专题04 阅读理解（说明文二）（山东专用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题04 阅读理解（说明文二） 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1 （2026·山东淄博·一模） TCM Olfaction Diagnosis Meets Modern Sensing Technology TCM Olfaction Diagnosis Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), with a history of thousands of years, uses four main methods for diagnosis. Among them, olfaction diagnosis, diagnosis by smell, known as “Wen Zhen”, plays a vital role. It involves assessing a patient’s health by noticing smells from their breath or body. However, this method has long depended heavily on the doctor’s personal experience, which can lead to inconsistent results and makes it difficult to measure precisely. Modern Tech’s Transformation Modern technology is now transforming this long-standing challenge. Scientists have found that human breath contains a variety of minute chemical substances known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs, when captured and analyzed by modern detecting devices, form a unique digital “breathprint” for each individual — a specific profile of VOCs. This profile can reflect the body’s health conditions, which corresponds with the core principles of TCM olfaction diagnosis. By analyzing the breathprint, the subjective art of traditional olfactory diagnosis can be converted into objective and measurable data, laying a solid foundation for its scientific standardization. Future prospects With the help of VOC detection methods and artificial intelligence (AI), TCM smell diagnosis is becoming more scientific. AI can analyze complex VOC data to recognize TCM patterns and even point out possible problems in certain body systems with much greater consistency. Although challenges remain, such as setting standards for breath sample collection and clearly defining TCM patterns, integrating ancient TCM wisdom with modern science keeps the value of traditional TCM while giving it a new scientific foundation. This combination is expected to make TCM diagnosis more standard and open up new opportunities for healthcare development around the world. 1．Why is VOCs analysis adopted in TCM Olfaction Diagnosis? A．To focus on serious diseases. B．To make diagnosis more objective. C．To apply artificial intelligence. D．To replace traditional methods. 2．In which step is the “breathprint” formed? A．Sample Collection. B．VOCs Detection. C．Data Processing. D．Results Analysis. 3．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A TCM guidebook. B．A medical exam paper. C．A patient care brochure. D．A medical technology journal. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍现代科技如何革新中医闻诊并展望其前景。 1．细节理解题。根据Modern Tech’s Transformation部分中“By analyzing the breathprint, the subjective art of traditional olfactory diagnosis can be converted into objective and measurable data, laying a solid foundation for its scientific standardization. (通过分析呼吸印记，传统嗅觉诊断的主观艺术可以转化为客观可测量的数据，为其科学标准化奠定坚实基础。)”可知，在中医闻诊中采用VOCs分析是为了使诊断更加客观。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据Modern Tech’s Transformation部分中“These VOCs, when captured and analyzed by modern detecting devices, form a unique digital “breathprint” for each individual — a specific profile of VOCs. (这些VOCs被现代检测设备捕获并分析后，会为每个人形成一个独特的数字“呼吸印记”——一种特定的VOCs特征。)”可知，“呼吸印记”是在VOCs检测这一步骤中形成的。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章标题“TCM Olfaction Diagnosis Meets Modern Sensing Technology (中医闻诊邂逅现代传感技术)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了中医闻诊与现代传感技术的结合，包括中医闻诊的介绍、现代技术如何改变中医闻诊以及未来的前景等，属于医学科技内容，因此文章可能来自一本医学技术期刊。故选D。 Passage 2 （2026·山东菏泽·一模） Modern society relies heavily on refrigeration technology, from preserving food to cooling data centers. However, widely used vapor-compression (蒸汽压缩) cooling consumes vast amounts of electricity and generates 7.8 percent of the country’s carbon emissions (排放). Solid-state cooling has been considered cleaner, but the solid materials struggle with heat transmission efficiency, restricting their practical use in large-scale applications. The research team, led by Li Bing, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Metal Research, discovered a way to bypass this limitation by integrating solid cooling effects with liquid flow. In their study, they observed ammonium thiocyanate, a widely-used industrial salt, absorbs massive amounts of heat when it dissolves (溶解) in water. By applying pressure, the process goes backward, separating the salt out and releasing a large amount of heat. This two-way cycle enables continuous cooling as pressure is applied and released in turn, making it an ideal one for refrigeration systems. “Unlike traditional cooling methods, the approach integrates the cooling material and heat-carrying material into a single liquid, facilitating heat conductivity.” Li said. This approach solves what scientists described as the “impossible triangle”, achieving low emissions, high cooling power, and efficient heat transmission all at once. Laboratory experiments demonstrated excellent results. At room temperature, the method achieved a temperature drop of nearly 30℃ in just 20 seconds, while at higher temperatures the cooling reached as high as 54℃, far exceeding that of existing methods. Another experiment proved the process’ stability and instant response to pressure changes — key requirements for practical refrigeration systems. Li emphasized that this technology lays foundation for the commercialization of powerful, zero-emission refrigeration systems for industrial and home use, especially the next-generation artificial intelligence computing centers. He added, however, further efforts are needed for practical application, such as breakthroughs in engineering pressure-tuned changes. 4．What is one problem of traditional cooling systems? A．They consume much energy. B．They’re used in small scale. C．They depend on solid materials. D．They have low cooling efficiency. 5．What plays a key role in solving the “impossible triangle”? A．The solid-state materials. B．The two-way liquid cycle. C．The pressure-tuned changes. D．The traditional cooling method. 6．What is the purpose of listing the data in paragraph 4? A．To illustrate the principle of solid cooling. B．To explain the need for low carbon emission. C．To show impressive effects of the new method. D．To compare the differences of two experiments. 7．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Salt-based Methods Work Wonders B．Traditional Cooling Meets its Limits C．A Report on Eco-refrigeration Industry D．A Breakthrough in Cooling Technology 【答案】4．A 5．B 6．C 7．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项突破性的冷却技术。 4．细节理解题。根据第一段“However, widely used vapor-compression cooling consumes vast amounts of electricity and generates 7.8 percent of the country’s carbon emissions.(然而，广泛使用的蒸汽压缩冷却消耗大量电力，并产生全国7.8%的碳排放。)”可知，传统冷却系统的一个问题是它们消耗大量能源。故选A。 5．细节理解题。根据第三段“This two-way cycle enables continuous cooling as pressure is applied and released in turn, making it an ideal one for refrigeration systems.(这种双向循环使压力在交替应用和释放时能够持续冷却，使其成为制冷系统的理想选择。)”和“This approach solves what scientists described as the “impossible triangle”, achieving low emissions, high cooling power, and efficient heat transmission all at once.(这种方法解决了科学家们所说的“不可能三角”，即同时实现低排放、高冷却能力和高效热传导。)”可知，解决“不可能三角”的关键是双向液体循环。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段“Laboratory experiments demonstrated excellent results. At room temperature, the method achieved a temperature drop of nearly 30℃ in just 20 seconds, while at higher temperatures the cooling reached as high as 54℃, far exceeding that of existing methods. Another experiment proved the process’ stability and instant response to pressure changes — key requirements for practical refrigeration systems.(实验室实验取得了优异的结果。在室温下，该方法在20秒内实现了近30℃的降温，而在较高温度下，降温幅度高达54℃，远远超过了现有方法。另一个实验证明了该过程的稳定性和对压力变化的即时响应——这是实际制冷系统的关键要求。)”可知，列出这些数据是为了展示新方法的显著效果。故选C。 7．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“The research team, led by Li Bing, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Metal Research, discovered a way to bypass this limitation by integrating solid cooling effects with liquid flow.(由中国科学院金属研究所教授卢磊领导的研究团队发现了一种方法，通过将固态冷却效应与液体流动相结合，绕过了这一限制。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项突破性的冷却技术，该技术通过整合固体冷却效应和液体流动，解决了传统冷却方法中高能耗、高碳排放以及固体材料热传导效率低的问题，实现了低排放、高冷却能力和高效热传导的“不可能三角”，因此选项D“冷却技术的突破”最符合文章主旨，可作为文章标题。故选D。 主题02人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （2026·山东烟台·一模） “Ghost gear” refers to lost or abandoned fishing nets, a highly destructive pollutant in oceans. Each year, approximately 1 million tons of such gear are discarded at sea, accounting for up to 86% of large marine floating plastics. Unlike visible plastic waste like bottles, it sinks into the deep ocean, continuously trapping sea animals, producing microplastics and endangering navigation. To address this issue, organizations like Conservation International have launched programs worldwide. A distinctive project in Mexico focuses on training female divers known as sirenas to clear away ghost gear and help coastal communities gain a direct understanding of the pollution’s harm. These female divers rely on commercial fishing as their primary income source but volunteer for the cleanup. After professional training and certification, they start searching for and removing dangerous ghost gear. The operation tests their physical limits and patience to the fullest. As many as 117 sailors once invested over 40 hours in clearing a massive 300-foot-long fishing net. Their diving experience has completely transformed their perception of the ocean. By engaging with communities and fishing cooperatives, they have gradually gained recognition, carving out a space for women in marine conservation within the male-dominated fishing industry. Undoubtedly, prevention deserves the equal priority to cleanup. The Global Ghost Gear Initiative has developed a reporting system for fishers to notify lost gear for timely recovery and provided them with region-specific recommendations, such as avoiding operations in severe weather and storing gear properly. In selected regions, fishing nets bear unique identifiers, enabling the precise tracking of their ownership by individuals or commercial fisheries post-recovery and instantly locking down whoever is at fault. “Once your fishing gear is attached to distinct identifiers, it facilitates a heightened sense of individual accountability, which in turn generates a concrete effect on your behavioral approach to fishing practices,” notes Jimenez, a marine biologist. The governance of ghost gear demands cooperation among fishers, researchers and policymakers. By changing mindsets and taking effective measures, this campaign against ocean “ghosts” is advancing steadily, injecting hope for the sustainable future of marine ecosystems and coastal communities. 1．How does ghost gear differ from other marine plastics? A．It’s harder to detect. B．It’s distributed more extensively. C．It takes longer to break down. D．It floats evenly in shallower water. 2．Why does the author mention the 300-foot-long net removal example? A．To showcase training effect. B．To emphasize potential net risks. C．To highlight work efficiency. D．To demonstrate cleanup challenges. 3．What can we infer from Jimenez’s words? A．Labels avoid fishing net loss. B．Technology reshapes productivity. C．Markings boost responsibility. D．Identity validation guarantees security. 4．What can be the best title of the text? A．Deep-sea Ghost Gear: Silent Killers. B．Sirenas: Dedicated Ocean Guardians. C．Multi-dimensional Actions: Tackling Marine Ghosts. D．For Marine Conservation: Mind Your Fishing Gear. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了幽灵渔具对海洋的巨大危害，以及人们从清理、预防、监管多方面采取措施治理该问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Unlike visible plastic waste like bottles, it sinks into the deep ocean, continuously trapping sea animals, producing microplastics and endangering navigation. (与瓶子等可见的塑料垃圾不同，它会沉入深海，不断困住海洋动物，产生微塑料，危及航行)”可知，幽灵渔具和其他海洋塑料不同，它沉入深海、更难被检测到。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The operation tests their physical limits and patience to the fullest. As many as 117 sailors once invested over 40 hours in clearing a massive 300-foot-long fishing net. (这项行动最大限度地考验了她们的体力和耐心。多达117名水手曾投入超过40小时清理一条长达300英尺的巨大渔网)”可知，作者提到清理300英尺长的渔网是为了展示清理工作的挑战性。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Once your fishing gear is attached to distinct identifiers, it facilitates a heightened sense of individual accountability, which in turn generates a concrete effect on your behavioral approach to fishing practices, (一旦你的渔具贴上了独特的标识，就会增强个人的责任感，进而对你的捕鱼行为产生具体的影响）”可知，从Jimenez的话中我们可以推断出标记能增强责任感。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段““Ghost gear” refers to lost or abandoned fishing nets, a highly destructive pollutant in oceans.(“幽灵渔具”是指丢失或遗弃的渔网，这是海洋中一种极具破坏性的污染物)”、最后一段“The governance of ghost gear demands cooperation among fishers, researchers and policymakers.(幽灵渔具的治理需要渔民、研究人员和政策制定者之间的合作)”以及文章内容可知，本文既介绍幽灵渔具的危害，又介绍多国组织、人员从清理、预防、监管多方面采取措施，所以“多维行动：对抗海洋幽灵”适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2026·山东枣庄·一模） Deep in the forests of Uganda, Dr. Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka does something extraordinary: she protects mountain gorillas. For 27 years, she has been working with mountain gorillas, pursuing her dream job, which gave her the title of Uganda’s first wildlife vet. Today, she is standing on the front lines of a growing crisis: climate change. The gorillas’ habitat in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is growing warmer and drier, and water is becoming scarce. “When droughts come,” she explains, “the gorillas will struggle.” Climate change also fuels the spread of infectious diseases, posing severe risks to both local communities and wildlife. Dr. Gladys and her team work closely with village health teams or community health workers who they train to do conservation work. They monitor the gorillas’ health and provide treatment. Each month, they collect fecal (粪便)samples from all 26 habituated gorilla groups, to screen for viruses that could be transmitted from people or livestock. Society does not always encourage women to enter daring — even dangerous — fields; often, it discourages them. “But I did just that,” says Dr. Gladys. When she started, few women worked in conservation. Now, more are joining. “We still have a long way to go,” she says, “but things are changing.” Thanks to her work, mountain gorillas are no longer classified as critically endangered. Their population has risen from about 300 to over 500 since she started. “At times, I feel hopeless,” she admits. “But what keeps me going is knowing that something can be done. Working with gorillas gives me a lot of hope. It really does.” 5．What is a major threat to the survival of mountain gorillas? A．The chaos of war. B．Deforestation. C．Climate change. D．Water pollution. 6．How does Dr. Gladys’ team monitor the health of the mountain gorillas? A．By giving regular physical exams. B．By treating them in local clinics. C．By analyzing their fecal samples. D．By controlling infectious diseases. 7．Which of the following best describes Dr. Gladys’job? A．Challenging. B．Amazing. C．Boring. D．Well-paid. 8．What can we learn about Dr. Gladys’ work from the last paragraph? A．It turns out ineffective. B．It is quite fruitful. C．It lacks official support. D．It is very hopeless. 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了乌干达首位野生动物兽医格拉迪斯·卡莱马-齐库索卡博士27年来致力于保护山地大猩猩的工作，包括应对气候变化、疾病传播等威胁，以及她的工作成果和对女性参与环保领域的影响。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Today, she is standing on the front lines of a growing crisis: climate change. The gorillas’ habitat in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is growing warmer and drier, and water is becoming scarce. “When droughts come,” she explains,“the gorillas will struggle.”(如今，她正站在一场日益严重的危机的前沿：气候变化。山地大猩猩在布温迪难以穿越国家公园的栖息地正变得越来越温暖干燥，水资源也日益稀缺。“当干旱来临时，”她解释说，“大猩猩将陷入困境。”)”以及第三段中的“Climate change also fuels the spread of infectious diseases, posing severe risks to both local communities and wildlife.(气候变化还加剧了传染病的传播，给当地社区和野生动物都带来了严重风险)”可知，气候变化是山地大猩猩生存的主要威胁。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They monitor the gorillas’ health and provide treatment. Each month, they collect fecal (粪便)samples from all 26 habituated gorilla groups, to screen for viruses that could be transmitted from people or livestock.(他们监测大猩猩的健康状况并提供治疗。每个月，他们都会从所有26个习惯化的大猩猩群体中收集粪便样本，以筛查可能从人类或牲畜身上传播的病毒)”可知，格拉迪斯博士的团队通过分析大猩猩的粪便样本来监测它们的健康状况。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Deep in the forests of Uganda, Dr. Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka does something extraordinary: she protects mountain gorillas. (在乌干达的森林深处，格拉迪斯·卡莱马-齐库索卡博士做着一件非凡的事：她保护山地大猩猩)”、第二段中的“Today, she is standing on the front lines of a growing crisis: climate change. (如今，她正站在一场日益严重的危机的前沿：气候变化)”、第三段中的“Climate change also fuels the spread of infectious diseases, posing severe risks to both local communities and wildlife.(气候变化还加剧了传染病的传播，给当地社区和野生动物都带来了严重风险)”以及第四段中的“Society does not always encourage women to enter daring — even dangerous — fields; often, it discourages them. ‘But I did just that,’ says Dr. Gladys. When she started, few women worked in conservation.(社会并不总是鼓励女性进入大胆甚至危险的领域；相反，往往会阻碍她们。“但我就是这么做了，”格拉迪斯博士说。她刚开始工作时，从事环保工作的女性很少。)”可知，格拉迪斯博士的工作非凡、需应对气候变化和疾病，且在当时女性参与度极低的背景下开展，因此极具挑战性。故选A项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Thanks to her work, mountain gorillas are no longer classified as critically endangered. Their population has risen from about 300 to over 500 since she started.(由于她的工作，山地大猩猩不再被列为极度濒危物种。自她开始工作以来，它们的数量从大约300只增加到了500多只)”可知，格拉迪斯博士的工作取得了显著成果，富有成效。故选B项。 Passage3 （2026·山东·一模） Climate change and habitat loss are affecting animal populations around the world, and reptiles (爬行动物) such as South Australia’s endangered pygmy bluetongue lizards (蜥蜴), are particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures and the long-term trend of decreasing rainfall. Scientists from Flinders University are dedicated to ensuring a sustainable future for this burrow — dwelling endemic species (Tiliqua adelaidensis) by assessing whether they can fit into cooler and slightly greener locations, which are located below their typical range in the drier and hotter northern regions of the state. The latest research, presented in a new article in Biology, compared the ability of three separate pygmy bluetongue lizard populations to survive different microclimates in South Australia — between the northern Flinders Ranges near Jamestown, Mid North near Burra, and southern-most translocation (迁移) sites near Tarlee and Kapunda. The study, led by PhD candidate Deanne Trewartha from the College of Science and Engineering, says moving wildlife in a hotter, drier location to another microclimate can mean exposure to different temperatures, water availability and humidity and needs extensive assessment. “We need to understand how this species, which is highly dependent on body temperature, adapts to cooler and often wetter seasons in these new environments,” says Trewartha. Trewartha says the research recently suggests adapting to new sites may take longer than two years for all three populations and may vary with their origins. She says, “These three populations have shown various responses to their new locations, but behavioral variations are not harmful in the long term and may potentially aid animals in adapting to changed environments to increase their chance of survival.” Mike Gardner, Flinders University Professor of Biodiversity and Ecology, says, “Australia has the highest reptile diversity in the world. With high biodiversity loss, translocation to ‘future — suitable’ sites is becoming increasingly urgent for the conservation of numerous reptile species.” “Further monitoring of the three populations will continue to see other behavioral variations and the long-term behavioral adaptation periods for translocation,” says Trewartha. 9．What do Flinders University scientists keep doing to the translocated lizards? A．Preserving their original living places. B．Introducing more lizard species for them. C．Ensuring their habitats are free from rainfalls. D．Monitoring their adaptability to new locations. 10．What is Trewartha’s attitude to the lizards’ behavioral variations? A．Negative. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Ambiguous. 11．What does Mike Gardner stress in Paragraph 7? A．The potential of reptile species. B．The survival chance of lizards. C．The necessity of translocation. D．The high biodiversity in Australia. 12．From which section of a website is the text most probably taken? A．Technology. B．Environment. C．Health. D．Tourism. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．C 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍因气候变化和栖息地丧失，南澳大利亚濒危的侏儒蓝舌蜥蜴受气温上升和降雨减少影响，弗林德斯大学科学家致力于评估其能否适应更凉爽且稍绿的新地点，研究对比了三个不同种群蜥蜴在不同微气候中的生存能力，探讨它们对新环境的适应情况及迁移的必要性。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Scientists from Flinders University are dedicated to ensuring a sustainable future for this burrow - dwelling endemic species(Tiliqua adelaidensis)by assessing whether they can fit into cooler and slightly greener locations(弗林德斯大学的科学家致力于通过评估这种穴居特有物种（阿德莱德蓝舌蜥）能否适应更凉爽且稍显绿色的环境，来确保它们拥有可持续的未来)以及最后一段“Further monitoring of the three populations will continue to see other behavioral variations and the long - term behavioral adaptation periods for translocation(对这三个种群的进一步监测将持续观察其他行为变化以及迁移后的长期行为适应期）可知，弗林德斯大学的科学家一直在监测迁移蜥蜴对新环境的适应性。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第六段“These three populations have shown various responses to their new locations, but behavioral variations are not harmful in the long term and may potentially aid animals in adapting to changed environments to increase their chance of survival.(这三个种群对新环境表现出不同反应，但从长远来看，行为变化并无害处，反而可能有助于动物适应变化的环境，增加生存机会)可知，Trewartha对蜥蜴的行为变化持乐观态度。故选B项。 11．推理判断题。根据第七段“With high biodiversity loss, translocation to‘future — suitable’sites is becoming increasingly urgent for the conservation of numerous reptile species.(随着生物多样性的大量丧失，为保护众多爬行动物物种，将它们迁移到‘未来适宜’的地点变得愈发紧迫)可知，Mike Gardner强调了迁移蜥蜴的必要性。故选C项。 12．推理判断题。主要介绍因气候变化和栖息地丧失，南澳大利亚濒危的侏儒蓝舌蜥蜴受气温上升和降雨减少影响，弗林德斯大学科学家致力于评估其能否适应更凉爽且稍绿的新地点，研究对比了三个不同种群蜥蜴在不同微气候中的生存能力，探讨它们对新环境的适应情况及迁移的必要性。主要涉及环境与动物保护方面的内容，所以最有可能来自网站的环境板块。故选B项。 主题03人与自我——文化与学习 Passage 1 （2026·山东临沂·一模） This chart shows global GDP per capita, adjusted for inflation. Looking at the world economy from this perspective, it is the steadiness of this change that stands out. Average incomes per person have risen at a fairly constant pace of roughly 2% per year, interrupted only by the 2008 financial crisis and the 2020 pandemic. A definition of economic growth that can be found in many publications is “an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time.” There is one example of how growth is possible and what economic growth is. A few centuries ago, the only way to produce a book was for a scribe (抄写员) to copy it word-for-word by hand. Book production was a slow process; it took a scribe about eight months of daily work to produce a single copy of the Bible. It was so laborious that only very few books were produced. But then, in the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg developed a new production technology, and it changed things dramatically. Instead of spending months to produce one book, a worker was now able to produce several books a day. Books, which were previously only available to a tiny group, became available to more and more people. Actually, national economies change. Some economies slow; many others grow and more generally, some major political shifts take place. Yet when all of this is combined, the global average follows a remarkably smooth upward trend. 1．What’s the most striking feature of world economy? A．The slowdown of global growth after the 2008 financial crisis. B．The rapid growth of global growth due to technological progress. C．The permanent interruption to global growth by the 2020 pandemic. D．The relative consistency of global growth over the last three decades. 2．How does the author explain the concept of economic growth? A．By citing an expert. B．By listing definitions. C．By giving an example. D．By providing statistics. 3．What is the key factor that led to the dramatic change in book production? A．The emergence of workers. B．The printing press technology. C．The wide availability of paper. D．The growing number of scribes. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了全球人均GDP近三十年增长相对稳定，仅受2008年金融危机和2020年疫情短暂影响。作者以古腾堡印刷术为例，说明技术进步能推动生产效率提升，进而实现经济增长。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Looking at the world economy from this perspective, it is the steadiness of this change that stands out. Average incomes per person have risen at a fairly constant pace of roughly 2% per year, interrupted only by the 2008 financial crisis and the 2020 pandemic.(从这个角度来看，全球经济的变化之所以引人注目，是因为其变化的稳定性。人均收入一直以大约每年2%的稳定速度增长，只是在2008年金融危机和2020年疫情期间有所中断)”可知，世界经济最显著的特点是在过去三十年里，全球经济增长的相对稳定性。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“A definition of economic growth that can be found in many publications is “an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time.” There is one example of how growth is possible and what economic growth is. A few centuries ago, the only way to produce a book was for a scribe (抄写员) to copy it word-for-word by hand. Book production was a slow process; it took a scribe about eight months of daily work to produce a single copy of the Bible.(许多出版物中对经济增长的定义是：“在一定时期内，人均所生产的商品和服务数量的增加。”这里有一个关于经济增长如何实现以及经济增长是什么的示例。几个世纪以前，要出版一本书，唯一的办法就是由抄写员逐字逐句地手抄完成。书籍的出版是一个缓慢的过程；一个抄写员每天工作约八个月才能完成一本《圣经》的抄写工作)”可知，作者通过举例的方式阐释经济增长这一概念。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“But then, in the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg developed a new production technology, and it changed things dramatically. Instead of spending months to produce one book, a worker was now able to produce several books a day. Books, which were previously only available to a tiny group, became available to more and more people.(但随后，在15世纪，约翰内斯·古腾堡开发出了一种新的生产技术，这彻底改变了局面。以前要花费数月时间才能制作出一本书，而现在一名工人每天就能生产出好几本。此前只有极少数人能够获得书籍，而如今越来越多的人能够接触到书籍了)”可知，导致书籍生产发生巨大变革的关键因素是印刷技术。故选B。 Passage 2 （2026·山东淄博·一模） Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past? Urban historian Dolores Hayden describes cities as “palimpsests” — manuscripts written upon repeatedly, earlier versions never fully erased. In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.” Some argue that memory can survive through photographs and documents. In fact, there is a difference between knowing about a place and experiencing it. A photograph of an old church conveys its appearance; walking through its doors conveys something else entirely — the height of the ceiling, the echo of footsteps, the weight of silence. These are not details; they are the substance of embodied memory. Research in environmental psychology suggests that physical spaces maintain collective identity. When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before. None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are. 4．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To present a phenomenon and introduce the topic. B．To contrast historical significance with modern appeal. C．To criticize the over-commercialization of historic sites. D．To explain why history is overlooked and underestimated. 5．What does the example of Los Angeles intend to illustrate? A．The cost of urban development. B．The role of economic ambitions. C．The preservation of tangible proof. D．The success of redevelopment projects. 6．What can be inferred about the communities losing landmarks? A．They cherish shared history. B．They face identity confusion. C．They maintain collective identity. D．They prioritize growth over memory. 7．What does the text convey? A．History outweighs art in value. B．Photos preserve memory inadequately. C．Cities face a growth-or-history choice. D．Physical spaces hold irreplaceable memory. 【答案】4．A 5．A 6．B 7．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章借柏林墙等例子，指出城市开发易抹去历史痕迹，而实体空间承载着不可替代的集体记忆与身份认同，城市发展不应忽视历史留存。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past?(柏林的东区画廊每年吸引数以百万计的游客。游客们在充满活力的冷战后绘制的壁画前熙熙攘攘，但很少有人停下来思考这些画作之下隐藏着什么：那是原版的柏林墙的一部分。艺术成为了这里的吸引点；而它所涵盖的历史则逐渐被置于背景之中。这种模式在柏林之外也普遍存在。在全球范围内，老旧建筑为了新的发展而被拆除。这种逻辑似乎无可辩驳：城市必须发展，经济必须扩张。但当我们抹去我们过去的物质痕迹时，又会失去什么呢？)”可知，第一段的作用是描述一种现象并引入主题。故选A。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.”(在她对洛杉矶的调研中，她记录了开发项目如何一次又一次地拆除由墨西哥裔美国人和非裔美国人组成的社区，取而代之的是高速公路和广场。这些新的建筑是为了实现经济目标，但它们也抹去了这些社区曾经存在的物质证据。“当建筑消失时，”海登写道，“这些人的存在痕迹也随之消失，他们曾在这里生活、工作、有所作为这一点也荡然无存了。”)”可知，洛杉矶这个例子意在说明城市发展的成本。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段“When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before.(当社区失去了那些人们所熟悉的地标性建筑时，他们也就失去了能够将个体与共同历史联系起来的参照点。其结果可能是空间上的迷失方向——不仅是指不知道自己身处何地，还意味着不清楚自己与那些先辈们在何种关系中相联系)”可知，那些失去标志性建筑的社区会面临身份认同的混乱。故选B。 7．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are.(这一切都不能否定发展的重要性。每一代人都会继承一座城市，并将其传承下去。有些城墙注定要倒塌，而另一些则注定要屹立不倒——这些有形的空间以一种仅靠图像无法实现的方式，将记忆固定下来，使我们深深扎根于过去，而过去也持续塑造着我们的身份)”可知，文章表达了物理空间承载着不可替代的记忆。故选D。 Passage 3 （2026·山东青岛·一模） Nature words like river, moss and blossom have appeared less frequently in books over the past years. This decline, according to a study by professor Miles Richardson from the University of Derby, mirrors a broader change he has traced through 220 years of records on urbanisation, the loss of wildlife in neighbourhoods, and parents no longer passing on engagement with nature to their children. The computer modelling in the study also predicts an “extinction of experience”, with future generations continuing to lose an awareness of nature because it is not present in increasingly built-up neighbourhoods, while parents no longer pass on an “orientation(倾向)” towards the natural world. This is consistent with findings from other studies, which identify adult nature connectedness as the strongest predictor of whether a child will become close to nature. Richardson said that when he tested policy and urban environmental changes in the model he was surprised at the scale of the changes required to restore the connection to nature. Increasing biodiverse green spaces in a city by 30% might look like significant positive progress for wildlife and people but Richardson said his study suggests a city might need to be 10 times greener to turn around declines in nature connection. Efforts to simply encourage adults to engage with nature are often insufficient for lasting change. More effective are measures that build nature connection from an early age, such as forest schools for young children. Research indicates that government initiatives reshaping early education and urban design must be consistently applied over the next 25 years. Once established, this connection can become self-sustaining. Richardson said the scale of societal change required might not be as challenging as it appeared. A study on people in Sheffield found that they spent just 4 minutes and 36 seconds on average in natural spaces each day. “Increase that by ten, and people are spending 40 minutes outside every day — that may be enough,” he said. “The key is to make these gains last across generations,” he added. 8．What change has Richardson traced in his study? A．Nature words have disappeared from books. B．People have less direct contact with nature. C．Urbanisation has damaged wildlife habitats. D．Parents spend more time outdoors with kids. 9．What might cause future generations to have “extinction of experience” in the model? A．They are raised away from nature. B．They can’t adapt to changes in nature. C．High-rise buildings fill neighbourhoods. D．Schools offer few nature science lessons. 10．What is a most effective solution to the issue according to the text? A．Advancing long-term policies. B．Launching eco-friendly campaigns. C．Focusing on raising adults’ awareness. D．Enlarging green space in certain areas. 11．Richardson mentioned the study on people in Sheffield to show ________. A．nature contact varies from city to city B．people’s living habits are hard to change C．a new way to measure nature time is needed D．small efforts help improve contact with nature 【答案】8．B 9．A 10．A 11．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了近年来，书籍中自然词汇减少，反映出人们与自然的接触日益减少。研究表明，城市化、长辈不再引导孩子亲近自然等因素，可能导致后代出现“自然体验的灭绝”。 8．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“This decline, according to a study by professor Miles Richardson from the University of Derby, mirrors a broader change he has traced through 220 years of records on urbanisation, the loss of wildlife in neighbourhoods, and parents no longer passing on engagement with nature to their children.(据德比大学的Miles Richardson教授的一项研究显示，这种下降趋势反映了他所追踪到的更为广泛的变革：220年来的城市化记录、社区内野生动物的减少，以及父母不再将与自然的接触方式传递给子女的现象。)” 可知，Richardson追踪到的核心变化是：城市化、社区野生生物减少、父母不再传递亲近自然的习惯，即，人们和自然的直接接触变少了。故选B项。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“The computer modelling in the study also predicts an ‘extinction of experience’, with future generations continuing to lose an awareness of nature because it is not present in increasingly built-up neighbourhoods, while parents no longer pass on an ‘orientation’ towards the natural world.(该研究中的计算机模型还预测会出现“体验灭绝”现象，未来的世代将会逐渐失去对自然界的认知，因为自然环境已不再存在于日益密集的居民区之中，而父母们也不再向孩子们传递对自然世界的“认知导向”。)”可知，“体验灭绝”的原因是：社区逐渐被建筑覆盖，自然消失，同时父母不再传递亲近自然的倾向，即，下一代成长环境本身就远离自然。故选A项。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容“More effective are measures that build nature connection from an early age, such as forest schools for young children. Research indicates that government initiatives reshaping early education and urban design must be consistently applied over the next 25 years. Once established, this connection can become self-sustaining.(更为有效的是那些能在孩子幼年时期就建立与自然联系的措施，比如为幼儿设立的森林学校。研究表明，政府针对早期教育和城市规划的改革举措必须在未来 25 年内持续推行。一旦这种联系得以确立，它就能实现自我维持。)”可知，更有效的方式是从小培养亲近自然的连接，政府调整早期教育和城市设计的举措，必须在未来25年持续推行，即长期政策才是有效的解决方案。故选A项。 11．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“A study on people in Sheffield found that they spent just 4 minutes and 36 seconds on average in natural spaces each day. ‘Increase that by ten, and people are spending 40 minutes outside every day — that may be enough,’ he said.(一项针对谢菲尔德市民的研究发现，他们平均每天在自然环境中停留的时间仅为4分36秒。“将这个时间增加 10 倍，人们每天就能在户外度过 40 分钟 —— 这或许已经足够了。”)”提及谢菲尔德市民每天只在自然环境中停留4分36秒，而只需增加十倍到四十分钟就够了，即，不用巨大改变，小努力就能提升亲近自然的时间。故选D项。 Passage 4 （2026·山东聊城·一模） Many people who spot a rubber duck on a programmer’s desk might assume it is just a toy or a simple decoration. In fact, the rubber duck serves as a practical tool to help solve problems. Programmers explain code or problems in detail to the rubber duck. By describing the problem aloud step by step, they gain a clearer understanding of the code’s flow and structure, leading to better problem-solving. This method is called “rubber duck debugging (调试)”. The term “rubber duck debugging” was first introduced in the 1999 book The Pragmatic Programmer by Andrew Hunt and David Thomas. It originated in a practice among programmers of explaining their code problems to objects to find mistakes more easily. Since then, the concept has become widely recognized in programming culture, inspiring similar debugging techniques and discussions in software development communities. While rubber duck debugging originated for programmers, the concept can be applied in many different contexts. Research by US scholars Logan Fiorella and Richard Meyer shows that when students learn the material in a lesson as if they were going to teach it to others, they develop a deeper and more persistent understanding of the material. Teaching others forces us to break the material down into conceptual pieces, integrate it with our existing knowledge, and organize it in logical ways. That’s why our little yellow friend is so helpful: In explaining the problem aloud to your rubber duck, you are teaching it as well. Though the term “rubber duck debugging” specifically refers to explaining the code to a rubber duck, the actual presence of a rubber duck is not crucial to the process — any object or even a person can serve as a substitute for it. What matters is externalizing your thoughts and clearly explaining the problem aloud. By adopting the technique, you can gain new insights and perspectives, improve your problem-solving abilities, and overcome challenges more effectively. So, next time you’re stuck on a problem, try turning to a little yellow duck. 12．Why do programmers use rubber ducks? A．To decorate their workplace. B．To relieve their work pressure. C．To help fix coding issues efficiently. D．To assist in simplifying coding tasks. 13．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about rubber duck debugging? A．Its major limitations. B．Its broad applications. C．Its background information. D．Its operational procedures. 14．What principle does “rubber duck debugging” indicate? A．Analyzing mistakes is a great way to improve. B．Externalizing thoughts can enhance our learning. C．Detailed explanations can improve concentration. D．Logical thinking can help solve problems effectively. 15．Which of the following would be the best title? A．Rubber Duck Debugging: A Programmer’s Trick B．To Teach Is to Learn: The Secret of a Little Rubber Duck C．The History and Application of a Programming Method D．The Importance of a Rubber Duck in Teaching 【答案】12．C 13．C 14．B 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了起源于编程领域的“橡皮鸭调试法”，说明了该方法的概念、起源背景与核心原理，同时指出该方法可以推广应用到编程之外的诸多场景，帮助人们解决问题、加深理解。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“In fact, the rubber duck serves as a practical tool to help solve problems. Programmers explain code or problems in detail to the rubber duck. By describing the problem aloud step by step, they gain a clearer understanding of the code’s flow and structure, leading to better problem-solving.(事实上，橡皮鸭是帮助解决问题的实用工具。程序员向橡皮鸭详细解释代码或问题。通过一步一步地大声描述问题，他们对代码的流程和结构有了更清晰的理解，从而能够更好地解决问题)”可知，程序员使用橡皮鸭是为了帮助高效地解决编码问题。故选C项。 13．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“The term “rubber duck debugging” was first introduced in the 1999 book The Pragmatic Programmer by Andrew Hunt and David Thomas. It originated in a practice among programmers of explaining their code problems to objects to find mistakes more easily. Since then, the concept has become widely recognized in programming culture, inspiring similar debugging techniques and discussions in software development communities.(“橡皮鸭调试”一词最早出现在1999年安德鲁·亨特和大卫·托马斯合著的《程序员修炼之道》一书中。它起源于程序员向对象解释他们的代码问题，以便更容易地发现错误的做法。从那时起，这个概念在编程文化中得到了广泛认可，激发了软件开发社区中类似的调试技术和讨论)”可知，本段主要介绍了“橡皮鸭调试”这一概念的起源和背景。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Though the term “rubber duck debugging” specifically refers to explaining the code to a rubber duck, the actual presence of a rubber duck is not crucial to the process — any object or even a person can serve as a substitute for it. What matters is externalizing your thoughts and clearly explaining the problem aloud. By adopting the technique, you can gain new insights and perspectives, improve your problem-solving abilities, and overcome challenges more effectively.(尽管“橡皮鸭调试法”特指向橡皮鸭解释代码的过程，但橡皮鸭本身并非关键——任何物品甚至他人都可替代。真正重要的是将思维外化，通过大声阐述问题来厘清逻辑。运用此法能获得新视角、提升解决问题的能力，从而更高效地攻克难关)”可知，橡皮鸭调试法的核心原则是将内心的想法外化，这能帮助人们提升学习和解决问题的能力。故选B项。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第四段中“Though the term “rubber duck debugging” specifically refers to explaining the code to a rubber duck, the actual presence of a rubber duck is not crucial to the process — any object or even a person can serve as a substitute for it. What matters is externalizing your thoughts and clearly explaining the problem aloud. By adopting the technique, you can gain new insights and perspectives, improve your problem-solving abilities, and overcome challenges more effectively.(尽管“橡皮鸭调试法”特指向橡皮鸭解释代码的过程，但橡皮鸭本身并非关键——任何物品甚至他人都可替代。真正重要的是将思维外化，通过大声阐述问题来厘清逻辑。运用此法能获得新视角、提升解决问题的能力，从而更高效地攻克难关)”可知，文章围绕橡皮鸭展开介绍“橡皮鸭调试法”，该方法的核心是：对着橡皮鸭讲解问题相当于教它，在这个过程中讲解者自身会加深理解、解决问题，契合“教即学习”的核心，也覆盖了该方法从编程到多场景应用的范围。因此B项“教即是学：一只小橡皮鸭的秘密”可作为本文的最佳标题。故选B项。 主题01 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （2026·山东青岛·一模） Rise with the sun and rest at sunset — his was the way of life for our ancestors. Thanks to artificial light, which improves visibility at night, we can enjoy a much safer society and around-the-clock productivity. For wildlife, however, studies have shown it disturbs animals’ natural sleep cycles, affects amphibian (两栖类的) reproduction and throws migrating birds off course. New research in Frontiers in Plant Science investigated how artificial light impacts plant-insect relationships. Researchers from Chinese Academy of Sciences noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer signs of insect damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed 5,500 leaf samples from two tree species throughout Beijing. Researchers found more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher the leaf, the less evidence of hungry insects. They don’t fully understand why, but assume that trees under artificial light at night might be extending their photosynthesis (光合作用) time. “Plants distribute their limited resources, such as nutrients, water and energy, among various functions like growth, reproduction and defense, depending on the environment. Light can affect how plants use resources,” says Ellen Cieraad, a plant ecologist from New Zealand. “Since plants use light for growth, artificial night light could be unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis, allocating more resources to chemical compounds that make leaves tougher.” Changes in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem. Herbivorous insects, which rely on leaves for food, may struggle to survive, thus breaking the food chain. Fewer herbivorous insects could lead to declines in predators like birds, affecting biodiversity. Insects also act as pollinators (传粉媒介) and eat dying plants, supporting healthy soil and plant life that benefit humans, as plants provide shade and reduce heat trapped in cities. Moving forward, researchers are committed to refining their discovery, aiming to guide people to take corresponding actions. They will cooperate with urban planners to take effective measures, like applying special devices to lights, to establish practical guidelines for cities to balance lighting and ecological health. 1．What influence does artificial light bring according to the text? A．It hardens tree leaves. B．It shortens animals’ sleep hours. C．It lights up birds’ migrating routes. D．It increases amphibian reproduction rates. 2．Why is Ellen Cieraad quoted in paragraph 3? A．To raise a concern. B．To introduce a concept. C．To support an assumption. D．To clarify a misunderstanding. 3．Which of the following best summarizes the phenomenon in paragraph 4? A．Time heals all wounds. B．Nature always finds a way. C．A chain is as strong as its weakest link. D．A small move may affect the bigger picture. 4．What will the following research probably focus on? A．Enhancing soil quality. B．Improving urban biodiversity. C．Selecting plant species in cities. D．Reducing impacts of nighttime light. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人工光除了给人类生活带来便利外，还会干扰野生动物的生存、改变城市植物的特性，进而影响整个城市生态系统，研究人员也正致力于研究相关应对措施以平衡城市照明与生态健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Researchers found more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves.(研究人员发现，某一区域的人工光越多，树叶的质地就越坚硬)”可知，人工光会让树叶变得坚硬，这是人工光带来的影响之一。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“They don’t fully understand why, but assume that trees under artificial light at night might be extending their photosynthesis time.(他们并不完全清楚原因，但推测夜间处于人工光下的树木可能会延长其光合作用的时间)”以及第三段中Ellen Cieraad的表述“Plants distribute their limited resources, such as nutrients, water and energy, among various functions like growth, reproduction and defense, depending on the environment. Light can affect how plants use resources(植物会根据环境，在生长、繁殖和防御等各种功能之间分配其有限的资源，如养分、水和能量。光照会影响植物如何利用这些资源)”可知，Ellen Cieraad从植物资源分配和光对植物生长影响的角度，解释了人工光为何会让树叶变硬，印证了研究人员的这一推测，引用她的话是为了支持研究人员的假设。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“Changes in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem.(植物的变化以及动植物间相互作用的改变，会对整个城市生态系统产生重大影响)”可知，本段核心讲述了植物的微小变化会引发连锁反应，进而影响整个城市生态这一现象。D项（微小的举动可能会影响全局）恰好概括了这一核心内容。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Moving forward, researchers are committed to refining their discovery, aiming to guide people to take corresponding actions. They will cooperate with urban planners to take effective measures, like applying special devices to lights, to establish practical guidelines for cities to balance lighting and ecological health.(未来，研究人员将致力于完善他们的研究发现，旨在引导人们采取相应的行动。他们将与城市规划者合作，采取有效措施，比如为灯具加装特殊装置，为城市制定平衡照明与生态健康的实用指南)”可知，研究人员后续会采取措施减少夜间人工光对生态的影响，因此接下来的研究可能会聚焦于降低夜间灯光的影响。故选D。     Passage 2 （2026·山东日照·一模） Half the world’s 100 largest cities are experiencing high levels of water stress, with 38 of these sitting in regions of “extremely high water stress”, new analysis and mapping has shown. Water stress means that withdrawals for public water supply and industry are close to exceeding available supplies, often caused by ineffective regulation of water resources and intensified by climate breakdown. Watershed Investigations and the Guardian mapped cities on stressed catchments revealing that Beijing, New York, Los Angeles, and Delhi are among those facing extreme stress, while London, Bangkok and Jakarta are classed as being highly stressed. Separate analysis of NASA satellite data shows which of the largest 100 cities have been drying or getting wetter over two decades with places such as Chennai, Tehran and Zhengzhou showing strong drying trends and Tokyo, Lagos and Kampala showing strong wetting trends. Most of the city regions in notably wetting zones are in sub-Saharan Africa, with just Tokyo and Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic sitting elsewhere. Most of the urban centers in areas with the strongest drying signals are across Asia, particularly northern India and Pakistan. Now in its sixth year of drought, Tehran is critically close to “day zero” when no water will be available for its citizens, and last year the president, Masoud Pezeshkian, said the city may have to be relocated if the drought continues. Mohammad Shamsuddoha, professor of water crisis and risk reduction at UCL, said, “By tracking changes in total water storage from space, Grace, the NASA project, shows which cities are drying and which are getting wetter, offering an early warning of emerging water insecurity.” Last week the UN announced the world had entered a state of serious water shortage where degradation of some resources had become irreversible (不可逆的). The World Bank Group has also been sounding the alarm. Global freshwater reserves have decreased sharply over the past 20 years, according to the group. 5．What does the author think leads to water stress? A．Heavy water pollution. B．Poor water management. C．Freezing climate. D．Large population. 6．What does NASA satellite data indicate? A．Huge water loss. B．Severe water shortage. C．Changeable rainfall. D．Uneven water distribution. 7．What is the purpose of Grace? A．To control water use. B．To increase freshwater reserves. C．To issue an alert in time. D．To slow down the drying trends. 8．What is the text mainly about? A．The falling water storage across the world. B．The problems with global water regulation. C．NASA’s efforts to track global water changes. D．Growing water risks faced by big cities worldwide. 【答案】5．B 6．D 7．C 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球大城市面临日益严重的水资源风险，包括水资源紧张和分布不均的问题，并借助NASA卫星数据揭示了城市水资源的动态变化。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Water stress means that withdrawals for public water supply and industry are close to exceeding available supplies, often caused by ineffective regulation of water resources and intensified by climate breakdown.(水资源紧张意味着公共供水和工业用水接近超过可用供应，这通常是由水资源管理不善造成的，并因气候崩溃而加剧)”可知，作者认为导致水资源紧张的原因是水资源管理不善。故选B项。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Separate analysis of NASA satellite data shows which of the largest 100 cities have been drying or getting wetter over two decades with places such as Chennai, Tehran and Zhengzhou showing strong drying trends and Tokyo, Lagos and Kampala showing strong wetting trends.(对美国国家航空航天局卫星数据的单独分析显示，在过去20年里，最大的100个城市中哪些城市正在变干或变湿，金奈、德黑兰和郑州等城市呈现出明显的变干趋势，而东京、拉各斯和坎帕拉则呈现出明显的变湿趋势)”可知，美国国家航空航天局卫星数据表明，不同城市的水资源变化趋势不同，有的变干，有的变湿，这反映了水资源分布不均。故选D项。 7．细节理解题。根据第四段中“By tracking changes in total water storage from space, Grace, the NASA project, shows which cities are drying and which are getting wetter, offering an early warning of emerging water insecurity.(通过从太空追踪总蓄水量的变化，美国国家航空航天局的Grace项目显示了哪些城市正在变干，哪些城市正在变湿，为新出现的水安全问题提供了预警)”可知，Grace项目的目的是及时发出警报，预警水安全问题。故选C项。 8．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Half the world’s 100 largest cities are experiencing high levels of water stress, with 38 of these sitting in regions of “extremely high water stress”, new analysis and mapping has shown.(新的分析和地图显示，全球100个最大城市中有一半正经历着高水平的水资源紧张，其中38个城市位于“水资源极度紧张”的地区)”以及后文对具体城市案例和卫星数据的分析可知，本文主要讲述了全球大城市面临的水资源风险日益增长。故选D项。 主题02 人与自我——文化与学习 Passage 1 （2026·山东滨州·一模） In our exploration of literature this month, My Name is Miene stands out as an appealing comic essay that has captured the hearts of many on social media. The fictional character, Miene, is a blind kitten who finds herself in a risky situation after getting separated from her mother and hurting her paw, all while being chased by a crow. Ultimately, she is rescued and finds a home with a caring family. The narrative follows Miene's comedic yet poignant journey as she navigates the frightening world around her, struggling against her fears and pain. Her perception of life, relying on her other senses instead of sight, offers a heartwarming perspective that encourages readers to cheer for her. One striking feature of this work is its substantial amount of text. The book is loaded with a remarkable amount of written content, surprising for a comic essay, filled with hand-drawn letters that create an extraordinary rhythm between the illustrations. The combination of text and visuals is so impressive that readers often laugh out loud when recalling its funny moments, even after closing the book. Furthermore, the book includes notable literary references, providing insights into classic works and figures. The rich narrative not only entertains but also evokes a profound appreciation for life and existence. A particularly touching scene is when the lady of the house, Rina, decides to adopt Miene, extending her hand and saying, “I will give you my twenty years”, which showcases the deep commitment one needs to take on such responsibility. Despite Rina's heartfelt intentions, Miene dashes around energetically, representing the spirit of adventure and resilience. This portrayal resonates with anyone who has faced trials but still embraces life bravely, making the reading experience both enjoyable and meaningful. There are numerous interesting works that can make one lose track of time, and such a unique narrative is surely not to be missed. 1．What can be inferred about Miene from paragraph 1? A．She fails to fit in with her new family. B．Her story blends struggles and warmth. C．Her disability makes her a bitter character. D．She injured her paw while chasing a crow. 2．What sets the book apart from other comic essays? A．It weighs visuals over written text. B．It contains abundant written content. C．It brings greater amusement to readers. D．It is the first to combine text and visuals. 3．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 convey? A．Rina's affection for classic works. B．Rina's commitment to animal charity. C．Rina's reflection on life and existence. D．Rina's lasting promise to attend Miene. 4．Which message below can best echo My Name is Miene? A．No pains, no gains. B．Every dog has its day. C．Every cloud has a silver lining. D．Where there is a will, there is a way. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了漫画散文《我叫米恩》，讲述了盲猫米恩的暖心故事，分析了作品的文本特色、文学内涵以及带给读者的感动与启示。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The narrative follows Miene's comedic yet poignant journey as she navigates the frightening world around her, struggling against her fears and pain. Her perception of life, relying on her other senses instead of sight, offers a heartwarming perspective that encourages readers to cheer for her. (故事讲述了米恩既搞笑又心酸的旅程，她在可怕的世界中挣扎，对抗恐惧与痛苦。她依靠其他感官而非视觉感知生活，给人一种温暖的视角，鼓励读者为她加油。)”可知，米恩的故事融合了困境与温暖。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“One striking feature of this work is its substantial amount of text. The book is loaded with a remarkable amount of written content, surprising for a comic essay, filled with hand-drawn letters that create an extraordinary rhythm between the illustrations. (这部作品一个显著的特点是文本量巨大。这本书有非常多的文字内容，对于一篇漫画散文来说令人惊讶，书中充满了手绘文字，在插图之间营造出一种非凡的节奏。)”可知，这本书与其他漫画散文的不同之处在于它包含大量的文字内容。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“A particularly touching scene is when the lady of the house, Rina, decides to adopt Miene, extending her hand and saying, “I will give you my twenty years”, which showcases the deep commitment one needs to take on such responsibility.  (一个特别感人的场景是，房子的女主人莉娜决定收养米恩，她伸出手说：“我会给你我的二十年”，这展现了承担这份责任所需的坚定承诺。)”可知，划线句子传达的是莉娜对照顾米恩的长久承诺。故选D。 4．推理判断题。文章讲述盲猫米恩虽遭遇不幸、身处困境，但最终被救助、被收养，收获温暖与爱，传递出“黑暗中总有希望，困境中总有光明”的寓意。C选项“Every cloud has a silver lining. (黑暗中总有一线光明。)”最能呼应本书。故选C。 Passage 2 （2026·山东聊城·一模） In the age of large language models (LLMs) and generative AI, we are witnessing an unprecedented transformation in how knowledge is produced, spread and consumed. LLMs, we are told, make us more efficient, simplify complex work, automate boring tasks and allow us to focus on what matters. But as we feel surprised at their capabilities, a pressing concern emerges: Are these models genuinely boosting efficiency, or are they eroding our capacity for independent thought, judgment and critical reflection? Efficiency is not a neutral term. The current narrative around generative AI treats efficiency as progress. It suggests that the faster something is done, the better. But faster is not always better. And not everything that can be automated should be. The popular belief is that LLMs allow humans to assign repetitive work to machines and reserve their energy for more reflective tasks, but the opposite is often true. As the more intellectual labor — writing, summarizing and decision-making, for example — is handed over to AI, the less we will engage with it ourselves. Instead of reserving our thoughtfulness for higher tasks, we will increasingly lose the opportunities, and perhaps even the ability, to think critically. So what do we really mean by “efficiency”? If it means shortening the time it takes to write a report, perhaps we have succeeded. But if it means replacing the intellectual effort that creates depth, coherence and reflection, then it’s not a gain; it’s a loss. The moment we accept LLMs as thought substitutes, rather than thought aids, we begin to worsen the very conditions under which human reasoning thrives: questioning, dialogue, uncertainty and contradiction. There is no turning back the presence of LLMs in our lives. But we can choose how to live with them. The question is not whether they will think for us, but whether we will let them define what it means to think at all. Efficiency, in the true sense, should not be about doing more with less thought. It should be about doing better, with deeper attention, stronger ethics and sustained human insight. 5．What does the underlined word “eroding” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Changing. B．Improving. C．Destroying. D．Expanding. 6．What do LLMs lead to, according to paragraph 4? A．We get more reflective labor. B．We do independent thinking less. C．We engage in more repetitive tasks. D．We reduce our work efficiency indeed. 7．What does the author advocate about our using LLMs? A．Putting efficiency first. B．Reducing intellectual effort. C．Achieving more with less time. D．Increasing human engagement. 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To describe the fast development of LLMs. B．To reflect on the negative effects of LLMs. C．To question the necessity of pursuing efficiency. D．To challenge the traditional definition of efficiency. 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．D 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍大型语言模型在带来效率提升的同时，可能削弱人们独立思考与批判性思维能力，并反思其真正价值。 5．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“But as we feel surprised at their capabilities, a pressing concern emerges: Are these models genuinely boosting efficiency, or are they eroding our capacity for independent thought, judgment and critical reflection?(但当我们对它们的能力感到惊讶时，一个迫切的担忧出现了：这些模型是真正提高了效率，还是eroding我们独立思考、判断和批判性反思的能力？)”可知，句中使用了选择对比结构 “genuinely boosting efficiency” 与“eroding our capacity”形成反义关系，boosting表示 “提升、增强”，与之相反的eroding应表示“逐渐损害、破坏、削弱”。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“As the more intellectual labor — writing, summarizing and decision-making, for example — is handed over to AI, the less we will engage with it ourselves. Instead of reserving our thoughtfulness for higher tasks, we will increasingly lose the opportunities, and perhaps even the ability, to think critically. (随着更多的智力劳动——例如写作、总结和决策——被交给人工智能，我们自己参与其中的程度就会越低。我们不会把思考留给更高层次的任务，反而会越来越失去批判性思考的机会，甚至可能失去这种能力。)”可知，大型语言模型会导致人们独立思考减少。故选B项。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Efficiency, in the true sense, should not be about doing more with less thought. It should be about doing better, with deeper attention, stronger ethics and sustained human insight.(真正意义上的效率，不应该是用更少的思考做更多的事，而应该是用更深入的关注、更强的道德感和持续的人类洞察力把事情做得更好)”可知，作者主张使用大型语言模型时增加人类参与。故选D项。 8．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“But as we feel surprised at their capabilities, a pressing concern emerges: Are these models genuinely boosting efficiency, or are they eroding our capacity for independent thought, judgment and critical reflection?(但当我们对它们的能力感到惊讶时，一个迫切的担忧出现了：这些模型是真正提高了效率，还是正在削弱我们独立思考、判断和批判性反思的能力？)”可知，作者写作目的是反思大型语言模型带来的负面影响。故选B项。 Passage 3 （2026·山东菏泽·一模） Ethics (伦理) in Cybersecurity by Marquez, a former cybersecurity analyst for a global tech firm, is a timely exploration of the moral dilemmas that define modern digital life. The book is organized around six “ethical crossroads”, each illustrated with a detailed case study. One of the most striking chapters focuses on the 2025 “SecureData” case, where a major tech company discovered weakness in its popular messaging app — one that could expose users’ private conversations. The company faced a choice: tell users the problem immediately or fix it quietly over six months. Marquez walks readers through the arguments on both sides: the “duty to protect users” versus the “duty to avoid bad reputation”. She doesn’t offer a simple answer — instead, she teaches readers to weigh conflicting values, a skill she calls “ethical reasoning for the digital age”. Marquez also challenges common myths about cybersecurity ethics. She argues against the idea that “the end justifies the means” when it comes to fighting cybercrime, citing a 2024 case where a government accessed a criminal group’s servers to recover stolen data, but in doing so, accidentally obtained the private emails of 10,000 innocent people. “Security without ethics isn’t security — it’s just control,” she writes. This focus on balancing security and ethics makes the book stand out in a field often dominated by technical solutions. Marquez’s engaging style makes the book accessible. She, for instance, compares a company’s decision to hide a software problem to “a teacher knowing a classroom door is broken but not fixing it because he doesn’t want to stop class.” She also includes “Ethical Checklists” at the end of each chapter, which guide readers to apply the book’s lessons to their own lives, for example, should you report a friend who shares your password with others? Overall, Ethics in Cybersecurity is more than a book — it’s a tool for thinking critically about daily digital choices. As Marquez puts it: “In cyberspace, every click is a choice — and every choice has an ethical cost.” 9．What can be inferred from the 2025 “SecureData” case? A．Companies prioritize user privacy. B．User data is hard to protect. C．Cyber ethics involves tough choices. D．Messaging apps are easy to access. 10．Which of the following is Marques probably against according to paragraph 3? A．Download papers on the CNKI. B．Polish an article by DeepSeek App. C．Give a thump-up on a friend’s Moments. D．Disclose a friend’s address on the internet. 11．What is a feature of Ethics in Cybersecurity according to the text? A．It is packed with complex theories. B．It provides step-by-step instructions. C．It is intended for cyber professionals. D．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. 12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To publicize cybercrime prevention. B．To honor a talented technical expert. C．To introduce a book on Cybersecurity. D．To recommend an essay on digital life. 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．D 12．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍Marquez所著《Ethics in Cybersecurity》，以案例解析网络伦理两难，语言通俗，旨在引导读者理性看待数字选择。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段“The company faced a choice: tell users the problem immediately or fix it quietly over six months. Marquez walks readers through the arguments on both sides: the “duty to protect users” versus the “duty to avoid bad reputation”. She doesn’t offer a simple answer — instead, she teaches readers to weigh conflicting values, a skill she calls “ethical reasoning for the digital age”.(该公司面临一个抉择：要么立即告知用户问题所在，要么在六个月内悄悄解决。马尔克斯为读者详细阐述了双方的论点：即“保护用户的责任”与“避免不良声誉的责任”之间的对比。她没有给出一个简单的答案——而是教导读者去权衡相互冲突的价值观，她将这一技能称为“数字时代的伦理推理”)”可知，网络伦理涉及艰难的抉择。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“She argues against the idea that “the end justifies the means” when it comes to fighting cybercrime, citing a 2024 case where a government accessed a criminal group’s servers to recover stolen data, but in doing so, accidentally obtained the private emails of 10,000 innocent people. “Security without ethics isn’t security — it’s just control,” she writes.(她反对“目的可以凌驾于手段之上”这一观点，尤其是在打击网络犯罪方面。她以2024年的一起案例为例进行反驳：政府为了追回被盗数据而访问了一个犯罪团伙的服务器，但在此过程中，意外获取了10000名无辜人士的私人电子邮件。她写道：“没有道德保障的安全并非真正的安全——那不过是控制而已。”)”可知，Marques反对侵犯无辜者隐私、为目的不择手段。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据第四段“Marquez’s engaging style makes the book accessible. She, for instance, compares a company’s decision to hide a software problem to “a teacher knowing a classroom door is broken but not fixing it because he doesn’t want to stop class.”(Marquez独特的写作风格使这本书易于理解。例如，她将一家公司隐瞒软件故障的行为比作“一位老师明知教室的门坏了却不去修理，因为他不想中断上课。”)”可知，网络安全伦理学的一个特点是采用了平实的写作风格。故选D。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段“Ethics (伦理) in Cybersecurity by Marquez, a former cybersecurity analyst for a global tech firm, is a timely exploration of the moral dilemmas that define modern digital life.(马尔克斯所著的《网络安全中的伦理问题》一书，作者曾是某全球科技公司的网络安全分析师，该书对界定现代数字生活所面临的道德困境进行了及时的探讨)”以及本文介绍Marquez所著《Ethics in Cybersecurity》，以案例解析网络伦理两难，语言通俗，旨在引导读者理性看待数字选择。可知，作者撰写这篇文章的目的是介绍一本关于网络安全的书籍。故选C。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 阅读理解（说明文二） 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1 （2026·山东淄博·一模） TCM Olfaction Diagnosis Meets Modern Sensing Technology TCM Olfaction Diagnosis Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), with a history of thousands of years, uses four main methods for diagnosis. Among them, olfaction diagnosis, diagnosis by smell, known as “Wen Zhen”, plays a vital role. It involves assessing a patient’s health by noticing smells from their breath or body. However, this method has long depended heavily on the doctor’s personal experience, which can lead to inconsistent results and makes it difficult to measure precisely. Modern Tech’s Transformation Modern technology is now transforming this long-standing challenge. Scientists have found that human breath contains a variety of minute chemical substances known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs, when captured and analyzed by modern detecting devices, form a unique digital “breathprint” for each individual — a specific profile of VOCs. This profile can reflect the body’s health conditions, which corresponds with the core principles of TCM olfaction diagnosis. By analyzing the breathprint, the subjective art of traditional olfactory diagnosis can be converted into objective and measurable data, laying a solid foundation for its scientific standardization. Future prospects With the help of VOC detection methods and artificial intelligence (AI), TCM smell diagnosis is becoming more scientific. AI can analyze complex VOC data to recognize TCM patterns and even point out possible problems in certain body systems with much greater consistency. Although challenges remain, such as setting standards for breath sample collection and clearly defining TCM patterns, integrating ancient TCM wisdom with modern science keeps the value of traditional TCM while giving it a new scientific foundation. This combination is expected to make TCM diagnosis more standard and open up new opportunities for healthcare development around the world. 1．Why is VOCs analysis adopted in TCM Olfaction Diagnosis? A．To focus on serious diseases. B．To make diagnosis more objective. C．To apply artificial intelligence. D．To replace traditional methods. 2．In which step is the “breathprint” formed? A．Sample Collection. B．VOCs Detection. C．Data Processing. D．Results Analysis. 3．Where is the text probably taken from? A．A TCM guidebook. B．A medical exam paper. C．A patient care brochure. D．A medical technology journal. Passage 2 （2026·山东菏泽·一模） Modern society relies heavily on refrigeration technology, from preserving food to cooling data centers. However, widely used vapor-compression (蒸汽压缩) cooling consumes vast amounts of electricity and generates 7.8 percent of the country’s carbon emissions (排放). Solid-state cooling has been considered cleaner, but the solid materials struggle with heat transmission efficiency, restricting their practical use in large-scale applications. The research team, led by Li Bing, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Metal Research, discovered a way to bypass this limitation by integrating solid cooling effects with liquid flow. In their study, they observed ammonium thiocyanate, a widely-used industrial salt, absorbs massive amounts of heat when it dissolves (溶解) in water. By applying pressure, the process goes backward, separating the salt out and releasing a large amount of heat. This two-way cycle enables continuous cooling as pressure is applied and released in turn, making it an ideal one for refrigeration systems. “Unlike traditional cooling methods, the approach integrates the cooling material and heat-carrying material into a single liquid, facilitating heat conductivity.” Li said. This approach solves what scientists described as the “impossible triangle”, achieving low emissions, high cooling power, and efficient heat transmission all at once. Laboratory experiments demonstrated excellent results. At room temperature, the method achieved a temperature drop of nearly 30℃ in just 20 seconds, while at higher temperatures the cooling reached as high as 54℃, far exceeding that of existing methods. Another experiment proved the process’ stability and instant response to pressure changes — key requirements for practical refrigeration systems. Li emphasized that this technology lays foundation for the commercialization of powerful, zero-emission refrigeration systems for industrial and home use, especially the next-generation artificial intelligence computing centers. He added, however, further efforts are needed for practical application, such as breakthroughs in engineering pressure-tuned changes. 4．What is one problem of traditional cooling systems? A．They consume much energy. B．They’re used in small scale. C．They depend on solid materials. D．They have low cooling efficiency. 5．What plays a key role in solving the “impossible triangle”? A．The solid-state materials. B．The two-way liquid cycle. C．The pressure-tuned changes. D．The traditional cooling method. 6．What is the purpose of listing the data in paragraph 4? A．To illustrate the principle of solid cooling. B．To explain the need for low carbon emission. C．To show impressive effects of the new method. D．To compare the differences of two experiments. 7．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Salt-based Methods Work Wonders B．Traditional Cooling Meets its Limits C．A Report on Eco-refrigeration Industry D．A Breakthrough in Cooling Technology 主题02人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （2026·山东烟台·一模） “Ghost gear” refers to lost or abandoned fishing nets, a highly destructive pollutant in oceans. Each year, approximately 1 million tons of such gear are discarded at sea, accounting for up to 86% of large marine floating plastics. Unlike visible plastic waste like bottles, it sinks into the deep ocean, continuously trapping sea animals, producing microplastics and endangering navigation. To address this issue, organizations like Conservation International have launched programs worldwide. A distinctive project in Mexico focuses on training female divers known as sirenas to clear away ghost gear and help coastal communities gain a direct understanding of the pollution’s harm. These female divers rely on commercial fishing as their primary income source but volunteer for the cleanup. After professional training and certification, they start searching for and removing dangerous ghost gear. The operation tests their physical limits and patience to the fullest. As many as 117 sailors once invested over 40 hours in clearing a massive 300-foot-long fishing net. Their diving experience has completely transformed their perception of the ocean. By engaging with communities and fishing cooperatives, they have gradually gained recognition, carving out a space for women in marine conservation within the male-dominated fishing industry. Undoubtedly, prevention deserves the equal priority to cleanup. The Global Ghost Gear Initiative has developed a reporting system for fishers to notify lost gear for timely recovery and provided them with region-specific recommendations, such as avoiding operations in severe weather and storing gear properly. In selected regions, fishing nets bear unique identifiers, enabling the precise tracking of their ownership by individuals or commercial fisheries post-recovery and instantly locking down whoever is at fault. “Once your fishing gear is attached to distinct identifiers, it facilitates a heightened sense of individual accountability, which in turn generates a concrete effect on your behavioral approach to fishing practices,” notes Jimenez, a marine biologist. The governance of ghost gear demands cooperation among fishers, researchers and policymakers. By changing mindsets and taking effective measures, this campaign against ocean “ghosts” is advancing steadily, injecting hope for the sustainable future of marine ecosystems and coastal communities. 1．How does ghost gear differ from other marine plastics? A．It’s harder to detect. B．It’s distributed more extensively. C．It takes longer to break down. D．It floats evenly in shallower water. 2．Why does the author mention the 300-foot-long net removal example? A．To showcase training effect. B．To emphasize potential net risks. C．To highlight work efficiency. D．To demonstrate cleanup challenges. 3．What can we infer from Jimenez’s words? A．Labels avoid fishing net loss. B．Technology reshapes productivity. C．Markings boost responsibility. D．Identity validation guarantees security. 4．What can be the best title of the text? A．Deep-sea Ghost Gear: Silent Killers. B．Sirenas: Dedicated Ocean Guardians. C．Multi-dimensional Actions: Tackling Marine Ghosts. D．For Marine Conservation: Mind Your Fishing Gear. Passage 2 （2026·山东枣庄·一模） Deep in the forests of Uganda, Dr. Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka does something extraordinary: she protects mountain gorillas. For 27 years, she has been working with mountain gorillas, pursuing her dream job, which gave her the title of Uganda’s first wildlife vet. Today, she is standing on the front lines of a growing crisis: climate change. The gorillas’ habitat in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park is growing warmer and drier, and water is becoming scarce. “When droughts come,” she explains, “the gorillas will struggle.” Climate change also fuels the spread of infectious diseases, posing severe risks to both local communities and wildlife. Dr. Gladys and her team work closely with village health teams or community health workers who they train to do conservation work. They monitor the gorillas’ health and provide treatment. Each month, they collect fecal (粪便)samples from all 26 habituated gorilla groups, to screen for viruses that could be transmitted from people or livestock. Society does not always encourage women to enter daring — even dangerous — fields; often, it discourages them. “But I did just that,” says Dr. Gladys. When she started, few women worked in conservation. Now, more are joining. “We still have a long way to go,” she says, “but things are changing.” Thanks to her work, mountain gorillas are no longer classified as critically endangered. Their population has risen from about 300 to over 500 since she started. “At times, I feel hopeless,” she admits. “But what keeps me going is knowing that something can be done. Working with gorillas gives me a lot of hope. It really does.” 5．What is a major threat to the survival of mountain gorillas? A．The chaos of war. B．Deforestation. C．Climate change. D．Water pollution. 6．How does Dr. Gladys’ team monitor the health of the mountain gorillas? A．By giving regular physical exams. B．By treating them in local clinics. C．By analyzing their fecal samples. D．By controlling infectious diseases. 7．Which of the following best describes Dr. Gladys’job? A．Challenging. B．Amazing. C．Boring. D．Well-paid. 8．What can we learn about Dr. Gladys’ work from the last paragraph? A．It turns out ineffective. B．It is quite fruitful. C．It lacks official support. D．It is very hopeless. Passage3 （2026·山东·一模） Climate change and habitat loss are affecting animal populations around the world, and reptiles (爬行动物) such as South Australia’s endangered pygmy bluetongue lizards (蜥蜴), are particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures and the long-term trend of decreasing rainfall. Scientists from Flinders University are dedicated to ensuring a sustainable future for this burrow — dwelling endemic species (Tiliqua adelaidensis) by assessing whether they can fit into cooler and slightly greener locations, which are located below their typical range in the drier and hotter northern regions of the state. The latest research, presented in a new article in Biology, compared the ability of three separate pygmy bluetongue lizard populations to survive different microclimates in South Australia — between the northern Flinders Ranges near Jamestown, Mid North near Burra, and southern-most translocation (迁移) sites near Tarlee and Kapunda. The study, led by PhD candidate Deanne Trewartha from the College of Science and Engineering, says moving wildlife in a hotter, drier location to another microclimate can mean exposure to different temperatures, water availability and humidity and needs extensive assessment. “We need to understand how this species, which is highly dependent on body temperature, adapts to cooler and often wetter seasons in these new environments,” says Trewartha. Trewartha says the research recently suggests adapting to new sites may take longer than two years for all three populations and may vary with their origins. She says, “These three populations have shown various responses to their new locations, but behavioral variations are not harmful in the long term and may potentially aid animals in adapting to changed environments to increase their chance of survival.” Mike Gardner, Flinders University Professor of Biodiversity and Ecology, says, “Australia has the highest reptile diversity in the world. With high biodiversity loss, translocation to ‘future — suitable’ sites is becoming increasingly urgent for the conservation of numerous reptile species.” “Further monitoring of the three populations will continue to see other behavioral variations and the long-term behavioral adaptation periods for translocation,” says Trewartha. 9．What do Flinders University scientists keep doing to the translocated lizards? A．Preserving their original living places. B．Introducing more lizard species for them. C．Ensuring their habitats are free from rainfalls. D．Monitoring their adaptability to new locations. 10．What is Trewartha’s attitude to the lizards’ behavioral variations? A．Negative. B．Optimistic. C．Indifferent. D．Ambiguous. 11．What does Mike Gardner stress in Paragraph 7? A．The potential of reptile species. B．The survival chance of lizards. C．The necessity of translocation. D．The high biodiversity in Australia. 12．From which section of a website is the text most probably taken? A．Technology. B．Environment. C．Health. D．Tourism. 主题03人与自我——文化与学习 Passage 1 （2026·山东临沂·一模） This chart shows global GDP per capita, adjusted for inflation. Looking at the world economy from this perspective, it is the steadiness of this change that stands out. Average incomes per person have risen at a fairly constant pace of roughly 2% per year, interrupted only by the 2008 financial crisis and the 2020 pandemic. A definition of economic growth that can be found in many publications is “an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time.” There is one example of how growth is possible and what economic growth is. A few centuries ago, the only way to produce a book was for a scribe (抄写员) to copy it word-for-word by hand. Book production was a slow process; it took a scribe about eight months of daily work to produce a single copy of the Bible. It was so laborious that only very few books were produced. But then, in the 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg developed a new production technology, and it changed things dramatically. Instead of spending months to produce one book, a worker was now able to produce several books a day. Books, which were previously only available to a tiny group, became available to more and more people. Actually, national economies change. Some economies slow; many others grow and more generally, some major political shifts take place. Yet when all of this is combined, the global average follows a remarkably smooth upward trend. 1．What’s the most striking feature of world economy? A．The slowdown of global growth after the 2008 financial crisis. B．The rapid growth of global growth due to technological progress. C．The permanent interruption to global growth by the 2020 pandemic. D．The relative consistency of global growth over the last three decades. 2．How does the author explain the concept of economic growth? A．By citing an expert. B．By listing definitions. C．By giving an example. D．By providing statistics. 3．What is the key factor that led to the dramatic change in book production? A．The emergence of workers. B．The printing press technology. C．The wide availability of paper. D．The growing number of scribes. Passage 2 （2026·山东淄博·一模） Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past? Urban historian Dolores Hayden describes cities as “palimpsests” — manuscripts written upon repeatedly, earlier versions never fully erased. In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.” Some argue that memory can survive through photographs and documents. In fact, there is a difference between knowing about a place and experiencing it. A photograph of an old church conveys its appearance; walking through its doors conveys something else entirely — the height of the ceiling, the echo of footsteps, the weight of silence. These are not details; they are the substance of embodied memory. Research in environmental psychology suggests that physical spaces maintain collective identity. When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before. None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are. 4．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To present a phenomenon and introduce the topic. B．To contrast historical significance with modern appeal. C．To criticize the over-commercialization of historic sites. D．To explain why history is overlooked and underestimated. 5．What does the example of Los Angeles intend to illustrate? A．The cost of urban development. B．The role of economic ambitions. C．The preservation of tangible proof. D．The success of redevelopment projects. 6．What can be inferred about the communities losing landmarks? A．They cherish shared history. B．They face identity confusion. C．They maintain collective identity. D．They prioritize growth over memory. 7．What does the text convey? A．History outweighs art in value. B．Photos preserve memory inadequately. C．Cities face a growth-or-history choice. D．Physical spaces hold irreplaceable memory. Passage 3 （2026·山东青岛·一模） Nature words like river, moss and blossom have appeared less frequently in books over the past years. This decline, according to a study by professor Miles Richardson from the University of Derby, mirrors a broader change he has traced through 220 years of records on urbanisation, the loss of wildlife in neighbourhoods, and parents no longer passing on engagement with nature to their children. The computer modelling in the study also predicts an “extinction of experience”, with future generations continuing to lose an awareness of nature because it is not present in increasingly built-up neighbourhoods, while parents no longer pass on an “orientation(倾向)” towards the natural world. This is consistent with findings from other studies, which identify adult nature connectedness as the strongest predictor of whether a child will become close to nature. Richardson said that when he tested policy and urban environmental changes in the model he was surprised at the scale of the changes required to restore the connection to nature. Increasing biodiverse green spaces in a city by 30% might look like significant positive progress for wildlife and people but Richardson said his study suggests a city might need to be 10 times greener to turn around declines in nature connection. Efforts to simply encourage adults to engage with nature are often insufficient for lasting change. More effective are measures that build nature connection from an early age, such as forest schools for young children. Research indicates that government initiatives reshaping early education and urban design must be consistently applied over the next 25 years. Once established, this connection can become self-sustaining. Richardson said the scale of societal change required might not be as challenging as it appeared. A study on people in Sheffield found that they spent just 4 minutes and 36 seconds on average in natural spaces each day. “Increase that by ten, and people are spending 40 minutes outside every day — that may be enough,” he said. “The key is to make these gains last across generations,” he added. 8．What change has Richardson traced in his study? A．Nature words have disappeared from books. B．People have less direct contact with nature. C．Urbanisation has damaged wildlife habitats. D．Parents spend more time outdoors with kids. 9．What might cause future generations to have “extinction of experience” in the model? A．They are raised away from nature. B．They can’t adapt to changes in nature. C．High-rise buildings fill neighbourhoods. D．Schools offer few nature science lessons. 10．What is a most effective solution to the issue according to the text? A．Advancing long-term policies. B．Launching eco-friendly campaigns. C．Focusing on raising adults’ awareness. D．Enlarging green space in certain areas. 11．Richardson mentioned the study on people in Sheffield to show ________. A．nature contact varies from city to city B．people’s living habits are hard to change C．a new way to measure nature time is needed D．small efforts help improve contact with nature Passage 4 （2026·山东聊城·一模） Many people who spot a rubber duck on a programmer’s desk might assume it is just a toy or a simple decoration. In fact, the rubber duck serves as a practical tool to help solve problems. Programmers explain code or problems in detail to the rubber duck. By describing the problem aloud step by step, they gain a clearer understanding of the code’s flow and structure, leading to better problem-solving. This method is called “rubber duck debugging (调试)”. The term “rubber duck debugging” was first introduced in the 1999 book The Pragmatic Programmer by Andrew Hunt and David Thomas. It originated in a practice among programmers of explaining their code problems to objects to find mistakes more easily. Since then, the concept has become widely recognized in programming culture, inspiring similar debugging techniques and discussions in software development communities. While rubber duck debugging originated for programmers, the concept can be applied in many different contexts. Research by US scholars Logan Fiorella and Richard Meyer shows that when students learn the material in a lesson as if they were going to teach it to others, they develop a deeper and more persistent understanding of the material. Teaching others forces us to break the material down into conceptual pieces, integrate it with our existing knowledge, and organize it in logical ways. That’s why our little yellow friend is so helpful: In explaining the problem aloud to your rubber duck, you are teaching it as well. Though the term “rubber duck debugging” specifically refers to explaining the code to a rubber duck, the actual presence of a rubber duck is not crucial to the process — any object or even a person can serve as a substitute for it. What matters is externalizing your thoughts and clearly explaining the problem aloud. By adopting the technique, you can gain new insights and perspectives, improve your problem-solving abilities, and overcome challenges more effectively. So, next time you’re stuck on a problem, try turning to a little yellow duck. 12．Why do programmers use rubber ducks? A．To decorate their workplace. B．To relieve their work pressure. C．To help fix coding issues efficiently. D．To assist in simplifying coding tasks. 13．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about rubber duck debugging? A．Its major limitations. B．Its broad applications. C．Its background information. D．Its operational procedures. 14．What principle does “rubber duck debugging” indicate? A．Analyzing mistakes is a great way to improve. B．Externalizing thoughts can enhance our learning. C．Detailed explanations can improve concentration. D．Logical thinking can help solve problems effectively. 15．Which of the following would be the best title? A．Rubber Duck Debugging: A Programmer’s Trick B．To Teach Is to Learn: The Secret of a Little Rubber Duck C．The History and Application of a Programming Method D．The Importance of a Rubber Duck in Teaching 主题01 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1 （2026·山东青岛·一模） Rise with the sun and rest at sunset — his was the way of life for our ancestors. Thanks to artificial light, which improves visibility at night, we can enjoy a much safer society and around-the-clock productivity. For wildlife, however, studies have shown it disturbs animals’ natural sleep cycles, affects amphibian (两栖类的) reproduction and throws migrating birds off course. New research in Frontiers in Plant Science investigated how artificial light impacts plant-insect relationships. Researchers from Chinese Academy of Sciences noticed tree leaves in cities typically showed fewer signs of insect damage than those outside of cities, so they analyzed 5,500 leaf samples from two tree species throughout Beijing. Researchers found more artificial light in a given area meant tougher leaves. And the tougher the leaf, the less evidence of hungry insects. They don’t fully understand why, but assume that trees under artificial light at night might be extending their photosynthesis (光合作用) time. “Plants distribute their limited resources, such as nutrients, water and energy, among various functions like growth, reproduction and defense, depending on the environment. Light can affect how plants use resources,” says Ellen Cieraad, a plant ecologist from New Zealand. “Since plants use light for growth, artificial night light could be unnaturally increasing the time trees spend on photosynthesis, allocating more resources to chemical compounds that make leaves tougher.” Changes in plants, and in interactions between plants and animals, can significantly impact the entire urban ecosystem. Herbivorous insects, which rely on leaves for food, may struggle to survive, thus breaking the food chain. Fewer herbivorous insects could lead to declines in predators like birds, affecting biodiversity. Insects also act as pollinators (传粉媒介) and eat dying plants, supporting healthy soil and plant life that benefit humans, as plants provide shade and reduce heat trapped in cities. Moving forward, researchers are committed to refining their discovery, aiming to guide people to take corresponding actions. They will cooperate with urban planners to take effective measures, like applying special devices to lights, to establish practical guidelines for cities to balance lighting and ecological health. 1．What influence does artificial light bring according to the text? A．It hardens tree leaves. B．It shortens animals’ sleep hours. C．It lights up birds’ migrating routes. D．It increases amphibian reproduction rates. 2．Why is Ellen Cieraad quoted in paragraph 3? A．To raise a concern. B．To introduce a concept. C．To support an assumption. D．To clarify a misunderstanding. 3．Which of the following best summarizes the phenomenon in paragraph 4? A．Time heals all wounds. B．Nature always finds a way. C．A chain is as strong as its weakest link. D．A small move may affect the bigger picture. 4．What will the following research probably focus on? A．Enhancing soil quality. B．Improving urban biodiversity. C．Selecting plant species in cities. D．Reducing impacts of nighttime light. Passage 2 （2026·山东日照·一模） Half the world’s 100 largest cities are experiencing high levels of water stress, with 38 of these sitting in regions of “extremely high water stress”, new analysis and mapping has shown. Water stress means that withdrawals for public water supply and industry are close to exceeding available supplies, often caused by ineffective regulation of water resources and intensified by climate breakdown. Watershed Investigations and the Guardian mapped cities on stressed catchments revealing that Beijing, New York, Los Angeles, and Delhi are among those facing extreme stress, while London, Bangkok and Jakarta are classed as being highly stressed. Separate analysis of NASA satellite data shows which of the largest 100 cities have been drying or getting wetter over two decades with places such as Chennai, Tehran and Zhengzhou showing strong drying trends and Tokyo, Lagos and Kampala showing strong wetting trends. Most of the city regions in notably wetting zones are in sub-Saharan Africa, with just Tokyo and Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic sitting elsewhere. Most of the urban centers in areas with the strongest drying signals are across Asia, particularly northern India and Pakistan. Now in its sixth year of drought, Tehran is critically close to “day zero” when no water will be available for its citizens, and last year the president, Masoud Pezeshkian, said the city may have to be relocated if the drought continues. Mohammad Shamsuddoha, professor of water crisis and risk reduction at UCL, said, “By tracking changes in total water storage from space, Grace, the NASA project, shows which cities are drying and which are getting wetter, offering an early warning of emerging water insecurity.” Last week the UN announced the world had entered a state of serious water shortage where degradation of some resources had become irreversible (不可逆的). The World Bank Group has also been sounding the alarm. Global freshwater reserves have decreased sharply over the past 20 years, according to the group. 5．What does the author think leads to water stress? A．Heavy water pollution. B．Poor water management. C．Freezing climate. D．Large population. 6．What does NASA satellite data indicate? A．Huge water loss. B．Severe water shortage. C．Changeable rainfall. D．Uneven water distribution. 7．What is the purpose of Grace? A．To control water use. B．To increase freshwater reserves. C．To issue an alert in time. D．To slow down the drying trends. 8．What is the text mainly about? A．The falling water storage across the world. B．The problems with global water regulation. C．NASA’s efforts to track global water changes. D．Growing water risks faced by big cities worldwide. 主题02 人与自我——文化与学习 Passage 1 （2026·山东滨州·一模） In our exploration of literature this month, My Name is Miene stands out as an appealing comic essay that has captured the hearts of many on social media. The fictional character, Miene, is a blind kitten who finds herself in a risky situation after getting separated from her mother and hurting her paw, all while being chased by a crow. Ultimately, she is rescued and finds a home with a caring family. The narrative follows Miene's comedic yet poignant journey as she navigates the frightening world around her, struggling against her fears and pain. Her perception of life, relying on her other senses instead of sight, offers a heartwarming perspective that encourages readers to cheer for her. One striking feature of this work is its substantial amount of text. The book is loaded with a remarkable amount of written content, surprising for a comic essay, filled with hand-drawn letters that create an extraordinary rhythm between the illustrations. The combination of text and visuals is so impressive that readers often laugh out loud when recalling its funny moments, even after closing the book. Furthermore, the book includes notable literary references, providing insights into classic works and figures. The rich narrative not only entertains but also evokes a profound appreciation for life and existence. A particularly touching scene is when the lady of the house, Rina, decides to adopt Miene, extending her hand and saying, “I will give you my twenty years”, which showcases the deep commitment one needs to take on such responsibility. Despite Rina's heartfelt intentions, Miene dashes around energetically, representing the spirit of adventure and resilience. This portrayal resonates with anyone who has faced trials but still embraces life bravely, making the reading experience both enjoyable and meaningful. There are numerous interesting works that can make one lose track of time, and such a unique narrative is surely not to be missed. 1．What can be inferred about Miene from paragraph 1? A．She fails to fit in with her new family. B．Her story blends struggles and warmth. C．Her disability makes her a bitter character. D．She injured her paw while chasing a crow. 2．What sets the book apart from other comic essays? A．It weighs visuals over written text. B．It contains abundant written content. C．It brings greater amusement to readers. D．It is the first to combine text and visuals. 3．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 convey? A．Rina's affection for classic works. B．Rina's commitment to animal charity. C．Rina's reflection on life and existence. D．Rina's lasting promise to attend Miene. 4．Which message below can best echo My Name is Miene? A．No pains, no gains. B．Every dog has its day. C．Every cloud has a silver lining. D．Where there is a will, there is a way. Passage 2 （2026·山东聊城·一模） In the age of large language models (LLMs) and generative AI, we are witnessing an unprecedented transformation in how knowledge is produced, spread and consumed. LLMs, we are told, make us more efficient, simplify complex work, automate boring tasks and allow us to focus on what matters. But as we feel surprised at their capabilities, a pressing concern emerges: Are these models genuinely boosting efficiency, or are they eroding our capacity for independent thought, judgment and critical reflection? Efficiency is not a neutral term. The current narrative around generative AI treats efficiency as progress. It suggests that the faster something is done, the better. But faster is not always better. And not everything that can be automated should be. The popular belief is that LLMs allow humans to assign repetitive work to machines and reserve their energy for more reflective tasks, but the opposite is often true. As the more intellectual labor — writing, summarizing and decision-making, for example — is handed over to AI, the less we will engage with it ourselves. Instead of reserving our thoughtfulness for higher tasks, we will increasingly lose the opportunities, and perhaps even the ability, to think critically. So what do we really mean by “efficiency”? If it means shortening the time it takes to write a report, perhaps we have succeeded. But if it means replacing the intellectual effort that creates depth, coherence and reflection, then it’s not a gain; it’s a loss. The moment we accept LLMs as thought substitutes, rather than thought aids, we begin to worsen the very conditions under which human reasoning thrives: questioning, dialogue, uncertainty and contradiction. There is no turning back the presence of LLMs in our lives. But we can choose how to live with them. The question is not whether they will think for us, but whether we will let them define what it means to think at all. Efficiency, in the true sense, should not be about doing more with less thought. It should be about doing better, with deeper attention, stronger ethics and sustained human insight. 5．What does the underlined word “eroding” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Changing. B．Improving. C．Destroying. D．Expanding. 6．What do LLMs lead to, according to paragraph 4? A．We get more reflective labor. B．We do independent thinking less. C．We engage in more repetitive tasks. D．We reduce our work efficiency indeed. 7．What does the author advocate about our using LLMs? A．Putting efficiency first. B．Reducing intellectual effort. C．Achieving more with less time. D．Increasing human engagement. 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To describe the fast development of LLMs. B．To reflect on the negative effects of LLMs. C．To question the necessity of pursuing efficiency. D．To challenge the traditional definition of efficiency. Passage 3 （2026·山东菏泽·一模） Ethics (伦理) in Cybersecurity by Marquez, a former cybersecurity analyst for a global tech firm, is a timely exploration of the moral dilemmas that define modern digital life. The book is organized around six “ethical crossroads”, each illustrated with a detailed case study. One of the most striking chapters focuses on the 2025 “SecureData” case, where a major tech company discovered weakness in its popular messaging app — one that could expose users’ private conversations. The company faced a choice: tell users the problem immediately or fix it quietly over six months. Marquez walks readers through the arguments on both sides: the “duty to protect users” versus the “duty to avoid bad reputation”. She doesn’t offer a simple answer — instead, she teaches readers to weigh conflicting values, a skill she calls “ethical reasoning for the digital age”. Marquez also challenges common myths about cybersecurity ethics. She argues against the idea that “the end justifies the means” when it comes to fighting cybercrime, citing a 2024 case where a government accessed a criminal group’s servers to recover stolen data, but in doing so, accidentally obtained the private emails of 10,000 innocent people. “Security without ethics isn’t security — it’s just control,” she writes. This focus on balancing security and ethics makes the book stand out in a field often dominated by technical solutions. Marquez’s engaging style makes the book accessible. She, for instance, compares a company’s decision to hide a software problem to “a teacher knowing a classroom door is broken but not fixing it because he doesn’t want to stop class.” She also includes “Ethical Checklists” at the end of each chapter, which guide readers to apply the book’s lessons to their own lives, for example, should you report a friend who shares your password with others? Overall, Ethics in Cybersecurity is more than a book — it’s a tool for thinking critically about daily digital choices. As Marquez puts it: “In cyberspace, every click is a choice — and every choice has an ethical cost.” 9．What can be inferred from the 2025 “SecureData” case? A．Companies prioritize user privacy. B．User data is hard to protect. C．Cyber ethics involves tough choices. D．Messaging apps are easy to access. 10．Which of the following is Marques probably against according to paragraph 3? A．Download papers on the CNKI. B．Polish an article by DeepSeek App. C．Give a thump-up on a friend’s Moments. D．Disclose a friend’s address on the internet. 11．What is a feature of Ethics in Cybersecurity according to the text? A．It is packed with complex theories. B．It provides step-by-step instructions. C．It is intended for cyber professionals. D．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. 12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To publicize cybercrime prevention. B．To honor a talented technical expert. C．To introduce a book on Cybersecurity. D．To recommend an essay on digital life. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04阅读理解（说明文二） 参考答案 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1：1．B 2．B 3．D Passage 2：4．A 5．B 6．C 7．D 主题02人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1：1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C Passage 2：5．C 6．C 7．A 8．B Passage3：9．D 10．B 11．C 12．B 主题03人与自我——文化与学习 Passage1：1．D 2．C 3．B Passage2：4．A 5．A 6．B 7．D Passage3：8．B 9．A 10．A 11．D Passage4：12．C 13．C 14．B 15．B 主题01 人与自然——环境保护 Passage 1：1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D Passage 2：5．B 6．D 7．C 8．D 主题02 人与自我——文化与学习 Passage 1：1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C Passage 2：5．C 6．B 7．D 8．B Passage 3：9．C 10．D 11．D 12．C / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $