UNIT 12 Section Ⅱ LESSON 1 SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS(学用Word)-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版）

该高中英语单元复习讲义通过框架图系统梳理了“20世纪科学突破”主题的知识体系，将科学先驱案例、核心词汇及语法要点按“主题导入-语篇分析-语言运用”递进组织，用表格归纳重点词汇（如donate, correspond）和句型（如get sth done）的用法及语境。 讲义亮点在于“分层练习设计”，如While-reading环节的细节推断题（如推断20世纪发现数量）和Post-reading的讨论题（如“最重要发明及原因”），培养语言理解与表达能力（语言能力）和分析评价思维（思维品质）。核心词汇“练透”“写美”环节提供语法填空、句型转换等实例，帮助基础学生掌握方法，优秀学生深化运用，助力教师实施精准分层教学。

Section Ⅱ　LESSON 1　SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS 　　If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century， you would have a real problem on your hands.In just 100 years， the world has changed completely.Amazing discoveries were made in medicine， communications① and transport， not to mention② our knowledge of the world and space.Medical advances③ ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to④ staging⑤ operations to replace diseased organs⑥ with donated⑦ ones.Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones， and the way we correspond⑧ went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant⑨ messages.[1]We started flying around the world， launching⑩ satellites into orbit⑪ and， at the same time， scientists figured out how to split⑫ the atom， previously thought to be the smallest particle⑬ of matter in the universe. 　　[2]Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery， it is possible to single out⑭ a few pioneers of the 20th century.Here are some of them. 　　[1]句中and连接并列句。how to split the atom为“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构，作figured out的宾语；thought to be ...为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the atom。 　　[2]句中Although引导让步状语从句。主句是“It＋be＋形容词＋to do ...”结构，it为形式主语，动词不定式短语to single out ...作真正的主语。 　　One of the 20th century’s premier⑮ scientists was Albert Einstein.[3]In the summer of 1905， this outspoken⑯ young man was rocking⑰ his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired. Subsequently⑱， “E＝mc2 ” was born.It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.[4]Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time， mass or length are constant — they change according to our experience of them. 　　[3]本句中含有be doing ...when ...结构，意为“正在做……这时……”。 　　[4]句中that引导宾语从句。 　　In 1928， another important finding⑲ was made by biologist Alexander Fleming.[5]Before he went on holiday， Fleming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory.When he came back， he noticed something strange.He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed.[6]This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin， which Fleming perceived⑳ could be used to kill bacteria.A few years later， penicillin was being mass-produced㉑ and helping to save the lives of millions.Fleming remained humble㉒ about the amazing outcome㉓ of his discovery.“Nature made penicillin，” he said， “I just found it.” 　　During World War Ⅱ， when Fleming’s discovery was first helping to cure people， the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy㉔ of their missiles.The navy turned to Eckert， an engineer， and Mauchly， a physicist， to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint㉕ effort.Although they only finished after the war in 1946， it did not matter.This huge machine was the world’s first computer， but it was nothing like㉖ our computers today.It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30，000 kilograms.[7]With 18，000 tubes， thousands of circuits㉗ and 6，000 switches㉘， it used so much energy that when it was turned on， the lights in the local town went out！ 　　[5]句中Before引导时间状语从句。 　　[6]句中which引导非限制性定语从句。 　　[7]句中so ...that ...引导结果状语从句。 　　With the development of computers， people expected to get more things done efficiently㉙.During the Cold War，a “huge network”of computers was proposed by two American scientists.With computers talking to one another， it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other.By the end of the 1960s， some mini-networks were established， but only a few computers could connect to them.In 1990， Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web， which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other.Nowadays， life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable㉚. 　　These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to㉛improving the quality㉜ of human life on Earth.Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”， with all the different countries linked in the chain㉝ of common interests㉞.There is no doubt about it.[8]Without the breakthroughs㉟ of these pioneers in science and technology， whether lucky or planned， the world as we know it today would be a completely different place. 　　[8]句中Without引导含蓄虚拟条件句；whether lucky or planned是状语从句的省略；as we know it today是as引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the world。 ①communication n.通信；交流；交际 ②not to mention 更不用说 ③advance n.进步 ④range from ...to ...范围从……到…… ⑤stage vt.使发生 stage operations 施行手术 ⑥organ n.器官 diseased organs 病变器官 ⑦donate vi.& vt.捐赠（器官），献（血）；捐赠，捐献 ⑧correspond vi.通信 ⑨instant adj.立刻的，马上的 instant messages即时信息 ⑩launch vt.发射；发动，发起，开始从事 ⑪orbit n.轨道 vi.& vt.沿轨道运行 ⑫split vi.& vt.分割，把……分开；分成（不同部分） ⑬particle n.粒子，质点 ⑭single out 挑出；挑选 ⑮premier adj.最好的；最重要的 ⑯outspoken adj.坦率的，直言不讳的 ⑰rock vt.摇晃，摇动 ⑱subsequently adv.后来，随后 ⑲finding n.研究的结果；发现 ⑳perceive vt.察觉，注意到，发觉 ㉑mass-produced adj.大量生产的 ㉒humble adj.谦虚的，谦卑的 ㉓outcome n.结果，后果 ㉔accuracy n.准确性；精准度；正确，准确 ㉕joint adj.联合的，共同的，共有的 a joint effort 共同努力 ㉖nothing like 一点也不像 ㉗circuit n.电路，线路；环形道路 ㉘switch n.开关；转换器 ㉙efficiently adv.有效率地，高效能地 ㉚unimaginable adj.难以想象的 ㉛be dedicated to 致力于；献身于 ㉜quality n.质量 ㉝chain n.链条 ㉞common interests 共同的利益 ㉟breakthrough n.突破；重大进展 参考译文 　　如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可不是件容易的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信转变为发电子邮件和发送即时信息。我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道，同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子，在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。 　　尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。例如以下几位。 　　20世纪最杰出的科学家，阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦是其一。1905年夏天，这个坦率的年轻人给他一岁的孩子晃动摇篮时，突然受到启发。于是，“E＝mc2”诞生了。它证明了一小块物质可以产生巨大的能量。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。 　　1928年，生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明作出了另一项重要发现。在去度假之前，弗莱明在实验室里放了一个培养细菌的器皿。回来时，他注意到器皿里有点儿奇怪。经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。弗莱明对他这一惊人的发现态度谦虚，他说：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是发现了它。” 　　第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次用来帮助治愈人们时，美国海军正在寻找提高导弹精度的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利，两人共同制造一台机器来完成这项工作。尽管机器在1946年战争结束后才制造出来，但仍产生了巨大影响。这台巨大的机器就是世界上第一台计算机，但是与今天的计算机完全不同。它长100英尺，高10英尺，重30，000多公斤。它有18，000个显像管，数千条电路和6，000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！ 　　随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。到20世纪60年代末，一些小型网络已经建立起来，但只有少数计算机可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯纳新·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。 　　这些20世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。毫无疑问，如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。 Step One： Pre-reading Can you name some great inventions or discoveries in the 20th century？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Step Two： While-reading Ⅰ.Read for the main idea Read the passage quickly and choose the best answer. What does the passage mainly talk about？（　　） A.Scientific discoveries in our daily life. B.Commitment made by great inventors. C.Changes happened in our everyday lives. D.Pioneers of the 20th century. Ⅱ.Read for details Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers. 1.What can we infer from the first sentence in paragraph 1？（　　） A.There were a great deal of discoveries of the 20th century. B.It was difficult to choose the most important discovery of the 20th century. C.There were few great discoveries in the 20th century. D.Someone who will choose the discovery will be in trouble. 2.What did Einstein and Fleming share in common？（　　） A.They were both physicians. B.Both of their findings were found by accident. C.They were both modest about their discoveries. D.Both of their findings were applied to our daily life. 3.What was penicillin originally intended to do？（　　） A.To save people’s lives. B.To improve the accuracy of the missiles. C.To make it an amazing discovery. D.To help produce a machine. 4.Who enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other？（　　） A.Fleming. B.Einstein. C.Tim Berners-Lee. D.Two American scientists. Ⅲ.Read for the structure Read the passage again and fill in the blanks. Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ.长难句分析 1.We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit and， at the same time， scientists figured out how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe. 句式分析：此句是　　　　　　句，由连词　　　　连接，主语分别是　　　　　　和　　　　　　；第二个分句中的谓语动词是　　　　　　　　　，how to split the atom是　　　　；previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe是过去分词短语作　　　　　　　　，修饰　　　　　　。 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2.Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery， it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century. 句式分析：此句是　　　　句，Although引导　　　　　　　　； 主句是“It is＋形容词＋to do”结构，该结构中it是　　　　　；真正的主语是 to single out ...，意为“　　　　　　”。 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 3.Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”， with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests. 句式分析：此句是　　　　句，主语是　　　　　　　　，谓语动词是　　　　　　　　　　　　　　；with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests是with复合结构，其构成形式为“　　　　　　　　　　　　　　”，在句中作　　　　。 自主翻译：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Ⅱ.讨论 1.Work in a group of four and each member picks one of the discoveries or inventions，talking about them with other members. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 2.Which discovery or invention do you think has been the most important so far？ Why？ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 核心词汇集释 1.donate vi.& vt.捐献（器官），献（血）；捐赠，捐献 教材原句　Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to staging operations to replace diseased organs with donated ones. 医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。 【用法】 （1）donate sth to sb　　　 　向某人捐献某物 （2）donation n. 捐赠；捐赠物，捐款 give/make a donation to ... 向……捐赠 （3）donated adj. 捐赠的；捐献的 donor n. 捐赠者，赠送者 【佳句】　Last year， we donated stuffed animals and books.It’s a tradition that reminds us how important it is to share with others. （动作描写） 去年，我们捐赠了毛绒玩具和书籍。这是一个传统，它提醒我们与他人分享的重要性。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①We are collecting 　　　　　　（donate） for the relief fund. ②All 　　　　　　（donate） blood is tested for HIV and other infections. ③Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops 　　　　　　　　（donate） by the public. 【写美】　一句多译 ④她捐了五千美元给儿童医院。 →She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　the Children’s Hospital.（donate） →She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　the Children’s Hospital.（donation） 2.correspond vi.通信；相一致，符合；相类似，相当于 教材原句　Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones， and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages. 移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信转变为发电子邮件和发送即时信息。 【用法】 （1）correspond with sb　　和某人通信 correspond to/with sth 与某物相一致 correspond to ... 相当于……，类似于…… （2）correspondence n. 相符，一致；通信联系 in correspondence with ...与……一致；与……有通信联系 （3）corresponding adj. 符合的；相应的；相关的 【佳句】　My grandmother used to correspond with her old friends.They would write letters every month， sharing stories about their families and reminiscing about the good old days.我的祖母过去常常和她的老朋友通信。她们每个月都会写信，分享关于家庭的故事，并回忆那些美好的旧时光。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①What she has just said isn’t 　　　　correspondence with the views of the majority. ②The realist stopped corresponding 　　　　the romantic after the death of her daughter. ③Give each picture a number 　　　　　　　　（correspond） to its position on the stage. 【写美】　句型转换 ④It’s a coincidence that your account of the events corresponds with hers. →It’s a coincidence that your account of the events 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　hers. 3.instant adj.立刻的，马上的 【用法】 （1）in an instant　　　　　立刻，马上 for an instant 一瞬间，一会儿，片刻 the instant 一……就…… （2）instantly adv. 立即地 conj. 一……就…… the instant＋从句＝instantly＋从句 一……就…… 【佳句】　①She ceased her struggle the instant I picked her up. （动作描写） 我一抱起她，她就停止了挣扎。 ②（2025·全国一卷）In an instant， a woman raced into my house and left happily with the vase.很快，一个女人来到我家，拿着花瓶高兴地离开了。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①He paused 　　　　an instant before continuing. ②　　　　 an instant， he took off his coat and jumped into the water to rescue the boy. 【写美】　一句多译 ③让我非常惊讶的是，她一读那封信就哭了起来。 →Much to my surprise， she burst into tears 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.（instant） →Much to my surprise， she burst into tears 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.（instantly） →Much to my surprise， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， she burst out crying.（on） 4.split vi.& vt.分割，把……分开；分成（不同部分） 教材原句　...at the same time， scientists figured out how to split the atom， previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe. ……同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子，在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。 【用法】 split up　　　　　　　　分裂，分离；分手 split sth （between sb/sth） 分担；分摊；分享 split （sth）（into sth） （把……）分开，使分开 【佳句】　We decided to split the cake into six pieces so that everyone could have a share.Each of us took a piece， and we enjoyed it together while chatting and laughing.（动作描写） 我们决定把蛋糕分成六块，这样每个人都能分到一份。我们每个人拿了一块，边聊天边笑着一起享用蛋糕。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①Research suggests that children whose parents split 　　　　are more likely to drop out of high school. ②His time is split 　　　　　　the London and Paris offices. 【写美】　完成句子 ③The teacher 　　　　　　　　　　　　three groups. 老师把全班同学分成三组。 重点句型解构 ◇句型公式：get sth done 教材原句　With the development of computers， people expected to get more things done efficiently.随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。 【用法】 get＋宾语＋ 【品悟】　I had a long to-do list， but I managed to get everything done by the end of the day.（个人成长） 我有一串很长的待办清单，但我设法在当天结束前完成了所有事情。 【写美】　完成句子 ①He 　　　　　　　　　　the letter for him. 他让我替他寄信。 ②The captain 　　　　　　　　　　　　toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们朝前线行进。 ③I’ll 　　　　　　　　　　tomorrow. 我明天要（请人）修一下我的自行车。 提示：完成课后作业　UNIT 12　Section Ⅱ 7 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Section Ⅱ　LESSON 1　SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS 【文本透析·剖语篇】 Step One Computers， planes， penicillin， the atomic bomb， etc. Step Two Ⅰ.D Ⅱ.1－4　ABAC Ⅲ.1.energy　2.theory of relativity　3.Alexander Fleming　4.lives of millions　5.accuracy　6.communicate Step Three Ⅰ.1.并列　and　We　scientists　figured out　宾语　后置定语　the atom 我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道，同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子，在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。 2.复合　让步状语从句　形式主语　挑选出 尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。 3.简单　Human life　has been transformed　with＋名词＋done　状语 不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。 Ⅱ.1.I want to talk about the discovery of penicillin，which could be used to kill bacteria and help to save the lives of millions.In 1928，a famous biologist named Alexander Fleming discovered it by chance.One day，after he returned from his holiday，he noticed something strange happened to a dish of bacteria in his lab.He found a blue mould in the dish and around it the bacteria had been destroyed.He then double-checked it，and did many experiments and finally proved that the mould could kill bacteria.This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin.A few years later，penicillin was being mass-produced and saved many people’s lives. 2.I think the most important invention is the Internet.Before it，people had only TV，newspapers and books to get information，but now people can be kept informed from various convenient ways.Besides，we can chat with friends online or send and receive e-mails because of the Internet ... 【核心知识·巧突破】 核心词汇集释 1.①donations　②donated　③are donated ④donated $5，000 to； gave/made a donation of $5，000 to 2.①in　②with　③corresponding　④is in correspondence with 3.①for　②In　③the instant she read the letter； instantly she read the letter； on reading the letter 4.①up　②between　③split up the class into 重点句型解构 ①got me to post　②got the soldiers moving　③get my bike repaired 7 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $