UNIT 3 Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage(学用Word)-【优学精讲】2025-2026学年高中英语必修第三册(译林版)
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教辅
摘要:
本讲义聚焦高中英语动词-ing形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语的核心语法点,系统梳理其基本形式(一般式、完成式等)及三大功能的具体用法,通过例句引入、自主归纳、即时演练构建完整学习支架,帮助学生逐步掌握语法规则。
该资料以“发现式学习”引导学生分析例句归纳用法,培养思维品质,结合高考真题演练提升语言能力,词汇拓展模块兼顾语法与词汇学习,助力学习能力发展。课中辅助教师分层教学,课后学生可通过练习查漏补缺,强化语法应用能力。
内容正文:
Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
动词-ing形式作定语、状语和宾语补足语
阅读下列句子并思考加黑部分的用法。
1.JustDance is a website belonging to all dance lovers.
2.Taking advantage of the site’s great start, Fiona decided to add more content.
3.Fiona Lin, the lady running the website, had the idea after she watched her daughter dancing two years ago.
4.Having achieved such success, Fiona hopes to attract more users through other forms of new media.
5.She always found dance relaxing after a long day at school ...
6.The website welcomes inspiring stories from dance lovers ...
【我的发现】
(1)动词-ing形式作定语的句子有 。
(2)动词-ing形式作状语的句子有 。
(3)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的句子有 。
(4)从句1和句6可看出,单个动词-ing形式作定语,常置于被修饰词的 ;动词-ing形式短语作定语时要放在被修饰词的 。
(5)句 中动词-ing形式为一般式,表示该动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;句 中动词-ing形式为完成式,表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
一、动词-ing形式的基本形式及意义
基本形式
构成
意义
一般式
doing
表示动作正在进行或与谓语动作同时发生
完成式
having done
强调动作已经发生或发生在谓语动作之前
否定式
not doing/
not having done
一般式的否定式/完成式的否定式
被动式
being done/
having been done
一般式的被动式/完成式的被动式
The speaker paused for a moment, saying he needed to collect his thoughts.
演讲者停顿了一下,说他需要整理一下思路。
The house being built will be a library.
正在建造的那座房子将是一座图书馆。
She regretted having made so many mistakes in her teens.
她后悔少年时犯了那么多的错误。
Not having met him for a long time, I cannot tell you what he is like.
由于很久没见到他了,所以没法同你讲清楚他长得怎么样了。
二、动词-ing形式作定语
1.单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语,有两种含义:
(1)说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能,相当于for引导的介词短语。(此时,动词-ing形式是动名词)
the reading room (=the room for reading)
阅览室
building materials (=materials for building)
建筑材料
a sleeping bag (=a bag for sleeping)
睡袋
(2)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态。和被修饰词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,相当于一个定语从句。(此时,动词-ing形式是现在分词)
The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.
=The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my younger brother.
在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我弟弟。
They lived in a room facing the street.
=They lived in a room that faces the street.
他们住在一间面向街道的房间里。
2.动词-ing形式作后置定语。(此时,动词-ing形式是现在分词)
The students running along the street are from No.3 Middle School.
=The students who are running along the street are from No.3 Middle School.
沿着街跑步的学生来自第三中学。
Tell the boys playing over there not to make any noise.
=Tell the boys who are playing over there not to make any noise.
告诉那些在那儿玩的男孩不要制造噪声。
名师点津
动词-ing形式、动词-ed形式和动词不定式作定语的一般区别:动词-ing形式表示正在进行或习惯性的动作;动词-ed形式表示被动或完成意义;动词不定式表示动作尚未发生。
You should adapt to the changing situation.
你应该适应不断变化的形势。
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.地上满是落叶。
I’m looking for a room to live in.我正在找房子住。
【即时演练1】 单句语法填空/句型转换
①(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The latest (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective functional structure that is also beautiful.
②It’s a pleasure to watch the face of a (sleep) baby.
③The bridge (repair) at present will be reopened next month.
④ The students are sitting in the classroom which overlooks the playground.
→The students are sitting in the classroom .(用动词-ing形式改写)
⑤The doctors who/that are operating on the patient are very experienced.
→The doctors are very experienced.(用动词-ing形式改写)
⑥According to the expert, the temple has a history dating back to the early Tang Dynasty.
→According to the expert, the temple has a history
.(用定语从句改写)
三、动词-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系,常用来表示原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。
(一)句法功能
1.作时间状语,相当于一个时间状语从句。
Walking in the park, she saw Jess.
=When/While (she was) walking in the park, she saw Jess.当她在公园里散步时,看到了杰丝。
名师点津
当表示正在进行的动作时,可直接在动词-ing形式前面加上when, while,此时也可理解为状语从句的省略。
2.作原因状语,一般可转换成由as或because引导的原因状语从句。
Being ill, he couldn’t go to school.
=As he was ill, he couldn’t go to school.
因为生病了,他无法去上学。
3.作条件状语,一般放在句首,其前可以加if、 unless等连词。
Working hard, you’ll make great progress.
=If you work hard, you’ll make great progress.
如果你努力工作,你将取得很大进步。
4.作结果状语,通常放在句末,表示一种自然而然、意料之中的结果,其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况,前面有时候加thus。
The fire lasted nearly two days, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了将近两天,几乎没剩下什么有价值的东西。
He was caught in the heavy rain, thus making himself catch a cold.
他遇上了大雨,结果让他患上了感冒。
名师点津
动词不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果,常用only to do,其被动形式为only to be done。
I hurried to the supermarket, only to find it was closed.
我匆忙赶到超市,却发现它已经关门了。
5.作让步状语,相当于although/though引导的让步状语从句。
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
=Although/Though he had been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
虽然被告诉过多次了,但是他仍旧重犯同样的错误。
6.作方式和伴随状语时,说明动作发生的背景和情况。作伴随状语时,表示动词-ing形式的动作和主句的动作同时发生,此时它可转换成并列句。
He came up to me, saying, “Glad to see you here.”
=He came up to me and said, “Glad to see you here.”
他走到我面前,说:“很高兴在这里遇见你。”
名师点津
动词-ing形式作状语可转化成相对应的状语从句或在动词-ing形式前面加相应的连词。例如,加上when, while,强调与谓语动词同时发生;加上before, after,强调动作先后发生;加上thus, therefore,强调结果;加上(al)though,强调让步等。
Though knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.
尽管他们了解这一切,但还是让我赔偿损失。
(二)注意事项
1.动词-ing形式的时态
动词-ing形式作状语时,要注意动词-ing形式的时间性,是用动词-ing形式的一般式,还是用完成式。
(1)当动词-ing形式所表示的动作与句子谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生时,用动词-ing形式的一般式。
Listening to music, she did her homework.
她一边听音乐一边做作业。(Listening 和谓语动词did同时发生)
(2)当动词-ing形式所表示的动作在句子谓语动词所表示的动作开始之前就已经完成时,用动词-ing形式的完成式。
Having cleaned the house, she went to the supermarket.
她打扫完房子后去了超市。(Having cleaned 是先完成的,went 是后发生的)
2.动词-ing形式的语态
使用动词-ing形式的主动式还是被动式,这主要取决于动词-ing形式和句子主语之间的关系。其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。
Having bought a new dress, she showed it to her friends.(动词-ing形式的主动式)
买了一条新裙子后,她把它展示给朋友们看。
Having been shown around the factory,they were very happy.(动词-ing形式的被动式)
被领着参观了工厂后,他们很高兴。
3.动词-ing形式的否定式: not doing/not having done
Not understanding the question, he asked the teacher for help.
他不理解这个问题,所以向老师求助。
Not having made full preparations,we put off the sports meeting.因为没有作好充分的准备,我们把运动会延期了。
4.独立主格结构
动词-ing形式用作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致,通常要在动词-ing形式前面加上自己的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的动词-ing形式被称为独立主格结构,通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况,也可以表示时间、原因或条件。
The trees are extremely tall,some measuring over 90 metres.
那些树非常高,一些高达90多米。
The river being frozen, the children went skating on it.
河水结冰了,孩子们去河上滑冰了。
5.动词-ing形式作评注性状语
有些动词-ing形式在句中没有逻辑主语,它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子,表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如:
generally speaking一般来说
judging by/from ...从……判断
taking everything into consideration
从全盘考虑
Judging from his behaviour, he must be mad.
从他的行为来判断,他一定是疯了。
Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys.
一般来说,女孩比男孩对文学更感兴趣。
【即时演练2】 用动词-ing形式改写句子
①The teacher walked into the classroom and said hello to the students.
→The teacher walked into the classroom, .
②While he was running on the playground, the boy saw his teacher.
→ , the boy saw his teacher.
③After they had been praised by the teacher, the students were full of confidence.
→ , the students were full of confidence.
④As it was a wet day, we couldn’t go for a walk.
→ , we couldn’t go for a walk.
⑤Because he did not know how to do it, he went to his mother for help.
→ , he went to his mother for help.
四、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时,表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词-ing形式常在下列结构中作动词的宾语补足语:
1.表示感官和心理状态的动词
see/observe/hear/feel/smell/ ...+sb/sth+doing sth表示动作正在进行。
The scientist observed the monkeys swinging from tree to tree in the forest.
这位科学家观察到猴子们在森林里从一棵树荡到另一棵树。
He saw the boy being beaten by his father in the yard.
他看见那个男孩在院子里正在被他爸爸打。
2.使役动词
have/catch/let/keep/leave/...+sb/sth+doing sth表示“使/让……一直做某事”。
The noise outside had me staying awake all night.
外面的噪音让我整晚都没睡着。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
很抱歉让你久等了。
名师点津
在一些表示感官和心理状态的动词以及使役动词后既可以接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语,其区别是:动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行,不是指全过程;动词不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的完成,指全过程。
I saw the man getting on the train.
我看见那名男士正在上火车。
I saw the man get on the train.
我看见那名男士上了火车。
3.动词-ing形式作宾语补足语用于with复合结构(with+sb/sth+doing ...)中。
I couldn’t do my homework with the noise going on.由于噪声不断,我没法做家庭作业。
With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.
这么多人看着她,她感到紧张。
【即时演练3】 单句语法填空/句式升级
①I heard someone (sing) a beautiful song in the next room.
②The host left the guests (sit) in the living room for half an hour.
③With the boy (lead) the way,we had no trouble in getting to the station.
④They kept us waiting for three hours.
→We for three hours.(改为被动语态)
⑤On the top of Mount Tai, people observed the sun rising from the sea of clouds.
→On the top of Mount Tai, the sun .(改为被动语态)
1.belong vi.应在(某处);能适应
教材原句 JustDance is a website belonging to all dance lovers.
跳舞吧是一个属于所有舞蹈爱好者的网站。
【用法】
(1)belong to 属于,归……所有
(2)belongings n. 财产;所有物;相关事物
【佳句】 These musical instruments belong to the school.这些乐器归学校所有。
【点津】 (1)belong to不能用于进行时态和被动语态。
(2)belong to中的to是介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,但不能接名词所有格或名词性物主代词。
(3)belong to不用于进行时态,但是它的动词-ing形式belonging to可以作后置定语,相当于含有belong to的定语从句。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①As is known to all, cultural relics belong human beings rather than individuals.
②When he joined the club, he felt a sense of (belong).
③Having sold most of his (belong), he almost had nothing left in the house.
【写美】 句型转换
④The vase which belongs to my uncle is a precious cultural relic.
→
(用动词-ing形式作定语改写)
2.set up 创建,建立
教材原句 Fiona wanted to introduce more people to dance, so she set up JustDance.
菲奥娜想教更多的人跳舞,所以她创建了跳舞吧。
【用法】
set aside 把……放到一旁;留出;暂时不考虑
set off 动身;出发;引爆;引发
set down 写下;放下
出发;开始(做某事)
set back 使推迟;使延误
set a goal/rule 制定目标/规则
set sth up 安装好(设备或机器)
set an example to sb 为某人树立榜样
【佳句】 She set up the website below to get people’s attention to healthy eating.
她建立了下面的网站让人们关注健康饮食。
I will help set up an English corner, providing students a platform to practice their spoken English.
我会帮忙创建一个英语角,给学生们提供一个练习他们的英语口语的平台。
【练透】 用set的相关短语填空
①Let me these important points before I forget them.
②The children firecrackers during the Spring Festival.
③The volunteers a tent to provide shelter for the homeless.
④Mother some money each month for the future travel plans of our family.
⑤The bad weather the building programme by several weeks.
【写美】 完成句子
⑥She a new language this year.
她今年开始学习一门新语言。
3.request vt.要求,请求 n.要求,请求;要求的事
教材原句 For example, she has requested a technical team to develop an app so as to satisfy different users’ needs.例如,她已经要求一个技术团队开发一个应用程序以满足不同用户的需求。
【用法】
(1)request sb (not) to do sth 请求某人(不)做某事
request that ...(should) do sth
要求(某人)做某事
It is requested that ...(should) do sth
要求(某人)做某事
(2)make (a) request for sth/that ...
请求/要求……
at one’s request=at the request of sb
应某人的要求
【佳句】 It is requested that visitors should not smoke or talk loudly in the museum.
要求参观者不要在博物馆里吸烟和大声交谈。
【点津】 动词request后的宾语从句以及名词request后的同位语从句都要用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
【练透】 单句语法填空
①All the students are requested (cut) back on the amount of time online.
② their request, I made a presentation to show them how to make tea.
③ It is requested that we (exchange) our ideas on learning regularly.
④The tourist came up to the native, and made a request his help.
【写美】 句型转换
⑤I requested that the students should be well prepared for the exam.
→I the students should be well prepared for the exam.(request n.)
提示:完成课后作业 UNIT 3 Section Ⅱ
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Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage
【重难语法·要攻克】
我的发现
(1)1、6 (2)2、4 (3)3、5 (4)前面 后面 (5)2 4
即时演练1
①engineering ②sleeping ③being repaired
④overlooking the playground ⑤operating on the patient
⑥which dates back to the early Tang Dynasty
即时演练2
①saying hello to the students ②Running on the playground
③Having been praised by the teacher ④It being a wet day
⑤Not knowing how to do it
即时演练3
①singing ②sitting ③leading ④were kept waiting
⑤was observed rising from the sea of clouds
【核心知识·巧突破】
1.①to ②belonging ③belongings ④The vase belonging to my uncle is a precious cultural relic.
2.①set down ②set off ③set up ④sets aside ⑤set back
⑥set out to learn/set about learning
3.①to cut ②At ③(should) exchange ④for
⑤made a request that
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