strongly to signal the huge whale, which turns out to be a mother with her weeks-old baby. The baby soon swims beneath our boat, emerges to blow mist in my face, then “lies onto its side like a 2-ton puppy.” Leaning down, I touched its skin gently. “It feels electric. Also, a bit like petting a hard-boiled egg.” San Ignacio is one of very few places where a person can pet a whale. The whales come each year to the coast of Baja California to give birth and to mate. If you’re lucky, you can “shake hands with a leatheryfin (鳍)” or even “plant a kiss on a cold, salty cheek.” I usually worry about such interactions, because wild creatures can become deeply stressed by human contact. But boat numbers are strictly limited in these protected waters.  And any whale that approaches a boat does so on its own terms. Like that baby whale: “We see him a few times, and he seems to like being petted and splashed.” So we are two species, connecting through touch, but also through eye contact: “More than once, after nosing around our boat, a young gray turns on its side so one dark, baseball-size eye is looking up at us.” Whalers  used  to  call  gray  whales  “devil  fish”  because  these  magnificent  creatures  turn  violent  when threatened—“or, say, when their babies are harmed.” That makes it feel even more of a blessing when, on our third day there, a large mama whale approaches the boat. “I’m splashing when I feel her nose press up into my hand.” Though she’s “wiser and apparently more alert” than her child, “she still decides to trust us.” 1．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．The writer was on a whale-touching trip. B．The writer’s boat went down with a huge wave. C．The baby whale splashed water all over the writer. D．The mother whale’s skin felt as hard as a boiled egg. 2．By “does so on its own terms” (in paragraph 2), the writer means whales in San Ignacio are ______. A．mad with too many visitors B．ready for hands-on attention C．restricted in swimming routes D．enclosed in their safety zones 3．Gray whales got the name of “devil fish” from their ______. A．strange appearance B．inborn violence C．surprisingly enormous size D．fierceness in danger 4．The writer’s implied purpose in the passage is to ______. A．popularize the knowledge of whales B．show admiration for whales’ motherhood C．share an experience of the sea voyage D．advocate harmony between man and nature 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是篇记叙文。San Ignacio是少数几个人们可以抚摸鲸鱼的地方之一，文章讲述了作者和孩子在San Ignacio 的一段和鲸鱼互动的海上之旅，展现了人与自然界的和谐共处。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“My children and I are riding on a 18-foot boat—small enough that we can reach down into the water if a gray whale swims up alongside. ”（我和孩子们驾驶着一艘18英尺长的船--船小到如果有灰鲸游过来，我们可以够到水里。）和第二段“San Ignacio is one of very few places where a person can pet a whale. ”（San Ignacio是少数几个人们可以抚摸鲸鱼的地方之一）可知，作者和孩子正在San Ignacio进行一次接触鲸鱼的旅行。故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据第二段“ If you’re lucky, you can “shake hands with a leatheryfin (鳍)” or even “plant a kiss on a cold, salty cheek””（如果幸运的话，你还可以“和一只似皮革的鳍握手”，甚至“在冰冷咸咸的脸颊上亲吻一下”）和“he seems to like being petted and splashed”（他似乎喜欢被爱抚，被泼水）可知，在San Ignacio的鲸鱼对人们的触摸比较接受，也对这种触摸式的关注有了准备。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Whalers   used   to   call   gray   whales   “devil   fish”   because   these   magnificent   creatures   turn   violent   when threatened”（捕鲸者过去称灰鲸为“魔鬼鱼”，因为这种巨大的生物在受到威胁时会变得暴力）可知，灰鲸因为在危险中的凶悍和暴力而被称为“魔鬼鱼”。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“ I touched its skin gently.”（我温柔地摸着它的皮肤）和第二段“he seems to like being petted and splashed”（他好像很喜欢被抚摸和泼水）及最后一段“she still decides to trust us.”（她仍然决定相信我们）并结合全文内容可知，文章通过描述作者和孩子的一段与鲸鱼互动的海上之旅，想要展现人与自然和谐共处的场景，所以文章隐含的目的是提倡人与自然和谐相处。故选D。 2 / 39 1 / 39 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 阅读理解（记叙文+新闻报道） 一、人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）“I’m living my childhood dream,” Djokovic told fans on court as he received the US Open trophy from a former rival, Andy Roddick. “I had the dream to become the best player in the world and win Wimbledon.” He’s won a lot more than just one Wimbledon, and Roddick’s presence was a reminder: Djokovic who won his first major at the Australian Open in 2008-has entered into another tennis era as the player to beat, with rivals like Roger Federer now retired and injuries challenging the careers of Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray. He owes his continued success to constant self-reflection around his goals. “One of the biggest lessons I have learned probably mentally throughout my career is that even if you find a formula that works, it’s not a guarantee,” he said. “And actually most likely it’s not going to work the next year. You need to reinvent, yourself, because everyone else does. As a 36-year-old competing with 20-year-olds, I probably have to do it more than I have ever done it in order to keep my body in shape, in order to be able to recover so that I can perform on the highest level consistently.” He showed as much again in the last few weeks, bouncing back from his Wimbledon loss to Carlos Alcaraz to beat the Spaniard (who, indeed, is 20 years old) in the Cincinnati final. Alcaraz was stopped by Medvedev in the US Open semis, but Djokovic is aware of the pressure to keep up-and try and stay ahead. “I focus on what I need to do and how I get myself in the best state so that I can win the biggest trophies in our sport,” he said. “That’s what I care about.” It was two years ago that Medvedev discontinued a different history-in-the-making moment for Djokovic as Novak went for the calendar Grand Slam — sweeping all four majors in one year. But that 2021 final loss provided lessons for Djokovic that he applied this past week: Block out all the noise. “I really did my best in the last 48 hours not to allow the importance of the moment and what’s on the line get to my head, because two years ago that’s what happened, and I underperformed, and I wasn’t able to be at my best, and I was outplayed,” he recalled. And he has no plans of slowing down. “I’m going to keep going,” he said. “I feel good in my own body. I still feel I have the support of my environment, of my team, of my family. These are the moments and these are the kind of emotions that I motivate myself with every single day when I’m not playing a tournament,” he added. “Yeah, occasionally I’m asking myself, ‘Why do I need this still at this stage after all I have done?’ ‘How long do I want to keep going?’ I do have these questions in my head, of course. But knowing that I play at such a high level still and I win the biggest tournaments in this sport... I don’t want to leave this sport if I’m still at the top, if I’m still playing the way I’m playing.” Djokovic takes to the court again this week (12-17 September), suiting up for Team Serbia in the Davis Cup Finals Group Stage in Valencia, Spain. 1．Which of the following is TRUE about Djokovic? A．He is going to challenge Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray soon. B．He was beaten by Carlos Alcaraz in the Cincinnati final. C．He lost when playing for the Grand Slam in 2021. D．He is playing with so much pressure to keep on that he wants to retire. 2．What motivates Djokovic to continue playing professional tennis? A．Finding a formula that works for all tennis players. B．Proving that he’s better than young players today. C．Challenging his rivals — Rafael Nadal and Andy Murray. D．Feeling physically good and having emotional support. 3．What is Djokovic’s next scheduled competition? A．Wimbledon. B．Australian Open. C．Davis Cup Finals Group Stage. D．US Open. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Djokovic Lives His Childhood Dream. B．Djokovic Reinvents Himself. C．Djokovic Wins Wimbledon. D．Djokovic Finds a Formula for Tennis. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海浦东新·期中）My husband, Aaron Simone, is the secretary of defense — not of our country, but of our household. I promoted him to SecDef after a shameful incident in which I called him late one night while he was away on a fishing trip. I was convinced there was an intruder lurking in our apartment because I kept hearing strange noises outside our bedroom door. The real culprit was the ice maker in our refrigerator, something Aaron guessed a minute into our phone call. But he stayed on the line with me for hours, calming me down and advising me on how to barricade the bedroom door. Needless to say, the ice maker didn’t come for me that night, and all we lost was some sleep. Aaron didn’t get upset with me (bless him), but he did get a security bar for our front door to ensure no one could force their way in at night. And in recognition of his heroism, I appointed him SecDef. “Now, where should we put this thing when we’re not using it?” I asked about the new device. “That’s up to you,” he said. “You’re in charge of the Department of the Interior.” With one position apiece, we felt we should continue to name our Cabinet. Some decisions were easy. He, by far the more confident and competent driver, was a shoo-in for transportation secretary. And since I have more enthusiasm for shopping, I was the natural choice to lead the Department of Commerce. Others aren’t as obvious. My husband does the cooking, but I buy the groceries. So which one of us should oversee the Department of Agriculture? Aaron is more diplomatic than I am, but I host more of our parties. So who’d be the better secretary of state? One appointment came as a surprise to both of us. We were chopping ingredients for a salad(again, who’s in charge of Agriculture? ) when I got — essentially — an onion splinter. Yes, an ultrathin sliver of red onion slipped inside the pad of my finger. As I stared incredulously at my injury, Aaron got the tweezers and plucked out the offending onion. And just like that, he became surgeon general. That said, our Cabinet is far from complete. I’m on deck to run the Department of Education, but my duties won’t start until we have kids. Neither of us has entrepreneurial aspirations, so I doubt we’ll ever have our own Small Business Administration. And our families get along, so we could even get away without a U. N. ambassador. But there’s one Cabinet position neither of us wants and we hope we never need: attorney general. 1．Why did the author promote her husband to SecDef of their household? A．He demonstrated marvellous skill during his fishing trip. B．He physically shielded her from a real intruder in the house. C．He comforted her when she was frightened and added security measures. D．He successfully repaired the malfunctioning ice-maker in the refrigerator. 2．Which of the following most accurately describes Aaron Simone? A．aggressive, restless, and organized B．bold, forgetful, and reliable C．protective, patient, and resourceful D．handy, fearless, and careless 3．What does the fact that they could get away without a “U. N. ambassador” suggest? A．They hold a strong disinterest in international affairs and interactions. B．The relationship among their families is so harmonious that such a role is unnecessary. C．There is no necessity for diplomatic representation in their family setup. D．They are under financial limitations that prevent them from assuming such a position. 4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A．Filling the Cabinet. B．Unconventional Household Roles. C．A Perfect Match. D．Unexpected SecDef Appointment. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海东昌·期中）In 1975. Englishman Tom Michell was teaching at an English-language boarding school in Argentina. On winter break, he went to Uruguay and on the beach came across a penguin, the lone survivor of a spill (漏油事故). Michell brought him back to the apartment where he was staying, cleaned him and fed him. The penguin quickly became attached to the young teacher, so he brought the bird whom he’d named Juan Salvado-back with him to school. In Michell’s new book, The Penguin Lessons, he writes about the joy that. Juan Salvado brought to everyone he met. The possibility of letting Juan Salvado swim free in the school’s outdoor pool had occurred to me, as our pool was unusual because it was completely free of any filtration of chlorination system (氯化系统过滤). The pool sat unused during the chilly winter, but once the temperature rose, it was drained, scrubbed, and filled. This cycle continued every two weeks throughout the season. By the end of the pool’s first two weeks in use, the weather was still cool, and only a few students wanted to swim. I had waited for this particular evening when the pool was scheduled for its routine cleaning-no one would object if Juan Salvado dirtied the water before it was drained. As soon as the swimmers departed, I signaled the students who were exercising Juan Salvado on the fields nearby to bring him. One of the students, Diego, placed the bird next to me, and as I walked to the pool, Juan Salvado followed. He surveyed the water without apparently comprehending its nature. “Go on!” I said. He looked at me, then at the pool. “It’s all right. You can swim!” I said, splashing water on him. Juan Salvado looked me in the eyes as if to ask, “Ah! Is this where the fish come from?” Without further encouragement, he plunged in. With a single flip of his wings, he flew like an arrow across the water and collided (碰撞) the wall on the opposite side, face-first, at a considerable speed. The impact was obvious. Juan Salvado then rose to the surface, but after a moment, he gave a vigorous shake and ducked below the surface again. I was thoroughly familiar with Juan Salvado’s awkward and amusing progress on land, but now I watched in awe. It was clear to me now how badly he needed to use his wing muscles that hadn’t been used for too long. Juan Salvado had finally found the freedom to express his true nature and show us just what it meant to be a penguin. 1．Why did Tom Michel chooses such a time to let Juan Salvado go to the swimming pool for the first time? A．To give the penguin a big enough place to practise swimming. B．To observe the penguin at a close range without any interruption. C．To ensure that the penguin would not cause additional inconvenience. D．To protect the penguin against any harm caused by the chilly weather 2．What was the penguin’s initial reaction when he was brought to the pool? A．Anger and frustration B．Thrill and anticipation. C．Disappointment and regret. D．Curiosity and hesitation. 3．What did Juan Salvado’s swimming reveal about his nature? A．His clumsiness on land. B．His need for companionship. C．His need to use his wing muscles. D．His preference for warmer climates. 二、人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）The Ivory Towers of Ice-cream What is the most popular thing in the world? Music, guessed Donald Trump. No, replied his interviewer, Ali G; it is ice-cream. The problem, however, is that ice-cream drips. The solution, said the British comedian, is to sell “ice-cream gloves” to stop people’s hands getting sticky. The Donald somehow kept a straight face. Carpigiani, an Italian firm that makes ice-cream machines, has a better business plan. Avoiding gloves, it is going into education. Its home market is SATURATED. Italy already boasts 37,000 makers making gelatos — handmade Italian ice-creams. Since there are only so many scoops of ice-creams one nation can eat, exports are now 80% of Carpigiani’s business. Unfortunately, most foreigners have no idea how to make a proper gelato. So Carpigiani has set up Gelato University to teach them. In well-lit classrooms and shiny kitchens in Anzola dell’ Emilia, near Bologna, where Carpigiani has its factory, students from Russia, Belgium, Colombia, Morocco, Japan, Britain and Turkey are learning the secrets of selecting the perfect ingredients and freezing them. Lawrence Fama, a retired chemical engineer, hopes to set up an ice-cream shop in his home city of San Francisco. Corrado Barberis, an Italian economist, aims to take the real deal to Lille in northern France. Most teaching is done abroad: Gelato University also holds courses in countries such as America, Australia and China. Andrea Cocchi, Carpigiani’s managing director, sees the best growth prospects in Asia and South America. A week’s basic course in Anzola dell’ Emilia costs students €900 ($1,200). There is a sweetener, however: a €900 voucher for Carpigiani machines. For Gelat o University is not just about making the world a cooler place. It is also a marketing tool, and a rather cost-effective one at that. The fees cover the running costs, and more than 15% of students end up buying equipment. In the past three years student numbers have more than tripled, to about 6,700. Over the same period, Carpigiani’s sales have risen from €93 million to €113 million (roughly 8,000 machines). Sometimes the soft sell works. 1．The word SATURATED in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______. A．wet B．freezing C．delicious D．full 2．If you sign up for Gelato University, you can do the following things EXCEPT ______. A．have an idea of how to select perfect ingredients B．solve the dripping problem of ice-creams C．learn how to freeze materials necessary for making a gelato D．get a price reduction when buying the company’s machines 3．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Gelato University is set up by Carpigiani to sell ice-cream gloves. B．Lawrence Fama and Corrado Barberis are teachers at Gelato University. C．Gelato University tackles climate change by making the world a cooler place. D．Gelato University helps Carpigiani sell equipment and gain attention. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海中学·期中）① Sports fans often experience intense loyalty to their teams, forming deep attachments that can significantly impact their mood and well - being based on the team's success or failure. ② Dr. Sarah Lane, a sociologist specializing in sports psychology, describes team loyalty as a connection where fans see their team's outcomes as personal victories or losses. For some, their favorite team's identity becomes an extension of their own, making them feel personally involved in every win or loss. Dr. Lane explains that many fans even tie their identity to their team, with their happiness or disappointment closely tied to the team's performance. This sense of belonging goes beyond simply enjoying the sport; it's a personal connection that draws fans deeply into the team's journey. ③ Another view on fan loyalty emphasizes the social and cultural aspect of fandom. Few fans embody this better than supporters of long - standing teams with historic records. For example, fans of the Royal Eagles soccer club, who haven't won a championship in decades, remain strong and loyal. Many Eagles supporters emphasize community and tradition rather than the team's record, showing that loyalty can be more about belonging than success. ④ Jacob Marsh, the Eagles' marketing director, adds another perspective, focusing on the fan experience. “We focus on the fan experience, rather than just the team's performance,” Marsh explains. Supporting the Eagles is often about connecting with others and being part of something bigger. He believes that fostering an environment where fans feel valued strengthens their loyalty, creating a close - knit community even in challenging seasons. ⑤ Finally, Dr. Lane highlights that social connection is a major driver of loyalty. “When fans feel a bond with others who support the same team, it enhances their experience,” she says. For many, supporting a team is not just about the game but about shared identity and solidarity with fellow fans. 1．Match paragraphs 2 to 5 with the perspective each of them discusses regarding fan loyalty. a. Community and tradition over success b. Social bonds and shared identity c. Personal identification with the team d. Enhancing the fan experience A．②c ③a ④d ⑤b B．②c ③b ④a ⑤d C．②b ③a ④c ⑤d D．②b ③c ④a ⑤d 2．According to Dr. Sarah Lane, what aspect of fan loyalty is most significant? A．The team's win - loss record. B．The enjoyment of watching the sport. C．The marketing strategies used to engage fans. D．The personal connection fans feel to the team's identity. 3．What does Jacob Marsh believe is key to building fan loyalty? A．Creating a welcoming fan community. B．Highlighting the team's historic achievements. C．Increasing the promotion of team merchandise. D．Placing emphasis on the team's overall performance. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海浦东新·期中） ▲Greenwich Village, New York City                                                $4, 500/ month Picture a charming tree-lined street straight out of a classic New York movie. Just a 10-minute walk from New York University, this two-bedroom apartment is located in the heart of Greenwich Village, known for its artistic atmosphere and historic brownstones. Built in the early 1900s, this building has been thoughtfully restored to combine modern comfort s with timeless elegance. The apartment features high ceilings, large windows, and hardwood floors, creating a bright and inviting space. Residents can enjoy easy access to Washington Square Park, trendy cafes, and fashion shops, making it perfect for students or young professionals seeking a lively urban lifestyle. Metro Realty, (212) 555-7890 ▲Portland, Oregon                                                              $2, 200/ month Located in the eco-friendly Pearl District, this two-bedroom apartment combines modern design with sustainable living, offering a peaceful escape from the city’s noise. Featuring 1, 100 square feet of thoughtfully designed space, the home includes a bright living area, two restful bedrooms, and a stylish kitchen equipped with energy-efficient appliances. Ideal for eco-conscious renters who value both comfort and sustainability. The Green Nest, (503) 555-6789 ▲Cambridge, Massachusetts                                                      $3, 800/ month The city of Cambridge is developing a new residential area just one mile from Harvard University. This energetic community, called Harvard Green, will include 1, 500 homes, 1, 200 student housing units, entertaining facilities, an outdoor shopping square, and scenic green spaces. A standout feature of this project is a two-bedroom, two-bathroom modern apartment located on the third floor of the Elmwood building. With its clean, modern look and high-quality features, it's perfect for students, professionals, or anyone seeking a convenient and eco-friendly lifestyle. Cambridge Living, (617) 555-1234 1．What can we learn about the apartment in Greenwich Village? A．It has a bird’s eye view of Washington Square Park. B．It is within walking distance of New York University. C．The building was first constructed in the late 1800s. D．All the residents can join a private golf club nearby. 2．Green-minded individuals preferring quiet would most likely choose ________. A．Greenwich Village, NYC B．Harvard Green. Cambridge C．Pearl District, Portland D．Elmwood Building, Massachusetts 3．Where would you most probably find the above text? A．A real estate platform offering rental properties. B．A travel blog featuring top neighborhoods in USA． C．A university website about students’ housing options. D．A community news site reporting on local updates. 三、人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海复旦复兴·期中）In June 1894, Harper’s Bazaar highlighted currants (醋栗), noting that over forty of the sixty known currant varieties were of American origin, including the black currant, white currant, and red currant. Currants were once common in 19th-century US recipes, but they have since disappeared, while they remain popular in the UK for jams and jellies. Even confectionery (糖果) flavors differ: black currant in the UK and grape in the US. This change is due to a forgotten war launched by the US government against currants. Currants come in black, red, or white and are typically sour. They grew wild in North America for centuries and were used by Native American communities for cooking and medicinal purposes. Early colonists introduced European varieties, and by the 19th century, currants were used in jams, jellies, wines, and remedies. By the early 20th century, the US was producing European currants on a large scale, especially in New York. However, New York was also home to the eastern white pine, a crucial source of wood. The import of pine seedlings from Europe introduced Cronartium Ribicola, a fungus (真菌) which infected white pine trees with a disease called white pine blister rust. Efforts to get rid of the disease included banning white pine imports, but by 1921, the disease had spread across the US, threatening the wood industry. The fungus needed two hosts: pine trees and currant plants. To fight against the disease, the US government initiated a program to remove currant plants in 1916, which led to the destruction of them across the country. The program destroyed both European and native currant species, including those used medicinally by native communities like the Menominee Tribe. The efforts were ultimately unsustainable and ceased by the late 1960s, but the damage was done. White pine blister rust persisted, and currant cultivation remained restricted in many states. This campaign changed American cooking habits greatly, making currants unfamiliar to most. By the mid-20th century, currant recipes had nearly disappeared from American cookbooks. 1．The first paragraph is intended to______. A．highlight the varieties of currants and their origins B．explain the historical significance of currants in the US C．describe the previous popularity of currants in the US and the UK D．introduce the topic of currants and their decline in American cooking 2．Which of the following is a feature of currants? A．They vary in color. B．They originated in Europe. C．They taste sweet when ripe. D．They were mainly used for medical purposes. 3．What was the primary reason for the US government’s campaign against currants? A．To promote the growth of other fruits. B．To protect the eastern white pine trees. C．To make space for other agricultural crops. D．To improve the flavor of American confectionery. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．What the history and varieties of currants in the US are. B．How currants were used by Native American communities. C．Why confectionery flavors differ between the US and the UK. D．Why currants are not as common as they used to be in the US. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海华东模范·期中）Each one of us shares this planet with seven billion other individuals. And we all need transportation. The majority of cars, motorcycles, boats and planes cause pollution. They are also noisy. This is a serious problem in many cities. So inventors are coming up with innovative ideas to try to reduce the pollution and noise.By Land In many cities around the world, motorcycles are becoming increasingly popular. Currently, Vietnam has around 33 million motorcycles. China has almost 120 million. The convenience of these motorcycles comes at a cost. Air pollution is a growing problem. In large cities, people often complain it is difficult to breathe. They also complain about the noise. To solve these problems, a U.S. company designed an environmentally friendly motorcycle. It uses electricity as fuel. You can drive it for 40 miles (64 kilometers) before recharging the battery. It is also quiet and fast-60 miles (96 kilometers) per hour. This makes it a good choice for getting around a city.By Water The Italian city of Venice is a city with only a few roads. There are no cars in the city center. Instead of cars, water taxis and buses carry people along the city’s canals. The engines of these boats are simple and cheap. However, they cause pollution, particularly to the water. This causes damage to the city’s buildings. English mechanics Dick Strawbridge and Jem Stans designed a solar-powered water taxi. The solar panels charge three electric batteries. These, in turn, provide power to the engine. The water taxi can carry six passengers. It can run for a day. In the future, solar taxis could be an alternative to Venice’s current taxis.By Air Designing an environmentally friendly airplane is a real challenge. Planes use an enormous amount of jet fuel. This means they cause significant air pollution, and they are very noisy. Some major airplane manufacturers have started to address the problems. They are using cleaner fuels, for example. However, Swiss engineers have gone one step further. They developed a solar airplane — the Solar Impulse. Solar panels cover its wings. These panels provide power to four electric motors and batteries. The batteries allow the plane to fly at night. This plane holds the world record for the longest solar-powered flight — 985 miles (1541 kilometers) from Arizona to Texas in the United States. 1．What do the three innovative ideas proposed have in common? A．They aim to solve traffic problems in big cities. B．They use cleaner energy and cause less pollution. C．They aim to change traditional way of transporting goods. D．They are good will of developed countries to help developing countries. 2．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．China owns the largest number of motorcycles. B．There are no cars in the center of Venice city. C．Solar-powered water taxi can run for a day with one battery at work. D．The newly designed motorcycle can drive 60 miles after being charged. 3．According to the passage, the distinguished merit of Solar Impulse is ________. A．lighter wings B．less noise C．powerful batteries D．longest solar panels 一、人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海嘉定封浜·期中）This year’s United Nations Prize for Research in the Life Sciences（UNPRLS）goes to a Chinese scientist, Tu Youyou, for the discovery of artemisinin（青蒿素）and its use in the treatment of malaria（疟疾）—a medical advance that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world. Tu’s pioneering work on malaria began on May 23, 1967 when the Chinese government started a program aimed at finding a cure for the deadly disease. Tu combed the Chinese traditional medicine texts for possible treatments, and by 1972, had made 380 extracts（提取物）from 200 herbs. Her team then tested the extracts one by one on the malaria-infected mice. One of the extracts from Qinghao—or sweet wormwood—sharply reduced malaria growth in the animals. At a March 1972 meeting of the project’s key participants, Tu reported that the natural plant extract wiped out the malaria in mice and monkeys. Later that year it proved effective in treating human patients. The first English-language scientific journal（期刊）mentioning successful clinical trials for artemisinin appeared in late 1979 and two years later, Tu presented her discovery at an international meeting at the World Health Organization（WHO）and it was immediately recognized as a breakthrough. In 2015, she was finally awarded the Nobel Prize for her discovery. Artemisinin is still the most powerful anti-malarial drug presently available, and an artemisinin-based drug combination is now the standard drug for the disease. The WHO lists artemisinin and related drugs in its catalog of “Essential Medicines” “It is clear that Tu’s work has saved millions of lives, particularly in the developing world, and continues to bring about long-term medical benefits in the ongoing fight against this deadly disease,” the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization（UNESCO）prize committee writes in a statement published today. 1．What has served as the major inspiration for Tu’s discovery？ A．The English-language scientific journals. B．Exchanges with scientists at international meetings. C．Her malaria-fighting experience in the developing countries. D．Her extensive reading of the Chinese traditional medicine books. 2．How long has it taken Tu to get her first official international recognition of her achievement? A．About 6 years. B．About 7 years. C．About 9 years. D．About 43 years. 3．What can we know about the artemisinin？ A．It has to be taken from the natural plants in China. B．It is still the most effective drug in curing malaria. C．It must be combined with other drugs for treatment. D．It is the only anti-malarial medicine used in the world. 4．Why was Tu given this year’s UNPRLS according to the UNESCO prize committee？ A．Her pioneering work has rid the world of malaria. B．Her drug has promoted the use of natural herbs. C．Her team discovered artemisinin and tested it successfully. D．Her discovery has helped to save millions of lives in the world. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海顾村·期中）Eton, a ten-year-old boy, used to go for a walk with his father every day on a nearby hill. One day the boy said, “Dad, let’s have a race today. One who touches top of hill first, wins the race.” Father agreed. Both of them started running toward hilltop. After running for some time, Father suddenly stopped. Eton asked, “What happened? Why did you stop suddenly? Have you accepted your defeat already?” “No, some pebbles (砾石) got stuck in my shoes. I stopped to remove them.” Father replied. “Some pebbles got stuck in my shoes too, but I don’t care. Once I touch top then I will remove them.” Eton replied. Saying this, the boy ran ahead fast. Father removed pebbles from his shoes and moved ahead. Eton had gone far ahead, but now he started feeling pain in his feet because of the pebbles stuck in his shoes and his running speed started to decrease. Gradually, Father came close to him. Seeing his boy. Father shouted from behind, “Why don’t you remove pebbles from your shoes first?” “But I don’t have time for this!” said the boy. In a short white, Father overtook him. Eton’s pain bad increased a lot due to the pricking pebbles and now he was not even able to walk. He stopped there and screamed. “Dad, I can’t run any more.” Father quickly ran back and took off Eton’s shoes and saw that his feet were injured. Father took the boy back home and applied some medicine to the injuries. When pain subsided a bit, he talked to the boy, “Son, I told you to first remove your pebbles and then go on with the race.” “But I want to win the race first,” Eton said. “It is not like that son, if any problem come in our life, then we should not delay solving them by saying that we don’t have time right now. It would have taken you hardly one minute to remove that pebble but now to save that one minute, you will have to suffer from pain for one week”, Father said. 1．What was the underlying reason for Eton’s insistence on not removing the pebbles? A．His overemphasis on the result of winning the race clouded his judgment. B．He firmly wanted to show his father that he could endure the pain. C．He didn’t know the most efficient way to remove the pebbles quickly. D．He was influenced by a competitive environment that valued speed above all. 2．Which of the following best describes the father’s attitude towards the race? A．He was extremely eager to win the race and took it very seriously. B．He thought the race was just a casual activity and didn’t care about the result at all. C．He regarded the race as a way to teach his son a life lesson rather than just a competition. D．He considered the race a precious chance to fully prove his remarkable physical strength. 3．What does “the pebbles stuck in the shoes” symbolize? A．Temporary setbacks that can be overcome with determination. B．Small problems that, if neglected, can grow into major obstacles. C．Hidden dangers that can interrupt one’s journey if not detected early. D．Minor annoyances that should be endured for the sake of a greater goal. 4．Based on the story, what can we infer about Eton’s character? A．He is self-centered and believes he can overcome any obstacle with his own wisdom. B．He is sociable but refuses to listen to anyone’s advice, even when it is clearly beneficial. C．He is lazy and tries to avoid any task that requires extra effort, like removing the pebbles. D．He is highly competitive but lacks the ability to think sensibly in the face of challenges. 二、人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海交大附中嘉定分·期中）The Unselfish Gene There has long been a general assumption that human beings are essentially selfish. We’re apparently ruthless, with strong impulses to compete against each other for resources and to accumulate power and possessions. If we are kind to one another, it’s usually because we have secret motives. If we are good, it’s only because we have managed to control and transcend our innate selfishness and brutality. This bleak view of human nature is closely associated with the science writer Richard Dawkins, whose 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with — and helped to justify — the competitive and individualistic spirit that was so prevalent in late 20th-century societies. Like many others, Dawkins justifies his views with reference to the field of evolutionary psychology. Prehistory is usually seen as a period of intense competition, when life was such a brutal battle that only those with traits such as selfishness, aggression and ruthlessness survived. This seems logical. But, in fact, the assumption on which this all rests — that prehistoric life was a desperate struggle for survival — is false. It’s important to remember that in the prehistoric era, the world was very sparsely populated. According to some estimates, around 15,000 years ago, the population of the whole world was less than half a million. Humans at that time were hunter-gatherers. With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups had to compete against each other for resources or had any need to develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or to go to war. There is significant evidence to back this notion from contemporary hunter-gatherer groups, who live in the same way as prehistoric humans did. As the anthropologist Bruce Knauft has remarked, hunter-gatherers are characterized by “extreme political and sexual egalitarianism (平等主义)”. Knauft has observed that individuals in such groups don’t accumulate property or possessions and have an ethical obligation to share everything. The Kung people of southern Africa, for example, swap arrows before going hunting and when an animal is killed, the reward does not go to the person who fired the arrow, but to the person the arrow belongs to. And if a person becomes too domineering (专横的), the other members of the group drive him/ her away from the community. Typically, in such groups, men do not dictate what women do. Women in hunter-gatherer groups worldwide often benefit from a high level of autonomy, being able to select their own marriage partners, decide what work they do and work whenever they choose to. And if a marriage breaks down, they have custody rights over their children. 1．What is the author doing in the first paragraph? A．Describing a commonly held belief about people’s behavior. B．Justifying his opinion about our tendency to be greedy. C．Setting out two opposing views about human nature. D．Explaining why he thinks that humans act in a selfish manner. 2．What point is made about Richard Dawkins’ book The Selfish Gene? A．It presented a view that was in line with the attitudes of its time. B．Its success was due to the scientific support it offered. C．Its appeal lay in the radical nature of its ideas. D．It took an innovative approach to the analysis of human psychology. 3．What does the author suggest about the prehistoric era in the fourth paragraph? A．Societies were more complex than many people believe. B．Supplies of natural resources were probably relatively plentiful. C．Most estimates about population sizes are likely to be inaccurate. D．Humans moved across continents more than was previously thought. 4．The author refers to Bruce Knauft and Kung people of south Africa in order to prove that ______. A．selfishness is a relatively recent development in human societies B．only people in isolated communities can live in an unselfish manner C．very few lifestyles have survived unchanged since prehistoric times D．hunter-gatherer cultures worldwide are declining in number Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海建平·期中）Many trees in the Brackham area were brought down in the terrible storms. The town itself lost two great lime trees from the former market square. The disappearance of such prominent features had altered the appearance of the town center entirely, much to the annoyance of its conservative inhabitants. Among the annoyed, under normal circumstances, would have been Chief Inspector Douglas Pelham, head of the local police force. But at the height of that week’s storm, when the winds brought down even the mature walnut tree in his garden, Pelham had in fact been in no fit state to notice. A large and healthy man, he had for the first time in his life been seriously ill with an attack of bronchitis (支气管炎). When he first complained of an aching head and tightness in his chest, his wife, Molly, had tried to persuade him to go to the doctor. Convinced that the police force could not do without him, he had, as usual, ignored her and attempted to carry on working. It was only when his colleague, Sergeant Lloyd, took the initiative and drove him to the doctor’s door that he finally gave in. In no time at all, Lloyd took him to the chemist’s to get his prescribed antibiotics and then home to Molly, who sent him straight to bed. When Molly told him, on the Thursday morning, that the walnut tree had been brought down during the night, Pelham wasn’t been able to take it in. On Thursday evening, he asked weakly about damage to the house, groaned thankfully when he heard there was none, and pulled the sheets over his head. It wasn’t until Saturday, when the antibiotics took effect, his temperature dropped and he got up, that he realized with a shock that the loss of the walnut tree had made a permanent difference to the appearance of the living-room. Previously, the view from the living-room had featured the handsome walnut tree. This has not darkened the room because there was also a window on the opposite wall, but it had provided interesting patterns of light and shade that disguised (掩饰) the true state of the worn furniture in the living room. Also, the leafy garden had created an impression of privacy. With the tree gone, the room seemed cruelly bright, its worn furnishings exposed in all their shabbiness (简陋). And the view from the window didn’t bear looking at. 1．Why were some people in Brackham annoyed after the storm? A．The town looked different. B．The police had done little to help. C．No market could be held. D．Fallen trees had not been removed. 2．From the third paragraph, what do we learn about Chief Inspector Pelham and his work? A．He found his work extremely annoying. B．He was sure that he played a vital role in his work. C．He considered the police systems not efficient. D．He did not trust the decisions made by his superiors. 3．When Inspector Pelham’s wife told him about the walnut tree, he appeared to be ________. A．relaxed. B．shocked. C．saddened. D．uninterested. 4．What was the impact of the storm on the Pelhams’ living-room? A．It was pleasantly brighter. B．It felt less private. C．It had a better view. D．It looked less shabby. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海七宝·期中）New molecules (分子) engineered by Weill Cornell Medicine researchers can enable rapid, direct “editing” of genes in a wide range of cell types, creating a series of research and therapeutic possibilities. The molecules, known as base editors (碱基编辑器), can attach to a target DNA sequence and chemically alter a single DNA letter. Base editing technology, just two years old, developed from the better-known CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. CRISPR/Cas9 molecules allow scientists to cut almost any piece of DNA in a cell and in this way disable or remove a gene. By contrast, a base editor molecule, using essentially the same DNA-targeting mechanism, chemically modifies a gene rather than cutting it out. Base editing is better for making or correcting single-base “point mutations (基因突变)” in DNA — the cause of many inherited diseases and cancers — and in principle involves less risk of having impact on other normal DNA．However, first-generation base editors operate efficiently in relatively few cell types. Together, the team systematically re-engineered the principal existing set of base editors, known as BE3, BE4Gam and xBE3, to boost their production in cells — low production had been a problem in many cell types. The optimized (优化的) editors, unlike the first-generation version, work efficiently in a wide variety of cell types and model systems, including mouse and human cell lines, and even liver cells in live mice. “These new base editors allow us to model and study diseases such as cancer in new ways, but they really have applications all the way across biomedical research,” said senior study author Dr. Lukas Dow, an assistant professor of biochemistry in medicine and a member of the Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, and a paid advisory board member for Mirimus, Inc., a company focused on genome (基因组) editing technologies to develop animal models. The Weill Cornell Medicine scientists now plan to use the new editors for several research applications, including the investigation of mutations associated with cancers to find suitable targets for therapies. “There is a huge list of cancer-linked mutations whose precise roles in cancer are unknown, and now with these optimized tools we can study them affordably and in a feasible time frame,” Dr. Dow said. The optimized editors are also being studied by researchers working on other applications, including potential therapies for genetic diseases. 1．How many types of molecules are mentioned in the first two paragraphs? A．1. B．2. C．3. D．4. 2．According to the passage, what is a key advantage of base editing over CRISPR/Cas9 for correcting point mutations? A．It is significantly cheaper to employ. B．It involves less risk to non-target DNA． C．It can edit multiple genes at the same time. D．It requires no specialized equipment. 3．According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Scientists think it’s better to remove a gene than to edit it. B．The first-generation base editors fail to work in cells. C．Base editing technology is of great value mainly in medication. D．It is unknown how some mutations cause cancer. 4．Which is the best title for this passage? A．DNA Editing Just Got Easier. B．Say Goodbye to Genetic Disease. C．The Birth of a New Technology: DNA Editing. D．Mutations in DNA． 三、人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海嘉定二中·期中）The Earth is facing a climate crisis, but it’s also getting greener and leafier. According to new research, the rise is largely due to China and India. A study by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), based on extensive satellite photographs and published in the journal Nature Sustainability, has revealed that the two countries with the world’s biggest populations are also responsible for the largest increase in greenness. Since 2000, the planet’s green leaf area has increased by 5 percent, or over 2 million square miles. That’s an area equivalent to the sum total of the Amazon rainforests, NASA says. But researchers stressed that the new greenery does not neutralize deforestation and its negative impacts on ecosystems elsewhere. A third of the leaf increase is thanks to China and India, due to the implementation of major tree-planting projects alongside a vast increase in agriculture. Using the data from a NASA sensor, researchers discovered that China is the source of a quarter of the increase in green leaf area, despite possessing only 6.6 percent of the world’s vegetated area (植被区). Forests account for 42 percent of that increase, while croplands make up a further 32 percent. China’s increase in forest area is the result of forest preservation and expansion programs, NASA said, established to fight against the impacts of climate change, air pollution and soil erosion (水土流失). India has contributed a further 6.8 percent rise in green leaf area, with 82 percent from croplands and 4.4 percent from forests. Rama Nemani, a co-author of the study and a researcher at NASA’s Ames Research Center, said in a statement, “When the greening of the Earth was first observed, we thought it was due to a warmer, wetter climate and fertilization from the added carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to more leaf growth in northern forests, for instance.” “Now, with the data that lets us understand the phenomenon at really small scales, we see that humans are also contributing,” Nemani said. “This will help scientists make better predictions about the behavior of different Earth systems, which will help countries make better decisions about how and when to take action.” Thomas Pugh, a professor at the University of Birmingham’s School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, said the NASA report expands scientists’ understanding of the causes behind global greening. But he also cautioned that a direct line cannot be drawn between an increase in global greening and a decrease in negative impacts of climate change. 1．The passage mainly tells us that . A．China and India have the world’s largest green leaf areas B．China and India are the lead role players in global greening C．our planet is experiencing a climate crisis despite human efforts D．our planet is getting greener due to the joint efforts of the world 2．What can be learned about China and India? A．The area of croplands in India is larger than that in China. B．India’s rise in leaf area is largely due to its forestry program. C．They both show a greater increase in forests than in croplands. D．China boasts twenty-five percent of the global rise in leaf area. 3．According to Rama Nemani, their new findings are . A．unexpected but significant B．surprising but valueless C．predictable but disappointing D．uncontrollable but inspiring 4．What can be inferred from the passage? A．There is an indirect link between global greening and climate change. B．The new greenery does not have any positive effect on the global climate. C．The gain in greenness does not make up for the damage from loss of leaf area. D．The increase in greening reduces the deforestation rate and its impact globally. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海闵行中学·期中）“It’s a windy day in Laguna San Ignacio, and the waves seem to come from all directions,” said Sara Clemence in Bloomberg Businessweek. My children and I are riding on a 18-foot boat—small enough that we can reach down into the water if a gray whale swims up alongside. And then we see what we’ve come for: a heart-shaped shower of water and a dark mass rushing below it. As instructed, we splash (溅泼) the water strongly to signal the huge whale, which turns out to be a mother with her weeks-old baby. The baby soon swims beneath our boat, emerges to blow mist in my face, then “lies onto its side like a 2-ton puppy.” Leaning down, I touched its skin gently. “It feels electric. Also, a bit like petting a hard-boiled egg.” San Ignacio is one of very few places where a person can pet a whale. The whales come each year to the coast of Baja California to give birth and to mate. If you’re lucky, you can “shake hands with a leatheryfin (鳍)” or even “plant a kiss on a cold, salty cheek.” I usually worry about such interactions, because wild creatures can become deeply stressed by human contact. But boat numbers are strictly limited in these protected waters.  And any whale that approaches a boat does so on its own terms. Like that baby whale: “We see him a few times, and he seems to like being petted and splashed.” So we are two species, connecting through touch, but also through eye contact: “More than once, after nosing around our boat, a young gray turns on its side so one dark, baseball-size eye is looking up at us.” Whalers  used  to  call  gray  whales  “devil  fish”  because  these  magnificent  creatures  turn  violent  when threatened—“or, say, when their babies are harmed.” That makes it feel even more of a blessing when, on our third day there, a large mama whale approaches the boat. “I’m splashing when I feel her nose press up into my hand.” Though she’s “wiser and apparently more alert” than her child, “she still decides to trust us.” 1．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A．The writer was on a whale-touching trip. B．The writer’s boat went down with a huge wave. C．The baby whale splashed water all over the writer. D．The mother whale’s skin felt as hard as a boiled egg. 2．By “does so on its own terms” (in paragraph 2), the writer means whales in San Ignacio are ______. A．mad with too many visitors B．ready for hands-on attention C．restricted in swimming routes D．enclosed in their safety zones 3．Gray whales got the name of “devil fish” from their ______. A．strange appearance B．inborn violence C．surprisingly enormous size D．fierceness in danger 4．The writer’s implied purpose in the passage is to ______. A．popularize the knowledge of whales B．show admiration for whales’ motherhood C．share an experience of the sea voyage D．advocate harmony between man and nature 2 / 39 1 / 39 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $