专题03 完形填空（期中真题汇编，上海专用）高一英语下学期

专题03 完形填空（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 一、人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海华师附·期中）Unwrapping your shopping to find you have bought moldy bread, rotten fruit and sour milk could soon become a thing of the past, thanks to the range of emerging active packaging’ technologies. While traditional packaging simply 1 barrier that protects food, active packaging can do a lot more. Some materials interact with the product to 2 it in some way, or provide better information on the state it is in. 3 , they may absorb oxygen inside a wrapper to help prevent food spoilage or show whether potentially dangerous foods like red meat and chicken have been stored at unsafe temperatures. One of the new breeds of packaging technologies that has just gone on the market in France is a “time temperature indicator”. Stores where the product has already been introduced report that far fewer consumers are returning 4 food. The indicator is basically a label that 5 the temperature a package has been kept at and for how long. The label has a dark ring around a lighter circle. The central ring contains a chemical which polymerizes (聚合), changing color as it does so from clear to 6 .If the package stays cool, the reaction is slow, but increasing the temperature speeds up the polymerization. When the inner circle darkens, it means the product is no longer 7 fresh. Smart packaging can also control the 8 inside a container. For instance, the make-up of oxygen and carbon dioxide within packaged vegetables will influence their freshness. This can be 9 to control in a sealed package, since vegetables consume more oxygen and give off more carbon dioxide as the package gets warmer. A firm in California is trying to solve the problem with a wrapper it calls “Intelimer”, which changes its permeability (渗透性) as the temperature changes in a way that keeps different products at their best O2/CO2 10 . Decay can also be 11 by controlling the environment inside a package with an “oxygen scavenger (清除剂)”. 12 , this is achieved by placing a small bag filled with iron powder in the package — any oxygen in the package is consumed by the iron as it oxidizes. However, consumers don’t 13 finding small bags marked “Don’t eat” in their food, so a company in New Jersey is making a wrap that itself consumes oxygen. The material includes an inner layer of an oxidizable polymer that 14 oxygen in the same way as iron. It is predicted that between 20 and 40 percent of all food packaging will soon be 15 . 1．A．acts as B．belongs to C．deals with D．relies on 2．A．change B．improve C．isolate D．promote 3．A．Even so B．For instance C．In consequence D．What’s more 4．A．broken B．inadequate C．spoilt D．unnecessary 5．A．forecasts B．lowers C．maintains D．tracks 6．A．neutral B．blocked C．dark D．unclear 7．A．guaranteed B．observed C．purchased D．required 8．A．atmosphere B．effectiveness C．temperature D．hygiene 9．A．possible B．hard C．quick D．convenient 10．A．components B．concentrations C．regulations D．implements 11．A．taken on B．wiped out C．turned away D．slowed down 12．A．Theoretically B．Luckily C．Surprisingly D．Currently 13．A．avoid B．mind C．like D．consider 14．A．creates B．maintains C．kills D．traps 15．A．friendly B．appealing C．active D．flexible Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海交大附中·期中）Have you ever told yourself, “Just five more minutes” before bed, only to find yourself still awake an hour later? If so, you’re not 1 . Sleep procrastination (拖延症) — delaying bedtime despite knowing the consequences — isn’t unusual. Some might 2 a lack of self-discipline. But the truth is, sleep procrastination is more complex than just poor time management. Both psychological and emotional factors make it difficult to 3 go to bed earlier. During the day, we are busy with 4 : school, homework, chores and endless tasks. By the time night rolls around, we finally feel 5 our time, so we stay up late as a form of rebellion (反抗). It’s not just bedtime procrastination; it’s revenge (报复) procrastination. Instead of resting, we seek out distractions: scrolling through social media, binge-watching or playing games. These activities might 6 stress, but here’s the kicker: Staying up late doesn’t actually make you feel better. Instead, it leaves you looking and feeling 7 , squinting (眯着眼看) at the classroom whiteboard, wondering if it’s a secret code that you’re too tired to crack. The problem is that most of these activities are designed to keep us 8 . Social media apps, video platforms and even games trigger dopamine releases, making it hard to stop. Our brains want the next small hit of pleasure five minutes after another, even though our bodies are begging for sleep. It’s an unfavorable 9 . But it’s one that we can break. We need to redefine relaxation by creating moments of pleasure during the day, so we don’t feel the need to steal “me-time” at night. We should form a 10 routine: dim the lights. 11 and wind down with a book or a calming activity. Overstimulating activities, like action movies, intense gaming or heated debates on social media right before bed, should be avoided. 12 , we ought to treat sleep like a luxury instead of just a way to 13 for the next day. Start regarding it as an all-expenses-paid vacation to Dreamland. Cozy blankets? Check. Fluffy pillows? Check. Waking up feeling like an actual human? Priceless. Revenge bedtime procrastination might seem like a small victory, but the real win is waking up feeling 14 . So tonight, when that “five more minutes” voice starts whispering, tell it: “nice try, but I choose self-care and functioning brain cells instead.” Believe me, your 15 self will thank you for it. 1．A．unique B．alone C．anxious D．guilty 2．A．name it after B．attribute it to C．blame it for D．assign it to 3．A．simply B．directly C．reluctantly D．timely 4．A．adventures B．opportunities C．responsibilities D．challenges 5．A．in place of B．in need of C．in favor of D．in control of 6．A．calm B．relieve C．ignore D．worsen 7．A．relaxed B．confused C．exhausted D．energized 8．A．bored B．attentive C．hooked D．satisfied 9．A．system B．rhythm C．cycle D．hobby 10．A．sleep-friendly B．health-focused C．time-saving D．energy-consuming 11．A．check messages B．lower volume C．avoid screens D．take notes 12．A．For example B．In addition C．In comparison D．Most importantly 13．A．recharge B．refill C．reshape D．replace 14．A．frustrated B．annoyed C．amused D．refreshed 15．A．future B．present C．past D．former Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海复旦附中·期中）Children are introduced to the arts in many different ways. Participation in the arts improves personal confidence, problem solving skills, and even memorization and social skills. As young brains develop, it is vital that the creative side of the brain receive equal attention to the 1 side of the brain to ensure maximum education. Unfortunately, there are those who believe creativity holds little or no value. However, they could never be farther from the 2 . According to a National Education Association research report, “Teenagers and young adults of low socioeconomic status (SES), who have a 3 of in-depth arts involvement, show better academic outcomes than low-SES youth with less arts involvement.” This research report shows that the arts strengthen the academic hemisphere of the brain. According to recent studies, as the brain focuses on math problems or reading, only certain areas of their brain are 4 . However, when teenagers and young adults are listening to music, drawing a picture or engaging the mind 5 , multiple areas of the brain are working at the same time. 6 , more areas of the brain are strengthened, resulting in stronger overall brain activity. With all the benefits of arts education, it is 7 that some educational boards still believe sufficient education can be reached without the benefits of the arts. In January 2017, the Utah State Board of Education 8 an official command that added two classes to the school curriculum, requiring all students between sixth and eighth grades to take those courses. This 9 limited the opportunity for the students to take elective arts courses. This command created an uproar among parents and teachers in Canyon School District and — thanks to protests — was not put into 10 . Participation in the arts is one of the most precious gifts we can give our children. It brings them joy, creativity and helps them 11 academically. Our education system is 12 the critical role the arts have in education. If we limit the arts within school systems, we take away our children’s chances of present and future 13 . We cannot do that. Our children need to have every opportunity to expand their minds through the 14 of the arts. We must give our youth the opportunities and advantages to reach their highest goals and dreams if we are to 15 a bright future for generations to come. 1．A．far B．logical C．right D．bright 2．A．criteria B．standard C．principle D．truth 3．A．story B．taste C．history D．vision 4．A．affected B．quickened C．taken D．activated 5．A．creatively B．fully C．partially D．actively 6．A．Above all B．What’s more C．On the contrary D．As a result 7．A．natural B．necessary C．inevitable D．shocking 8．A．released B．shouted C．obeyed D．barked 9．A．in conclusion B．in turn C．in reply D．in return 10．A．existence B．effect C．word D．use 11．A．mature B．focus C．communicate D．excel 12．A．strengthening B．playing C．weakening D．abandoning 13．A．encounters B．accomplishments C．delights D．employments 14．A．applications B．rewards C．means D．attractions 15．A．secure B．fetch C．predict D．face Passage 4 （24-25高一下·上海育才·期中）Why do some people live to be longer than others? You know the standard 1 : keeping a moderate diet, encouraging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity? Do some kinds of personalities 2 longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question 3 the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be a least 100. The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more 4 and less neurotic(神经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a(an) 5 life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: Those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough 6 to make it through tough times. Interestingly, 7 , other characteristics that you might consider advantages had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, 8 , were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being 9 to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways. Whether you can successfully change your 10 as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should 11 to be as outgoing as possible. Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother’s personality may also help 12 your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids 13 diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger. Personality isn’t destiny, and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn’t just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health. Therefore, it might be 14 to form those personality traits contributing to longevity through health-related behaviours, stress reduction and 15 to the challenging problems. 1．A．statements B．definitions C．applications D．explanations 2．A．result from B．lead to C．rely on D．consist of 3．A．assessing B．interviewing C．examining D．diagnosing 4．A．active B．extensive C．persuasive D．sensitive 5．A．agreeable B．normal C．changeable D．formal 6．A．resources B．associations C．procedures D．interactions 7．A．therefore B．however C．furthermore D．otherwise 8．A．in other words B．as usual C．in addition D．for instance 9．A．resistant B．open C．bind D．alert 10．A．perspective B．ambition C．personality D．philosophy 11．A．reject B．strive C．claim D．oppose 12．A．extend B．restrict C．shorten D．determine 13．A．unhealthy B．nutritious C．adequate D．moderate 14．A．predictable B．advisable C．sustainable D．enjoyable 15．A．temptation B．introduction C．adaptation D．objection Passage 4 （24-25高一下·上海南汇·期中）Common dietary advice encourages us to eat whole food and avoid processed ones. But there is no clear understanding of what makes a food ultra-processed or how these foods affect our health. Broadly labeling ultra-processed foods as bad could not only lead us to 1 other potential factors contributing to obesity, but may create a new set of unconscious health consequences. For decades, public health experts have raised the alarm about ultra-processed foods, blaming them for 2 increases in obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Already, two countries-Canada and Brazil have advice on 3 ultra-processed foods in their national dietary guidelines. More countries, including the US and Australia, are debating whether to 4 their practice. However, there are too many unknowns to justify such sweeping 5 ,according to nutrition researchers at a conference hosted by the American Society for Nutrition in Boston on 23 July. Although it is often repeated that ultra-processed foods are bad for us, there is no universal 6 of such products. The most widely used description is based on the NOVA food classification system, which says a food is ultra-processed if it uses 7 ,often derived from other foods, to “imitate or enhance the sensory qualities of foods or to disguise unpalatable (难吃的) aspects of the final product＂. NOVA also states that “a multitude of sequences or 8 is used to combine the usually many ingredients" and these processes can’t be done at home. This definition is 9 and unclear, says Lauren O’Connor at the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), who participated in the panel. As such, it can be difficult to 10 foods according to the NOVA system. What’s more, it is hard to be sure how-or if-ultra-processed foods are harmful to health. Mixing foods together like this also make people 11 to capture the small impacts some of them have on health. Research shows that foods often categorized as ultra-processed ones can contribute key 12 to people’s diets. Earlier this year, O’Connor and her colleagues showed that, of 1,140 children aged between 6 and 23 months old in the US, 75 per cent of their iron intake and 48 per cent of their zinc intake, on average, came from foods considered ultra-processed by NOVA．“One of the biggest 13 of some ultra-processed foods is strengthening micronutrients,” says O’Connor. This means blanket guidance to avoid ultra-processed foods could lead to nutrient 14 and that ultra-processed food can form part of a healthy diet. “There is still a lot that we don’t know about ultra-processed foods,” says O’Connor. “We have to be really 15 of that because we don’t want to look down upon any foods. 1．A．criticize B．analyze C．consider D．overlook 2．A．global B．national C．obvious D．various 3．A．adding B．avoiding C．banning D．improving 4．A．follow B．update C．assess D．release 5．A．campaigns B．commands C．regulations D．recommendations 6．A．announcement B．acknowledge C．definition D．recognition 7．A．elements B．substances C．materials D．ingredients 8．A．arrangements B．criteria          - C．processes D．standards 9．A．scientific B．broad C．comprehensive D．elaborate 10．A．classify B．purchase C．prepare D．store 11．A．attempt B．fail C．prefer D．strive 12．A．appetites B．components C．nutrients D．varieties 13．A．awards B．benefits C．concerns D．harvests 14．A．absorption B．deficiencies C．intake D．supplies 15．A．ashamed B．confident C．mindful D．tolerant Passage 5 （24-25高一下·上海西南位育·期中）The 16th-century dramatist Ben Johnson generously called Shakespeare a writer “not of an age, but for all time.” And so it has proven to be, for Shakespeare’s plays are still the most translated and most 1 of any playwright’s in the world. But if you ask people what accounts for Shakespeare’s 2 popularity, you will get a number of different answers. Some will say that he was a great storyteller, others may suggest that the 3 lies in the beauty of his poetry. Some scholars point out  that he was born in a lively period of England’s history, a time of great national confidence and cultural activity, particularly in the theatre. 4 , they claim, he was able to produce an extraordinary volume of work. This last explanation seems a little 5 . A more interesting answer is put forward, although a little over-enthusiastically, by Harold Bloom in his book Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human.Bloom argues that Shakespeare gave us something in his writing that the world had not seen in 6 before: characters with a strong personality. These lifelike characters gave us a real insight into the human 7 : Iago, the·trusted advisor of Othello, whose jealousy leads him to betray his honest master; Rosalind,the heroine in As You Like It, who remains true to her friends and family in spite of the danger to herself. Through the mouths of such characters, we learn truths about life that we can all 8 . These truths are made more moving and more memorable by the way in which they are 9 : briefly and poetically. Shakespeare has been dead almost 400 years, but the words and saying attributed to ( 归 功 于 ) him still 10 the English language today. So whether you are “fashionable” or“sanctimonious”, thank Shakespeare, who probably 11 the terms. In fact, it is amazing just how great Shakespeare’s influence on everyday language has been. Take, for example, these phrases from Michael Macrone’s light-hearted book Brush Up Your Shakespeare. foregone conclusion      full circle at one fell swoop wear my heart upon my sleeve seen better days a sorry sight neither here nor there the world is (my) oyster Macrone is more interested in the Shakespearean language that has survived than the reasons for its 12 . According to his research, some of these sayings are slightly different from their original meaning once taken out of the 13 of the plays in which they first appeared. For example, “the be all and end all” is used today to mean “the most important thing”, but in Macbeth,it means “the end of the matter”. Regardless of such technicalities, it is still remarkable that so many of Shakespeare’s words have survived the large 14 in language between their time and the present day. The beauty of those·words is certainly one reason, but as Johnson suggested, it is the humanity and lasting impact of their 15 that brings them to life. 1．A．selected B．performed C．exchanged D．gained 2．A．false B．curious C．individual D．lasting 3．A．magic B．intelligence C．failure D．count 4．A．In a word B．As a consequence C．By contrast D．To some degree 5．A．possible B．convincing C．unsatisfactory D．boring 6．A．human B．literature C．history D．advertisement 7．A．nature B．implication C．factor D．resources 8．A．qualify for B．judge from C．specialize in D．identify with 9．A．proved B．phrased C．believed D．threatened 10．A．influence B．fund C．represent D．involve 11．A．honored B．predicted C．coined D．chose 12．A．motivation B．significance C．extinction D．popularity 13．A．mood B．time C．context D．procedure 14．A．shifts B．balance C．livelihood D．trends 15．A．usage B．pronunciation C．originality D．meaning 二、人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海闵行·期中）Turkey is not my thing, but one dish I cannot live without on Thanksgiving is my mom’s Snowy Mashed Potatoes. I start 1 these potatoes, my annual time-release capsule of pure joy in early November. I’m pretty sure I’ve had them at every Thanksgiving since I was a kid, and bites often transport me back to different years and different dining rooms. How and why is it that certain foods give us so much 2 ? And what can be said about the kinds of foods we consider most comforting? Science tells us that taste and nutritional content affect how foods make us feel, but certain foods are especially 3 satisfying for reasons that have little to do with their taste or nutritional content. Much of the happiness we get from our favorite foods comes from the memories they stimulate for us and the people we’re with while we 4 them. Past and present 5 shape the foods we find comforting. Often, we love food because we have 6 memories associated with it. My mom’s mashed potatoes (土豆泥) remind me of holiday joy and past reunions with extended family. We are also drawn to foods we were given early in life by people who cared for us, which can help explain our 7 love for chicken noodle soup, which many parents feed their sick children to make them feel better. The smell of food can 8 powerful memories, too. The part of the brain responsible for processing smell directly connects to the amygdala, a brain region that processes emotions, and the hippocampus, which handles memory. And our memory for smells is 9 and precise, especially when it comes to smell we were first exposed to in childhood. That’s why you might catch the smell of pumpkin pie baking in the oven and be transported back to the first time you baked it with your grandmother. These 10 can go the other way, too. Sometimes you might feel 11 when you eat foods that remind you of loved ones you miss. We may also 12 foods that we associate with bad experiences. In addition to past memories, the 13 in which we eat foods shapes how much we enjoy them in the moment, and our gustatory (味觉的) experiences can be 14 by a sense of community, a sense of warmth and enjoying it together. I 15 my mom’s Snowy Mashed Potatoes that much more today because I got to eat them with my husband and two children, the three people I love most in the world. 1．A．cutting down on B．looking forward to C．making for D．putting away 2．A．protein B．pleasure C．space D．transition 3．A．emotionally B．financially C．physically D．visually 4．A．order B．memorize C．enjoy D．rate 5．A．recipes B．charge C．setback D．company 6．A．cultural B．fond C．photographic D．awkward 7．A．collective B．creative C．lost D．parental 8．A．awake B．correct C．preserve D．possess 9．A．bitter-sweet B．fresh C．long-lasting D．selective 10．A．associations B．experiences C．foods D．routines 11．A．curious B．amazed C．disappointed D．sad 12．A．avoid B．consume C．store D．request 13．A．area B．symptom C．context D．emotion 14．A．enhanced B．confirmed C．reflected D．weakened 15．A．maintained B．appreciated C．copied D．digested Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海嘉定·期中）The Role of Food in Human Culture There are many things that set mankind apart from the animal world. With all the advances of the human race, we often forget that our 1 in the animal kingdom goes back even further and deeper, back to one of our most basic needs-food. 2 the technological relationship we have with food, humans are also unique in our emotional connection with food. In the rest of the animal kingdom, food is by and large simply a matter of providing 3 to one’s body. Animals eat out of 4 . Humans, 5 , see food as so much more than a nutritional need. In fact, we often use food in a 6 way-overeating and eating unhealthy food — which negatively impacts our bodies instead. Mindless eating is a term used negatively in our world but when you stop to think about it, isn’t that what most animals do? Why must we be 7 when eating? The answer lies in humankind’s deep 8 with food. It is not just about mindless eating — it is about preparing, creating, discovering, exploring, inventing, and changing our food and food landscape. The role of food in human culture truly does 9 us from our animal relatives. Part of our connection with food does come from our primitive animal brain. Having a strong desire and connection with food makes seeking it out a(n) 10 . Food is, of course, a necessity and anyone who has given a dog a treat understands that animals too get 11 and joy out of eating. For humans though, it goes further. Food is 12 . We don’t just use food to satisfy our own needs but to show a(n) 13 connection with others. Food is a way we connect and show love for others. You know a relationship is getting serious when your partner invites you over for a home-cooked meal. When a neighbor or friend 14 a loss, we bring them cookies and cakes. Preparing and sharing food with people you love 15 the connection you have. 1．A．uniqueness B．loneliness C．domination D．sacrifice 2．A．For B．As C．Beyond D．Since 3．A．pleasure B．nutrients C．treatment D．victory 4．A．curiosity B．importance C．wonder D．instinct 5．A．for example B．furthermore C．however D．for one thing 6．A．destructive B．creative C．initial D．practical 7．A．careful B．mindful C．forgetful D．stressful 8．A．connection B．appreciation C．attention D．function 9．A．embrace B．judge C．separate D．identify 10．A．opportunity B．victory C．challenge D．priority 11．A．sorrow B．satisfaction C．nutrients D．achievements 12．A．necessity B．nutrition C．joy D．love 13．A．necessary B．close C．emotional D．actual 14．A．settles B．struggles C．gathers D．suffers 15．A．promotes B．satisfies C．focuses D．seeks Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海建平·期中）Among the things I have not missed since entering middle age is the feeling of being an absolute beginner. It has been decades since I’ve sat in a classroom in a gathering cloud of 1 or sincerely tried, lesson after lesson, to acquire a skill that was clearly not destined (注定的) to play a large role in my life. Learning to ride a bicycle in my early thirties was a(n) 2 — a little embarrassing when my husband had to run alongside the bike, as you would with a child but ultimately rewarding. Less so was the time when a group of Japanese schoolchildren tried to teach me paper folding at a public event. I’ll never forget their quiet puzzlement as my clumsy fingers 3 yet another paper crane. Like Tom Vanderbilt, a journalist and the author of Beginners: The Joy and Transformative Power of Lifelong Learning, I learn new facts all the time but new skills 4 . Journalists regularly drop into 5 subcultures and domains (领域) of expertise, learning enough at least to ask the right questions. The distinction he draws between his energetic gathering of declarative knowledge, or knowing that, and his 6 attention to procedural knowledge, or knowing how, is familiar to me. The prospect of 7 myself as, say, a late-blooming skier or marathon runner sparks only an idle interest, something like 8 what it might be like to live in some small town down the road on the highway. There is certainly a way to see that 9 as something positive. If you love your job and find it intellectually and creatively fulfilling, you may not feel the urge to discover other rooms in the house of your mind, whatever 10 and missed opportunities may be lying there. But there are 11 forces at work, too. There’s the fear of being bad at something you think is worthwhile — and, even more so, being seen to be bad at it. What’s the point of starting something new when you know you’ll never be much good at it? Middle age brings greater emotional calm, an unremarkable advantage but a 12 . (The lows aren’t as low, the highs not as high.) Starting all over at something would put you right back into that emotional churn — excitement, self-doubt, but without renewable energy of youth. It might be fun, but it’s less likely to 13 your fate at forty or fifty. But isn’t that what makes lifelong learning so 14 ? As we fumble through (摸索着) new skills or ideas, we gain not just competence but modesty, empathy, and a renewed sense of curiosity. In that way, learning becomes less about mastery and more about 15 the ongoing process itself. 1．A．dissatisfaction B．incomprehension C．uncertainty D．distrust 2．A．routine B．exception C．reminder D．obstacle 3．A．completed B．abandoned C．fixed D．ruined 4．A．carefully B．fast C．seldom D．frequently 5．A．popular B．unfamiliar C．contemporary D．established 6．A．durable B．focused C．limited D．deliberate 7．A．reinventing B．declaring C．justifying D．marketing 8．A．wondering B．ignoring C．recognizing D．describing 9．A．curiosity B．pleasure C．anxiety D．reluctance 10．A．satisfied needs B．hidden talents C．trained skills D．buried memories 11．A．less happy B．more entertaining C．less intense D．more visible 12．A．fear B．relief C．burden D．challenge 13．A．observe B．transform C．predict D．control 14．A．confusing B．discouraging C．engaging D．demanding 15．A．redefining B．completing C．reversing D．embracing 一、人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海顾村·期中）How to Give Money to Good Causes It is the season for giving. Nearly two-fifths of Americans tell pollsters that they sign over more of their savings to charity in the holiday season than at any other time of year; more than two-thirds of Britons say they plan to donate money at Christmas. But the labyrinth of charities, good causes and people in need can be as 1 to navigate as the seasonal family get-together. How to give well? 2 , the idea that you should treat charitable donations methodically has been tarnished by effective altruism, a movement associated with Sam Bankman-Fried (SBF), a convicted crypto con man who insinuated that his fraudulent enterprise was ultimately all about doing good. Happily, the notion that there is a 3 way to give has a long and noble history. Aristotle suggested that 4 stemmed from correct giving to the right people, in the right amounts, for the right reasons and at the right times. For the modern giver, three considerations could usefully serve as a guide. First should be to observe your own moral 5 . Giving to rescue dying languages and to save dying children both have an intrinsic value. Religion and philosophy may help you 6 their competing claims. But ultimately, how important you find one good cause compared with another is a matter of personal 7 . Another consideration is how much 8 you should allow worthy recipients to choose between different good things for themselves. You might be fired up with the mission to lift up the neediest out of 9 . But they may prefer to spend your precious money on a funeral for a close friend than to invest in a cow as a source of future 10 . You need to decide how much to defer to their wishes. This way of thinking helps explain why schemes offering cash transfers have become more popular in recent years. GiveDirectly, which offers such handouts in poor countries, has alone raised over half a billion dollars in the past three years. The third consideration is 11 . Be it preventing river blindness, improving literacy or doling out cash, some organisations are better than others at getting the job done. However, it is not always possible to know how efficient charities are. Sometimes the dollar gains for each dollar spent are hard to 12 , if not impossible. How do you quantify whether a programme to support democracy has been successful? If an autocrat ends up in power, you may conclude the effort was futile; then again, you may think it was worth staving off democratic collapse at least for a while. Smaller charities can struggle to collect the data they need to evaluate their work. That does not mean charities that try to solve complex problems or lack data are worse; just that how well they do good is anyone’s 13 . When you can get evidence about charities’ efficiency, it should 14 your calculations. A defined goal, such as digging wells for clean water, should be measurable. So, too, should programmes that promise quick 15 . Because some charities really do get more done per dollar, whom you give to can matter as much as how much you give. 1．A．easy B．hard C．professional D．efficient 2．A．Unfortunately B．Undoubtedly C．Unexpectedly D．Unusually 3．A．random B．cautious C．wise D．creative 4．A．conflict B．innovation C．equality D．virtue 5．A．supports B．priorities C．standards D．obligations 6．A．demonstrate B．assess C．balance D．interpret 7．A．choice B．relationship C．safety D．space 8．A．time B．money C．risk D．freedom 9．A．control B．poverty C．order D．reach 10．A．income B．inspiration C．challenge D．leadership 11．A．accuracy B．consistency C．efficiency D．tendency 12．A．accept B．understand C．remember D．measure 13．A．chance B．guess C．game D．dream 14．A．check B．preserve C．enter D．perform 15．A．results B．expectations C．deliveries D．recoveries Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海杨浦·期中）I want to be successful. That person is successful. So that person can teach me how to be successful. This deduction helps explain the flood of podcasts, books and speeches devoted to the secrets of high 1 . It is one reason why executive-leadership courses draw on case studies from well beyond business. And it has been much in evidence before and during the 2024 Paris Olympics. Consultancies ask what CEOs can learn from the world’s best athletes. Executives attend events in which Olympians describe what 2 their excellence. Articles breathlessly assess the leadership qualities of Simone Biles, an American gymnast who pulled out of the Tokyo games and made a triumphant 3 in Paris. Bob Bowman, a swimming coach, wrote a book called “The Golden Rules”, based on his success in guiding Michael Phelps to greatness. There are 4 that connect sporting success and business success. Getting to the games requires intense dedication and hard work. Sporting excellence 5 on the efforts of multiple people, not just a single individual. The people on the podium（领奖台）in Paris are competitive and resilient. It is true that all these things are helpful in the workplace, but so is being able to 6 yourself-a tailored outfit can be as strategic. Some things simply don’t need saying. If some of the similarities between sports and the workplace are the stuff of cliche, many of the differences are too big to be helpful. Sporting contests have the 7 clarity of finishing positions; most jobs 8 such simple benchmark. A four-year Olympic cycle 9 to a contest that may last only seconds has few obvious equivalents in business. The athletes who win medals at the games are 10 not just with enormous determination but also immense natural gifts. The job of managers is partly to identify such superstars, but their real task is getting the best out of a workforce whose jobs will not depend as heavily on 11 .” The comparisons between sports and business do reveal some interesting parallels, although they are not necessarily the ones you might expect. In her book “The Long Win”, Cath Bishop, a former Olympian consultant, describes that only focusing on winning can be 12 whether you are in a singlet（运动背心） or a suit. That’s why elite athletes increasingly like to talk about trusting in the process — focusing on the performance rather than on the results. Also, 13 the way a business decision is made from its actual outcome is a(n) 14 that companies might benefit from, too. The pressure on competitive sports teams to cut corners in pursuit of success can lead to toxic cultures and outright cheating, just as it can within firms. But these 15 are not really why people listen to the podcasts or turn up at the events. They want a simple formula for success. And they want to hear what it is like to run faster and jump higher than anyone else. 1．A．potential B．performance C．progress D．ability 2．A．stand for B．result from C．make up D．contribute to 3．A．attempt B．difference C．return D．decision 4．A．threads B．joints C．paths D．trends 5．A．stands B．feeds C．rests D．lies 6．A．exhibit B．dress C．refresh D．present 7．A．objective B．ultimate C．internal D．delicate 8．A．adopt B．possess C．boost D．lack 9．A．appealing B．building C．adding D．submitting 10．A．filled B．rewarded C．blessed D．associated 11．A．power B．acquisition C．strategies D．genetics 12．A．challenging B．ruinous C．essential D．inevitable 13．A．divorcing B．departing C．varying D．telling 14．A．phase B．factor C．aspect D．discipline 15．A．relationships B．similarities C．distinctions D．equivalents Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）In a Different League Walk into any room in India with a screen from now until the end of May and you will find yourself watching the Indian Premier League (IPL), a wildly popular cricket tournament that is by some measures the world’s most profitable sports league after America’s National Football League. It is obvious that Indians are 1 about cricket. Yet the success of IPL has had the unlikely effect of driving a booming of domestic leagues in other sports, too. Over the past decade leagues modelled on IPL have 2 in hockey, tennis, badminton, football and handball, along with native games such as kho kho and kabaddi. Some, notably kabaddi, have even been commercially successful. A cricket-mad country is 3 . Cricket took 87% of what was spent on sports advertising and sponsorship last year. But that was down from 88% in 2021. “The pie for non-cricket sport is going to 4 ,” says Divyanshu Singh of JSW Sports. As in any other 5 , not all ventures will succeed. Some leagues have already 6 . 7 , leagues tend to succeed only in team sports. It is hard to build up loyalty for artificial teams in player-driven sports such as tennis and badminton. Yet the problem lies in a range of internal factors. Any new league must also be well governed and offer its backers a 8 chance of getting their investment back. That means setting sensible 9 on player salaries, keeping costs down and investing in high production standards. To attract viewers, it must offer the very best talent in that particular sport. With global sports available on television and streaming, the difference in quality between, 10 , Indian and American basketball leagues is apparent. Viewers accustomed to global sports are 11 by amateurish production. Kabaddi’s success can in part be 12 the league offering the highest quality of play available in that sport. Yet the most important factor in sustaining the sports boom is one where progress remains slow. Though Indian viewers are happy to watch sports, rates of physical activity are 13 . A recent survey found that while 57% of respondents described themselves as fans of cricket, only 31% had actually played the game in the previous year. Rates for other sports are even lower. Three-quarters of Indian adolescents are physically 14 , according to the World Health Organization. “The younger generation has never played these sports,” says Jinisha Sharma of Capri Sports. “How do you keep finding 15 talent for the future?” 1．A．concerned B．critical C．crazy D．curious 2．A．transformed B．reunited C．crashed D．emerged 3．A．bouncing B．diversifying C．globalizing D．hustling 4．A．grow B．shrink C．drop D．crack 5．A．neighborhood B．boom C．country D．industry 6．A．thrived B．bent C．collapsed D．progressed 7．A．Thus B．Moreover C．Therefore D．Consequently 8．A．remote B．fair C．slight D．minimal 9．A．targets B．goals C．caps D．floors 10．A．for example B．in short C．in general D．in addition 11．A．settled down B．cracked down on C．signed in D．turned off 12．A．overshadowed by B．surrounded with C．credited to D．confused with 13．A．steady B．impressive C．rising D．low 14．A．weak B．energetic C．inactive D．tough 15．A．fitter B．stronger C．newer D．better Passage 4 （24-25高一下·上海浦东新·期中）Our days are becoming increasingly jam-packed. The reasons for the rise in “time 1 ” are numerous, but corporate cultures that value busyness are at least partially to blame. Put simply, busyness has become a(n) 2 . Research led by the Columbia marketing professor Silvia Bellezza shows that people 3 others who are busy to be important and impressive. 4 , newly published studies led by the psychologist Jared Celniker have found that across the United States, France, and South Korea, people consider those who exert high effort to be “morally admirable,” 5 their output. However, when it comes to corporate life, busyness is not a(n) 6 , and it is long past time that organizations stopped lionizing it. Evaluating employees on how busy they are is a terrible way to identify the most creative and productive talent. Yet many firms reward and promote only people who display how “hard” they’re working. The effect on companies and their employees is 7 . Research indicates that when organizations 8 employees, base their incentives primarily on the amount of time they work, and excessively monitor their activities, productivity and efficiency actually drop. While managers now are more 9 to reconsidering the value of busyness than they have been in a long time, the obsession with busyness still persist. One of social psychology’s findings is that the harder people work to achieve something, the more they 10 it. Known as “effort justification,” this tendency arises even when a task is meaningless. And the more demanding the effort is, the more 11 people feel. New hires forced to work long hours on a graveyard shift, for instance, might persuade themselves, if I work this hard, I must really want to be here. The problem is that while we go on 12 the tiring labour, we fail to notice burnout creeping up on us. Another reason organizations value busyness is that their customers do. In many cases customers 13 endeavor with worth. In one simple demonstration of this phenomenon, experimenters showed that participants liked various items (such as a poem, a painting, and a suit of armor) more and rated them higher in quality and value when they thought more 14 had gone into producing them. Research by the Harvard Business School operations professor Ryan Buell found that cafeteria customers reported 15 with their service when a sandwich was made in front of them — when they could observe the work that went into it — than when an identical sandwich was delivered to them. 1．A．poverty B．pressure C．management D．boundary 2．A．personal trait B．status symbol C．moral code D．cultural outlook 3．A．appoint B．claim C．convince D．perceive 4．A．For example B．In addition C．As a result D．On the contrary 5．A．depending on B．subject to C．regardless of D．according to 6．A．burden B．criterion C．obstacle D．virtue 7．A．substantial B．moderate C．trivial D．marginal 8．A．overcharge B．overload C．overvalue D．overindulge 9．A．opposed B．receptive C．neural D．indifferent 10．A．dismiss B．question C．misinterpret D．value 11．A．commitment B．frustration C．bitterness D．anxiety 12．A．resisting B．illustrating C．exhibiting D．justifying 13．A．equate B．compare C．combine D．confuse 14．A．vigor B．status C．effort D．variety 15．A．fewer compliments B．mounting complaints C．falling ratings D．greater contentment 二、人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海建平·期中）Truth be told, a life- changing college experience doesn’t begin or end with a high GPA or great university tour. And although parents and teachers alike work diligently to prep their students with the cutting-edge classes and impressive transcripts, they’re 1 one vital skill: emotional intelligence. A poll of 1,502 first-year college students in the U.S. found that a majority of them wish they had received more 2 preparation for college. Emotional preparedness is 3 “the ability to take care of oneself, adapt to new environments, 4 negative emotions or behavior and build positive relationship,” according to the survey. “Survey data indicate that college readiness requires far more than just a solid academic foundation — finding that seems 5 traditional higher education preparation,” said John McPhee, Executive Director of the Jed Foundation, which co- sponsored the survey. “It is clear that emotional preparedness should be better 6 the work that high school communities are doing to guide students through the transition into college.” Data show that college students 7 far more than their academics-- and their stress can take a serious toll (代价) on their 8 in school. Forty percent of survey participants felt pressure to pay for college expenses, followed by 30 percent who said their biggest 9 was to make new friends. 10 , keeping in touch with family and friends not at their college (28 percent) and being independent (16 percent) also weighed heavily on college students’ shoulders. All of these 11 had a negative impact inside and outside of the classroom. Students who felt less emotionally prepared for college were more likely to have a lower grade point average, regularly 12 drugs and/or alcohol, and rate their overall college experience as terrible or poor. “As high school seniors start applying to college around this time of year, parents and people 13 in their lives can play an important role in helping children build confidence and life skills, said Marisa Glandella-Porco, Co-Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Jordan Porco Foundation, a survey co-sponsor. “It is important to 14 them to choose a college that best fits their needs first and foremost — not only in a(n) 15 sense, but also relative to emotional needs.” Thankfully, whether your child is packing up for school this fall or still in diapers, it’s never too late (or too early) to begin prepping them for university life. Here’s what parents should do to help their college-bound kid, starting now. 1．A．mastering B．employing C．forgetting D．preparing 2．A．emotional B．careful C．comprehensive D．active 3．A．compared with B．applied to C．adjusted to D．defined as 4．A．arouse B．control C．display D．hide 5．A．short of B．strict with C．contrary to D．proud of 6．A．reminded of B．combined with C．focused on D．devoted to 7．A．depend on B．worry about C．refer to D．respond to 8．A．performances B．grades C．subjects D．requirements 9．A．mistake B．decision C．event D．challenge 10．A．Otherwise B．Thus C．Besides D．However 11．A．pressures B．benefits C．behaviors D．thoughts 12．A．market B．ban C．consume D．produce 13．A．aggressive B．influential C．mysterious D．modest 14．A．offer B．guide C．warn D．command 15．A．good B．keen C．academic D．delicate Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海复旦复兴·期中）People often expect someone with a severe disability to be inactive, maybe even angry and withdrawn. I like to surprise them by showing that I lead a very adventurous and fulfilling existence. Despite my physical limitations, I'm living as though I have no 1 . I often ask myself the very question: “Nick, how can you be so happy?” Here is my answer: I found happiness when I realized that as 2 as I may be, I am the perfect Nick Vujicic. I do believe my life can be like anyone else's. I'm 3 disabled, but I'm truly enabled because of my lack of limbs (四肢). My unique challenges have opened up unique opportunities to 4 so many in need. Just imagine what is possible for you! Too often we tell ourselves we aren't smart enough or attractive enough or talented enough to pursue our dreams. We buy into what others say about us, or we 5 ourselves. I have a choice. You have a choice. We can choose to be stuck in 6 and shortcomings and choose to be bitter, angry, or sad. Or when faced with hard times and hurtful people, we can choose to learn from the experience and move forward, 7 our own happiness. You are beautiful and precious 8 , worth more than all the diamonds in the world. You and I are perfectly suited to be who we were meant to be! Anyway, it should always be our goal to become an even better person and 9 boundaries by dreaming big. Adjustments are 10 along the way because life isn't always nice, but it is always worth living. I can't put a hand on your shoulder to reassure you, but I can speak from the heart. However desperate your life may seem, there is hope. As 11 as circumstances appear, there are better days ahead. No matter how terrible your circumstances may appear, you can rise above them. Only wish for change will change nothing. To make the decision to 12 right now will change everything. Just by looking at me, people know that I faced and overcame many obstacles and hardships. That makes them willing to listen to me as a 13 of inspiration. They allow me to share my faith, to tell them they are loved, and to give them hope. That is my contribution. It's important to recognize your own 14 . Know that you also have something to contribute. If you feel frustrated right now, that's okay. Your sense of frustration means you 15 more for your life than you have right now. That's all good. Often, it's the challenges in life that show us who we are truly meant to be. 1．A．installations B．conditions C．abilities D．limits 2．A．imperfect B．curious C．energetic D．attractive 3．A．partially B．developmentally C．officially D．temporarily 4．A．reflect B．reach C．recognize D．acknowledge 5．A．let go of B．place emphasis on C．put restrictions on D．pay attention to 6．A．disappointments B．highlights C．realities D．creations 7．A．being ignorant of B．showing respect for C．being curious about D．taking responsibility for 8．A．for your own purpose B．in your own right C．at your own risk D．with your own efforts 9．A．stretch B．form C．share D．fix 10．A．avoidable B．original C．specific D．necessary 11．A．special B．bad C．certain D．ordinary 12．A．take action B．seek purposes C．find values D．make rules 13．A．way B．signal C．source D．kind 14．A．disadvantage B．shortcoming C．status D．value 15．A．possess B．belong C．deserve D．appreciate 2 / 63 1 / 63 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 完形填空（期中真题汇编，上海专用） 一、人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海华师附·期中）Unwrapping your shopping to find you have bought moldy bread, rotten fruit and sour milk could soon become a thing of the past, thanks to the range of emerging active packaging’ technologies. While traditional packaging simply 1 barrier that protects food, active packaging can do a lot more. Some materials interact with the product to 2 it in some way, or provide better information on the state it is in. 3 , they may absorb oxygen inside a wrapper to help prevent food spoilage or show whether potentially dangerous foods like red meat and chicken have been stored at unsafe temperatures. One of the new breeds of packaging technologies that has just gone on the market in France is a “time temperature indicator”. Stores where the product has already been introduced report that far fewer consumers are returning 4 food. The indicator is basically a label that 5 the temperature a package has been kept at and for how long. The label has a dark ring around a lighter circle. The central ring contains a chemical which polymerizes (聚合), changing color as it does so from clear to 6 .If the package stays cool, the reaction is slow, but increasing the temperature speeds up the polymerization. When the inner circle darkens, it means the product is no longer 7 fresh. Smart packaging can also control the 8 inside a container. For instance, the make-up of oxygen and carbon dioxide within packaged vegetables will influence their freshness. This can be 9 to control in a sealed package, since vegetables consume more oxygen and give off more carbon dioxide as the package gets warmer. A firm in California is trying to solve the problem with a wrapper it calls “Intelimer”, which changes its permeability (渗透性) as the temperature changes in a way that keeps different products at their best O2/CO2 10 . Decay can also be 11 by controlling the environment inside a package with an “oxygen scavenger (清除剂)”. 12 , this is achieved by placing a small bag filled with iron powder in the package — any oxygen in the package is consumed by the iron as it oxidizes. However, consumers don’t 13 finding small bags marked “Don’t eat” in their food, so a company in New Jersey is making a wrap that itself consumes oxygen. The material includes an inner layer of an oxidizable polymer that 14 oxygen in the same way as iron. It is predicted that between 20 and 40 percent of all food packaging will soon be 15 . 1．A．acts as B．belongs to C．deals with D．relies on 2．A．change B．improve C．isolate D．promote 3．A．Even so B．For instance C．In consequence D．What’s more 4．A．broken B．inadequate C．spoilt D．unnecessary 5．A．forecasts B．lowers C．maintains D．tracks 6．A．neutral B．blocked C．dark D．unclear 7．A．guaranteed B．observed C．purchased D．required 8．A．atmosphere B．effectiveness C．temperature D．hygiene 9．A．possible B．hard C．quick D．convenient 10．A．components B．concentrations C．regulations D．implements 11．A．taken on B．wiped out C．turned away D．slowed down 12．A．Theoretically B．Luckily C．Surprisingly D．Currently 13．A．avoid B．mind C．like D．consider 14．A．creates B．maintains C．kills D．traps 15．A．friendly B．appealing C．active D．flexible 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 5．D 6．C 7．A 8．A 9．B 10．B 11．D 12．D 13．C 14．D 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了活性包装技术如何通过智能化手段解决传统食品保鲜难题。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：传统包装仅仅充当一个屏障来保护食物，而活性包装可以做更多。A. acts as充当；B. belongs to属于；C. deals with处理；D. relies on依赖。根据后文“barrier that protects food”可知，此处指的是传统包装的作用，即“充当”屏障。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些材料会与产品反应，以某种方式改善它，或者提供更好的状态信息。A. change改变；B. improve提升，改善；C. isolate隔离；D. promote促进。根据后文“or provide better information on the state it is in”可知，一些材料提供更好的状态信息，应该会改善产品。故选B项。 3．考查固定短语辨析。句意：例如，它们可以吸收包装内的氧气，以帮助防止食物变质，或者显示像红肉和鸡肉这样的潜在危险食物是否在不安全的温度下储存。A. Even so即使如此；B. For instance例如；C. In consequence因此；D. What’s more而且。前文概括性描述后需举例说明，For instance引出具体功能。故选B项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：已采用该产品的商店报告称，消费者退货变质食品的情况大幅减少。A. broken破损的；B. inadequate不足的；C. spoilt变质的；D. unnecessary不必要的。根据前文“far fewer consumers are returning”可知，消费者退货肯定是因为食品变质。故选C项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该标签追踪包装所保持的温度以及持续时间。A. forecasts预测；B. lowers降低；C. maintains维持；D. tracks追踪。根据后文“the temperature a package has been kept at and for how long”可知，此处指的是标签记录（追踪）温度和时间。故选D项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：中心环内有一种化学物质，这种物质会发生聚合反应，同时颜色也会随之变化，从透明变为深色。A. neutral中性的；B. blocked堵塞的；C. dark深色的；D. unclear模糊的。根据下文的“When the inner circle darkens”可知，发生反应时，中心环的颜色会从透明变为深色。故选C项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当内环变深色，意味着产品不再保证新鲜。A. guaranteed保证；B. observed观察；C. purchased购买；D. required要求。根据前文的“speeds up the polymerization”可知，此处指的是产品不再保证新鲜。故选A项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：智能包装还能控制容器内的气体环境。A. atmosphere气体环境；B. effectiveness效果；C. temperature温度；D. hygiene卫生。后文的“the make-up of oxygen and carbon dioxide within packaged vegetables”明确指气体成分。故选A项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在密封包装中控制这一点很困难。A. possible可能的；B. hard困难的；C. quick快速的；D. convenient方便的。根据后文的“since vegetables consume more oxygen and give off more carbon dioxide as the package gets warmer”可知，此处指的是在密封包装中很难控制。故选B项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一家位于加利福尼亚的公司正在尝试用一种名为“Intelimer”的包装来解决这个问题，该包装会随着温度的变化改变其渗透性，以保持不同产品在其最佳的O2/CO2浓度。A. components组成部分；B. concentrations浓度；C. regulations规定；D. implements实施。根据前文“O2/CO2”可知，此处指的是浓度，且“keep at their best”需量化控制。故选B项。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：通过使用“氧气吸收剂”来控制包裹内的环境，也可以减缓物品的腐烂速度。A. taken on承担；B. wiped out消灭；C. turned away拒绝；D. slowed down减缓。后文“oxygen scavenger”技术目的为延缓氧化，“slow down”准确描述过程延缓。故选D项。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意：目前，这是通过在包装中放置一个小袋子，里面装有铁粉来实现的——包装中的任何氧气都会被铁氧化时消耗掉。A. Theoretically理论上；B. Luckily幸运地；C. Surprisingly惊人地；D. Currently当前。后文“so a company in New Jersey is making a wrap that itself consumes oxygen”说明铁粉袋是现有方案，Currently表时间状态。故选D项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但消费者不喜欢在食品中发现标有“勿食”的小袋子。A. avoid避免；B. mind介意；C. like喜欢；D. consider考虑。根据转折副词“however”和“consumers don’t”可知，此处指的是消费者的负面体验，“don’t like”符合语境。故选C项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：该材料包含一个可氧化的聚合物内层，以与铁相同的方式捕获氧气。A. creates创造；B. maintains维持；C. kills杀死；D. traps捕获。根据前文的“consumes oxygen”可知，此处指的是捕获氧气。故选D项。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：预计20% — 40%的食品包装将很快变为活性包装。A. friendly友好的；B. appealing吸引人的；C. active活性的；D. flexible灵活的。结合语境，以及全文核心话题为“active packaging”，词汇复现，可推知此处指活性包装。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海交大附中·期中）Have you ever told yourself, “Just five more minutes” before bed, only to find yourself still awake an hour later? If so, you’re not 1 . Sleep procrastination (拖延症) — delaying bedtime despite knowing the consequences — isn’t unusual. Some might 2 a lack of self-discipline. But the truth is, sleep procrastination is more complex than just poor time management. Both psychological and emotional factors make it difficult to 3 go to bed earlier. During the day, we are busy with 4 : school, homework, chores and endless tasks. By the time night rolls around, we finally feel 5 our time, so we stay up late as a form of rebellion (反抗). It’s not just bedtime procrastination; it’s revenge (报复) procrastination. Instead of resting, we seek out distractions: scrolling through social media, binge-watching or playing games. These activities might 6 stress, but here’s the kicker: Staying up late doesn’t actually make you feel better. Instead, it leaves you looking and feeling 7 , squinting (眯着眼看) at the classroom whiteboard, wondering if it’s a secret code that you’re too tired to crack. The problem is that most of these activities are designed to keep us 8 . Social media apps, video platforms and even games trigger dopamine releases, making it hard to stop. Our brains want the next small hit of pleasure five minutes after another, even though our bodies are begging for sleep. It’s an unfavorable 9 . But it’s one that we can break. We need to redefine relaxation by creating moments of pleasure during the day, so we don’t feel the need to steal “me-time” at night. We should form a 10 routine: dim the lights. 11 and wind down with a book or a calming activity. Overstimulating activities, like action movies, intense gaming or heated debates on social media right before bed, should be avoided. 12 , we ought to treat sleep like a luxury instead of just a way to 13 for the next day. Start regarding it as an all-expenses-paid vacation to Dreamland. Cozy blankets? Check. Fluffy pillows? Check. Waking up feeling like an actual human? Priceless. Revenge bedtime procrastination might seem like a small victory, but the real win is waking up feeling 14 . So tonight, when that “five more minutes” voice starts whispering, tell it: “nice try, but I choose self-care and functioning brain cells instead.” Believe me, your 15 self will thank you for it. 1．A．unique B．alone C．anxious D．guilty 2．A．name it after B．attribute it to C．blame it for D．assign it to 3．A．simply B．directly C．reluctantly D．timely 4．A．adventures B．opportunities C．responsibilities D．challenges 5．A．in place of B．in need of C．in favor of D．in control of 6．A．calm B．relieve C．ignore D．worsen 7．A．relaxed B．confused C．exhausted D．energized 8．A．bored B．attentive C．hooked D．satisfied 9．A．system B．rhythm C．cycle D．hobby 10．A．sleep-friendly B．health-focused C．time-saving D．energy-consuming 11．A．check messages B．lower volume C．avoid screens D．take notes 12．A．For example B．In addition C．In comparison D．Most importantly 13．A．recharge B．refill C．reshape D．replace 14．A．frustrated B．annoyed C．amused D．refreshed 15．A．future B．present C．past D．former 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．C 9．C 10．A 11．C 12．B 13．A 14．D 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了睡前拖延（报复性拖延）很常见，因白天忙，晚上想掌控时间，而熬夜刷手机等致疲惫，需建睡前习惯，视睡眠为奢侈享受。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果是这样，那你并不孤单。A. unique独特的；B. alone孤单的；C. anxious焦虑的；D. guilty内疚的。根据后文“Sleep procrastination — delaying bedtime despite knowing the consequences — isn’t unusual.(睡眠拖延症——明知会带来不良后果却仍推迟就寝时间——这种情况并不少见)”可知，睡眠拖延症并不少见，所以有这种情况你并不是孤单一个人。故选B。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：有些人可能会将其归因于缺乏自律。A. name it after以……命名；B. attribute it to归因于；C. blame it for因……责备；D. assign it to指派。根据后文“a lack of self-discipline”可知，有人把睡眠拖延症归因于缺乏自律。故选B。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：无论是心理因素还是情绪因素，都使得人们难以轻易地早点上床睡觉。A. simply仅仅；B. directly直接地；C. reluctantly不情愿地；D. timely及时地。根据上文“sleep procrastination is more complex than just poor time management.”以及“Both psychological and emotional factors make it difficult to”可知，睡眠拖延问题远不止是时间管理不当这么简单，无论是心理因素还是情绪因素，都使得人们难以轻易地早点上床睡觉。故选A。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：白天里，我们忙于各种责任：上学、做作业、做家务以及无尽的任务。A. adventures冒险；B. opportunities机会；C. responsibilities责任；D. challenges挑战。根据后文“school, homework, chores and endless tasks”指白天忙于各种责任，故选C。 5．考查介词短语辨析。句意：等到夜幕降临的时候，我们终于开始掌控自己的时间了，于是我们就选择熬夜，以此作为一种反抗的方式。A. in place of代替；B. in need of需要；C. in favor of赞成；D. in control of控制。根据上文“During the day, we are busy with”以及“By the time night rolls around, we finally feel”可知，熬夜让我们开始掌控自己的时间，故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些活动或许能缓解压力，但关键在于：熬夜并不会真的让你感觉好起来。A. calm平静的；B. relieve缓解；C. ignore忽视；D. worsen恶化。根据上文“It’s not just bedtime procrastination; it’s revenge procrastination. Instead of resting, we seek out distractions: scrolling through social media, binge-watching or playing games.(这不仅仅是睡前拖延的问题，更是报复性的拖延。我们不再休息，而是寻找各种消遣方式：浏览社交媒体、一口气看完剧集或者玩游戏)”可知，晚上熬夜是为了缓解白天的压力，故选B。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相反，这会让你看起来和感觉上都十分疲惫，你得眯着眼睛盯着教室的黑板，心里琢磨着那上面是不是有什么秘密密码，只是因为你太累了而无法解开。A. relaxed放松的；B. confused困惑的；C. exhausted疲惫的；D. energized有活力的。根据后文“you’re too tired to crack”可知，熬夜会让人疲惫。故选C。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：问题在于，这些活动大多都是为了让我们持续沉迷其中而设计的。A. bored厌倦的；B. attentive专心的；C. hooked入迷的；D. satisfied满足的。根据后文“Social media apps, video platforms and even games trigger dopamine releases, making it hard to stop. Our brains want the next small hit of pleasure five minutes after another, even though our bodies are begging for sleep.(社交媒体应用、视频平台以及各类游戏都会促使大脑释放多巴胺，让人难以自拔。我们的大脑渴望在片刻之后再次获得那短暂的愉悦感，而此时我们的身体却在迫切地渴望睡眠)”可知，这些活动大多都是为了让我们持续沉迷其中而设计的。故选C。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个不利的循环。A. system系统；B. rhythm韵律；C. cycle循环；D. hobby爱好。根据上文“Our brains want the next small hit of pleasure five minutes after another, even though our bodies are begging for sleep.(我们的大脑渴望在片刻之后再次获得那短暂的愉悦感，而此时我们的身体却在迫切地渴望睡眠)”可知，身体和大脑的追求不同，形成了不利的循环。故选C。 10．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们应该养成有利于睡眠的习惯：调暗灯光，避免接触电子屏幕，然后通过阅读或进行一些放松的活动来放松身心。A. sleep-friendly有助于睡眠的；B. health-focused关注健康的；C. time-saving节约时间的；D. energy-consuming耗能的。后文“and wind down with a book or a calming activity”主要是为了营造有利于睡眠的习惯，故选A。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们应该养成有利于睡眠的习惯：调暗灯光，避免接触电子屏幕，然后通过阅读或进行一些放松的活动来放松身心。A. check messages查看信息；B. lower volume降低音量；C. avoid screens避免使用屏幕设备；D. take notes记笔记。上文“Social media apps, video platforms and even games trigger dopamine releases, making it hard to stop.(社交媒体应用、视频平台以及各类游戏都会促使大脑释放多巴胺，让人难以自拔)”提到手机应用导致无法睡眠，所以应该避免使用屏幕设备。故选C。 12．考查介词短语辨析。句意：此外，我们应当将睡眠视为一种奢侈享受，而不能仅仅将其视为为第二天补充精力的一种方式。A. For example例如；B. In addition此外；C. In comparison相比之下；D. Most importantly更重要的是。后文“we ought to treat sleep like a luxury”是对上文的补充说明，故选B。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，我们应当将睡眠视为一种奢侈享受，而不能仅仅将其视为为第二天补充精力的一种方式。A. recharge充电，补充精力；B. refill再装满；C. reshape重塑；D. replace取代。根据上文“sleep like a luxury instead of just a way to”可知，睡眠不应该只是被看做为第二天补充精力的一种方式。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：报复性地拖延就寝时间或许看起来只是一个小胜利，但真正的胜利在于醒来时精神焕发。A. frustrated沮丧的；B. annoyed生气的；C. amused被逗乐的；D. refreshed恢复精神的。根据上文“Waking up feeling like an actual human? Priceless.(醒来时感觉自己真的像个正常人了？这感觉太美妙了)”可知，睡眠可以醒来精神焕发。故选D。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：相信我，未来的你一定会为此而感谢的。A. future未来；B. present目前；C. past过去；D. former模型。后文“self will thank you for it”为一般将来时，所以是建议现在就开始好好睡眠，未来的自己会感谢这一行动。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海复旦附中·期中）Children are introduced to the arts in many different ways. Participation in the arts improves personal confidence, problem solving skills, and even memorization and social skills. As young brains develop, it is vital that the creative side of the brain receive equal attention to the 1 side of the brain to ensure maximum education. Unfortunately, there are those who believe creativity holds little or no value. However, they could never be farther from the 2 . According to a National Education Association research report, “Teenagers and young adults of low socioeconomic status (SES), who have a 3 of in-depth arts involvement, show better academic outcomes than low-SES youth with less arts involvement.” This research report shows that the arts strengthen the academic hemisphere of the brain. According to recent studies, as the brain focuses on math problems or reading, only certain areas of their brain are 4 . However, when teenagers and young adults are listening to music, drawing a picture or engaging the mind 5 , multiple areas of the brain are working at the same time. 6 , more areas of the brain are strengthened, resulting in stronger overall brain activity. With all the benefits of arts education, it is 7 that some educational boards still believe sufficient education can be reached without the benefits of the arts. In January 2017, the Utah State Board of Education 8 an official command that added two classes to the school curriculum, requiring all students between sixth and eighth grades to take those courses. This 9 limited the opportunity for the students to take elective arts courses. This command created an uproar among parents and teachers in Canyon School District and — thanks to protests — was not put into 10 . Participation in the arts is one of the most precious gifts we can give our children. It brings them joy, creativity and helps them 11 academically. Our education system is 12 the critical role the arts have in education. If we limit the arts within school systems, we take away our children’s chances of present and future 13 . We cannot do that. Our children need to have every opportunity to expand their minds through the 14 of the arts. We must give our youth the opportunities and advantages to reach their highest goals and dreams if we are to 15 a bright future for generations to come. 1．A．far B．logical C．right D．bright 2．A．criteria B．standard C．principle D．truth 3．A．story B．taste C．history D．vision 4．A．affected B．quickened C．taken D．activated 5．A．creatively B．fully C．partially D．actively 6．A．Above all B．What’s more C．On the contrary D．As a result 7．A．natural B．necessary C．inevitable D．shocking 8．A．released B．shouted C．obeyed D．barked 9．A．in conclusion B．in turn C．in reply D．in return 10．A．existence B．effect C．word D．use 11．A．mature B．focus C．communicate D．excel 12．A．strengthening B．playing C．weakening D．abandoning 13．A．encounters B．accomplishments C．delights D．employments 14．A．applications B．rewards C．means D．attractions 15．A．secure B．fetch C．predict D．face 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 5．A 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．B 11．D 12．C 13．B 14．C 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。研究证明艺术对孩子的大脑和身心发展意义重大，但是仍有人想减少学校的艺术课程。作者呼吁：艺术课程不能少，否则将影响孩子的未来及发展。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着年轻人大脑的发展，大脑的创造性方面与大脑的逻辑方面得到同等的关注是至关重要，这样可以确保教育最大化。A. far远的；B. logical逻辑的；C. right正确的；D. bright明亮的。根据下文“According to recent studies, as the brain focuses on math problems or reading, only certain areas of their brain are 　　4　　. However, when teenagers and young adults are listening to music, drawing a picture or engaging the mind 　　5　　, multiple areas of the brain are working at the same time.”可知，研究人员将大脑专注于数学等逻辑方面的问题与专注于听音乐或画画等创造性活动进行研究和对比。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，有些人认为创造力几乎没有价值。然而，他们最远离事实真相。A. criteria(评价，判断等)标准，准则；B. standard(品质的)标准；C. principle原则；D. truth真相。根据“Unfortunately, there are those who believe creativity holds little or no value.”及“However”可知，有些人认为创造力几乎没有价值。However表示转折，前后两句意义相反，故推知后一句表示“创造力很重要”，那些认为创造力没有价值的人的想法是错误的，远离事实真相。故选D。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据美国国家教育协会的一份研究报告，“具有深入艺术参与史的社会经济地位低的青少年和年轻人，比很少参与艺术的社会经济地位低的青年表现出更好的学术成果。A. story故事；B. taste味道；C. history历史；D. vision视野，想象。根据“in-depth arts involvement”及“less arts involvement”可知，本句将“具有深入艺术参与史的社会经济地位低的青少年”与“很少参与艺术的社会经济地位低的青年”进行比较。故选C。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据最近的研究，当大脑专注于数学问题或阅读时，只有大脑的某些区域被激活。A. affected影响；B. quickened加快；C. taken拿走；D. activated激活，使活动。根据下文“However, when teenagers and young adults are listening to music, drawing a picture or engaging the mind 　　5　　, multiple areas of the brain are working at the same time.”可知，上下文内容一致，说明大脑无论专注于数学等逻辑方面的问题，还是参与听音乐或画画等创造性活动时，都会使大脑工作，使大脑被激活。故选D。 5．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，当青少年和年轻人听音乐，画画或创造性地集中精神时，大脑的多个区域同时工作。A. creatively创造性地；B. fully完全地；C. partially部分地；D. actively积极地。根据“listening to music, drawing a picture”可知，此处描述的是大脑参与听音乐或画画等创造性活动。故选A。 6．考查连词词义辨析。句意：结果，大脑的更多区域得到加强，导致更强的整体大脑活动。A. Above all尤其是，最重要的是；B. What’s more此外；C. On the contrary与此相反；D. As a result结果是。根据“more areas of the brain are strengthened, resulting in stronger overall brain activity.”可知，此处是对大脑从事创造性活动的结果的总结。故选D。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管艺术教育有种种好处，但令人震惊的是，一些教育委员会仍然认为，即使没有得益于艺术，也可以获得足够的教育。A. natural自然的；B. necessary必要的；C. inevitable不可避免的；D. shocking令人震惊的。根据“With all the benefits of arts education”及“some educational boards still believe sufficient education can be reached without the benefits of the arts.”可知，虽然艺术教育有很多好处，但是一些教育委员会仍然认为，即使没有得益于艺术，就可以获得足够的教育。这种不认同艺术的意义和优点的想法令人震惊。故选D。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：2017年1月，犹他州教育委员会发布了一项官方命令，在学校课程中增加了两节课，要求所有六年级到八年级之间的学生参加这些课程。A. released发布；B. shouted大叫；C. obeyed遵守；D. barked吠。根据“the Utah State Board of Education”及“an official command that added two classes to the school curriculum, requiring all students between sixth and eighth grades to take those courses.”可知，此处指的是犹他州教育委员会发布官方命令的内容。故选A。 9．考查介词短语辨析。句意：这反过来又限制了学生选修艺术课程的机会。A. in conclusion最后；B. in turn反过来；C. in reply作为答复；D. in return作为回报。根据“In January 2017, the Utah State Board of Education 　　8　　 an official command that added two classes to the school curriculum, requiring all students between sixth and eighth grades to take those courses.”及“limited the opportunity for the students to take elective arts courses”可知，犹他州教育委员会增设的两门课不仅对学生没有帮助，反而限制了学生选修艺术课程的机会。故选B。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一命令在峡谷学区的家长和教师中引起了轩然大波，并且由于抗议活动而没有实行。A. existence存在；B. effect影响，施行；C. word词，话；D. use用途。根据“thanks to protests”及“not”可知，由于抗议，犹他州教育委员会发布的官方命令没有被实行。故选B。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它给他们带来快乐，创造力，并帮助他们在学业中脱颖而出。A. mature成熟，成长；B. focus集中；C. communicate交流；D. excel突出。根据“Participation in the arts is one of the most precious gifts we can give our children.”及“It brings them joy, creativity”可知，此处描述的是参加艺术活动的好处，故推知艺术活动会给孩子们带来快乐，创造力，并帮助他们在学业中脱颖而出。故选D。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们的教育体系正在削弱艺术在教育中的关键作用。A. strengthening巩固；B. playing玩；C. weakening削弱；D. abandoning放弃。根据上文“Unfortunately, there are those who believe creativity holds little or no value.”及“In January 2017, the Utah State Board of Education 　　8　　 an official command that added two classes to the school curriculum, requiring all students between sixth and eighth grades to take those courses. This 　　9　　 limited the opportunity for the students to take elective arts courses.”可知，现代教育不认同艺术的重要性，限制学生选修艺术的机会，对艺术在学生中的普及有抑制作用。故推知我们的教育体系正在削弱艺术在教育中的关键作用。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们限制学校体系内的艺术活动，我们就剥夺了孩子现在和未来成就的机会。A. encounters遭遇，相遇；B. accomplishments成就；C. delights乐事；D. employments职业。根据上文“Participation in the arts is one of the most precious gifts we can give our children. It brings them joy, creativity and helps them 　　11　　 academically.”可知，艺术活动有很多好处，它可以给孩子们带来快乐，创造力，并帮助他们在学业中脱颖而出。故推知，限制学校内的艺术活动，就剥夺了孩子们接受艺术熏陶的机会，扼杀了孩子们现在及将来可能实现的成就。故选B。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们的孩子需要有一切机会通过艺术手段来扩展他们的思想。A. applications申请；B. rewards报酬；C. means手段，方法；D. attractions有吸引力的事。根据上文“Participation in the arts is one of the most precious gifts we can give our children. It brings them joy, creativity and helps them 　　11　　 academically.”可知，艺术活动会给孩子们带来快乐，创造力，并帮助他们在学业中脱颖而出，所以孩子们可以通过艺术手段来扩展他们的思想。故选C。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果我们要让子孙后代取得一个光明的未来，我们必须给年轻人提供实现其最高目标和梦想的机会和优势。A. secure取得，实现；B. fetch去拿；C. predict预测；D. face面对。根据“We must give our youth the opportunities and advantages to reach their highest goals and dreams”可知，我们给年轻人提供实现其最高目标和梦想的机会和优势，目的是让子孙后代取得一个光明的未来。故选A。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·上海育才·期中）Why do some people live to be longer than others? You know the standard 1 : keeping a moderate diet, encouraging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity? Do some kinds of personalities 2 longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question 3 the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be a least 100. The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more 4 and less neurotic(神经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a(an) 5 life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: Those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough 6 to make it through tough times. Interestingly, 7 , other characteristics that you might consider advantages had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, 8 , were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being 9 to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways. Whether you can successfully change your 10 as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should 11 to be as outgoing as possible. Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother’s personality may also help 12 your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids 13 diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger. Personality isn’t destiny, and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn’t just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health. Therefore, it might be 14 to form those personality traits contributing to longevity through health-related behaviours, stress reduction and 15 to the challenging problems. 1．A．statements B．definitions C．applications D．explanations 2．A．result from B．lead to C．rely on D．consist of 3．A．assessing B．interviewing C．examining D．diagnosing 4．A．active B．extensive C．persuasive D．sensitive 5．A．agreeable B．normal C．changeable D．formal 6．A．resources B．associations C．procedures D．interactions 7．A．therefore B．however C．furthermore D．otherwise 8．A．in other words B．as usual C．in addition D．for instance 9．A．resistant B．open C．bind D．alert 10．A．perspective B．ambition C．personality D．philosophy 11．A．reject B．strive C．claim D．oppose 12．A．extend B．restrict C．shorten D．determine 13．A．unhealthy B．nutritious C．adequate D．moderate 14．A．predictable B．advisable C．sustainable D．enjoyable 15．A．temptation B．introduction C．adaptation D．objection 【答案】 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A 5．B 6．A 7．B 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．B 12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究表明，寿命最长的人比其他人更外向、更活跃、更少神经质。长寿的女性也比正常寿命的女性更有同情心和合作精神。解释了自身性格以及母亲的性格对人的寿命的影响。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你知道标准的解释：保持适度的饮食，鼓励有规律的锻炼，等等。A. statements声明；B. definitions定义；C. applications应用；D. explanations解释。根据后文“keeping a moderate diet, encouraging in regular exercise, etc”可知保持适度的饮食，鼓励有规律的锻炼可以解释为什么有些人比其他人活得长。故选D。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：某些个性会带来更长的寿命吗？A. result from由于；B. lead to导致；C. rely on依赖；D. consist of由……组成。根据后文“longer lives”可知此处指某些个性会不会导致人的寿命更长。故选B。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：《美国老年医学会杂志》上的一项新研究研究了这个问题，研究了至少活到100岁的人的246名子女的性格特征。A. assessing评价；B. interviewing采访；C. examining研究，检查；D. diagnosing诊断。根据后文“the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be a least 100”指研究至少活到100岁的人的246名子女的性格特征。故选C。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，寿命最长的人比其他人更外向、更活跃、更少神经质。A. active活跃的；B. extensive巨大的；C. persuasive有说服力的；D. sensitive敏感的。根据上文“those living the longest are more outgoing, more”可知长寿的人具有的是一些积极的性格，即更外向、更活跃、更少神经质。故选A。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：长寿的女性也比正常寿命的女性更有同情心和合作精神。A. agreeable愉悦的；B. normal正常的；C. changeable变化的；D. formal正式的。结合上文“Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with”可知此处是在把长寿的女性与正常寿命的女性进行比较。故选B。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些发现与你从进化理论中所期望的是一致的：那些喜欢交朋友和帮助别人的人可以收集到足够的资源来度过困难时期。A. resources资源；B. associations协会；C. procedures程序；D. interactions互动。结合后文“to make it through tough times”可知要度过困难时期应该是要收集足够的资源。故选A。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有趣的是，其他你可能认为是优势的特征对研究参与者是否可能更长寿没有影响。A. therefore因此；B. however然而；C. furthermore此外；D. otherwise否则。根据前后文可知此处表转折，应用however。故选B。 8．考查固定短语辨析。句意：例如，那些更自律的人并不太可能活到很老。A. in other words换句话说；B. as usual和往常一样；C. in addition此外；D. for instance例如。此处是在针对上文提到“其他你可能认为是优势的特征对研究参与者是否可能更长寿没有影响”这一观点进行举例。故选D。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：另外，对新思想的开放与长寿没有关系，这可能解释了所有那些脾气不好、固步自封的老人们。A. resistant抵制的；B. open开放的；C. bind捆绑；D. alert警惕的。根据后文“which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways”可知脾气不好、固步自封的人活到了老年，说明了对新思想的开放与长寿没有关系，故选B。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为一个成年人，你是否能成功地改变自己的性格，这是一个长期存在的心理学争论的主题。A. perspective观点；B. ambition抱负；C. personality个性；D. philosophy哲学。呼应上文“the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be a least 100”即研究主要是针对性格对寿命的影响，所以此处指改变性格。故选C。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但这篇新发表的论文建议，如果你想长寿，你应该努力尽可能地外向。A. reject拒绝；B. strive努力；C. claim声称；D. oppose反对。根据上文“those living the longest are more outgoing”可知如果你想长寿，你应该努力尽可能地外向。故选B。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，最近的另一项研究表明，你母亲的性格也可能有助于决定你的寿命。A. extend延伸；B. restrict限制；C. shorten缩短；D. determine决定。根据后文“Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we’re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.”可知，当我们成年后，童年的饮食模式很难改变，这可能意味着抑郁的母亲的孩子最终会早逝，所以母亲的性格也可能有助于决定你的寿命。故选D。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：该研究调查了近2.8万名挪威母亲，发现那些更焦虑、抑郁和愤怒的母亲更有可能给孩子吃不健康的饮食。A. unhealthy不健康的；B. nutritious有营养的；C. adequate足够的；D. moderate普通的。根据后文“kids of depressed moms end up dying younger”可知那些更焦虑、抑郁和愤怒的母亲更有可能给孩子吃不健康的饮食，导致孩子成年后难以改变饮食模式，最终会早逝。故选A。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，通过与健康有关的行为、减少压力和适应挑战性的问题，形成有助于长寿的性格特征可能是明智的。A. predictable可预测的；B. advisable明智的；C. sustainable可持续的；D. enjoyable令人愉快的。根据后文“through health-related behaviours, stress reduction”可知通过与健康有关的行为、减少压力来形成有助于长寿的性格特征是明智的做法。故选B。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，通过与健康有关的行为、减少压力和适应挑战性的问题，形成有助于长寿的性格特征可能是明智的。A. temptation诱惑；B. introduction介绍；C. adaptation适应，改编；D. objection反对。根据后文“to the challenging problems”指适应挑战性问题，应用adaptation。故选C。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·上海南汇·期中）Common dietary advice encourages us to eat whole food and avoid processed ones. But there is no clear understanding of what makes a food ultra-processed or how these foods affect our health. Broadly labeling ultra-processed foods as bad could not only lead us to 1 other potential factors contributing to obesity, but may create a new set of unconscious health consequences. For decades, public health experts have raised the alarm about ultra-processed foods, blaming them for 2 increases in obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Already, two countries-Canada and Brazil have advice on 3 ultra-processed foods in their national dietary guidelines. More countries, including the US and Australia, are debating whether to 4 their practice. However, there are too many unknowns to justify such sweeping 5 ,according to nutrition researchers at a conference hosted by the American Society for Nutrition in Boston on 23 July. Although it is often repeated that ultra-processed foods are bad for us, there is no universal 6 of such products. The most widely used description is based on the NOVA food classification system, which says a food is ultra-processed if it uses 7 ,often derived from other foods, to “imitate or enhance the sensory qualities of foods or to disguise unpalatable (难吃的) aspects of the final product＂. NOVA also states that “a multitude of sequences or 8 is used to combine the usually many ingredients" and these processes can’t be done at home. This definition is 9 and unclear, says Lauren O’Connor at the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), who participated in the panel. As such, it can be difficult to 10 foods according to the NOVA system. What’s more, it is hard to be sure how-or if-ultra-processed foods are harmful to health. Mixing foods together like this also make people 11 to capture the small impacts some of them have on health. Research shows that foods often categorized as ultra-processed ones can contribute key 12 to people’s diets. Earlier this year, O’Connor and her colleagues showed that, of 1,140 children aged between 6 and 23 months old in the US, 75 per cent of their iron intake and 48 per cent of their zinc intake, on average, came from foods considered ultra-processed by NOVA．“One of the biggest 13 of some ultra-processed foods is strengthening micronutrients,” says O’Connor. This means blanket guidance to avoid ultra-processed foods could lead to nutrient 14 and that ultra-processed food can form part of a healthy diet. “There is still a lot that we don’t know about ultra-processed foods,” says O’Connor. “We have to be really 15 of that because we don’t want to look down upon any foods. 1．A．criticize B．analyze C．consider D．overlook 2．A．global B．national C．obvious D．various 3．A．adding B．avoiding C．banning D．improving 4．A．follow B．update C．assess D．release 5．A．campaigns B．commands C．regulations D．recommendations 6．A．announcement B．acknowledge C．definition D．recognition 7．A．elements B．substances C．materials D．ingredients 8．A．arrangements B．criteria          - C．processes D．standards 9．A．scientific B．broad C．comprehensive D．elaborate 10．A．classify B．purchase C．prepare D．store 11．A．attempt B．fail C．prefer D．strive 12．A．appetites B．components C．nutrients D．varieties 13．A．awards B．benefits C．concerns D．harvests 14．A．absorption B．deficiencies C．intake D．supplies 15．A．ashamed B．confident C．mindful D．tolerant 【答案】 1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．D 8．C 9．B 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．B 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了超加工食物。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：把超加工食品笼统地贴上有害食品的标签，不仅会让我们忽视导致肥胖的其他潜在因素，还可能造成一系列新的无意识的健康后果。A. criticize批评，指责；B. analyze分析；C. consider认为，视为；D. overlook忽视，忽略。根据上文“But there is no clear understanding of what makes a food ultra-processed or how these foods affect our health.(但是，对于什么使一种食物成为超加工食品，以及这些食物如何影响我们的健康，目前还没有明确的认识)”可知，因为对于什么使一种食物成为超加工食品，以及这些食物如何影响我们的健康，目前还没有明确的认识，把超加工食品笼统地贴上有害食品的标签，不仅会让我们忽视导致肥胖的其他潜在因素。故选D。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：几十年来，公共卫生专家一直对超加工食品发出警告，指责它们是全球肥胖、糖尿病和心脏病增加的罪魁祸首。A. global全球的，全世界的；B. national国家的，全国的；C. obvious明显的，显然的；D. various各种各样的。根据本句“For decades, public health experts have raised the alarm about ultra-processed foods(几十年来，公共卫生专家一直对超加工食品发出警告)”可知，超加工食品是全球肥胖、糖尿病和心脏病增加的罪魁祸首，公共卫生专家一直对超加工食品发出警告。故选A。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：加拿大和巴西这两个国家已经在其国家饮食指南中提出了避免超加工食品的建议。A. adding增加；B. avoiding避免；C. banning 禁止；D. improving提高；改善。根据上句“For decades, public health experts have raised the alarm about ultra-processed foods, blaming them for____2____increases in obesity, diabetes and heart disease.(几十年来，公共卫生专家一直对超加工食品发出警告，指责它们是全球肥胖、糖尿病和心脏病增加的罪魁祸首。)”可知，公共卫生专家一直对超加工食品发出警告，指责它们是全球肥胖、糖尿病和心脏病增加的罪魁祸首，加拿大和巴西这两个国家已经在其国家饮食指南中提出了避免超加工食品的建议。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：包括美国和澳大利亚在内的更多国家正在讨论是否要效仿他们的做法。A. follow跟着，跟随；B. update为……增加最新信息，更新；C. assess评价，评定；D. release释放，放走。根据上文“Already, two countries-Canada and Brazil have advice on____3____ultra-processed foods in their national dietary guidelines(加拿大和巴西这两个国家已经在其国家饮食指南中提出了避免超加工食品的建议。)”可知，包括美国和澳大利亚在内的更多国家正在讨论是否要效仿他们的做法。故选A。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，在7月23日由美国营养学会在波士顿主办的一次会议上，营养研究人员表示，有太多的未知因素无法证明这种全面的建议是合理的。A. campaigns活动，运动；B. commands指令 ；C. regulations规则，规章；D. recommendations建议。根据本句“there are too many unknowns to justify(有太多的未知来证明)”可知，有太多的未知因素无法证明这种全面的建议是合理的。故选D。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然人们经常说超加工食品对我们有害，但是对这类产品并没有一个普遍的定义。A. announcement公告；B. acknowledge承认；C. definition 定义，释义；D. recognition承认，接受。根据后文“This definition is ____9____and unclear(这个定义宽泛而不明确)”可知，对这类产品并没有一个普遍的定义。故选C。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最广泛使用的描述是基于NOVA食品分类系统，该系统认为，如果一种食品使用了通常来自其他食品的成分，A. elements要素；元素；B. substances物质；C. materials材料；D. ingredients原料。根据“NOVA also states that “a multitude of sequences or____8____is used to combine the usually many ingredients" and these processes can’t be done at home.(NOVA还指出，“使用大量的序列或过程来组合通常许多成分”，而这些过程无法在家中完成。)”可知，一种食品使用了通常来自其他食品的成分。故选D。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：OVA还指出，“使用大量的序列或过程来组合通常许多成分”，而这些过程无法在家中完成。A. arrangements安排；B. criteria标准，准则；C. processes过程；进程；D. standards标准，水平，规范。根据本句“a multitude of sequences(大量的序列)”可知，使用大量的序列或过程来组合通常许多成分。故选C。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这个定义宽泛而不明确。A. scientific科学的；B. broad宽广的，宽阔的；C. comprehensive 综合性的，全面的；D. elaborate复杂的，详尽的。根据上文“Although it is often repeated that ultra-processed foods are bad for us, there is no universal____6____of such products.(虽然人们经常说超加工食品对我们有害，但是对这类产品并没有一个普遍的定义)”可知，这个定义宽泛而不明确。故选B。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，很难根据NOVA系统对食物进行分类。A. classify把……分类，把……分级；B. purchase 购买，采购；C. prepare准备；D. store储存。根据上文“This definition is ____9____and unclear(这个定义宽泛而不明确)”可知，很难根据NOVA系统对食物进行分类。故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：像这样把食物混在一起也会让人们忽视其中一些食物对健康的小影响。A. attempt试图；B. fail失败；C. prefer更喜欢；D. strive努力，力争。根据上文“What’s more, it is hard to be sure how-or if-ultra-processed foods are harmful to health.(更重要的是，很难确定超加工食品如何或是否对健康有害)”可知，像这样把食物混在一起也会让人们忽视其中一些食物对健康的小影响。故选B。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，通常被归类为超加工食品的食物可以为人们的饮食提供关键的营养。A. appetites食欲；B. components 部件；组件；C. nutrients营养物；D. varieties 品种；种类。根据后文“One of the biggest____13____of some ultra-processed foods is strengthening micronutrients(一些超加工食品的最大好处之一是增强微量营养素)”可知，通常被归类为超加工食品的食物可以为人们的饮食提供关键的营养。故选C。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些超加工食品的最大好处之一是增强微量营养素。A. awards奖，奖品；B. benefits利益，好处；C. concerns涉及，与……相关；D. harvests收获，收割。根据“Earlier this year, O’Connor and her colleagues showed that, of 1,140 children aged between 6 and 23 months old in the US, 75 per cent of their iron intake and 48 per cent of their zinc intake, on average, came from foods considered ultra-processed by NOVA.(今年早些时候，奥康纳和她的同事们发现，在美国1140名6至23个月大的儿童中，平均75%的铁摄入量和48%的锌摄入量来自NOVA认为是超加工的食物。)”可知，一些超加工食品的最大好处之一是增强微量营养素。故选B。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这意味着对避免超加工食品的全面指导可能会导致营养缺乏，而超加工食品可以构成健康饮食的一部分。A. absorption吸收；B. deficiencies缺乏，不足；C. intake摄入，吸入；D. supplies 物资；供应品。根据上文“One of the biggest____13____of some ultra-processed foods is strengthening micronutrients,(一些超加工食品的最大好处之一是增强微量营养素)”可知，避免超加工食品的全面指导可能会导致营养缺乏，而超加工食品可以构成健康饮食的一部分。故选B。 15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们必须非常注意这一点，因为我们不想小看任何食物。A. ashamed 感到羞愧；B. confident自信的，充满信心的；C. mindful留心的；D. tolerant 宽容的，容忍的。根据上文“There is still a lot that we don’t know about ultra-processed foods, (关于超加工食品，我们还有很多不了解的地方)”可知，关于超加工食品，我们还有很多不了解的地方，因此，我们必须非常注意这一点。故选C。 Passage 5 （24-25高一下·上海西南位育·期中）The 16th-century dramatist Ben Johnson generously called Shakespeare a writer “not of an age, but for all time.” And so it has proven to be, for Shakespeare’s plays are still the most translated and most 1 of any playwright’s in the world. But if you ask people what accounts for Shakespeare’s 2 popularity, you will get a number of different answers. Some will say that he was a great storyteller, others may suggest that the 3 lies in the beauty of his poetry. Some scholars point out  that he was born in a lively period of England’s history, a time of great national confidence and cultural activity, particularly in the theatre. 4 , they claim, he was able to produce an extraordinary volume of work. This last explanation seems a little 5 . A more interesting answer is put forward, although a little over-enthusiastically, by Harold Bloom in his book Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human.Bloom argues that Shakespeare gave us something in his writing that the world had not seen in 6 before: characters with a strong personality. These lifelike characters gave us a real insight into the human 7 : Iago, the·trusted advisor of Othello, whose jealousy leads him to betray his honest master; Rosalind,the heroine in As You Like It, who remains true to her friends and family in spite of the danger to herself. Through the mouths of such characters, we learn truths about life that we can all 8 . These truths are made more moving and more memorable by the way in which they are 9 : briefly and poetically. Shakespeare has been dead almost 400 years, but the words and saying attributed to ( 归 功 于 ) him still 10 the English language today. So whether you are “fashionable” or“sanctimonious”, thank Shakespeare, who probably 11 the terms. In fact, it is amazing just how great Shakespeare’s influence on everyday language has been. Take, for example, these phrases from Michael Macrone’s light-hearted book Brush Up Your Shakespeare. foregone conclusion      full circle at one fell swoop wear my heart upon my sleeve seen better days a sorry sight neither here nor there the world is (my) oyster Macrone is more interested in the Shakespearean language that has survived than the reasons for its 12 . According to his research, some of these sayings are slightly different from their original meaning once taken out of the 13 of the plays in which they first appeared. For example, “the be all and end all” is used today to mean “the most important thing”, but in Macbeth,it means “the end of the matter”. Regardless of such technicalities, it is still remarkable that so many of Shakespeare’s words have survived the large 14 in language between their time and the present day. The beauty of those·words is certainly one reason, but as Johnson suggested, it is the humanity and lasting impact of their 15 that brings them to life. 1．A．selected B．performed C．exchanged D．gained 2．A．false B．curious C．individual D．lasting 3．A．magic B．intelligence C．failure D．count 4．A．In a word B．As a consequence C．By contrast D．To some degree 5．A．possible B．convincing C．unsatisfactory D．boring 6．A．human B．literature C．history D．advertisement 7．A．nature B．implication C．factor D．resources 8．A．qualify for B．judge from C．specialize in D．identify with 9．A．proved B．phrased C．believed D．threatened 10．A．influence B．fund C．represent D．involve 11．A．honored B．predicted C．coined D．chose 12．A．motivation B．significance C．extinction D．popularity 13．A．mood B．time C．context D．procedure 14．A．shifts B．balance C．livelihood D．trends 15．A．usage B．pronunciation C．originality D．meaning 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D 13．C 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了伟大的剧作家莎士比亚的戏剧流行至今的原因以及对语言的影响。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：莎士比亚的戏剧仍然是世界上所有剧作家中被翻译最多、被演出最多的。A. selected选择；B. performed表演；C. exchanged交换；D. gained获得。根据下文“of any playwright’s in the world”以及语境可知，这里说的是莎士比亚的戏剧在世界范围内被广泛演出，performed符合语境。故选B。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但如果你问人们是什么导致了莎士比亚的持久受欢迎，你会得到许多不同的答案。A. false错误的；B. curious好奇的；C. individual个人的；D. lasting持久的。根据上文“not of an age, but for all time”以及语境可知，莎士比亚的作品是永恒的，lasting popularity，表示“持久的受欢迎度”，符合语境。故选D。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些人可能会说魅力在于他诗歌的优美。A. magic魅力，魔力；B. intelligence智慧；C. failure失败；D. count总数。根据下文“lies in the beauty of his poetry”以及语境可知，此处指莎士比亚作品的魅力所在，magic符合语境。故选A。 4．考查短语辨析。句意：因此，他们声称，他能够创作出大量非凡的作品。A. In a word总之；B. As a consequence因此；C. By contrast相比之下；D. To some degree在某种程度上。根据上文“he was born in a lively period of England’s history”以及语境可知，前文提到他出生在英国历史上一个活跃的时期，所以这里表示结果，用As a consequence符合语境。故选B。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后这个解释似乎有点不令人满意。A. possible可能的；B. convincing有说服力的；C. unsatisfactory不令人满意的；D. boring无聊的。根据下文“A more interesting answer”可知，作者认为前面的解释不够好，unsatisfactory符合语境。故选C。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：布鲁姆认为，莎士比亚在他的作品中给了我们一些在文学中前所未有的东西：有强烈个性的人物。A. human人类；B. literature文学；C. history历史；D. advertisement广告。根据上文“in his writing”以及语境可知，这里说的是莎士比亚在文学作品方面的创新，in literature，表“在文学领域”，符合语境。故选B。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些栩栩如生的人物让我们真正洞察了人性。A. nature本性，本质；B. implication含义；C. factor因素；D. resources资源。根据上文“These lifelike characters gave us a real insight into the human”以及语境可知，这里指通过这些角色可以了解人性，human nature，表“人性”，符合文意，故选A。 8．考查动词短语辨析。句意：通过这样的人物之口，我们了解到了我们都能认同的关于生活的真理。A. qualify for有资格；B. judge from根据…… 判断；C. specialize in专门研究；D. identify with认同。根据上文“truths about life”以及语境可知，这里指读者能够认同这些关于生活的真理，identify with符合语境。故选D。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些真理通过简洁而富有诗意的措辞方式变得更加动人，更令人难忘。A. proved证明；B. phrased措辞，表述；C. believed相信；D. threatened威胁。根据下文“briefly and poetically”以及语境可知，这里说的是真理的表达方式，phrased符合语境。故选B。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：莎士比亚已经去世近 400 年了，但归功于他的词汇和说法仍然影响着今天的英语语言。A. influence影响；B. fund资助；C. represent代表；D. involve涉及。根据下文“Shakespeare’s influence on everyday language”可知，这里说的是莎士比亚对英语语言的影响，influence符合语境。故选A。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以不管你是 “时髦的” 还是 “伪善的”，都要感谢莎士比亚，这些词可能是他创造的。A. honored尊敬；B. predicted预测；C. coined创造（新词语）；D. chose选择。根据下文“the terms”以及语境可知，这里说这些词汇是莎士比亚创造的，coin有“创造（新词语）”的意思，符合语境。故选C。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：麦克罗恩对幸存下来的莎士比亚语言比对其受欢迎的原因更感兴趣。A. motivation动机；B. significance意义；C. extinction灭绝；D. popularity受欢迎。根据上文“But if you ask people what accounts for Shakespeare’s 　2　 popularity, you will get a number of different answers”提到人们探讨莎士比亚作品受欢迎的原因，这里与之对比，说麦克罗恩更关注语言本身而非其受欢迎的原因，popularity符合语境。故选D。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据他的研究，这些说法中的一些一旦脱离了它们最初出现的戏剧的语境，其含义就与原来略有不同。A. mood情绪；B. time时间；C. context语境；D. procedure程序。根据上文“some of these sayings are slightly different from their original meaning”以及语境可知，这里说的是词汇在戏剧中的语境，脱离语境后意思会变化，context符合语境。故选C。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管有这些技术细节，但仍值得注意的是，莎士比亚的许多词汇在从他们那个时代到现在的语言的巨大转变中幸存了下来。A. shifts转变，变化；B. balance平衡；C. livelihood生计；D. trends趋势。根据下文“in language between their time and the present day”以及语境可知，这里指语言随时间的巨大转变，shifts符合语境。故选A。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些词汇的美妙之处当然是一个原因，但正如约翰逊所说，是它们含义的人性和持久影响让它们有了生命力。A. usage用法；B. pronunciation发音；C. originality独创性；D. meaning意义。根据上文“it is still remarkable that so many of Shakespeare’s words have survived the large 　14　 in language between their time and the present day”提到一些词汇脱离语境意思会变化，这里说的是词汇含义的影响，meaning符合语境。故选D。 二、人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海闵行·期中）Turkey is not my thing, but one dish I cannot live without on Thanksgiving is my mom’s Snowy Mashed Potatoes. I start 1 these potatoes, my annual time-release capsule of pure joy in early November. I’m pretty sure I’ve had them at every Thanksgiving since I was a kid, and bites often transport me back to different years and different dining rooms. How and why is it that certain foods give us so much 2 ? And what can be said about the kinds of foods we consider most comforting? Science tells us that taste and nutritional content affect how foods make us feel, but certain foods are especially 3 satisfying for reasons that have little to do with their taste or nutritional content. Much of the happiness we get from our favorite foods comes from the memories they stimulate for us and the people we’re with while we 4 them. Past and present 5 shape the foods we find comforting. Often, we love food because we have 6 memories associated with it. My mom’s mashed potatoes (土豆泥) remind me of holiday joy and past reunions with extended family. We are also drawn to foods we were given early in life by people who cared for us, which can help explain our 7 love for chicken noodle soup, which many parents feed their sick children to make them feel better. The smell of food can 8 powerful memories, too. The part of the brain responsible for processing smell directly connects to the amygdala, a brain region that processes emotions, and the hippocampus, which handles memory. And our memory for smells is 9 and precise, especially when it comes to smell we were first exposed to in childhood. That’s why you might catch the smell of pumpkin pie baking in the oven and be transported back to the first time you baked it with your grandmother. These 10 can go the other way, too. Sometimes you might feel 11 when you eat foods that remind you of loved ones you miss. We may also 12 foods that we associate with bad experiences. In addition to past memories, the 13 in which we eat foods shapes how much we enjoy them in the moment, and our gustatory (味觉的) experiences can be 14 by a sense of community, a sense of warmth and enjoying it together. I 15 my mom’s Snowy Mashed Potatoes that much more today because I got to eat them with my husband and two children, the three people I love most in the world. 1．A．cutting down on B．looking forward to C．making for D．putting away 2．A．protein B．pleasure C．space D．transition 3．A．emotionally B．financially C．physically D．visually 4．A．order B．memorize C．enjoy D．rate 5．A．recipes B．charge C．setback D．company 6．A．cultural B．fond C．photographic D．awkward 7．A．collective B．creative C．lost D．parental 8．A．awake B．correct C．preserve D．possess 9．A．bitter-sweet B．fresh C．long-lasting D．selective 10．A．associations B．experiences C．foods D．routines 11．A．curious B．amazed C．disappointed D．sad 12．A．avoid B．consume C．store D．request 13．A．area B．symptom C．context D．emotion 14．A．enhanced B．confirmed C．reflected D．weakened 15．A．maintained B．appreciated C．copied D．digested 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．A 9．C 10．A 11．D 12．A 13．C 14．A 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者对妈妈做的土豆泥的喜爱以及食物之所以能起到安慰的作用是因为它和回忆有关。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：我开始期待这些土豆，这是我每年11月初释放纯粹快乐的时间胶囊。A. cutting down on削减；B. looking forward to期待；C. making for有利于；D. putting away收起来。根据下文“my annual time-release capsule of pure joy”可知，这些土豆可以给作者带来快乐，所以作者很期待。故选B。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：某些食物是如何以及为什么会给我们带来如此多的快乐？A. protein蛋白质；B. pleasure快乐；C. space空间；D. transition过渡。根据上文“release capsule of pure joy”可知，此处表示某些食物会给我们带来如此多的快乐。故选B。 3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：科学告诉我们，食物的味道和营养成分会影响我们对食物的感觉，但某些食物在情感上特别令人满意，原因与它们的味道或营养成分无关。A. emotionally在情感上；B. financially财政上；C. physically身体上；D. visually在视觉上。根据上文“the kinds of foods we consider most comforting”可知，安慰性食物是在情感上令人满意。故选A。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们从最喜欢的食物中获得的大部分快乐来自于它们给我们和我们一起享受它们的人带来的记忆。A. order命令；B. memorize记住；C. enjoy享受；D. rate认为；估价。根据上文“favorite foods”和“the people we’re with while we”可知，我们是和其他人一起享受食物。故选C。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：过去和现在的陪伴塑造了我们感到舒适的食物。A. recipes食谱；B. charge负责；C. setback失败；退步；D. company陪伴。根据上文“the people we’re with while we___4__them”可知，我们和人一起享受食物，即他们的陪伴。故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通常，我们喜欢食物是因为我们有与之相关的美好回忆。A. cultural文化的；B. fond美好的；C. photographic摄影的；D. awkward尴尬的。根据上文“Much of the happiness we get from our favorite foods comes from the memories”可知，我们喜欢食物是因为我们有与之相关的美好回忆。故选B。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们也会被小时候照顾我们的人给我们的食物所吸引，这有助于解释我们对鸡肉面条的集体喜爱，许多父母给生病的孩子喂鸡汤，让他们感觉好一点。A. collective集体的；B. creative有创造性的；C. lost迷失的；D. parental父母的。根据下文“which many parents feed their sick children to make them feel better”可知，很多父母给生病的孩子喂鸡汤，所以我们对鸡肉面条有集体喜爱。故选A。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：食物的气味也能唤醒强烈的记忆。A. awake唤醒；B. correct纠正；C. preserve保存；D. possess拥有。根据上文“Much of the happiness we get from our favorite foods comes from the memories”可知，我们从食物中获得的快乐来自于我们的记忆，所以食物的气味能唤醒强烈的记忆。故选A。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们对气味的记忆是持久而精确的，尤其是我们在童年时第一次接触到的气味。A. bitter-sweet悲喜交加的；B. fresh新鲜的；C. long-lasting持久的；D. selective选择性的。根据下文“That’s why you might catch the smell of pumpkin pie baking in the oven and be transported back to the first time you baked it with your grandmother”可知，我们对气味的记忆是持久的。故选C。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些联系也可能是相反的。A. associations联系；B. experiences经历；C. foods食物；D. routines例行公事；常规。根据上文“The smell of food can___8__powerful memories”可知，食物可以唤醒记忆，此处表示这种联系也可能起相反作用。故选A。 11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有时，当你吃的食物让你想起你想念的亲人时，你可能会感到悲伤。A. curious好奇的；B. amazed惊奇的；C. disappointed失望的；D. sad悲伤的。根据下文“when you eat foods that remind you of loved ones you miss”可知，当人吃的食物让人想起想念的亲人时，人会觉得悲伤。故选D。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们也可能会避免吃那些让我们联想到不好经历的食物。A. avoid避免；B. consume消耗；C. store储存；D. request请求；要求。根据下文“we associate with bad experiences”可知，人们会避免吃让他们联想到不好经历的食物。故选A。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了过去的记忆，我们吃食物的环境决定了我们当下对食物的享受程度，我们的味觉体验可以通过社区感、温暖感和共同享受来增强。A. area区域；B. symptom症状；征兆；C. context环境；D. emotion情绪。根据下文“a sense of community, a sense of warmth and enjoying it together”可知，此处指的是我们吃东西时的几种环境。故选C。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：除了过去的记忆，我们吃食物的环境决定了我们当下对食物的享受程度，我们的味觉体验可以通过社区感、温暖感和共同享受来增强。A. enhanced增强；B. confirmed证实；批准；C. reflected反映；D. weakened变弱。根据下文“a sense of community, a sense of warmth and enjoying it together”可知，社区感、温暖感和共同享受可以增强我们的味觉体验。故选A。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我今天更喜欢我妈妈做的Snowy Mashed Potatoes，因为我要和我的丈夫和两个孩子一起吃，他们是我在这个世界上最爱的三个人。A. maintained维护；B. appreciated欣赏；C. copied复制；D. digested消化。根据下文“because I got to eat them with my husband and two children, the three people I love most in the world”可知，作者和丈夫，孩子一起吃Snowy Mashed Potatoes，所以作者更喜欢了，空格处用appreciate，在此语境中表示“喜欢”。故选B。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海嘉定·期中）The Role of Food in Human Culture There are many things that set mankind apart from the animal world. With all the advances of the human race, we often forget that our 1 in the animal kingdom goes back even further and deeper, back to one of our most basic needs-food. 2 the technological relationship we have with food, humans are also unique in our emotional connection with food. In the rest of the animal kingdom, food is by and large simply a matter of providing 3 to one’s body. Animals eat out of 4 . Humans, 5 , see food as so much more than a nutritional need. In fact, we often use food in a 6 way-overeating and eating unhealthy food — which negatively impacts our bodies instead. Mindless eating is a term used negatively in our world but when you stop to think about it, isn’t that what most animals do? Why must we be 7 when eating? The answer lies in humankind’s deep 8 with food. It is not just about mindless eating — it is about preparing, creating, discovering, exploring, inventing, and changing our food and food landscape. The role of food in human culture truly does 9 us from our animal relatives. Part of our connection with food does come from our primitive animal brain. Having a strong desire and connection with food makes seeking it out a(n) 10 . Food is, of course, a necessity and anyone who has given a dog a treat understands that animals too get 11 and joy out of eating. For humans though, it goes further. Food is 12 . We don’t just use food to satisfy our own needs but to show a(n) 13 connection with others. Food is a way we connect and show love for others. You know a relationship is getting serious when your partner invites you over for a home-cooked meal. When a neighbor or friend 14 a loss, we bring them cookies and cakes. Preparing and sharing food with people you love 15 the connection you have. 1．A．uniqueness B．loneliness C．domination D．sacrifice 2．A．For B．As C．Beyond D．Since 3．A．pleasure B．nutrients C．treatment D．victory 4．A．curiosity B．importance C．wonder D．instinct 5．A．for example B．furthermore C．however D．for one thing 6．A．destructive B．creative C．initial D．practical 7．A．careful B．mindful C．forgetful D．stressful 8．A．connection B．appreciation C．attention D．function 9．A．embrace B．judge C．separate D．identify 10．A．opportunity B．victory C．challenge D．priority 11．A．sorrow B．satisfaction C．nutrients D．achievements 12．A．necessity B．nutrition C．joy D．love 13．A．necessary B．close C．emotional D．actual 14．A．settles B．struggles C．gathers D．suffers 15．A．promotes B．satisfies C．focuses D．seeks 【答案】 1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．D 13．C 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕食物在人类文化中的作用展开，阐述人类与动物在对待食物上的差异，强调人类与食物的情感联系使人类区别于动物。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着人类的所有进步，我们常常忘记我们在动物王国中的独特性可以追溯到更久远、更深刻的时期，追溯到我们最基本的需求之一——食物。A. uniqueness独特性；B. loneliness孤独；C. domination统治；D. sacrifice牺牲。根据前文“There are many things that set mankind apart from the animal world.”表明人类有区别于动物世界的诸多方面，即人类具有独特性，所以此处应是说人类在动物王国中的独特性和食物相关。故选A项。 2．考查介词词义辨析。句意：除了我们与食物的技术关系，人类在与食物的情感联系方面也是独特的。A. For为了；B. As作为；C. Beyond除……之外；D. Since自从。后文“humans are also unique in our emotional connection with food”提到人类在情感联系方面也独特，意味着在技术关系之外还有情感联系这一独特之处。故选C项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在动物王国的其他成员中，食物大体上只是为身体提供营养的问题。A. pleasure快乐；B. nutrients营养；C. treatment治疗；D. victory胜利。根据前文“back to one of our most basic needs food”指出食物是基本需求，结合常识，动物进食主要是为了获取营养以维持身体机能。故选B项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：动物出于本能进食。A. curiosity好奇；B. importance重要性；C. wonder奇迹；D. instinct本能。前文提到在动物王国里食物主要是提供营养，说明动物进食是一种自然的、本能的行为，并非出于好奇等其他原因。故选D项。 5．考查介词短语和副词词义辨析。句意：然而，人类认为食物远不止是一种营养需求。A. for example例如；B. furthermore此外；C. however然而；D. for one thing首先。前文描述动物进食是为了营养，是本能行为，而本句“see food as so much more than a nutritional need”说对人类来说，食物远不止是一种营养需求，存在明显的转折关系。故选C项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，我们经常以一种破坏性的方式使用食物——暴饮暴食和吃不健康的食物——这反而对我们的身体产生负面影响。A. destructive破坏性的；B. creative有创造力的；C. initial最初的；D. practical实际的。后文“negatively impacts our bodies”明确指出这种使用食物的方式对身体有负面影响，说明是具有破坏性的。故选A项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为什么我们吃东西时必须用心呢？A. careful小心的；B. mindful留心的，用心的；C. forgetful健忘的；D. stressful有压力的。前文提到“Mindless eating is a term used negatively in our world”，说明无意识进食是负面的，所以这里问为什么吃东西要与之相反，即要用心。故选B项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：答案在于人类与食物的深厚联系。A. connection联系；B. appreciation欣赏；C. attention注意；D. function功能。根据前文“ ____ the technological relationship we have with food, humans are also unique in our emotional connection with food.”和后文“Part of our connection with food does come from our primitive animal brain.”可知，人类与食物有深厚联系。故选A项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：食物在人类文化中的作用确实使我们与动物亲戚区分开来。A. embrace拥抱；B. judge判断；C. separate分开，区分；D. identify识别。根据前文“There are many things that set mankind apart from the animal world.”和“Humans, ____ , see food as so much more than a nutritional need.”可知，说明人类和动物有区别，食物让人类和动物区分开来。故选C项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：对食物有强烈的渴望和联系使寻找食物成为优先事项。A. opportunity机会；B. victory胜利；C. challenge挑战；D. priority优先事项。前文“a strong desire and connection with food”和后文“Food is, of course, a necessity”提到食物是必需品，人类对它有强烈的渴望，所以寻找食物必然是优先要去做的事。故选D项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，食物是必需品，任何给过狗零食的人都明白，动物也能从进食中获得满足和快乐。A. sorrow悲伤；B. satisfaction满足；C. nutrients营养；D. achievements成就。根据“joy”可知，这里要表达动物进食能获得类似积极的感受，“satisfaction”与“joy”语义相近，且符合动物进食的感受。故选B项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：食物是爱。A. necessity必需品；B. nutrition营养；C. joy快乐；D. love爱。后文“Food is a way we connect and show love for others.”明确说明食物是表达对他人爱的一种方式，所以这里说食物是爱。故选D项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们不仅用食物来满足自己的需求，还用来展示与他人的情感联系。A. necessary必要的；B. close亲密的；C. emotional情感的；D. actual实际的。后文“Food is a way we connect and show love for others.”体现出食物用于表达爱，爱是一种情感，所以这里是情感联系。故选C项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当邻居或朋友遭遇损失时，我们会给他们送去饼干和蛋糕。A. settles解决；B. struggles挣扎；C. gathers聚集；D. suffers遭受。根据常识，当别人遭受损失时我们会送去食物安慰，“suffer a loss”是固定表达，表示遭受损失。故选D项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：和你爱的人一起准备和分享食物会促进你们之间的联系。A. promotes促进；B. satisfies满足；C. focuses集中；D. seeks寻求。前文提到食物能展示情感联系，和爱的人分享食物自然会让这种联系变得更好，也就是促进联系。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海建平·期中）Among the things I have not missed since entering middle age is the feeling of being an absolute beginner. It has been decades since I’ve sat in a classroom in a gathering cloud of 1 or sincerely tried, lesson after lesson, to acquire a skill that was clearly not destined (注定的) to play a large role in my life. Learning to ride a bicycle in my early thirties was a(n) 2 — a little embarrassing when my husband had to run alongside the bike, as you would with a child but ultimately rewarding. Less so was the time when a group of Japanese schoolchildren tried to teach me paper folding at a public event. I’ll never forget their quiet puzzlement as my clumsy fingers 3 yet another paper crane. Like Tom Vanderbilt, a journalist and the author of Beginners: The Joy and Transformative Power of Lifelong Learning, I learn new facts all the time but new skills 4 . Journalists regularly drop into 5 subcultures and domains (领域) of expertise, learning enough at least to ask the right questions. The distinction he draws between his energetic gathering of declarative knowledge, or knowing that, and his 6 attention to procedural knowledge, or knowing how, is familiar to me. The prospect of 7 myself as, say, a late-blooming skier or marathon runner sparks only an idle interest, something like 8 what it might be like to live in some small town down the road on the highway. There is certainly a way to see that 9 as something positive. If you love your job and find it intellectually and creatively fulfilling, you may not feel the urge to discover other rooms in the house of your mind, whatever 10 and missed opportunities may be lying there. But there are 11 forces at work, too. There’s the fear of being bad at something you think is worthwhile — and, even more so, being seen to be bad at it. What’s the point of starting something new when you know you’ll never be much good at it? Middle age brings greater emotional calm, an unremarkable advantage but a 12 . (The lows aren’t as low, the highs not as high.) Starting all over at something would put you right back into that emotional churn — excitement, self-doubt, but without renewable energy of youth. It might be fun, but it’s less likely to 13 your fate at forty or fifty. But isn’t that what makes lifelong learning so 14 ? As we fumble through (摸索着) new skills or ideas, we gain not just competence but modesty, empathy, and a renewed sense of curiosity. In that way, learning becomes less about mastery and more about 15 the ongoing process itself. 1．A．dissatisfaction B．incomprehension C．uncertainty D．distrust 2．A．routine B．exception C．reminder D．obstacle 3．A．completed B．abandoned C．fixed D．ruined 4．A．carefully B．fast C．seldom D．frequently 5．A．popular B．unfamiliar C．contemporary D．established 6．A．durable B．focused C．limited D．deliberate 7．A．reinventing B．declaring C．justifying D．marketing 8．A．wondering B．ignoring C．recognizing D．describing 9．A．curiosity B．pleasure C．anxiety D．reluctance 10．A．satisfied needs B．hidden talents C．trained skills D．buried memories 11．A．less happy B．more entertaining C．less intense D．more visible 12．A．fear B．relief C．burden D．challenge 13．A．observe B．transform C．predict D．control 14．A．confusing B．discouraging C．engaging D．demanding 15．A．redefining B．completing C．reversing D．embracing 【答案】 1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．A 9．D 10．B 11．A 12．B 13．B 14．C 15．D 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章围绕中年人对学习新技能的心态展开，探讨了因害怕表现不佳、缺乏年轻时的精力而不愿重新开始的矛盾，同时肯定了终身学习在过程中带来的成长价值。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我坐在教室里，周围笼罩着一圈圈困惑的云雾，或者一堂又一堂地真诚尝试学习一项显然不会在我生命中起重要作用的技能，这已经是几十年前的事了。A. dissatisfaction不满；B. incomprehension困惑；C. uncertainty不确定；D. distrust不信任。根据上文“absolute beginner”以及语境可知，这里指作者作为初学者在课堂上常因不懂而困惑。故选B项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：三十出头学骑自行车是个例外 —— 当我丈夫不得不像你陪孩子一样在自行车旁跑时，有点尴尬，但最终很有收获。A. routine惯例；B. exception例外；C. reminder提醒；D. obstacle障碍。结合下文“I’ll never forget their quiet puzzlement as my clumsy fingers 　3　 yet another paper crane.”以及语境可知，作者中年学习很少掌握一些知识，而学骑车是中年时少有的成功尝试，属于例外。故选B项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我永远不会忘记他们安静的困惑，因为我笨拙的手指又毁了一只纸鹤。A. completed完成；B. abandoned放弃；C. fixed修理；D. ruined毁坏。根据上文“clumsy fingers”及“quiet puzzlement”可知，这里指作者的笨拙导致纸鹤被毁坏，让孩子们很困惑。故选D项。 4．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我一直在了解新的事实，但很少学习新技能。A. carefully仔细地；B. fast快速地；C. seldom很少；D. frequently频繁地。根据上文“I learn new facts all the time”以及but表示转折可知，这里指作者很少学会新技能。故选C项。 5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：记者经常进入不熟悉的亚文化和专业领域，至少学到足够多的东西来提出正确的问题。A. popular流行的；B. unfamiliar不熟悉的；C. contemporary当代的；D. established资深的，知名的。根据下文“learning enough at least to ask the right questions”以及常识可知，记者的工作性质是要接触不熟悉的领域并需要不断学习。故选B项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他在积极收集陈述性知识（知道是什么）和对程序性知识（知道如何做）的有限关注之间的区别，我很熟悉。A. durable持久的；B. focused专注的；C. limited有限的；D. deliberate故意的。根据上文“learning enough at least to ask questions”可知，记者对“知道如何做”的关注是有限的，所以还需要不断学习。故选C项。 7．考查动词词义辨析。句意：把自己重塑为大器晚成的滑雪者或马拉松选手的前景，只会激发一种闲散的兴趣，就像好奇住在高速公路旁某个小镇上会是什么样子。A. reinventing重塑；B. declaring宣布；C. justifying证明；D. marketing营销。根据下文“late-blooming skier”以及语境可知，这里指作者假设对自我形象重塑。故选A项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：把自己重塑为大器晚成的滑雪者或马拉松选手的前景，只会激发一种闲散的兴趣，就像好奇住在高速公路旁某个小镇上会是什么样子。A. wondering好奇；B. ignoring忽视；C. recognizing认出；D. describing描述。根据上文“sparks only an idle interest”以及语境可知，idle interest对应“好奇”的心态，这里指就像好奇住在高速公路旁某个小镇上会是什么样子。故选A项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，有一种方式可以把这种不情愿视为积极的事情。A. curiosity好奇；B. pleasure快乐；C. anxiety焦虑；D. reluctance不情愿。根据上文“Among the things I have not missed since entering middle age is the feeling of being an absolute beginner”以及语境可知，作者不想念成为初学者的时刻，所以这里指作者对重新开始学习有不情愿。故选D项。 10．考查名词短语辨析。句意：无如果你热爱你的工作，并发现它在智力和创造性上都能满足你的需求，那么你可能就不会有发现自己内心其他空间的冲动，不管怎样隐藏的才华和错失的机会可能就在那里。A. satisfied needs满足了的需求；B. hidden talents隐藏的天赋；C. trained skills培训技能；D. buried memories埋藏的记忆。根据下文“missed opportunities”以及选项可知，与“missed opportunities” 并列的应是“隐藏的天赋”，这里指因为太满足于生活所以不会去发掘自己还有什么隐藏的天赋。故选B项。 11．考查形容词比较级辨析。句意：但也有不那么愉快的力量在起作用。A. less happy不那么愉快的；B. more entertaining更有趣的；C. less intense不那么强烈的；D. more visible更明显的。根据下文“the fear of being bad”以及语境可知，这是属于不愉快的因素。故选A项。 12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：中年带来了更大的情绪平静，这是一个不起眼的优势，但也是一种解脱。A. fear恐惧；B. relief解脱；C. burden负担；D. challenge挑战。根据上文“greater emotional calm”以及语境可知，emotional calm对应的是一种解脱感，因为无需像年轻时那样大起大落。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但在四五十岁时，它不太可能改变你的命运。A. observe观察；B. transform改变；C. predict预测；D. control控制。根据上文“It might be fun”以及but表示转折可知，这里指中年学习难以改变命运。故选B项。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但这不正是让终身学习如此吸引人的原因吗？A. confusing令人困惑的；B. discouraging令人沮丧的；C. engaging吸引人的；D. demanding要求高的。根据下文“we gain not just competence but modesty, empathy, and a renewed sense of curiosity”可知，终身学习是吸引人的。故选C项。 15．考查动词词义辨析。句意：学习不再是为了掌握，而是为了拥抱这个持续的过程本身。A. redefining重新定义；B. completing完成；C. reversing逆转；D. embracing拥抱。根据下文“ongoing process”以及语境可知，这里指我们应拥抱学习过程而非追求掌握一定知识。故选D项。 一、人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海顾村·期中）How to Give Money to Good Causes It is the season for giving. Nearly two-fifths of Americans tell pollsters that they sign over more of their savings to charity in the holiday season than at any other time of year; more than two-thirds of Britons say they plan to donate money at Christmas. But the labyrinth of charities, good causes and people in need can be as 1 to navigate as the seasonal family get-together. How to give well? 2 , the idea that you should treat charitable donations methodically has been tarnished by effective altruism, a movement associated with Sam Bankman-Fried (SBF), a convicted crypto con man who insinuated that his fraudulent enterprise was ultimately all about doing good. Happily, the notion that there is a 3 way to give has a long and noble history. Aristotle suggested that 4 stemmed from correct giving to the right people, in the right amounts, for the right reasons and at the right times. For the modern giver, three considerations could usefully serve as a guide. First should be to observe your own moral 5 . Giving to rescue dying languages and to save dying children both have an intrinsic value. Religion and philosophy may help you 6 their competing claims. But ultimately, how important you find one good cause compared with another is a matter of personal 7 . Another consideration is how much 8 you should allow worthy recipients to choose between different good things for themselves. You might be fired up with the mission to lift up the neediest out of 9 . But they may prefer to spend your precious money on a funeral for a close friend than to invest in a cow as a source of future 10 . You need to decide how much to defer to their wishes. This way of thinking helps explain why schemes offering cash transfers have become more popular in recent years. GiveDirectly, which offers such handouts in poor countries, has alone raised over half a billion dollars in the past three years. The third consideration is 11 . Be it preventing river blindness, improving literacy or doling out cash, some organisations are better than others at getting the job done. However, it is not always possible to know how efficient charities are. Sometimes the dollar gains for each dollar spent are hard to 12 , if not impossible. How do you quantify whether a programme to support democracy has been successful? If an autocrat ends up in power, you may conclude the effort was futile; then again, you may think it was worth staving off democratic collapse at least for a while. Smaller charities can struggle to collect the data they need to evaluate their work. That does not mean charities that try to solve complex problems or lack data are worse; just that how well they do good is anyone’s 13 . When you can get evidence about charities’ efficiency, it should 14 your calculations. A defined goal, such as digging wells for clean water, should be measurable. So, too, should programmes that promise quick 15 . Because some charities really do get more done per dollar, whom you give to can matter as much as how much you give. 1．A．easy B．hard C．professional D．efficient 2．A．Unfortunately B．Undoubtedly C．Unexpectedly D．Unusually 3．A．random B．cautious C．wise D．creative 4．A．conflict B．innovation C．equality D．virtue 5．A．supports B．priorities C．standards D．obligations 6．A．demonstrate B．assess C．balance D．interpret 7．A．choice B．relationship C．safety D．space 8．A．time B．money C．risk D．freedom 9．A．control B．poverty C．order D．reach 10．A．income B．inspiration C．challenge D．leadership 11．A．accuracy B．consistency C．efficiency D．tendency 12．A．accept B．understand C．remember D．measure 13．A．chance B．guess C．game D．dream 14．A．check B．preserve C．enter D．perform 15．A．results B．expectations C．deliveries D．recoveries 【答案】 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．B 6．C 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D 13．B 14．C 15．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章就如何捐钱给慈善事业最有效展开讨论。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，慈善机构、公益事业和需要帮助的人构成的复杂系统，与节日里家人团聚一样，让人难以应对。A. easy容易的；B. hard困难的；C. professional专业的；D. efficient高效的。根据上文“But the labyrinth of charities, good causes and people in need”可知，复杂系统让人难以应对。故选B项。 2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：遗憾的是，一种认为慈善捐赠应讲究方法的理念，因有效利他主义运动而蒙上了阴影，这个运动跟那个被判罪的加密货币骗子萨姆·班克曼-弗里德有关系，他居然说他的诈骗行为是为了做好事。A. Unfortunately不幸地；B. Undoubtedly无疑地；C. Unexpectedly出乎意料地；D. Unusually不寻常地。根据下文“the idea that you should treat charitable donations methodically has been tarnished by effective altruism”可知，这种认为慈善捐赠应讲究方法的理念被效利他主义影响，所以是不幸地。故选A项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：令人欣慰的是，关于怎么捐赠才明智这件事情，其实有着悠久而崇高的传统。A. random随机的；B. cautious谨慎的；C. wise明智的；D. creative有创造力的。根据下文“Aristotle suggested that ____ stemmed from correct giving to the right people, in the right amounts, for the right reasons and at the right times”可知，这种捐赠方式是有一定道理的，所以是明智的。故选C项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：亚里士多德认为，美德源自正确的捐赠：向正确的人、以正确的数量、出于正确的原因、在正确的时间进行捐赠。A. conflict冲突；B. innovation创新；C. equality平等；D. virtue美德。根据下文“stemmed from correct giving to the right people, in the right amounts, for the right reasons and at the right times”以及语境可知，这种正确的给予方式体现的是一种美德。故选D项。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：首先，应该关注自身的道德优先事项。A. supports支持；B. priorities优先事项；C. standards标准；D. obligations义务。根据下文“Giving to rescue dying languages and to save dying children both have an intrinsic value. Religion and philosophy may help you ____ their competing claims. But ultimately, how important you find one good cause compared with another is a matter of personal ____ .”可知，这里讨论的是在不同公益事业中确定哪个更重要，也就是要确定自己的道德优先事项。故选B项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：宗教和哲学或许能帮助你在这些相互冲突的观念之间找到平衡。A. demonstrate证明；展示；B. assess评估；C. balance平衡；D. interpret解释；口译。根据上文“Giving to rescue dying languages and to save dying children both have an intrinsic value.”可知，这两种公益事业都有价值，存在竞争关系，所以宗教和哲学可以帮助平衡它们的主张。故选C项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但归根结底，你如何权衡某一善行相较于其他善行的重要性，属于个人选择的范畴。A. choice选择；B. relationship关系；C. safety安全；D. space空间。根据上文“Religion and philosophy may help you ____ their competing claims.”可知，在平衡之后，最终还是要个人来决定哪个公益事业更重要，这是个人的选择。故选A项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一个需要考虑的因素是，你应给予受助者多大的选择好东西的自由。 A. time时间；B. money钱；C. risk风险；D. freedom自由。根据下文“You might be fired up with the mission to lift up the neediest out of ____ . But they may prefer to spend your precious money on a funeral for a close friend than to invest in a cow as a source of future ____ . You need to decide how much to defer to their wishes.”可知，这里讨论的是给予接受者在使用捐赠资金方面有多大的自由。故选D项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你可能满怀使命，致力于帮助最贫困的人摆脱贫困。A. control控制；B. poverty贫困；C. order秩序；D. reach范围。根据上文“lift up the neediest”可知，目的是把他们从贫困中解救出来。故选B项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但他们可能宁愿把你宝贵的钱花在好友的葬礼上，也不愿投资一头奶牛作为未来的收入来源。A. income收入；B. inspiration灵感；C. challenge挑战；D. leadership领导能力。根据上文“invest in a cow as a source of future”以及语境可知，这里指投资牛是为了获得未来的收入。故选A项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：第三个考虑因素是效率。A. accuracy准确性；B. consistency一致性；C. efficiency效率；D. tendency趋势。根据下文“Be it preventing river blindness, improving literacy or doling out cash, some organisations are better than others at getting the job done”以及“However, it is not always possible to know how efficient charities are.”可知，这里讨论的第三个因素是效率。故选C项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有时，每花费一美元所获得的收益很难衡量，甚至无法衡量。A. accept接受；B. understand理解；C. remember记住；D. measure衡量。根据下文“How do you quantify whether a programme to support democracy has been successful?”可知，这里说的是很难衡量每一美元花费带来的收益。故选D项。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这并不是说，致力于解决复杂问题或缺乏数据的慈善机构就更差；只能说它们做慈善的成效如何，无人知晓。 A. chance机会；B. guess猜测；C. game游戏；D. dream梦想。根据上文“Sometimes the dollar gains for each dollar spent are hard to ____ , if not impossible. How do you quantify whether a programme to support democracy has been successful? If an autocrat ends up in power, you may conclude the effort was futile; then again, you may think it was worth staving off democratic collapse at least for a while. Smaller charities can struggle to collect the data they need to evaluate their work.”可知，在这种情况下，慈善机构行善的效果难以确定，所以只能是猜测。故选B项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当你能够获得慈善机构效率的证据时，它应该被纳入你的考量之中。A. check检查；B. preserve保护；C. enter进入；纳入；D. perform执行；表演。根据下文“A defined goal, such as digging wells for clean water, should be measurable. So, too, should programmes that promise quick ____ . Because some charities really do get more done per dollar, whom you give to can matter as much as how much you give.”可知，当有慈善机构效率的证据时，应该把它纳入考虑，enter符合语境，enter your calculations，表示“纳入你的考虑范围”。故选C项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样，那些承诺快速见效的项目也应该是可衡量的。A. results结果；成果；B. expectations期望；C. deliveries交付；递送；D. recoveries恢复。根据上文“A defined goal, such as digging wells for clean water, should be measurable.”可知，这里说的是项目应该有可衡量的东西，对于承诺快速的项目来说，应该是快速取得成果。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·上海杨浦·期中）I want to be successful. That person is successful. So that person can teach me how to be successful. This deduction helps explain the flood of podcasts, books and speeches devoted to the secrets of high 1 . It is one reason why executive-leadership courses draw on case studies from well beyond business. And it has been much in evidence before and during the 2024 Paris Olympics. Consultancies ask what CEOs can learn from the world’s best athletes. Executives attend events in which Olympians describe what 2 their excellence. Articles breathlessly assess the leadership qualities of Simone Biles, an American gymnast who pulled out of the Tokyo games and made a triumphant 3 in Paris. Bob Bowman, a swimming coach, wrote a book called “The Golden Rules”, based on his success in guiding Michael Phelps to greatness. There are 4 that connect sporting success and business success. Getting to the games requires intense dedication and hard work. Sporting excellence 5 on the efforts of multiple people, not just a single individual. The people on the podium（领奖台）in Paris are competitive and resilient. It is true that all these things are helpful in the workplace, but so is being able to 6 yourself-a tailored outfit can be as strategic. Some things simply don’t need saying. If some of the similarities between sports and the workplace are the stuff of cliche, many of the differences are too big to be helpful. Sporting contests have the 7 clarity of finishing positions; most jobs 8 such simple benchmark. A four-year Olympic cycle 9 to a contest that may last only seconds has few obvious equivalents in business. The athletes who win medals at the games are 10 not just with enormous determination but also immense natural gifts. The job of managers is partly to identify such superstars, but their real task is getting the best out of a workforce whose jobs will not depend as heavily on 11 .” The comparisons between sports and business do reveal some interesting parallels, although they are not necessarily the ones you might expect. In her book “The Long Win”, Cath Bishop, a former Olympian consultant, describes that only focusing on winning can be 12 whether you are in a singlet（运动背心） or a suit. That’s why elite athletes increasingly like to talk about trusting in the process — focusing on the performance rather than on the results. Also, 13 the way a business decision is made from its actual outcome is a(n) 14 that companies might benefit from, too. The pressure on competitive sports teams to cut corners in pursuit of success can lead to toxic cultures and outright cheating, just as it can within firms. But these 15 are not really why people listen to the podcasts or turn up at the events. They want a simple formula for success. And they want to hear what it is like to run faster and jump higher than anyone else. 1．A．potential B．performance C．progress D．ability 2．A．stand for B．result from C．make up D．contribute to 3．A．attempt B．difference C．return D．decision 4．A．threads B．joints C．paths D．trends 5．A．stands B．feeds C．rests D．lies 6．A．exhibit B．dress C．refresh D．present 7．A．objective B．ultimate C．internal D．delicate 8．A．adopt B．possess C．boost D．lack 9．A．appealing B．building C．adding D．submitting 10．A．filled B．rewarded C．blessed D．associated 11．A．power B．acquisition C．strategies D．genetics 12．A．challenging B．ruinous C．essential D．inevitable 13．A．divorcing B．departing C．varying D．telling 14．A．phase B．factor C．aspect D．discipline 15．A．relationships B．similarities C．distinctions D．equivalents 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．C 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．D 15．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文，探讨了体育成功与商业成功之间的相似性和差异性。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种推论有助于解释大量播客、书籍和演讲致力于揭示高绩效的秘密。A. potential潜力；B. performance表现，绩效；C. progress进步；D. ability能力。根据前文“I want to be successful. That person is successful. So that person can teach me how to be successful.”可知，这里探讨的是成功的秘诀，与“表现”最相关。故选B项。 2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：高管们参加活动，奥运选手在活动中描述是什么促成了他们的卓越。A. stand for代表；B. result from由……造成；C. make up组成；D. contribute to促成，有助于。根据后文“their excellence”可知，这里探讨的是促成奥运选手卓越的因素。故选D项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：文章热情洋溢地评估了西蒙·拜尔斯的领导才能，这位美国体操运动员退出了东京奥运会，并在巴黎取得了辉煌的回归。A. attempt尝试；B. difference差异；C. return返回；D. decision决定。根据前文“Simone Biles, an American gymnast who pulled out of the Tokyo games and made a triumphant”和后文“in Paris”可知，Simone Biles在东京退赛后再次参赛，是一种“回归”。故选C项。 4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有一些线索将体育成功和商业成功联系起来。A. threads线索，思路；B. joints关节；C. paths路径；D. trends趋势。根据后文“that connect sporting success and business success”可知，这里指的是连接体育成功和商业成功的线索。故选A项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：体育卓越依赖于多个人的努力，而不仅仅是一个人的努力。A. stands站立；B. feeds喂养；C. rests休息；D. lies在于。根据后文“on the efforts of multiple people”可知，这里指的是体育卓越依赖于多个人的努力。rest on意为“依赖于”。故选C项。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：诚然，所有这些事情在工作中都是有益的，但能够自我包装确实是有帮助的——一套量身定制的衣服也可以成为一种策略。A. exhibit展现；B. dress穿衣；C. refresh使恢复精力；D. present呈现。根据后文提到的“tailored outfit(定制的服装)”，可知此处应选“dress”。dress yourself即自我包装。故选B项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：体育比赛有明确的排名结果；大多数工作缺乏如此简单的基准。A. objective客观的；B. ultimate最终的；C. internal内部的；D. delicate精致的。根据后文“clarity of finishing positions”可知，这里指的是体育比赛名次的明确性。“objective clarity”表示“客观的清晰度”，即比赛结果的明确性。故选A项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：体育比赛有明确的排名结果；大多数工作缺乏如此简单的基准。A. adopt采用；B. possess拥有；C. boost提升；D. lack缺乏。这里是在讨论二者的区别，根据前文“Sporting contests have the __7__ clarity of finishing positions”可知，作为对比，这里指的是大多数工作缺乏像体育比赛那样简单的基准。故选D项。 9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个四年的奥运周期构建成一场可能只持续几秒钟的比赛，这在商业中几乎没有明显的等价物。A. appealing吸引；B. building构建；C. adding增加；D. submitting提交。根据后文“to a contest that may last only seconds”可知，这里指的是奥运周期构建成一场短暂的比赛。build to，含义为“构建到”。故选B项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在奥运会上获得奖牌的运动员不仅拥有巨大的决心，还拥有巨大的天赋。A. filled填充；B. rewarded奖励；C. blessed祝福，赋予；D. associated联系。根据后文“not just with enormous determination but also immense natural gifts”可知，这里指的是运动员被赋予了巨大的决心和天赋。“blessed with”表示“被赋予”，用来描述天赋非常贴切。故选C项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：经理们的任务是识别这样的超级明星，但他们真正的工作是从那些不完全依赖基因的员工中挖掘出最好的表现。A. power力量；B. acquisition获得；C. strategies策略；D. genetics遗传，基因。根据前文提到的“natural gifts”，可知此处应选“genetics”。故选D项。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在她的书《长胜》中，前奥运选手顾问凯斯·毕晓普描述了只关注胜利是如何具有毁灭性的，无论你是穿着运动背心还是西装。A. challenging具有挑战性的；B. ruinous毁灭性的；C. essential必不可少的；D. inevitable不可避免的。根据后文“toxic cultures（有毒文化）”，可知，这里指的是只关注胜利的负面影响，这是毁灭性的。故选B项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，将商业决策的方式与其实际结果分开是一种公司也可能从中受益的纪律。A. divorcing使脱离；B. departing离开；C. varying变化；D. telling告诉。根据后文“the way a business decision is made from its actual outcome”可知，这里指的是将商业决策的制定方式与其实际结果分开。divorce...from...意为“使……与……脱离”。故选A项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：此外，将商业决策的方式与其实际结果分开是一种公司也可能从中受益的纪律。A. phase阶段；B. factor因素；C. aspect方面；D. discipline纪律。根据前文“__13__ the way a business decision is made from its actual outcome”可知，此处需要一个表示“行为规范”的词，“discipline”最合适。故选D项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这些相似之处并不是人们听播客或参加活动的原因。A. relationships关系；B. similarities相似之处；C. distinctions区别；D. equivalents等价物。根据前文第7空前提到的“similarities”，可知前文反复讨论的是相似性，此处应选“similarities”。故选B项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·上海徐汇·期中）In a Different League Walk into any room in India with a screen from now until the end of May and you will find yourself watching the Indian Premier League (IPL), a wildly popular cricket tournament that is by some measures the world’s most profitable sports league after America’s National Football League. It is obvious that Indians are 1 about cricket. Yet the success of IPL has had the unlikely effect of driving a booming of domestic leagues in other sports, too. Over the past decade leagues modelled on IPL have 2 in hockey, tennis, badminton, football and handball, along with native games such as kho kho and kabaddi. Some, notably kabaddi, have even been commercially successful. A cricket-mad country is 3 . Cricket took 87% of what was spent on sports advertising and sponsorship last year. But that was down from 88% in 2021. “The pie for non-cricket sport is going to 4 ,” says Divyanshu Singh of JSW Sports. As in any other 5 , not all ventures will succeed. Some leagues have already 6 . 7 , leagues tend to succeed only in team sports. It is hard to build up loyalty for artificial teams in player-driven sports such as tennis and badminton. Yet the problem lies in a range of internal factors. Any new league must also be well governed and offer its backers a 8 chance of getting their investment back. That means setting sensible 9 on player salaries, keeping costs down and investing in high production standards. To attract viewers, it must offer the very best talent in that particular sport. With global sports available on television and streaming, the difference in quality between, 10 , Indian and American basketball leagues is apparent. Viewers accustomed to global sports are 11 by amateurish production. Kabaddi’s success can in part be 12 the league offering the highest quality of play available in that sport. Yet the most important factor in sustaining the sports boom is one where progress remains slow. Though Indian viewers are happy to watch sports, rates of physical activity are 13 . A recent survey found that while 57% of respondents described themselves as fans of cricket, only 31% had actually played the game in the previous year. Rates for other sports are even lower. Three-quarters of Indian adolescents are physically 14 , according to the World Health Organization. “The younger generation has never played these sports,” says Jinisha Sharma of Capri Sports. “How do you keep finding 15 talent for the future?” 1．A．concerned B．critical C．crazy D．curious 2．A．transformed B．reunited C．crashed D．emerged 3．A．bouncing B．diversifying C．globalizing D．hustling 4．A．grow B．shrink C．drop D．crack 5．A．neighborhood B．boom C．country D．industry 6．A．thrived B．bent C．collapsed D．progressed 7．A．Thus B．Moreover C．Therefore D．Consequently 8．A．remote B．fair C．slight D．minimal 9．A．targets B．goals C．caps D．floors 10．A．for example B．in short C．in general D．in addition 11．A．settled down B．cracked down on C．signed in D．turned off 12．A．overshadowed by B．surrounded with C．credited to D．confused with 13．A．steady B．impressive C．rising D．low 14．A．weak B．energetic C．inactive D．tough 15．A．fitter B．stronger C．newer D．better 【答案】 1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 5．D 6．C 7．B 8．B 9．C 10．A 11．D 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了印度超级联赛（IPL）的成功推动了印度其他体育项目国内联赛的发展，同时也分析了这些联赛面临的问题以及持续繁荣的关键因素。 1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很明显，印度人对板球很痴迷。A. concerne关心的；B. critical批评的；C. crazy疯狂的，痴迷的；D. curious好奇的。根据上文“a wildly popular cricket tournament”和下文“A cricket-mad country” 可知，印度板球联赛非常受欢迎，印度人对板球极为热衷。故选C。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在过去的十年里，以印度超级联赛为蓝本的联赛在曲棍球、网球、羽毛球、足球和手球以及像 kho - kho 和卡巴迪这样的本土运动中出现了。A. transformed转变；B. reunited重聚；C. crashed碰撞；D. emerged出现。根据上文“Yet the success of IPL has had the unlikely effect of driving a booming of domestic leagues in other sports, too.” 可知，IPL 的成功推动了其他体育项目国内联赛的繁荣，所以这些联赛是出现了。故选D。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一个痴迷板球的国家正在变得多样化。A. bouncing反弹；B. diversifying多样化；C. globalizing全球化；D. hustling推搡，猛推。根据上文“Over the past decade leagues modelled on IPL have…in hockey, tennis, badminton, football and handball, along with native games such as kho - kho and kabaddi.” 可知，印度除了板球，其他体育项目的联赛也在发展，所以这个国家的体育项目变得多样化了。故选B。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“非板球运动的蛋糕将会变大，”JSW 体育的迪维安舒・辛格说。A. grow增长，变大；B. shrink缩小；C. drop下降；D. crack破裂。根据上文 “Cricket took 87% of what was spent on sports advertising and sponsorship last year. But that was down from 88% in 2021.” 可知，板球在体育广告和赞助方面的占比在下降，那么非板球运动的份额就会增加。故选A。 5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：和其他任何行业一样，并非所有的企业都会成功。A. neighborhood街区；B. boom繁荣；C. country国家；D. industry行业。这里把体育联赛的发展类比成一个行业，在任何行业中都有成功和失败。故选D。 6．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些联赛已经倒闭了。A. thrived繁荣；B. bent弯曲；C. collapsed倒塌，崩溃，倒闭；D. progressed进步。根据上文 “not all ventures will succeed.” 可知，不是所有的联赛都能成功，所以一些联赛会失败、倒闭。故选C。 7．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，联赛往往只在团队运动中取得成功。A. Thus因此；B. Moreover此外，而且；C. Therefore因此；D. Consequently结果。此处是进一步说明联赛成功的情况，与上文是递进关系，用 moreover 合适。这里是在前面提到一些联赛失败的基础上，进一步说明联赛成功的条件。故选B。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：任何新的联赛也必须管理良好，并为其支持者提供公平的收回投资的机会。A. remote遥远的；B. fair公平的；C. slight轻微的；D. minimal最小的。根据常理，投资者希望有公平的机会收回投资，这样才能吸引他们投资。联赛要想吸引投资，就需要给投资者提供公平的机会。故选 B。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这意味着要合理限制球员的工资，降低成本，并投资于高制作标准。A. targets目标；B. goals目标；C. caps帽子，上限，限额；D. floors地板，下限。根据 “keeping costs down” 可知，要降低成本，就需要对球员工资设定上限。故选C。 10．考查介词短语辨析。句意：由于电视和流媒体上有全球体育赛事，例如，印度和美国篮球联赛之间的质量差异是显而易见的。A. for example例如；B. in short总之；C. in general一般来说；D. in addition此外。这里是举印度和美国篮球联赛的例子来说明全球体育赛事之间质量有差异。故选A。 11．考查动词短语辨析。句意：习惯了全球体育赛事的观众会对业余的制作感到厌烦。A. settled down定居，平静下来；B. cracked down on镇压；C. signed in签到；D. turned off使厌烦，关掉。根据上文 “With global sports available on television and streaming, the difference in quality between ____ Indian and American basketball leagues is apparent.”可知，观众习惯了高质量的全球体育赛事，所以对业余的制作会感到厌烦。故选D。 12．考查动词短语辨析。句意：卡巴迪的成功部分可以归功于该联赛提供了该项运动中最高水平的比赛。A. overshadowed by被…… 遮蔽；B. surrounded with被…… 包围；C. credited to归功于；D. confused with与…… 混淆。根据下文“the league offering the highest quality of play available in that sport.”可知，卡巴迪联赛的成功是因为其提供了高质量的比赛，所以用 be credited to 表示 “归功于”。故选C。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管印度观众乐于观看体育比赛，但体育活动的参与率很低。A. steady稳定的；B. impressive令人印象深刻的；C. rising上升的；D. low低的。根据下文 “A recent survey found that while 57% of respondents described themselves as fans of cricket, only 31% had actually played the game in the previous year. Rates for other sports are even lower.” 可知，印度观众观看体育比赛的比例高，但参与运动的比例低。故选D。 14．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据世界卫生组织的数据，四分之三的印度青少年身体不活跃。A. weak虚弱的；B. energetic精力充沛的；C. inactive不活跃的；D. tough艰难的，坚强的。根据上文 “Though Indian viewers are happy to watch sports, rates of physical activity are ____ ” 可知，印度人运动参与率低，所以很多青少年身体不活跃。故选C。 15．考查形容词比较级辨析。句意：你如何为未来找到更好的人才呢？”A. fitter更健康的；B. stronger更强壮的；C. newer更新的；D. better更好的。根据上文“The younger generation has never played these sports”，这里是说在年轻一代缺乏运动的情况下，如何找到更优秀的体育人才，用 better 合适。故选D。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·上海浦东新·期中）Our days are becoming increasingly jam-packed. The reasons for the rise in “time 1 ” are numerous, but corporate cultures that value busyness are at least partially to blame. Put simply, busyness has become a(n) 2 . Research led by the Columbia marketing professor Silvia Bellezza shows that people 3 others who are busy to be important and impressive. 4 , newly published studies led by the psychologist Jared Celniker have found that across the United States, France, and South Korea, people consider those who exert high effort to be “morally admirable,” 5 their output. However, when it comes to corporate life, busyness is not a(n) 6 , and it is long past time that organizations stopped lionizing it. Evaluating employees on how busy they are is a terrible way to identify the most creative and productive talent. Yet many firms reward and promote only people who display how “hard” they’re working. The effect on companies and their employees is 7 . Research indicates that when organizations 8 employees, base their incentives primarily on the amount of time they work, and excessively monitor their activities, productivity and efficiency actually drop. While managers now are more 9 to reconsidering the value of busyness than they have been in a long time, the obsession with busyness still persist. One of social psychology’s findings is that the harder people work to achieve something, the more they 10 it. Known as “effort justification,” this tendency arises even when a task is meaningless. And the more demanding the effort is, the more 11 people feel. New hires forced to work long hours on a graveyard shift, for instance, might persuade themselves, if I work this hard, I must really want to be here. The problem is that while we go on 12 the tiring labour, we fail to notice burnout creeping up on us. Another reason organizations value busyness is that their customers do. In many cases customers 13 endeavor with worth. In one simple demonstration of this phenomenon, experimenters showed that participants liked various items (such as a poem, a painting, and a suit of armor) more and rated them higher in quality and value when they thought more 14 had gone into producing them. Research by the Harvard Business School operations professor Ryan Buell found that cafeteria customers reported 15 with their service when a sandwich was made in front of them — when they could observe the work that went into it — than when an identical sandwich was delivered to them. 1．A．poverty B．pressure C．management D．boundary 2．A．personal trait B．status symbol C．moral code D．cultural outlook 3．A．appoint B．claim C．convince D．perceive 4．A．For example B．In addition C．As a result D．On the contrary 5．A．depending on B．subject to C．regardless of D．according to 6．A．burden B．criterion C．obstacle D．virtue 7．A．substantial B．moderate C．trivial D．marginal 8．A．overcharge B．overload C．overvalue D．overindulge 9．A．opposed B．receptive C．neural D．indifferent 10．A．dismiss B．question C．misinterpret D．value 11．A．commitment B．frustration C．bitterness D．anxiety 12．A．resisting B．illustrating C．exhibiting D．justifying 13．A．equate B．compare C．combine D．confuse 14．A．vigor B．status C．effort D．variety 15．A．fewer compliments B．mounting complaints C．falling ratings D．greater contentment 【答案】 1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．D 7．A 8．B 9．B 10．D 11．A 12．D 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了忙碌在现代社会尤其是职场中的现象、原因以及带来的影响。指出忙碌成为一种“时间匮乏综合症”的表现，企业过度推崇忙碌存在弊端，同时也分析了人们和企业重视忙碌的原因。 1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：“时间匮乏综合症”加剧的原因有很多，但重视忙碌的企业文化至少应承担部分责任。A. poverty匮乏；贫困；B. pressure压力；C. management管理；D. boundary边界。根据上文“Our days are becoming increasingly jam-packed”可知，上文说的是我们的日子变得越来越忙碌，人们感觉时间不够用，即存在“时间匮乏”的情况，“time poverty”符合语境，故选A项。 2．考查名词短语辨析。句意：简单地说，忙碌已经成为一种身份象征。A. personal trait个人特质；B. status symbol身份象征；C. moral code道德准则；D. cultural outlook文化观念。根据下文“Research led by the Columbia marketing professor Silvia Bellezza shows that people perceive others who are busy to be important and impressive”可知，下文说的是人们认为忙碌的人很重要且令人印象深刻，人们把忙碌和重要、令人印象深刻联系起来，所以忙碌成为了一种身份象征，故选B项。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：哥伦比亚大学市场营销学教授西尔维亚・贝莱扎领导的研究表明，人们认为忙碌的人很重要且令人印象深刻。A. appoint任命；B. claim声称；C. convince使信服；D. perceive认为；察觉。根据下文“others who are busy to be important and impressive”可知，下文说的是忙碌的人很重要且令人印象深刻，这里表达的是人们对忙碌的人的一种看法，perceive符合语境，故选D项。 4．考查介词短语辨析。句意：此外，由心理学家杰瑞德·塞利尼克领导的最新发表的研究发现，在美国、法国和韩国，人们普遍认为那些付出巨大努力的人是“道德上值得钦佩的”，无论其最终成果如何。A. For example例如；B. In addition此外；C. As a result结果；D. On the contrary相反。根据上文“others who are busy to be important and impressive”以及下文“newly published studies led by the psychologist Jared Celniker have found that across the United States, France, and South Korea, people consider those who exert high effort to be “morally admirable,””可知，上文提到了西尔维亚・贝莱扎教授的研究，下文介绍了贾里德・塞尔尼克的研究，是对前文内容的补充，“In addition”符合语境，故选B项。 5．考查固定短语辨析。句意：同第4题。A. depending on取决于；B. subject to受……支配；C. regardless of无论；D. according to根据。根据上文“people consider those who exert high effort to be “morally admirable,””以及下文“their output”可知，上文说的是人们认为那些付出高努力的人在道德上令人钦佩，下文提到了成果，可推理出此处说的是人们普遍认为那些付出巨大努力的人是“道德上值得钦佩的”，无论其最终成果如何，故选C项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，当涉及到企业生活时，忙碌并不是一种美德，企业早就应该停止对它的推崇了。A. burden负担；B. criterion标准；C. obstacle障碍；D. virtue美德。根据下文“Evaluating employees on how busy they are is a terrible way to identify the most creative and productive talent.”可知，下文说的是根据员工有多忙来评估他们，这是识别最有创造力和生产力人才的糟糕方式，可推理出此处说的是忙碌并不是一种美德，故选D项。 7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这对公司及其员工的影响是巨大的。A. substantial巨大的；重要的；B. moderate适度的；C. trivial琐碎的；D. marginal边缘的。根据下文“base their incentives primarily on the amount of time they work, and excessively monitor their activities, productivity and efficiency actually drop”可知，下文说的是主要根据员工的工作时间来制定激励措施，并过度监控他们的活动时，生产力和效率实际上会下降，可推理出此处说的是这种以忙碌来衡量员工的方式对公司和员工产生了很大的影响，故选A项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，当企业让员工负担过重，主要根据员工的工作时间来制定激励措施，并过度监控他们的活动时，生产力和效率实际上会下降。A. overcharge 索价过高；B. overload 使负担过重；C. overvalue 高估；D. overindulge 过度放纵。根据下文“base their incentives primarily on the amount of time they work, and excessively monitor their activities, productivity and efficiency actually drop”可知，下文说的是主要根据员工的工作时间来制定激励措施，并过度监控他们的活动时，生产力和效率实际上会下降，可推理出此处说的是企业的这些做法会让员工负担过重，故选B项。 9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然现在的管理者比以往任何时候都更愿意重新考虑忙碌的价值，但对忙碌的痴迷仍然存在。A. opposed反对的；B. receptive乐于接受的，原意倾听的；C. neural神经的；D. indifferent漠不关心的。根据下文“base their incentives primarily on the amount of time they work, and excessively monitor their activities, productivity and efficiency actually drop”以及下文“the obsession with busyness still persist”可知，上文说的是主要根据员工的工作时间来制定激励措施，并过度监控他们的活动时，生产力和效率实际上会下降，下文说的是对忙碌的痴迷仍然存在，可推理出这里表达管理者更愿意重新思考忙碌的价值，故选B项。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：社会心理学的一个发现是，人们为实现某件事付出的努力越多，他们就越重视它。A. dismiss解雇；不予理会；B. question质疑；C. misinterpret误解；D. value重视；珍视。根据上文“One of social psychology’s findings is that the harder people work to achieve something, the more they”以及下文“Known as “effort justification,” this tendency arises even when a task is meaningless”可知，上文说的是社会心理学的一个发现是，人们为实现某件事付出的努力越多，他们就越……，下文说的是这种被称为“努力合理性”的倾向，即使在任务毫无意义时也会出现，可推理出此处说的是人们为实现某件事付出的努力越多，他们就越重视它，故选D项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：而且付出的努力要求越高，人们的投入感就越强。A. commitment投入；承诺；B. frustration挫折；C. bitterness痛苦；D. anxiety焦虑。根据下文“New hires forced to work long hours on a graveyard shift, for instance, might persuade themselves, if I work this hard, I must really want to be here”可知，下文说的是员工会认为如果努力工作，就一定真的想留在这里，可推理出此处说的是付出的努力要求越高，人们的投入感就越强，故选A项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：问题是，当我们继续为这种累人的工作找理由时，我们没有注意到倦怠正在悄悄向我们袭来。A. resisting抵抗；B. illustrating说明；C. exhibiting展示；D. justifying证明……有理；为……找理由。根据上文“Known as “effort justification,” this tendency arises even when a task is meaningless”可知上文说的是，这种被称为“努力合理性”的倾向，即使在任务毫无意义时也会出现，可推理出人们会为自己的努力找理由，这里表示继续为累人的工作找理由，故选D项。 13．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在很多情况下，客户把努力等同于价值。A. equate等同；使相等；B. compare比较；C. combine结合；D. confuse使困惑。根据下文“In one simple demonstration of this phenomenon, experimenters showed that participants liked various items (such as a poem, a painting, and a suit of armor) more and rated them higher in quality and value when they thought more… had gone into producing them.”可知，下文说的是在对这一现象的一个简单演示中，实验者表明，当参与者认为在制作各种物品（如一首诗、一幅画和一套盔甲）时付出了更多……时，他们会更喜欢这些物品，并对它们的质量和价值评价更高，可推理出客户把努力和价值联系起来，即把努力等同于价值，故选A项。 14．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在对这一现象的一个简单演示中，实验者表明，当参与者认为在制作各种物品（如一首诗、一幅画和一套盔甲）时付出了更多努力时，他们会更喜欢这些物品，并对它们的质量和价值评价更高。A. vigor活力；B. status地位；C. effort努力；D. variety多样性。根据“people consider those who exert high effort to be “morally admirable””可知上文说的是人们认为那些付出高努力的人在道德上令人钦佩，可推理出这里是说当认为制作物品付出了更多努力时，参与者对物品评价更高，故选C项。 15．考查名词短语辨析。句意：哈佛商学院运营学教授瑞安・比尔的研究发现，自助餐厅的顾客表示，当三明治是在他们面前制作的——当他们能看到制作过程时——他们对服务的满意度要高于当一个相同的三明治被送到他们面前时。A. fewer compliments更少的赞扬；B. mounting complaints越来越多的抱怨；C. falling ratings下降的评分；D. greater contentment更高的满意度。根据“people consider those who exert high effort to be “morally admirable””可知上文说的是人们认为那些付出高努力的人在道德上令人钦佩。再根据下文“when a sandwich was made in front of them— when they could observe the work that went into it — than when an identical sandwich was delivered to them”可知下文说的是顾客看到三明治在他们面前制作，可推理出顾客看到制作过程，觉得付出了更多努力，就会对服务更满意，故选D项。 二、人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·上海建平·期中）Truth be told, a life- changing college experience doesn’t begin or end with a high GPA or great university tour. And although parents and teachers alike work diligently to prep their students with the cutting-edge classes and impressive transcripts, they’re 1 one vital skill: emotional intelligence. A poll of 1,502 first-year college students in the U.S. found that a majority of them wish they had received more 2 preparation for college. Emotional preparedness is 3 “the ability to take care of oneself, adapt to new environments, 4 negative emotions or behavior and build positive relationship,” according to the survey. “Survey data indicate that college readiness requires far more than just a solid academic foundation — finding that seems 5 traditional higher education preparation,” said John McPhee, Executive Director of the Jed Foundation, which co- sponsored the survey. “It is clear that emotional preparedness should be better 6 the work that high school communities are doing to guide students through the transition into college.” Data show that college students 7 far more than their academics-- and their stress can take a serious toll (代价) on their 8 in school. Forty percent of survey participants felt pressure to pay for college expenses, followed by 30 percent who said their biggest 9 was to make new friends. 10 , keeping in touch with family and friends not at their college (28 percent) and being independent (16 percent) also weighed heavily on college students’ shoulders. All of these 11 had a negative impact inside and outside of the classroom. Students who felt less emotionally prepared for college were more likely to have a lower grade point average, regularly 12 drugs and/or alcohol, and rate their overall college experience as terrible or poor. “As high school seniors start applying to college around this time of year, parents and people 13 in their lives can play an important role in helping children build confidence and life skills, said Marisa Glandella-Porco, Co-Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Jordan Porco Foundation, a survey co-sponsor. “It is important to 14 them to choose a college that best fits their needs first and foremost — not only in a(n) 15 sense, but also relative to emotional needs.” Thankfully, whether your child is packing up for school this fall or still in diapers, it’s never too late (or too early) to begin prepping them for university life. Here’s what parents should do to help their college-bound kid, starting now. 1．A．mastering B．employing C．forgetting D．preparing 2．A．emotional B．careful C．comprehensive D．active 3．A．compared with B．applied to C．adjusted to D．defined as 4．A．arouse B．control C．display D．hide 5．A．short of B．strict with C．contrary to D．proud of 6．A．reminded of B．combined with C．focused on D．devoted to 7．A．depend on B．worry about C．refer to D．respond to 8．A．performances B．grades C．subjects D．requirements 9．A．mistake B．decision C．event D．challenge 10．A．Otherwise B．Thus C．Besides D．However 11．A．pressures B．benefits C．behaviors D．thoughts 12．A．market B．ban C．consume D．produce 13．A．aggressive B．influential C．mysterious D．modest 14．A．offer B．guide C．warn D．command 15．A．good B．keen C．academic D．delicate 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．C 6．B 7．B 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．A 12．C 13．B 14．B 15．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。改变人生的大学生活并不是以高绩点或精彩的大学之旅开始或结束，尽管家长和老师都在努力为学生准备最先进的课程和令人印象深刻的成绩单，他们却忘记了一项重要的技能：情商。文章论述了大学生情商的重要性以及培养。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管家长和老师都在努力为学生准备最先进的课程和令人印象深刻的成绩单，他们却忘记了一项重要的技能：情商。A. mastering精通；B. employing雇佣；C. forgetting忘记；D. preparing准备。根据前句“Truth be told, a life-changing college experience doesn’t begin or end with a high GPA or great university tour.”以及下文可知，说实话，改变人生的大学经历并不是以高分或伟大的大学之旅开始或结束的，父母忘了准备一项重要的技能。故选C项。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一项针对1502名美国大一新生的调查发现，大多数人都希望自己能对大学生活有更多的情感准备。A. emotional情感的；B. careful细心的；C. comprehensive综合的；D. active积极的。根据上段最后一句中的“emotional intelligence”可知，本句的意思是“大部分学生的大学生活需要情感上的准备”。故选A项。 3．考查动词短语辨析。句意：情感准备被定义为“照顾自己、适应新环境、控制负面情绪或行为以及建立积极关系的能力”。A. compared with与……相比较；B. applied to应用；C. adjusted to调整；D. defined as被定义为。根据下文“the ability to take care of oneself, adapt to new environments”可知，后文是Emotional preparedness的定义。故选D项。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：情感准备被定义为“照顾自己、适应新环境、控制负面情绪或行为以及建立积极关系的能力”。A. arouse引起，唤醒；B. control控制；C. display显示，表现；D. hide躲藏。根据下文“negative emotions or behavior and build positive relationship”可推知，此处指要学会控制负面情感。故选B项。 5．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：调查数据表明，大学的准备工作不仅需要坚实的学术基础，这一调查结果似乎与传统的高等教育准备相反。A. short of缺乏，短缺；B. strict with对某人严格；C. contrary to与……相反；D. proud of因……而自豪。根据上文“Survey data indicate that college readiness requires far more than just a solid academic foundation”可知，调查数据表明，大学的准备工作不仅需要坚实的学术基础，即这一调查结果似乎与传统的高等教育准备相反。故选C项。 6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：很明显，情感准备应该更好地与高中社区为引导学生过渡到大学所做的工作相结合。A. reminded of提醒；B. combined with联合；C. focused on集中于；D. devoted to致力于。根据后文“the work that high school communities are doing”可推知，此处指情感准备应该更好地与高中社区为引导学生过渡到大学所做的工作相结合。故选B项。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：数据显示，大学生担心的远不止学业，他们的压力会严重影响他们在学校的表现。A. depend on依赖，依靠；B. worry about担忧；C. refer to参考，涉及；D. respond to回应。根据下文“their stress can take a serious toll”可知，学生的压力很大，所以应该是“担心”。故选B项。 8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：数据显示，大学生担心的远不止学业，他们的压力会严重影响他们在学校的表现。A. performances演出，表现；B. grades等级，分数；C. subjects学科，科目；D. requirements要求。根据下文“Forty percent of survey participants felt pressure to pay for college expenses”可知，他们的压力会严重影响他们在学校的成绩，即“学业的表现”。故选A项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：40%的调查参与者感到支付大学费用的压力，30%的人说他们最大的挑战是结交新朋友。A. mistake错误；B. decision决定；C. event事件；D. challenge挑战。根据上文提到了支付大学费用有压力，结合下文“to make new friends”可知，本句的意思是“最大的挑战是结交朋友”。故选D项。 10．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，与不在学校的家人和朋友保持联系（28%）和保持独立（16%）也是大学生的沉重负担。A. Otherwise否则，另外；B. Thus因此；C. Besides此外；D. However然而。后文“keeping in touch with family and friends not at their college (28 percent) and being independent (16 percent) also weighed heavily on college students’ shoulders.”是对上文的补充说明，副词besides承接上下文，表示“此外”。故选C项。 11．考查名词词义辨析。句意：所有这些压力都对课堂内外产生了负面影响。A. pressures压力；B. benefits利益；C. behaviors行为，举止；D. thoughts想法。根据后文“had a negative impact inside and outside of the classroom”可知，所有这些压力都对课堂内外产生了负面影响。故选A项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：那些对上大学没做好心理准备的学生更有可能有较低的平均成绩，经常服用毒品和/或酒精，并把他们的大学生活整体评价为糟糕或可怜。A. market做买卖；B. ban禁止；C. consume消耗；D. produce生产。根据后文“drugs and/or alcohol, and rate their overall college experience as terrible or poo$