专题03 阅读理解（说明文一）（山东专用）2026年高考英语一模分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文一） 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1 （2026·山东潍坊·一模） Pick up any packaged processed food, and there’s a decent chance that one of its listed ingredients will be “natural flavour”. The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to “artificial flavours” since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true. Then what exactly does the natural flavour mean? It refers to extracts (提取物) got from natural sources like plants, meat or seafood. When consumers see the “natural flavour” on a label, they are unlikely to assume that someone is squeezing the juice from oranges into their bottles. They know even though natural flavour must come from natural sources, it needn’t all come from the plant or meat. For example, orange flavours might contain not only orange extracts, but also extracts from bark and grass. So if flavours like orange are needed, why not just use oranges? The answer comes down to “availability, cost, and sustainability”, according to flavour chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota. “If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda,” Reineccius says, “you don’t have any grapes for wine making; the products are going to be exorbitant; besides, what do you do with the by-products you create after you’ve squeezed all the juice out of the grapes?” Actually, while chemists make natural flavours by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients, artificial flavours are made by creating the same chemicals artificially. The reason why companies bother to use natural flavours rather than artificial flavours is simple: marketing. “Many of these products have health titles,” says Platkin, professor from Hunter College. “Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavours are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavours. Natural flavours may involve more forest clear-cutting and carbon emissions from transport than flavours created in the lab.” Platkin suggests getting more transparent (易懂的) labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavours are, so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavours”. Reineccius also offers simple guidance: “Don’t buy anything because it says ‘natural flavours’. Buy it because you like it.” 1．Which is misunderstanding about the “natural flavour” juice according to Paragraph 1？ A．It comes from 100% original fruit. B．It is nothing but advertising tricks. C．It certainly contains extracts made in the lab. D．It is absolutely safer than juice with artificial flavours. 2．What does the underlined word “exorbitant” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Popular. B．Expensive. C．Favorable. D．Innovative. 3．Why do companies use natural flavours in the products? A．To cut the costs. B．To promote the sales. C．To advocate a healthy diet. D．To avoid food safety issues. 4．What can we conclude from the text? A．Gary and Platkin hold opposite perspectives. B．Natural flavours are more environmentally friendly. C．Customers are misled for ignoring labels on packaging. D．Natural and artificial flavours are more alike than you think. Passage 2 （2026·山东济宁·一模） We’ve all seen this happen in a science-fiction movie: The super heroes jump into a shaky spaceship and escape the bad guys by flying through the asteroid (小行星) belt, where huge rocks fall and spin so close that the crew has to duck and dive to avoid being broken into pieces. It’s exciting, but it’s wrong: In our solar system, the odds are pretty good that you could stand on the surface of an asteroid and not even be able to see another. Yet they do interact if given enough time. Even in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, crashes are ineluctable. And when two space rocks go “crash” in the main belt, big impacts blow lots of asteroid fragments (碎片) out into space. In many cases, these fragments stay on much the same orbital path as the parent asteroid, although they gradually separate from it because of slight speed differences. After thousands of years, some fragments might be clear across the Sun, but their distance from the Sun and the shape and direction of their orbits remain similar. Such conserved features are collectively called an asteroid’s orbital elements. The groupings sharing orbital elements are identified as “families”, which are named after the largest asteroid in the group. Studying asteroids by focusing on their families can help us make a good guess about what properties a newly-found one has if it belongs to a better-studied family. Care must be taken, though. Some very large asteroids have differentiated materials in the center and on the surface, so confirming those guesses usually requires taking spectra, the time-consuming process of breaking an object’s incoming light into individual colors to reveal its composition. It’s more than a mere academic exercise to find this particular branch of an asteroid family tree: Some asteroids are potentially risky, meaning they could crash with Earth some time in the distant future. If we know how they find their way to the inner solar system from the main belt to pose threats in the first place, we can defend our planet from future worrisome asteroids. 5．What is the author’s view on the scene in the sci-fi movie? A．It goes against the established facts. B．It overstates the super heroes’ role. C．It downplays the special visual effects. D．It fuels people’s interest in the asteroid. 6．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “ineluctable” in paragraph 2? A．Unavoidable. B．Uncommon. C．Incredible. D．Invisible. 7．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The definition of orbital elements. B．The formation of asteroid families. C．The naming rule of asteroid groups. D．The moving pattern of asteroid fragments. 8．What can be inferred about the study of asteroid family? A．It is a high-risk practice. B．It is built on assumptions. C．Its value can’t be overstated. D．Its coverage needs to be expanded. Passage3 （2026·山东济宁·一模） Chaotan One, the world’s first commercial power generator that uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂), has begun operations in China. This achievement breaks a century-old tradition of using steam for power generation, marking a major improvement in efficiency. The invention of the steam engine was a first step towards the Industrial Revolution that changed the world. Over the years, the engine’s efficiency was further improved through different designs and fuels; however, the medium for doing work remained the same — steam. Scientists seeking further improvements in power efficiency noticed that a significant portion of energy is wasted generating steam to drive turbines (涡轮机). Water needs to be boiled first and needs to undergo a phase change to generate steam. Scientists have been looking for a better medium to replace steam. They found this in sCO₂. CO₂ exists as a gas at room temperature and can be cooled to form dry ice by reducing pressure and lowering temperature. When temperature is raised to 31°C, and pressure is increased to 7.37 MPa, CO₂ enters its supercritical state, where it exhibits properties of both a liquid and a gas. In applications such as moving a turbine, this is extremely useful since the gas-like state offers less resistance while the liquid-like state provides greater push power. The power generation process works like this: The CO₂ is first pressurized into a supercritical state. Then the sCO₂ passes through a heat exchanger, absorbing heat from an external heat source, and its temperature rises to 400 — 600℃ with a substantial increase in internal energy. After that, it enters a turbine and expands rapidly, driving it to move at a high speed and transforming thermal (热的) energy into mechanical energy, which is then further turned into electrical energy for output. The CO₂ remains in a supercritical state throughout the entire process, with no phase change loss. The success of the Chaotan One will likely start a new era in power generation, using CO₂ as a medium and bypassing the need to transform water into steam. 9．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 2? A．Highlight the value of steam. B．Applaud the past contributions. C．Outline the Industrial Revolution. D．State the background of a new discovery. 10．What is the biggest problem with steam power generation? A．Energy-intensive. B．Labor-demanding. C．Noise-producing. D．Money-consuming. 11．What plays a key role in the high efficiency of Chaotan One? A．The durability of turbines. B．The quick commercialization of generators. C．The easy availability of CO₂. D．The continuity of CO₂’s supercritical state. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Unpredictable Changes of CO₂ B．Polarized Views on Chaotan One C．A Pioneering sCO₂ Power Generator D．A Breakthrough in Steam Engine Passage 4 （2026·山东临沂·一模） Fifteen decades ago, Francis Galton first came up with the term “nature versus nurture”, and this debate over the factors shaping human identity has long been a central topic in human sciences. Do our genes determine our life paths, as hereditarians (遗传论者) argue? Or are we born as empty paper, shaped merely by the experiences we have in our families and the wider world? Today, however, a new branch of science is ready to overturn the debate. Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are hardly separable at all — genes and the environment do not act independently, but instead interact closely and even shape one another in tangible ways. Genes do not shape our identities merely on their own within our bodies; instead, they function partly by molding the environments we choose or create. A striking finding of this research is that our environment is, in part, shaped by the genes of the people around us. Initial research suggests that your partner’s genes influence your likelihood of depression almost a third as much as your own genes do. A few students with a genetic trend for smoking in a high school seemed to cause smoking rates to skyrocket across the entire grade — even among students who have no direct contact with these students — like a gene-driven wildfire spreading through social networks. Genes alone aren’t enough to determine these outcomes and neither is environment. Nature and nurture both shape each other, with nature influencing the way we experience nurture and nurture influencing the way our nature expresses itself. The more opportunities and information the environment provides — the more varied environments become — the bigger the role that genetic variation plays in distinguishing us into different groups. Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re a Möbius strip (莫比乌斯环), endlessly circling back on each other. This interdependence means their interaction is fluid and reciprocal, a core insight of sociogenomics that bridges genetic and social science. 13．Why did the author mention the “nature versus nurture” debate in paragraph 1? A．To emphasize the dominant role of family experiences. B．To introduce a long-standing core topic in human sciences. C．To highlight the weakness of early hereditarians’ arguments. D．To lay a contrastive foundation for a new scientific perspective. 14．What can be inferred from the example of students? A．Smoking behavior spreads mainly through direct persuasion. B．Genetic tendencies can indirectly change group behavior. C．School rules fail to control students’ genetic instincts. D．Only smokers’ friends adopt the same genetic risks. 15．What happens when environments become more diverse according to paragraph 3? A．People rely less on their genetic traits. B．Genetic differences play a smaller role. C．Genetic differences become more influential. D．Nurture becomes more important than nature. 16．What does the author mean by comparing nature and nurture to a “Möbius strip”? A．They depend entirely on physical conditions. B．They have a one-way influence on each other. C．They form a complex, continuous cycle of impact. D．They are two separate parts of human development. Passage 5 （2026·山东枣庄·一模） The Arctic is a quite different place than it was 20 years ago, when scientists first began giving it an annual checkup — and its current state is dire. The first Arctic Report Card came out in 2006, and since then the Arctic has warmed twice as fast as the rest of the planet. About 95% of the oldest, thickest sea ice is gone. Even the central Arctic Ocean is becoming warmer and saltier, causing more ice melt and affecting weather patterns around the world. The findings were highlighted in the 2025 Arctic Report Card, released on Tuesday. Between October 2024 and September 2025, the air temperatures in the Arctic were at their warmest since at least 1900. The 10 warmest years in the region have all fallen within the past decade. In the ocean, the layer of sea ice reached a record low. The disappearing sea ice means that less of the sunlight is reflected back to space, which is instead absorbed by the ocean, driving a vicious cycle of warming that, in turn, causes more ice loss. The Arctic Ocean is now undergoing what scientists are calling “Atlantification” — a process where warm, salty water from the Atlantic flows north, changing how waters of different temperatures and densities are layered in the Arctic, disrupting ecosystems and altering how heat moves from the water to the air. A warmer ocean helped a powerful storm in October 2025, namely, Typhoon Halong, which kept its strength all the way to Alaska, hitting coastlines with destructive winds and floods. Glaciers are rapidly melting away, and the meltwater is poured into the oceans, raising sea levels. Permafrost continues to thaw, releasing once trapped carbon into the atmosphere and letting out iron and other elements that have turned rivers and streams orange, harming water quality and wildlife. The message is clear: the Arctic is transforming before our eyes, and the changes are affecting the entire planet. 17．What has happened to the Arctic in the past two decades? A．It has become more inhabitable. B．It has lost almost all its old sea ice. C．It was the earth’s warmest area. D．It has lost most of its sea creatures. 18．What might the vicious cycle of warming cause? A．The sea water is saltier. B．Less solar heat is lost. C．It snows less and less. D．More sea ice will melt. 19．What might “Atlantification” result in? A．Increasing the salt content of glaciers. B．Bringing more snow to the Arctic region. C．Destroying water layers and marine life. D．Preventing storms from reaching Alaska. 20．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning Typhoon Halong? A．The impacts of Arctic warming. B．The importance of the permafrost. C．The severity of natural disasters. D．The complexity of global warming. Passage 6 （2026·山东枣庄·一模） The rapid pace of change has been increasing people’s feelings of uncertainty. That collective unease can take a toll on society’s well-being. Uncertainty challenges people’s ability to think clearly, sort through information and make sound decisions. This can make people likely to fall into cognitive traps. However, uncertainty isn’t all bad. It can bring adventure, surprise, and newness to our life. From an evolutionary point of view, it makes sense that people try to predict the future. For our ancestors, worrying and reacting quickly to threats was generally the safest bet. Today’s problems, like climate change or global crises, are too big for one person to handle alone. Not knowing the future can be bad for mental health, especially for those with low tolerance for uncertainty, who are more prone to anxiety, depression, and other disorders. The Internet, while providing quick information, may sacrifice accuracy and discourage deeper inquiry. Experiencing uncertainty is a bit like experiencing pain. People naturally tend to see this feeling as completely bad. But pain serves as a signal to apply a bandage or rush to the hospital. Similarly, uncertainty is setting off the alarm to pay attention. In one experiment in 2023, researchers handed out one of two fliers (传单) with a rose to roughly 200 people walking down a busy street in Northern California. One flier read, “Life is unpredictable. Stop and smell the roses.” The other read, “Life is constant. Stop and smell the roses.” A short distance away, the team set up a table with a dozen roses and a blown-up version of the flier that just said “Stop and smell the roses.” The result was that over a quarter of walkers who received the “Life is unpredictable” flier stopped at the table compared to just 11 percent of those who received the other flier. Paul Piff, a psychologist, said that uncertainty could enhance enjoyment. He also suggested focusing on the positive aspects within our control as a way to cope. 21．What does the underlined phrase “take a toll on” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Harm. B．Benefit. C．Reshape. D．Relieve. 22．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The cause of people’s uncertainty. B．New findings of recent studies. C．The positive value of uncertainty. D．Examples of feeling uncertain. 23．Why does the author compare uncertainty to pain in paragraph 4? A．To give an extreme example. B．To show its early warning effect. C．To present a treatment option. D．To emphasize its negative effect. 24．What does the result of the 2023 experiment imply? A．Uncertainty possibly increases the joy of life. B．People are interested in the message of roses. C．More people tend to overlook peaceful life. D．People are curious about future possibilities. Passage 7 （2026·山东济南·一模） Raindrops are more than a source of fresh water. They also carry mechanical energy that can be used for free. A research team from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics has developed a water-integrated floating droplet electricity generator (W-DEG) that uses natural water as part of its structure, offering clean energy harvesting. Unlike conventional DEGs, which rely on solid ground substance and costly metal parts, the new design allows the device to float on water. When a raindrop lands on the floating dielectric film (电介质膜), the water beneath it provides the strength needed to absorb the impact because of its surface tension. This lets the droplet spread more effectively across the surface. At the same time, the water layer operates as a reliable electrical conductor. This nature-integrated design cuts the device’s weight by about 80 percent and lowers the cost by about 50 percent while maintaining similar electrical output compared to conventional systems. Tests showed that the W-DEG continued to function under diverse temperatures and salt levels, and even in natural lake water. These should be put down to its chemically inert (惰性的) dielectric layer and its naturally flexible water-based structure. To improve reliability further, the team used water’s strong surface tension to design holes that let water move downward. This creates a self-adjusting way to stop water from building up that could affect performance. The system also charged capacitors (电容器) to useful electric tension only within minutes, showing its potential for powering small electronics and wireless sensors. Moreover, with continued development, similar systems could be positioned on lakes or coastal waters, providing renewable electricity without using any land-based space. Although the laboratory results are encouraging, extending the service life of large dielectric films in dynamic outdoor conditions will also require further engineering. “By letting water itself play both structural and electrical roles, we’ve opened the door to land free systems that can supplement other renewable technologies like solar and wind.” Professor Wanlin Guo, a corresponding author of the study said. 25．What is W-DEG aimed at? A．Improving electrical conductors. B．Generating power from raindrops. C．Increasing power storage capacity. D．Turning raindrops into green energy. 26．Why did the research team design the holes in the W-DEG? A．To make the device lighter. B．To produce more electricity. C．To prevent the standing water. D．To allow water into the device. 27．What is an advantage of W-DEG according to Paragraph 4? A．Easy operation. B．Low construction cost. C．Stable performance. D．Rapid charging capability. 28．What might be a direction of the follow-up research? A．Cost reduction. B．Material recycling. C．Durability enhancement. D．Structural transformation. Passage 8 （2026·山东青岛·一模） When asked to evaluate how good we are at something, we often get that estimation completely wrong. This is a common human tendency, with the effect seen most strongly in those with lower abilities. Known as the Dunning-Kruger effect, this phenomenon means people who are not very good at a task tend to be overconfident, while those with high ability often underestimate their skills. However, a new Aalto University study found AI almost removes, even reverse (逆转), the Dunning-Kruger effect. Research showed common chatbots led everyone, regardless of skill, to over-trust AI answers. Surprisingly, most experienced AI users did this most. Researchers expected familiarity would improve self-assessment, but instead found a significant inability to accurately judge performance when using AI. The reasons behind these findings are varied. Because AI users were often satisfied with the AI’s answer after only one question, accepting it without further checking, they engaged in what researchers call “cognitive offloading”. This means approaching the task in a more “shallow” way, with reduced reflection. Less engagement in our own reasoning, termed “metacognitive monitoring” (元认知监控), means we skip the usual critical thinking process, which reduces our ability to accurately judge our performance. This study warns of several potential consequences as AI becomes more widespread. Relying more on AI results without carefully questioning them could lead to a decline in our overall critical thinking skills. We risk losing our ability to find reliable information independently. Furthermore, this trend means we will all continue to overestimate our abilities when using AI, especially those more familiar with it. This could result in more poor decisions and a loss of important skills. To prevent such problems, the study suggests that AI itself should encourage users to ask more questions. Developers could design AI responses to promote reflection, perhaps by asking, “How confident are you in this answer?” or “What might you have missed?” The research also supports the growing belief that AI education should include critical thinking, not just technical skills. 29．What does the Dunning-Kruger effect imply about self-assessment? A．It is often inaccurate. B．It improves with practice. C．It reflects true competence. D．It is stable across individuals. 30．What does the study suggest regarding experienced AI users? A．They are less reliant on AI. B．They are more overconfident. C．They assess AI answers better. D．They improve their self-evaluation. 31．What can we learn about AI users in paragraph 3? A．They prioritize the quality of tasks. B．They improve the cognitive ability. C．They practice regular self-reflection. D．They engage less in critical thinking. 32．Which of the following questions should AI ask to promote user reflection? A．How much time should you spend on this? B．Is there a simpler version of this problem? C．Would you like me to search for more data? D．What is your reasoning behind this answer? Passage 9 （2026·山东烟台·一模） Engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have designed an innovative ultrasonic (超声波) system to shake water out of an atmospheric water harvester, recovering captured water in just minutes, a breakthrough aiming to address global water shortages. Atmospheric water harvesting, which collects water even from dry desert air, has been explored by scientists for ages. “Traditional methods rely heavily on solar heat to release the water absorbed by a special material. Any material good at capturing water doesn’t want to part with that water,” said the team leader Boriskina. “The process tends to drag on for hours to turn out usable water, unable to meet urgent needs in water-starved regions.” Ikra Shuvo, an MIT graduate student specializing in ultrasound technology for wearable medical devices, became a collaborator when Boriskina recognized his ultrasound expertise combined with theirs could solve the water recovery problem head-on. Ultrasound is a form of high-frequency sound wave that can generate microscopic shakes when acting on a substance. This being the case, the team put forward a straightforward idea: Applying ultrasound to the water-harvesting material, they could break the weak bonds between the water molecules and the material, quickly causing the water to shake loose and drop out as droplets. The team set out to develop an ultrasonic water-harvesting device. It is heat-free but requires external electricity. A solar cell can run the system and also act as a sensor that signals when the storage material has reached full limit. Programmed to activate automatically whenever enough water is ready to be collected, the setup boasts 45-fold higher energy efficiency than heat-based alternatives, operates independent of sunlight and enables repeated daily cycles for greater water output. It can be easily positioned in remote dry regions, providing a steady supply of clean water and a more energy-efficient, environmentally friendly alternative to energy-intensive processes like seawater desalination. Endless possibilities will unfold when distinct fields of science — ultrasound technology, materials science and environmental engineering — come together. The Svetlana-led MIT team’s leap in water recovery technology is a powerful testament to this very truth, one that is anticipated to bring vital solutions to water-scarce regions. 33．What did Boriskina say about traditional water harvesting methods? A．They’re low-yielding. B．They use waterproof materials. C．They’re resource-intensive. D．They vary from region to region. 34．On what basis did the team propose the novel idea in paragraph 4? A．The easy release of water. B．Ultrasound’s physical properties. C．The toughness of materials. D．Ultrasound’s application ranges. 35．What is the function of a solar cell in the ultrasonic device? A．To heat the storage material. B．To absorb and draw on sunlight. C．To power the device and monitor capacity. D．To set the device for automatic operation. 36．What mainly accounts for the team’s technological breakthrough? A．Pressing water demand. B．Cross-disciplinary integration. C．Interschool academic exchanges. D．Svetlana’s exceptional leadership. Passage 10 （2026·山东滨州·一模） A reforestation revolution is being led by the innovative use of autonomous drones, a practice that balances deep respect for nature with cutting-edge technology. These drones, which work with high precision, are particularly effective in restoring large areas of forests damaged by wildfires and heavy logging. Reports show they can plant trees up to ten times faster than traditional methods, greatly boosting sustainability. The core of this technology lies in the combination of AI and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) remote sensing. The drones use LiDAR to scan damaged areas and measure the distance between the sensor and the ground. This system assesses key environmental factors such as soil composition, moisture levels and terrain contour, as well as potential risks like erosion and flooding. Then, onboard AI analyzes all these details carefully to precisely determine the best spots for planting native seeds. Each drone carries hundreds of biodegradable capsules. These capsules contain not only seeds but also nutrients and fungi, which help the roots thrive in harsh conditions. After identifying ideal areas, the drones fire the capsules into the soil, covering an area as large as a soccer field in less than an hour. The fungi in the capsules enrich the soil, attracting insects and animals that enable forests to thrive. This effect is also crucial for carbon sequestration, which is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide to prevent it from warming the planet, and is an important part of the strategy against climate change. Initial trials in wildfire-hit Kumamoto have achieved remarkable success, with an 80% germination (萌芽) rate, much higher than the 30 — 50% of manual methods. This success has drawn international attention: the US and the UK have adopted similar AI-led drones for reforestation in hard-to-access areas, showing great global promotion potential. Despite the achievements, challenges remain. Scaling up the project requires huge investment and may face hurdles like airspace restrictions. Additionally, the technology needs to adapt to diverse ecosystems with varying soil and climate. However, these drones bring bright prospects for global sustainability, with potential applications in restoring biodiversity, rehabilitating coral reefs and reversing desertification, playing a positive role in global ecological protection. 37．What are the major advantages of the drone reforestation? A．High accuracy and great efficiency. B．Low expense and easy maintenance. C．Long service lifespan and consistent updates. D．All-weather adaptability and complete safety. 38．What is the main function of the fungus in the capsules? A．To protect the seeds from being damaged. B．To provide food for insects and animals. C．To enhance root growth and soil health. D．To help break the capsules into pieces. 39．How does the author present his ideas in paragraph 4? A．By analyzing reasons and stating results. B．By listing statistics and giving examples. C．By giving a definition and making a contrast. D．By making comparisons and quoting an expert. 40．What can be inferred about the technology according to the last paragraph? A．It holds great promise despite present barriers. B．It makes advances in large-scale application. C．It can easily adapt to diverse ecosystems. D．It removes restrictions to sustainability. 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1 （2026·山东淄博·一模） Time is something we feel every day — rushing to school, glancing at watches, counting down minutes. Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics (量子力学) does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. So where does time’s flow come from? A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). They envisioned the universe as a timeless quantum state. When one part acts as a “clock” and becomes entangled with the rest, time seems to emerge — just like page numbers help us read a story in order. Experimental support is accumulating. In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. But what could serve as the universe’s real clock? Italian physicist Paola Verrucci points to black holes. They are isolated, highly energetic, and — thanks to Hawking radiation — can entangle with the outside world. “It’s a perfect clock,” she says. “You can’t touch it, but you can be linked to it.” More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. “You create time,” she says, “when you ask what time it is.” This view transforms our role from passive witnesses of time to active participants. Time may not be a pre-existing river carrying us, but a story we co-write through our interactions with a quantum universe. 1．What can we know from paragraph 1? A．The theory of relativity views time as independent of space. B．Modern physics can explain why time moves forward easily. C．Quantum mechanics specially focuses on the study of time. D．Our understanding of time varies from physics perspectives. 2．Why did the scientists create the model? A．To explain the quantum entanglement. B．To support a timeless quantum state. C．To show how time comes from entanglement. D．To confirm time exists in a static universe. 3．Which viewpoint might Verrucci agree with? A．Hawking radiation generated time. B．There is no ideal clock in universe. C．Observing time helps to create time. D．Time existed as a river before humans. 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To present the history of quantum mechanics. B．To explore the origin of time from quantum links. C．To compare a couple of known spacetime theories. D．To illustrate technology of quantum entanglement. Passage 2 （2026·山东日照·一模） A new study by researchers at the Cluster of Excellence Science of Intelligence shows that a combination of uncertainty and heterogeneity (异质性) plays a crucial role in how groups reach agreement. Classic models of decision-making assume that all individuals contribute equally to consensus (共识), but in reality, groups are diverse and homogeneous in both knowledge and influence. Just as some people are experts in a topic, some individuals have more accurate or reliable information than the rest of the group. Others might be more “connected,” which causes their opinions to spread more widely. These two types of diversity, namely level of knowledge and number of connections, are not independent, as uncertainty influences how the two shape decision-making. In other words, individuals with more initial knowledge tend to become more central and influential, helping others reduce uncertainty, while those who interact with many others obtain more information and thus become less uncertain over time. This dynamic allows groups to naturally remove weak or biased information and come to reliable conclusions — as long as central individuals don’t become overconfident too quickly. To explore these effects, the researchers built a model where individuals adjust their beliefs and certainty dynamically as new information comes in. Uncertain individuals relied more on their peers, while confident ones shaped the group’s direction of opinion. But position within the network mattered just as much — highly connected agents spread their opinions widely, whether they were right or wrong. The researchers found that a mix of perspectives wasn’t enough to improve decisions. Groups reached smarter and faster decisions when guided by uncertainty. When everyone had equal certainty and connections, consensus was slow and unreliable. But in heterogeneous groups, uncertainty helped weigh opinions, so that decisions were faster and more accurate. In artificial intelligence and robotics, this research offers a new way to design systems that make better collective decisions. Self-driving cars could assess not just sensor inputs, but also the confidence of other nearby vehicles, improving safety. Many natural systems already follow the principle of adapting to uncertainty. Schools of fish, flocks of birds, and ant colonies don’t treat all input equally but adapt dynamically. We can use that knowledge to build better AI and improve human collaboration. 5．What do classic models of decision-making ignore? A．Group discussion. B．Individual difference. C．Equal contribution. D．Interpersonal relationship. 6．What can be inferred about “knowledge” and “connections”? A．They can be misleading. B．They can remove overconfidence. C．They rely on central individuals. D．They interact through uncertainty. 7．How can uncertainty assist with decision-making according to the research? A．By balancing different views. B．By encouraging more participation. C．By making people decisive. D．By reducing unnecessary conflicts. 8．What does the author mainly discuss in the last paragraph? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible directions of AI technology. C．Ways of adapting to uncertainty. D．Potential application of the findings. Passage 3 （2026·山东德州·一模） You’ve followed all sleep experts’ advice — going to bed on time, avoiding afternoon coffee, and keeping your bedroom cool as you like, dark with no light on, and quiet as possible — yet you still toss and turn. Glancing at the silver light through the curtains, you wonder: Could the full moon be ruining your sleep? Figuring out the moon’s impact on human sleep is challenging, as emotions and expectations often cloud judgments. Many people romanticize full moons, especially special events like harvest or blue moons, while others anticipate restlessness under a full moon, which alone can disrupt sleep. Scientific studies suggest real physiological effects caused by the moon. In a 2013 study, Swiss researchers analyzed data from an experiment in which participants had no idea their sleep was being studied for lunar effects. Around the full moon, participants experienced a 30 percent drop in deep-sleep brain activity, took 5 minutes longer to fall asleep, and slept 20 minutes less overall. They also reported worse sleep quality and had lower levels of melatonin, the hormone (荷尔蒙) that your body releases naturally at night to calm your body down and prepare you for sleep. However, all these studies share one major limitation: they were conducted in sleep laboratories, where the subjects may be disturbed easily by the unfamiliar setting. To address this, University of Washington researchers tracked sleep in real-world environments: three Argentinian communities (urban suburbs, rural village with limited electricity, remote area with no electricity) and 464 Seattle university students. Across all groups, regardless of artificial light access, participants slept less and took longer to fall asleep in the nights leading up to a full moon. The researchers think this may reflect an ancient adaptation: When the moon was brightest, our ancestors likely stayed up later to hunt, socialize, or work by natural light. The sleep changes were most obvious in low-electricity communities, where moonlight remained the main light source at night. Sleep experts note that while the full moon’s effect, up to one hour less sleep, is profound, artificial light from screens likely has an even greater impact on modern sleep. 9．What is the difficulty in studying the moon’s effect on sleep? A．People’s habits and hobbies. B．Health conditions and sleep space. C．Artificial light or noise in the room. D．People’s emotions and anticipations. 10．What did the 2013 Swiss study find about full moons? A．They caused 25 minutes less sleep on average. B．They affected people more in the real world. C．They had less impact on sleep than expected. D．They led to a reduced deep-sleep brain activity. 11．Why did University of Washington researchers adjust study surroundings? A．To compare sleep patterns by age group. B．To analyze the influence of artificial light on sleep. C．To avoid the impact of strange settings on subjects. D．To test whether urban lifestyle cancels lunar effects. 12．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The End of Moonlight Folktales B．City Lights’ effects on Human Sleep C．Moonlight’s battle with artificial light D．The Moon’s Silent Theft of Our Sleep Passage 4 （2026·山东潍坊·一模） For most, the sound of rain hitting rooftops is just noise, and the droplets are simply water to be channeled away. However, a team of researchers at UNIST, led by Young-Bin Park, has found a way to turn the energy of falling raindrops into a power source. To capture energy, the researchers turned to carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (聚合物), known as CFRP, which can both stand the natural elements and move electricity. It is incredibly lightweight, yet stronger than many metals. Using it as the foundation for their droplet-based electricity generator, or DEC, they created a device called the S-FRP-DEC． Falling through the atmosphere, each raindrop typically carries a positive charge. The surface of the S-FRP-DEG, however, is engineered to be negatively charged. When a raindrop a transfer of charges occurs. To make this process efficient, they applied a lotus-leaf-inspired coating to the device. As a droplet strikes, it spreads out and rolls away instantly. This quick motion is what drives an electric current through the carbon fibers. This way, the mechanical energy of the falling rain is translated into electricity. Through laboratory tests, the researchers found that a single raindrop — measuring roughly 92 microliters in volume — was capable of generating a surprising 60 volts of electricity. They proved its scalability by connecting four of these generator units in series, whose combined power can briefly illuminate 144 LED lights. When testing it on real-world rooftops, they discovered the S-FPR-DEG could act as a sensor to autonomously distinguish between a drizzle and a storm. When a storm hits, these signals can be used to automatically activate drainage pumps (排水泵) without needing any external electricity or batteries. Park suggests that this technology could one day be integrated into mobility systems. Imagine a car or a plane that harvests energy from the rain it passes through. By turning rain into a source of power, this research provides a sustainable, and autonomous way to protect our cities and keep our technology running, even in the middle of a storm. 13．Why did the researchers choose CFRP to capture energy? A．It is light and cost-effective. B．It is durable and conductive. C．It is sustainable and heat-absorbing. D．It is stretchable and environmental-friendly. 14．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The working principle. B．The design inspiration. C．The surface engineering. D．The functional instructions. 15．How can the device help fight floods? A．It can collect falling rainwater. B．It can be a self-powered rain sensor. C．It can be an automatic drainage system. D．It can transport electricity to the LED lights. 16．What is Park’s suggestion about the invention? A．Apply it to vehicles. B．Make cities free of storms. C．Improve road facilities. D．Update self-driving system. Passage 5 （2026·山东潍坊·一模） In our fast-paced, stressful lives, we’re often turning to social media, online shopping, or gaming to escape daily pressures. However, the experience can often be the opposite, leaving us more exhausted. This begs the question: do we scroll because we’re stressed, or are we stressed because we scroll? To better understand the subtle (微妙的) relationship of stress a and internet use, particularly how specific online behaviors influence stress levels. Belal’s team, from Finland’s Aalto University, conducted one of the first studies. They recorded real-world internet usage through tracking software installed on participants’ devices. Combined with a large sample size and a lengthy observation period, the findings offer especially valuable insight into bow online habits tie in with stress. The study, published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, collected internet usage data from around 1,500 adults over a seven-month period, comprising nearly 47 million web visits and 14 million app sessions. When compared with participants’ self-reported stress levels from questionnaires, researchers found a strong link between internet use and increased stress, particularly among those who already experienced daily stress. Women consistently reported higher stress levels than men, while stress tended to decrease with age and wealth. Not all online activities were equal, though. The study found that extended time spent on social media, online shopping, and gaming platforms was associated with higher stress levels compared to activities like checking emails or reading the news. There are always concerns over internet life, especially increasing social media engagement, and some countries, such as Australia, banned social media for anyone under 16. The researchers hope that by gathering more detailed information about people’s internet habits, they can eventually develop concrete recommendations and tools that support healthier, more regulated online engagement. Juhi Kulshrestha, assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science, cautions against oversimplified solutions. She believes that blanket bans on internet use may overlook the emotional support certain online spaces provide. And it’s really crucial to study these issues further so the chicken and egg problem can be solved. The research team plans to explore how different types of news — political, entertainment, or sports coverage — affect stress, helping further clarify the internet’s complex role in mental health. 17．Why did Belal’s team conduct their research? A．To compare job-related stress levels. B．To prove why internet use results in stress. C．To create apps to help lower stress in adults. D．To study how stress interacts with internet use. 18．What is a feature of the research method? A．Focusing on a specific age group. B．Conducting nationwide online interviews. C．Collecting large-scale real data over time. D．Using lab experiments to measure stress levels. 19．Which online activity likely causes the least stress according to the research? A．Checking emails. B．Shopping. C．Playing games. D．Chatting. 20．What does Juhi warn against? A．Judging a book by its cover. B．Sacrificing tomorrow for today. C．Painting everything with the same brush. D．Counting your chickens before they hatch. Passage 6 （2026·山东济南·一模） We’ve all heard that ostriches (鸵鸟) bury their heads in the sand when danger approaches. While untrue for the ostriches, it mirrors a common human behavior called “information avoidance” — the active choice to turn away from the freely available information highly relevant to ourselves. But why do we change from naturally curious children into selective information avoiders? A 2025 study titled “Becoming an Ostrich” explored this. Researchers had children aged 5 to 10 play a game where researchers designed two candy distribution schemes (方案): equal shares for each, or one large share and one small share. Most children chose the latter and claimed the large share. Then, researchers asked whether they would like to know how many candies were left for their partner. The result was interesting. Younger children showed strong curiosity, actively seeking their partner’s information. The older children, however, increasingly chose to avoid it. Researchers explained as children grow older, they become more concerned with feeling at ease — even if their actions might not be moral. By avoiding their partner’s information, they tend to keep a sense of fairness, or at least appearing fair. This strategy makes it easier to act in satisfying personal interests without feeling guilty. They note that adults routinely employ the same approach in various real-life situations. Yet avoidance has long-term costs. Skipping health screenings may ease anxiety now, but can risk serious health issues later. Avoiding tough conversations may prevent short term conflict, but will likely trap people in unsatisfying relationships. “By repeatedly avoiding opposing views,” researchers warn, “we build avoidance habits that can harden into rigid thinking patterns over time.” It’s no wonder researchers refer to this as a fundamental human contradiction: we start out in life as curious explorers, eager as possible to absorb whatever knowledge we can. Yet, somewhere along the way, we learn to stick our heads in the sand like an ostrich. This comfortable escape, nevertheless, can shape our choices and determine how our lives unfold. Recognizing this is the first step toward reclaiming the courageous curiosity that defines our earliest years. 21．How does the author introduce “information avoidance” in Paragraph 1? A．By using a metaphor. B．By offering statistics. C．By showing an argument. D．By giving an example. 22．Why did the older children avoid their partner’s information? A．To maintain a nice self-image. B．To safeguard others’ interests. C．To sustain their sense of guilt. D．To obey the rules of the game. 23．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The consequences of avoidance actions. B．The ways of forming thinking patterns. C．The reasons of ignoring opposing views. D．The health costs of our avoidance habits. 24．What can be a suitable title of the text? A．Does avoidance bring true happiness? B．Should we bury our heads like an ostrich? C．Can we shape our childhood curiosity? D．Is avoidance a path to greater curiosity? Passage 7 （2026·山东临沂·一模） Pushing my cart through the grocery store, I look at the other shoppers. Do they know that nearly 70% of what’s on the shelves is overly processed? According to a recent report by the US Centers for Disease Control, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) now make up 53% of the average American adult’s diet — and 62% of a child’s. Studies link just 10% more daily calories from UPFs to sharply higher risks: a 50% increase in heart-related death, and 55% greater chance of obesity (肥胖). Yet despite reading countless studies and learning from experts, I still find UPFs nearly impossible to avoid. Walk with me down the rows of snack shelves, and I’ll explain why. Overflowing with sugar, salt and fat, the colorfully packaged candies, cookies and chips, despite being calorie-loaded and nutritionally bad for us, are deliciously addictive. Experts say the food industry engineered its recipes to target our “bliss point” — creating the absolute yummiest combinations of ingredients to make it nearly impossible to “eat just one.” Apart from the deliciousness of those snacks, the majority of other UPFs, such as ready-to-eat meals and instant mixes, contain artificial flavors and preservatives. The convenience of such long-lasting, affordable foods is undeniable: we can make meals without stirring sauce for hours over the stove, freeing up time for other parts of life. “Food companies today have closed off their processing plants,” said Popkin, a researcher from University of South Carolina, “so we can’t clinically compare effects of eating whole corn to deconstructed corn.” Despite growing evidence of harm, the industry continues marketing UPFs aggressively. “They don’t want to lose their cash cow, so they’re willing to put millions into fighting government restrictions on UPFs as well as funding nutritionists to voice evidence of their harmlessness,” Popkin said. There is a silver lining, fortunately. In May, the World Health Organization called on scientists worldwide to help set guidelines on UPF consumption. Yes, there will always be junk food. But if the majority of our food could be made fresher and less processed, we’d be on our way to a healthier world. 25．What phenomenon does the author describe in paragraph 1? A．Children eat less UPFs than adults do. B．Shoppers are widely exposed to UPFs. C．People are concerned about their food. D．Ultra-processed food has become a hit. 26．What do the underlined words “bliss point” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Sensory pleasure. B．Mental thrill. C．Shopping motive. D．Nutritional balance. 27．What might food companies try to do according to Popkin? A．Fund opposition to government intervention. B．Open more plants to support clinical studies. C．Work with nutritionists for healthy products. D．Reduce UPFs marketing to protect business. 28．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Convenience of Ultra-Processed Foods B．Innovation Behind Ultra-Processed Foods C．Reasons for Ultra-Processed Foods Trend D．Risks of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption Passage 8 （2026·山东滨州·一模） Over the last 1,400 years, populations of the Yangtze finless porpoise have dramatically declined in China. But intensive surveys of its range only span the last couple of decades, leaving lots of gaps in scientists’ knowledge of the species. In a creative blend of art and science, a new study uses historical poetry to chart the critically endangered animal’s population across the river it calls home. The finless porpoises once lived throughout the entire Yangtze River, which stretches from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea. Now, the only known freshwater porpoise in the world has fewer than 1,800 individuals left in the wild. The research team combed through databases of Chinese poetry to find references to the porpoise and map its past distribution. They found 724 poems that mentioned the animal, of which half noted where the porpoises were observed. Their findings were published in Current Biology. “Having access to past data allows us to detect when declines began and correlate those changes with potential threats like habitat destruction, climate change, overhunting, disease or the introduction of invasive species,” says lead author Zhang Yaoyao, an ecologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The poems suggest the porpoise’s range has decreased by 65% since the Tang dynasty. Most of that decline happened in the river’s tributaries and lakes, where the animal’s range has decreased by 91%. While the population decrease was mostly gradual, the sharpest decline has occurred over the past 100 years. That sudden drop aligns with human activities on the river, especially dam construction in the 1950s that blocked off the porpoise's movement to and from the river's main channel. The work highlights the connection between culture and science. “Poems are actually ancient citizen science, and many Chinese poets were ‘well-educated intellectuals’,” says Zhang. “These data are not perfect...But they do have a lot of information if you use them correctly.” This approach has potential for uncovering the pasts of other endangered species as well. Previously, scholars have used medieval and ancient texts to understand things like volcanic eruptions, auroras and unusual whales. 29．What challenge do scientists face in their research about the porpoise? A．Its population has dropped off dramatically. B．Locating its habitats is increasingly difficult. C．The long-term historical data are insufficient. D．Its population is hard to calculate precisely. 30．What mainly contributed to the dramatic fall of the porpoise’s populations? A．Poor resistance to diseases. B．Climate changes over time. C．Human impacts on its habitats. D．Competition with other species. 31．Why does the author mention “volcanic eruptions” in the last paragraph? A．To show major threats to endangered wildlife. B．To introduce challenges in ecological research. C．To reveal the wisdom of ancient Chinese poets. D．To prove the value of ancient texts in research. 32．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Historical Poems: Records of Ancient Chinese Wildlife B．citizen Science: A New Approach to Protecting Animals C．The Yangtze Finless Porpoise: A Critically Endangered Species D．Ancient Poetry: A Creative Way to Study Endangered Porpoise / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03阅读理解（说明文一） 参考答案 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1：1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D Passage 2：5．A 6．A 7．B 8．C Passage 3：9．D 10．A 11．D 12．C Passage 4：13．D 14．B 15．C 16．C Passage5：17．B 18．D 19．C 20．A Passage6：21．A 22．C 23．B 24．A Passage7：25．B 26．C 27．D 28．C Passage8：29．A 30．B 31．D 32．D Passage9：33．A 34．B 35．C 36．B Passage10：37．A 38．C 39．B 40．A 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1：1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B Passage 2：5．B 6．D 7．A 8．D Passage 3：9．D 10．D 11．C 12．D Passage 4：13．B 14．A 15．B 16．A Passage 5：17．D 18．C 19．A 20．C Passage 6：21．A 22．A 23．A 24．B Passage 7：25．B 26．A 27．A 28．C Passage 8：29．C 30．C 31．D 32．D / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文一） 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1 （2026·山东潍坊·一模） Pick up any packaged processed food, and there’s a decent chance that one of its listed ingredients will be “natural flavour”. The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to “artificial flavours” since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true. Then what exactly does the natural flavour mean? It refers to extracts (提取物) got from natural sources like plants, meat or seafood. When consumers see the “natural flavour” on a label, they are unlikely to assume that someone is squeezing the juice from oranges into their bottles. They know even though natural flavour must come from natural sources, it needn’t all come from the plant or meat. For example, orange flavours might contain not only orange extracts, but also extracts from bark and grass. So if flavours like orange are needed, why not just use oranges? The answer comes down to “availability, cost, and sustainability”, according to flavour chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota. “If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda,” Reineccius says, “you don’t have any grapes for wine making; the products are going to be exorbitant; besides, what do you do with the by-products you create after you’ve squeezed all the juice out of the grapes?” Actually, while chemists make natural flavours by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients, artificial flavours are made by creating the same chemicals artificially. The reason why companies bother to use natural flavours rather than artificial flavours is simple: marketing. “Many of these products have health titles,” says Platkin, professor from Hunter College. “Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavours are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavours. Natural flavours may involve more forest clear-cutting and carbon emissions from transport than flavours created in the lab.” Platkin suggests getting more transparent (易懂的) labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavours are, so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavours”. Reineccius also offers simple guidance: “Don’t buy anything because it says ‘natural flavours’. Buy it because you like it.” 1．Which is misunderstanding about the “natural flavour” juice according to Paragraph 1？ A．It comes from 100% original fruit. B．It is nothing but advertising tricks. C．It certainly contains extracts made in the lab. D．It is absolutely safer than juice with artificial flavours. 2．What does the underlined word “exorbitant” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Popular. B．Expensive. C．Favorable. D．Innovative. 3．Why do companies use natural flavours in the products? A．To cut the costs. B．To promote the sales. C．To advocate a healthy diet. D．To avoid food safety issues. 4．What can we conclude from the text? A．Gary and Platkin hold opposite perspectives. B．Natural flavours are more environmentally friendly. C．Customers are misled for ignoring labels on packaging. D．Natural and artificial flavours are more alike than you think. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。产品中添加的人工香料和天然香料在营养成分上并没有多大区别，文章对此进行了介绍。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The ingredient sounds good, particularly in contrast to “artificial flavours” since there is a common belief that ingredients from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made. But it’s not true.(这种成分听起来不错，尤其是与“人工香料”相比，因为人们普遍认为来自自然界的成分必然比人工合成的更安全。但事实并非如此。)”可知，关于“天然风味”果汁的误解是它绝对比添加了人工香料的果汁安全得多。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“The answer comes down to “availability, cost, and sustainability”, according to flavour chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota.(据明尼苏达大学的风味化学家加里·雷内库斯称，答案归结为“可获得性、成本和可持续性”这几个方面。)”和最后一句中的“If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda(如果你打算将所有的葡萄都用于制作葡萄汽水的话)”以及“you don’t have any grapes for wine making(你就没有用于酿酒的葡萄了)”可知，此处是指产品的成本会非常高昂，exorbitant意为“昂贵的”。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The reason why companies bother to use natural flavours rather than artificial flavours is simple: marketing.(企业之所以倾向于使用天然香料而非人工香料，原因很简单——那就是营销策略。)”可知，公司会在产品中使用天然香料是为了促销。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句中的“Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavours are healthier, though they are nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavours.(消费者可能会被说服相信，带有天然口味的产品更健康，但实际上这些产品在营养成分上与带有人工口味的产品并无差异。)”可知，从文中可以推断出天然香料和人工香料其实比你想象的要更为相似。故选D。 Passage 2 （2026·山东济宁·一模） We’ve all seen this happen in a science-fiction movie: The super heroes jump into a shaky spaceship and escape the bad guys by flying through the asteroid (小行星) belt, where huge rocks fall and spin so close that the crew has to duck and dive to avoid being broken into pieces. It’s exciting, but it’s wrong: In our solar system, the odds are pretty good that you could stand on the surface of an asteroid and not even be able to see another. Yet they do interact if given enough time. Even in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, crashes are ineluctable. And when two space rocks go “crash” in the main belt, big impacts blow lots of asteroid fragments (碎片) out into space. In many cases, these fragments stay on much the same orbital path as the parent asteroid, although they gradually separate from it because of slight speed differences. After thousands of years, some fragments might be clear across the Sun, but their distance from the Sun and the shape and direction of their orbits remain similar. Such conserved features are collectively called an asteroid’s orbital elements. The groupings sharing orbital elements are identified as “families”, which are named after the largest asteroid in the group. Studying asteroids by focusing on their families can help us make a good guess about what properties a newly-found one has if it belongs to a better-studied family. Care must be taken, though. Some very large asteroids have differentiated materials in the center and on the surface, so confirming those guesses usually requires taking spectra, the time-consuming process of breaking an object’s incoming light into individual colors to reveal its composition. It’s more than a mere academic exercise to find this particular branch of an asteroid family tree: Some asteroids are potentially risky, meaning they could crash with Earth some time in the distant future. If we know how they find their way to the inner solar system from the main belt to pose threats in the first place, we can defend our planet from future worrisome asteroids. 5．What is the author’s view on the scene in the sci-fi movie? A．It goes against the established facts. B．It overstates the super heroes’ role. C．It downplays the special visual effects. D．It fuels people’s interest in the asteroid. 6．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “ineluctable” in paragraph 2? A．Unavoidable. B．Uncommon. C．Incredible. D．Invisible. 7．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The definition of orbital elements. B．The formation of asteroid families. C．The naming rule of asteroid groups. D．The moving pattern of asteroid fragments. 8．What can be inferred about the study of asteroid family? A．It is a high-risk practice. B．It is built on assumptions. C．Its value can’t be overstated. D．Its coverage needs to be expanded. 【答案】5．A 6．A 7．B 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科幻电影中关于小行星带的场景与现实不符，并介绍了小行星带中碰撞不可避免、小行星家族的形成、研究小行星家族的意义以及其对地球潜在威胁的防范作用。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段“It’s exciting, but it’s wrong: In our solar system, the odds are pretty good that you could stand on the surface of an asteroid and not even be able to see another. （这很刺激，但这是错误的：在我们的太阳系中，你很有可能站在小行星的表面，却看不到另一颗小行星）”可知，作者认为科幻电影中的场景与事实不符。故选A项。 6．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Yet they do interact if given enough time. Even in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, crashes are ineluctable. （然而，如果给它们足够的时间，它们确实会相互作用。即使在火星和木星轨道之间的主小行星带，碰撞也是ineluctable）”可知，前文提到小行星之间如果给予足够的时间会相互作用，接着举例说明即使在主小行星带，碰撞也是会发生的，即碰撞是不可避免的。由此可知，划线词ineluctable与A项Unavoidable“不可避免的”意思相近。故选A项。 7．主旨大意题。根据第三段“In many cases, these fragments stay on much the same orbital path as the parent asteroid, although they gradually separate from it because of slight speed differences. After thousands of years, some fragments might be clear across the Sun, but their distance from the Sun and the shape and direction of their orbits remain similar. Such conserved features are collectively called an asteroid’s orbital elements. The groupings sharing orbital elements are identified as ‘families’, which are named after the largest asteroid in the group. （在许多情况下，这些碎片与母小行星保持在大致相同的轨道上，尽管由于速度略有不同，它们会逐渐与母小行星分离。几千年后，一些碎片可能会在太阳的另一侧，但它们与太阳的距离以及轨道的形状和方向仍然相似。这些保存下来的特征统称为小行星的轨道元素。共享轨道元素的星群被确定为‘家族’，以该星群中最大的小行星命名）”可知，本段主要介绍了小行星碎片与母小行星的关系，以及具有相似轨道元素的星群如何形成小行星家族。因此，本段主要讲的是小行星家族的形成。故选B项。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It’s more than a mere academic exercise to find this particular branch of an asteroid family tree: Some asteroids are potentially risky, meaning they could crash with Earth some time in the distant future. If we know how they find their way to the inner solar system from the main belt to pose threats in the first place, we can defend our planet from future worrisome asteroids. （找到小行星家谱中的这一特定分支不仅仅是一项学术练习：有些小行星具有潜在风险，这意味着它们可能在遥远的未来与地球相撞。如果我们知道它们是如何从主带进入内太阳系并首先构成威胁的，我们就可以保护我们的星球免受未来令人担忧的小行星的侵害）”可知，研究小行星家族不仅仅是一项学术活动，它对于保护地球免受潜在危险小行星的撞击具有重要意义。因此，研究小行星家族的价值不可估量。故选C项。 Passage3 （2026·山东济宁·一模） Chaotan One, the world’s first commercial power generator that uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂), has begun operations in China. This achievement breaks a century-old tradition of using steam for power generation, marking a major improvement in efficiency. The invention of the steam engine was a first step towards the Industrial Revolution that changed the world. Over the years, the engine’s efficiency was further improved through different designs and fuels; however, the medium for doing work remained the same — steam. Scientists seeking further improvements in power efficiency noticed that a significant portion of energy is wasted generating steam to drive turbines (涡轮机). Water needs to be boiled first and needs to undergo a phase change to generate steam. Scientists have been looking for a better medium to replace steam. They found this in sCO₂. CO₂ exists as a gas at room temperature and can be cooled to form dry ice by reducing pressure and lowering temperature. When temperature is raised to 31°C, and pressure is increased to 7.37 MPa, CO₂ enters its supercritical state, where it exhibits properties of both a liquid and a gas. In applications such as moving a turbine, this is extremely useful since the gas-like state offers less resistance while the liquid-like state provides greater push power. The power generation process works like this: The CO₂ is first pressurized into a supercritical state. Then the sCO₂ passes through a heat exchanger, absorbing heat from an external heat source, and its temperature rises to 400 — 600℃ with a substantial increase in internal energy. After that, it enters a turbine and expands rapidly, driving it to move at a high speed and transforming thermal (热的) energy into mechanical energy, which is then further turned into electrical energy for output. The CO₂ remains in a supercritical state throughout the entire process, with no phase change loss. The success of the Chaotan One will likely start a new era in power generation, using CO₂ as a medium and bypassing the need to transform water into steam. 9．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 2? A．Highlight the value of steam. B．Applaud the past contributions. C．Outline the Industrial Revolution. D．State the background of a new discovery. 10．What is the biggest problem with steam power generation? A．Energy-intensive. B．Labor-demanding. C．Noise-producing. D．Money-consuming. 11．What plays a key role in the high efficiency of Chaotan One? A．The durability of turbines. B．The quick commercialization of generators. C．The easy availability of CO₂. D．The continuity of CO₂’s supercritical state. 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Unpredictable Changes of CO₂ B．Polarized Views on Chaotan One C．A Pioneering sCO₂ Power Generator D．A Breakthrough in Steam Engine 【答案】9．D 10．A 11．D 12．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“超坦一号”以超临界二氧化碳替代蒸汽发电，突破百年传统，避免相变损耗，效率大幅提升，标志发电新时代开启。 9．推理判断题。文章第一段介绍了文章主题：“超坦一号”以超临界二氧化碳替代蒸汽发电，这是一次科技的重大突破。第二段“The invention of the steam engine was a first step towards the Industrial Revolution that changed the world. Over the years, the engine’s efficiency was further improved through different designs and fuels; however, the medium for doing work remained the same — steam.(蒸汽机的发明是工业革命的开端，改变了整个世界。多年来，通过不同的设计和燃料，发动机的效率不断得到提高；然而，做功的介质始终是蒸汽)”可知，第二段主要介绍蒸汽作为动力的历史，阐述了“超坦一号”以超临界二氧化碳替代蒸汽发电的背景信息。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段“Scientists seeking further improvements in power efficiency noticed that a significant portion of energy is wasted generating steam to drive turbines (涡轮机). Water needs to be boiled first and needs to undergo a phase change to generate steam.(寻求进一步提高发电效率的科学家们注意到，在驱动涡轮机时产生蒸汽会浪费大量能量。水需要先被加热，然后经历相变才能产生蒸汽)”可知，蒸汽发电的弊端是耗能高。Energy-intensive的意思是“高耗能的”。故选A项。 11．推理判断题，根据第五段“The CO₂ remains in a supercritical state throughout the entire process, with no phase change loss.(整个过程中，二氧化碳始终处于超临界状态，不存在相变损失)”可知，本段介绍了利用二氧化碳发电的全过程后指出，整个过程二氧化碳始终处于超临界状态，不存在相变损失，所以说二氧化碳超临界状态的连续性是“超坦一号”高效的关键。故选D项。 12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Chaotan One, the world’s first commercial power generator that uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂), has begun operations in China. This achievement breaks a century-old tradition of using steam for power generation, marking a major improvement in efficiency.(超坦一号是全球首台使用超临界二氧化碳作为能源的商业发电设备，现已在中国投入运行。这一成就打破了使用蒸汽进行发电的百年传统，标志着效率有了重大提升)”并综合全文可知，本文主要介绍了超临界二氧化碳发电机技术取代了蒸汽发电，这是一个重大突破。C项意思是：一种开创性的超临界二氧化碳动力发电机，概括文章主旨。故选C项。 Passage 4 （2026·山东临沂·一模） Fifteen decades ago, Francis Galton first came up with the term “nature versus nurture”, and this debate over the factors shaping human identity has long been a central topic in human sciences. Do our genes determine our life paths, as hereditarians (遗传论者) argue? Or are we born as empty paper, shaped merely by the experiences we have in our families and the wider world? Today, however, a new branch of science is ready to overturn the debate. Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are hardly separable at all — genes and the environment do not act independently, but instead interact closely and even shape one another in tangible ways. Genes do not shape our identities merely on their own within our bodies; instead, they function partly by molding the environments we choose or create. A striking finding of this research is that our environment is, in part, shaped by the genes of the people around us. Initial research suggests that your partner’s genes influence your likelihood of depression almost a third as much as your own genes do. A few students with a genetic trend for smoking in a high school seemed to cause smoking rates to skyrocket across the entire grade — even among students who have no direct contact with these students — like a gene-driven wildfire spreading through social networks. Genes alone aren’t enough to determine these outcomes and neither is environment. Nature and nurture both shape each other, with nature influencing the way we experience nurture and nurture influencing the way our nature expresses itself. The more opportunities and information the environment provides — the more varied environments become — the bigger the role that genetic variation plays in distinguishing us into different groups. Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re a Möbius strip (莫比乌斯环), endlessly circling back on each other. This interdependence means their interaction is fluid and reciprocal, a core insight of sociogenomics that bridges genetic and social science. 13．Why did the author mention the “nature versus nurture” debate in paragraph 1? A．To emphasize the dominant role of family experiences. B．To introduce a long-standing core topic in human sciences. C．To highlight the weakness of early hereditarians’ arguments. D．To lay a contrastive foundation for a new scientific perspective. 14．What can be inferred from the example of students? A．Smoking behavior spreads mainly through direct persuasion. B．Genetic tendencies can indirectly change group behavior. C．School rules fail to control students’ genetic instincts. D．Only smokers’ friends adopt the same genetic risks. 15．What happens when environments become more diverse according to paragraph 3? A．People rely less on their genetic traits. B．Genetic differences play a smaller role. C．Genetic differences become more influential. D．Nurture becomes more important than nature. 16．What does the author mean by comparing nature and nurture to a “Möbius strip”? A．They depend entirely on physical conditions. B．They have a one-way influence on each other. C．They form a complex, continuous cycle of impact. D．They are two separate parts of human development. 【答案】13．D 14．B 15．C 16．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍 “先天与后天” 之争，指出二者并非独立，而是紧密互动、相互塑造，环境越多样基因差异影响越大，二者如莫比乌斯环般相互依存。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Today, however, a new branch of science is ready to overturn the debate. Through this new perspective, nature and nurture are hardly separable at all — genes and the environment do not act independently, but instead interact closely and even shape one another in tangible ways.(然而，如今有一门新的学科即将彻底改变这场争论。从这个新的视角来看，先天因素和后天培养几乎完全不可分割——基因和环境并非独立运作，而是相互密切作用，并以切实的方式影响彼此)”可知，提及“先天因素与后天因素”的争论是为一种新的科学观点奠定对比性的基础。故选D。 14．推理判断题。根据第二段“A few students with a genetic trend for smoking in a high school seemed to cause smoking rates to skyrocket across the entire grade — even among students who have no direct contact with these students — like a gene-driven wildfire spreading through social networks.(一所高中的少数学生具有吸烟的遗传倾向，这似乎导致整个年级的吸烟率大幅上升——甚至在那些与这些学生没有直接接触的学生中也是如此——就像一种由基因驱动的“野火”在社交网络中蔓延开来)”可知，遗传倾向能够间接地影响群体行为。故选B。 15．细节理解题。根据第三段“The more opportunities and information the environment provides — the more varied environments become — the bigger the role that genetic variation plays in distinguishing us into different groups.(环境所提供的机会和信息越多——环境的多样性也就越强——那么基因变异在将我们区分为不同群体方面所起的作用也就越大)”可知，当环境变得更加多样化时，遗传差异的影响愈发显著。故选C。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nature and nurture aren’t separate forces — they’re a Möbius strip (莫比乌斯环), endlessly circling back on each other. This interdependence means their interaction is fluid and reciprocal, a core insight of sociogenomics that bridges genetic and social science.(先天因素与后天培养并非相互独立的力量——它们就像一个莫比乌斯环，彼此不断相互环绕。这种相互依存的关系意味着它们之间的相互作用是灵活且相互关联的，这是社会基因组学的核心见解，它将遗传学和社会科学联系了起来)”可知，作者将先天因素和后天培养比作“莫比乌斯环”意在表达它们形成了一个复杂的、连续的相互影响的循环。故选C。 Passage 5 （2026·山东枣庄·一模） The Arctic is a quite different place than it was 20 years ago, when scientists first began giving it an annual checkup — and its current state is dire. The first Arctic Report Card came out in 2006, and since then the Arctic has warmed twice as fast as the rest of the planet. About 95% of the oldest, thickest sea ice is gone. Even the central Arctic Ocean is becoming warmer and saltier, causing more ice melt and affecting weather patterns around the world. The findings were highlighted in the 2025 Arctic Report Card, released on Tuesday. Between October 2024 and September 2025, the air temperatures in the Arctic were at their warmest since at least 1900. The 10 warmest years in the region have all fallen within the past decade. In the ocean, the layer of sea ice reached a record low. The disappearing sea ice means that less of the sunlight is reflected back to space, which is instead absorbed by the ocean, driving a vicious cycle of warming that, in turn, causes more ice loss. The Arctic Ocean is now undergoing what scientists are calling “Atlantification” — a process where warm, salty water from the Atlantic flows north, changing how waters of different temperatures and densities are layered in the Arctic, disrupting ecosystems and altering how heat moves from the water to the air. A warmer ocean helped a powerful storm in October 2025, namely, Typhoon Halong, which kept its strength all the way to Alaska, hitting coastlines with destructive winds and floods. Glaciers are rapidly melting away, and the meltwater is poured into the oceans, raising sea levels. Permafrost continues to thaw, releasing once trapped carbon into the atmosphere and letting out iron and other elements that have turned rivers and streams orange, harming water quality and wildlife. The message is clear: the Arctic is transforming before our eyes, and the changes are affecting the entire planet. 17．What has happened to the Arctic in the past two decades? A．It has become more inhabitable. B．It has lost almost all its old sea ice. C．It was the earth’s warmest area. D．It has lost most of its sea creatures. 18．What might the vicious cycle of warming cause? A．The sea water is saltier. B．Less solar heat is lost. C．It snows less and less. D．More sea ice will melt. 19．What might “Atlantification” result in? A．Increasing the salt content of glaciers. B．Bringing more snow to the Arctic region. C．Destroying water layers and marine life. D．Preventing storms from reaching Alaska. 20．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning Typhoon Halong? A．The impacts of Arctic warming. B．The importance of the permafrost. C．The severity of natural disasters. D．The complexity of global warming. 【答案】17．B 18．D 19．C 20．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章指出，近二十年北极变暖速度远超全球平均，古老海冰大量消融，出现大西洋化现象，引发极端天气、海平面上升等问题，其剧变正影响整个地球。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段“About 95% of the oldest, thickest sea ice is gone. (最古老、最厚的海冰约95%已经消失。)”可知，过去二十年里北极几乎失去了所有的古老海冰。故选B。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段“The disappearing sea ice means that less of the sunlight is reflected back to space, which is instead absorbed by the ocean, driving a vicious cycle of warming that, in turn, causes more ice loss. (海冰的消失意味着反射回太空的阳光减少，这些阳光被海洋吸收，从而形成一个恶性循环，导致海洋升温，进而造成更多的冰层融化。)”可知，变暖的恶性循环可能会导致更多的海冰将会融化。故选D。 19．细节理解题。根据第四段“The Arctic Ocean is now undergoing what scientists are calling “Atlantification” — a process where warm, salty water from the Atlantic flows north, changing how waters of different temperatures and densities are layered in the Arctic, disrupting ecosystems and altering how heat moves from the water to the air. (北冰洋目前正经历着科学家所称的“大西洋化”过程——即来自大西洋的温暖且盐度较高的海水向北流动，改变了北极水域中不同温度和密度的水层分布状况，扰乱了生态系统，并改变了热量从海水向空气转移的方式。)”可知，“大西洋化”可能会导致破坏水层和海洋生物。故选C。 20．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A warmer ocean helped a powerful storm in October 2025, namely, Typhoon Halong, which kept its strength all the way to Alaska, hitting coastlines with destructive winds and floods. (2025年10月，温暖的海洋为一场威力强大的风暴提供了助力，那就是台风“哈隆”。这场台风一路保持着强大的威力，最终抵达阿拉斯加，以狂风和洪水摧毁了海岸线。)”可知，作者提及台风“哈隆”意在说明北极变暖的影响。故选A。 Passage 6 （2026·山东枣庄·一模） The rapid pace of change has been increasing people’s feelings of uncertainty. That collective unease can take a toll on society’s well-being. Uncertainty challenges people’s ability to think clearly, sort through information and make sound decisions. This can make people likely to fall into cognitive traps. However, uncertainty isn’t all bad. It can bring adventure, surprise, and newness to our life. From an evolutionary point of view, it makes sense that people try to predict the future. For our ancestors, worrying and reacting quickly to threats was generally the safest bet. Today’s problems, like climate change or global crises, are too big for one person to handle alone. Not knowing the future can be bad for mental health, especially for those with low tolerance for uncertainty, who are more prone to anxiety, depression, and other disorders. The Internet, while providing quick information, may sacrifice accuracy and discourage deeper inquiry. Experiencing uncertainty is a bit like experiencing pain. People naturally tend to see this feeling as completely bad. But pain serves as a signal to apply a bandage or rush to the hospital. Similarly, uncertainty is setting off the alarm to pay attention. In one experiment in 2023, researchers handed out one of two fliers (传单) with a rose to roughly 200 people walking down a busy street in Northern California. One flier read, “Life is unpredictable. Stop and smell the roses.” The other read, “Life is constant. Stop and smell the roses.” A short distance away, the team set up a table with a dozen roses and a blown-up version of the flier that just said “Stop and smell the roses.” The result was that over a quarter of walkers who received the “Life is unpredictable” flier stopped at the table compared to just 11 percent of those who received the other flier. Paul Piff, a psychologist, said that uncertainty could enhance enjoyment. He also suggested focusing on the positive aspects within our control as a way to cope. 21．What does the underlined phrase “take a toll on” in paragraph 1 mean? A．Harm. B．Benefit. C．Reshape. D．Relieve. 22．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The cause of people’s uncertainty. B．New findings of recent studies. C．The positive value of uncertainty. D．Examples of feeling uncertain. 23．Why does the author compare uncertainty to pain in paragraph 4? A．To give an extreme example. B．To show its early warning effect. C．To present a treatment option. D．To emphasize its negative effect. 24．What does the result of the 2023 experiment imply? A．Uncertainty possibly increases the joy of life. B．People are interested in the message of roses. C．More people tend to overlook peaceful life. D．People are curious about future possibilities. 【答案】21．A 22．C 23．B 24．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了变化带来的不确定感虽有损福祉、易引发心理问题，但也有积极价值，其具预警作用，实验还表明它能提升生活愉悦感，可关注可控的积极面应对。 21．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“The rapid pace of change has been increasing people’s feelings of uncertainty. That collective unease can take a toll on society’s well-being.(快速的变化节奏加剧了人们的不确定感，这种集体的不安会take a toll on社会的福祉)”以及“Uncertainty challenges people’s ability to think clearly, sort through information and make sound decisions. This can make people likely to fall into cognitive traps.(不确定性会影响人们清晰思考、梳理信息和做出明智决策的能力，这使得人们很容易陷入认知陷阱)”可知，该短语表消极含义，与harm“损害；伤害”意思接近。故选A项。 22．主旨大意题。根据第二段“However, uncertainty isn’t all bad. It can bring adventure, surprise, and newness to our life. From an evolutionary point of view, it makes sense that people try to predict the future. For our ancestors, worrying and reacting quickly to threats was generally the safest bet.(然而，不确定性并非全然是坏事。它能为我们的生活带来冒险、惊喜与新鲜感。从进化的角度来看，人类试图预测未来是合乎情理的。对于我们的祖先而言，保持警惕并快速应对威胁，通常是最稳妥的做法)”可知，本段核心讲述不确定性的积极价值。故选C项。 23．推理判断题。根据第四段“But pain serves as a signal to apply a bandage or rush to the hospital. Similarly, uncertainty is setting off the alarm to pay attention.(但疼痛是一种信号，提醒我们包扎伤口或赶往医院。同样，不确定性也在拉响警报，提醒我们多加关注)”可推知，作者将不确定性比作疼痛，是为了说明其和疼痛一样具有预警作用。故选B项。 24．推理判断题。根据第六段“The result was that over a quarter of walkers who received the “Life is unpredictable” flier stopped at the table compared to just 11 percent of those who received the other flier. Paul Piff, a psychologist, said that uncertainty could enhance enjoyment. (结果显示，收到 “人生无常” 传单的步行者中，超过四分之一的人在桌前驻足；而收到另一版传单的人当中，这一比例仅为11%。心理学家保罗・皮夫（Paul Piff）表示，不确定性能提升愉悦感)”可推知，2023年的实验结果表明不确定性可能会增加生活的乐趣。故选A项。 Passage 7 （2026·山东济南·一模） Raindrops are more than a source of fresh water. They also carry mechanical energy that can be used for free. A research team from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics has developed a water-integrated floating droplet electricity generator (W-DEG) that uses natural water as part of its structure, offering clean energy harvesting. Unlike conventional DEGs, which rely on solid ground substance and costly metal parts, the new design allows the device to float on water. When a raindrop lands on the floating dielectric film (电介质膜), the water beneath it provides the strength needed to absorb the impact because of its surface tension. This lets the droplet spread more effectively across the surface. At the same time, the water layer operates as a reliable electrical conductor. This nature-integrated design cuts the device’s weight by about 80 percent and lowers the cost by about 50 percent while maintaining similar electrical output compared to conventional systems. Tests showed that the W-DEG continued to function under diverse temperatures and salt levels, and even in natural lake water. These should be put down to its chemically inert (惰性的) dielectric layer and its naturally flexible water-based structure. To improve reliability further, the team used water’s strong surface tension to design holes that let water move downward. This creates a self-adjusting way to stop water from building up that could affect performance. The system also charged capacitors (电容器) to useful electric tension only within minutes, showing its potential for powering small electronics and wireless sensors. Moreover, with continued development, similar systems could be positioned on lakes or coastal waters, providing renewable electricity without using any land-based space. Although the laboratory results are encouraging, extending the service life of large dielectric films in dynamic outdoor conditions will also require further engineering. “By letting water itself play both structural and electrical roles, we’ve opened the door to land free systems that can supplement other renewable technologies like solar and wind.” Professor Wanlin Guo, a corresponding author of the study said. 25．What is W-DEG aimed at? A．Improving electrical conductors. B．Generating power from raindrops. C．Increasing power storage capacity. D．Turning raindrops into green energy. 26．Why did the research team design the holes in the W-DEG? A．To make the device lighter. B．To produce more electricity. C．To prevent the standing water. D．To allow water into the device. 27．What is an advantage of W-DEG according to Paragraph 4? A．Easy operation. B．Low construction cost. C．Stable performance. D．Rapid charging capability. 28．What might be a direction of the follow-up research? A．Cost reduction. B．Material recycling. C．Durability enhancement. D．Structural transformation. 【答案】25．B 26．C 27．D 28．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了南京航空航天大学团队研发的水集成漂浮式水滴发电装置（W-DEG）利用雨水发电的原理、优势及未来研究方向。 25．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A research team from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics has developed a water-integrated floating droplet electricity generator (W-DEG) that uses natural water as part of its structure, offering clean energy harvesting.(南京航空航天大学的一个研究小组开发了一种水集成漂浮式水滴发电装置（W-DEG），它利用天然水作为其结构的一部分，提供清洁能源收集。)”可知，W-DEG旨在利用雨水发电。故选B。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段中“To improve reliability further, the team used water’s strong surface tension to design holes that let water move downward. This creates a self-adjusting way to stop water from building up that could affect performance.(为了进一步提高可靠性，该团队利用水强大的表面张力来设计一些孔洞，使水能够向下流动。这样就形成了一种能够自动调节的机制，以防止水积聚从而影响性能。)”可知，研究团队在W-DEG中设计孔是为了防止积水。故选C。 27．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The system also charged capacitors (电容器) to useful electric tension only within minutes, showing its potential for powering small electronics and wireless sensors.(该系统还能在短短几分钟内将电容器充电至有效电压，展现出为小型电子设备和无线传感器供电的潜力。)”可知，W-DEG的优势是快速充电能力。故选D。 28．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Although the laboratory results are encouraging, extending the service life of large dielectric films in dynamic outdoor conditions will also require further engineering.(尽管实验室结果令人鼓舞，但在动态户外条件下延长大型介电薄膜的使用寿命还需要进一步的工程研究。)”可知，后续研究的方向可能是提高耐久性。故选C。 Passage 8 （2026·山东青岛·一模） When asked to evaluate how good we are at something, we often get that estimation completely wrong. This is a common human tendency, with the effect seen most strongly in those with lower abilities. Known as the Dunning-Kruger effect, this phenomenon means people who are not very good at a task tend to be overconfident, while those with high ability often underestimate their skills. However, a new Aalto University study found AI almost removes, even reverse (逆转), the Dunning-Kruger effect. Research showed common chatbots led everyone, regardless of skill, to over-trust AI answers. Surprisingly, most experienced AI users did this most. Researchers expected familiarity would improve self-assessment, but instead found a significant inability to accurately judge performance when using AI. The reasons behind these findings are varied. Because AI users were often satisfied with the AI’s answer after only one question, accepting it without further checking, they engaged in what researchers call “cognitive offloading”. This means approaching the task in a more “shallow” way, with reduced reflection. Less engagement in our own reasoning, termed “metacognitive monitoring” (元认知监控), means we skip the usual critical thinking process, which reduces our ability to accurately judge our performance. This study warns of several potential consequences as AI becomes more widespread. Relying more on AI results without carefully questioning them could lead to a decline in our overall critical thinking skills. We risk losing our ability to find reliable information independently. Furthermore, this trend means we will all continue to overestimate our abilities when using AI, especially those more familiar with it. This could result in more poor decisions and a loss of important skills. To prevent such problems, the study suggests that AI itself should encourage users to ask more questions. Developers could design AI responses to promote reflection, perhaps by asking, “How confident are you in this answer?” or “What might you have missed?” The research also supports the growing belief that AI education should include critical thinking, not just technical skills. 29．What does the Dunning-Kruger effect imply about self-assessment? A．It is often inaccurate. B．It improves with practice. C．It reflects true competence. D．It is stable across individuals. 30．What does the study suggest regarding experienced AI users? A．They are less reliant on AI. B．They are more overconfident. C．They assess AI answers better. D．They improve their self-evaluation. 31．What can we learn about AI users in paragraph 3? A．They prioritize the quality of tasks. B．They improve the cognitive ability. C．They practice regular self-reflection. D．They engage less in critical thinking. 32．Which of the following questions should AI ask to promote user reflection? A．How much time should you spend on this? B．Is there a simpler version of this problem? C．Would you like me to search for more data? D．What is your reasoning behind this answer? 【答案】29．A 30．B 31．D 32．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了邓宁-克鲁格效应以及一项新研究发现人工智能对这一效应的影响，还分析了研究结果背后的原因、潜在后果，并提出了防止相关问题的建议。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段“When asked to evaluate how good we are at something, we often get that estimation completely wrong. This is a common human tendency, with the effect seen most strongly in those with lower abilities. Known as the Dunning-Kruger effect, this phenomenon means people who are not very good at a task tend to be overconfident, while those with high ability often underestimate their skills.(当我们被要求评估自己在某件事上的能力时，我们常常会完全错误地估计。这是一种常见的人类倾向，在能力较低的人身上这种效应最为明显。这种现象被称为邓宁-克鲁格效应，意思是那些不太擅长某项任务的人往往过于自信，而那些能力高的人则常常低估自己的技能。)”可知，邓宁-克鲁格效应意味着自我评估往往是不准确的。故选A。 30．细节理解题。根据第二段“Research showed common chatbots led everyone, regardless of skill, to over-trust AI answers. Surprisingly, most experienced AI users did this most.(研究表明，常见的聊天机器人让每个人，无论技能如何，都过度信任人工智能的答案。令人惊讶的是，大多数有经验的人工智能用户这样做得最多。)”可知，有经验的AI用户更加过度自信。故选B。 31．细节理解题。根据第三段“Less engagement in our own reasoning, termed “metacognitive monitoring” (元认知监控), means we skip the usual critical thinking process, which reduces our ability to accurately judge our performance.(较少进行自我推理，这一过程被称为“元认知监控”，意味着我们跳过了常规的批判性思维过程，从而降低了我们准确评判自身表现的能力。)”可知，AI用户较少参与批判性思维。故选D。 32．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To prevent such problems, the study suggests that AI itself should encourage users to ask more questions. Developers could design AI responses to promote reflection, perhaps by asking, “How confident are you in this answer?” or “What might you have missed?”(为了防止这些问题，研究建议人工智能本身应该鼓励用户提出更多问题。开发人员可以设计人工智能的回答来促进反思，比如问“你对这个答案有多自信？”或者“你可能遗漏了什么？”)”可知，为了促进用户反思，AI应该问一些能促进用户反思的问题，选项D“你得出这个答案的理由是什么”符合这一要求。故选D。 Passage 9 （2026·山东烟台·一模） Engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have designed an innovative ultrasonic (超声波) system to shake water out of an atmospheric water harvester, recovering captured water in just minutes, a breakthrough aiming to address global water shortages. Atmospheric water harvesting, which collects water even from dry desert air, has been explored by scientists for ages. “Traditional methods rely heavily on solar heat to release the water absorbed by a special material. Any material good at capturing water doesn’t want to part with that water,” said the team leader Boriskina. “The process tends to drag on for hours to turn out usable water, unable to meet urgent needs in water-starved regions.” Ikra Shuvo, an MIT graduate student specializing in ultrasound technology for wearable medical devices, became a collaborator when Boriskina recognized his ultrasound expertise combined with theirs could solve the water recovery problem head-on. Ultrasound is a form of high-frequency sound wave that can generate microscopic shakes when acting on a substance. This being the case, the team put forward a straightforward idea: Applying ultrasound to the water-harvesting material, they could break the weak bonds between the water molecules and the material, quickly causing the water to shake loose and drop out as droplets. The team set out to develop an ultrasonic water-harvesting device. It is heat-free but requires external electricity. A solar cell can run the system and also act as a sensor that signals when the storage material has reached full limit. Programmed to activate automatically whenever enough water is ready to be collected, the setup boasts 45-fold higher energy efficiency than heat-based alternatives, operates independent of sunlight and enables repeated daily cycles for greater water output. It can be easily positioned in remote dry regions, providing a steady supply of clean water and a more energy-efficient, environmentally friendly alternative to energy-intensive processes like seawater desalination. Endless possibilities will unfold when distinct fields of science — ultrasound technology, materials science and environmental engineering — come together. The Svetlana-led MIT team’s leap in water recovery technology is a powerful testament to this very truth, one that is anticipated to bring vital solutions to water-scarce regions. 33．What did Boriskina say about traditional water harvesting methods? A．They’re low-yielding. B．They use waterproof materials. C．They’re resource-intensive. D．They vary from region to region. 34．On what basis did the team propose the novel idea in paragraph 4? A．The easy release of water. B．Ultrasound’s physical properties. C．The toughness of materials. D．Ultrasound’s application ranges. 35．What is the function of a solar cell in the ultrasonic device? A．To heat the storage material. B．To absorb and draw on sunlight. C．To power the device and monitor capacity. D．To set the device for automatic operation. 36．What mainly accounts for the team’s technological breakthrough? A．Pressing water demand. B．Cross-disciplinary integration. C．Interschool academic exchanges. D．Svetlana’s exceptional leadership. 【答案】33．A 34．B 35．C 36．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了麻省理工学院工程师设计出创新超声波系统从大气水收集器中快速回收水以应对全球缺水问题。 33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Traditional methods rely heavily on solar heat to release the water absorbed by a special material. Any material good at capturing water doesn’t want to part with that water(传统方法严重依赖太阳能热量来释放被特殊材料吸收的水。任何善于捕捉水的材料都不愿意与水分离)”以及“The process tends to drag on for hours to turn out usable water, unable to meet urgent needs in water-starved regions.(这个过程往往会持续数小时才能产生可用的水，无法满足缺水地区的紧急需求)”可知，传统取水方法效率低、产量低。故选A。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Ultrasound is a form of high-frequency sound wave that can generate microscopic shakes when acting on a substance. This being the case, the team put forward a straightforward idea: Applying ultrasound to the water-harvesting material, they could break the weak bonds between the water molecules and the material, quickly causing the water to shake loose and drop out as droplets.(超声波是一种高频声波，当作用于物质时能产生微观震动。既然如此，研究小组提出了一个简单的想法：将超声波应用于水收集材料，他们可以打破水分子和材料之间的弱键，使水迅速震动并脱落成水滴)”可知，研究小组是基于超声波的物理特性（能产生微观震动）提出了这个新想法。故选B。 35．细节理解题。根据第五段中“A solar cell can run the system and also act as a sensor that signals when the storage material has reached full limit.(太阳能电池可以为系统供电，也可以作为传感器，在存储材料达到极限时发出信号)”可知，太阳能电池在超声波设备中的作用是为设备供电并监测容量。故选C。 36．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Endless possibilities will unfold when distinct fields of science — ultrasound technology, materials science and environmental engineering — come together.(当不同的科学领域——超声波技术、材料科学和环境工程——结合在一起时，无限的可能性将会展开)”可知，研究小组的技术突破主要归功于跨学科的融合。故选B。 Passage 10 （2026·山东滨州·一模） A reforestation revolution is being led by the innovative use of autonomous drones, a practice that balances deep respect for nature with cutting-edge technology. These drones, which work with high precision, are particularly effective in restoring large areas of forests damaged by wildfires and heavy logging. Reports show they can plant trees up to ten times faster than traditional methods, greatly boosting sustainability. The core of this technology lies in the combination of AI and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) remote sensing. The drones use LiDAR to scan damaged areas and measure the distance between the sensor and the ground. This system assesses key environmental factors such as soil composition, moisture levels and terrain contour, as well as potential risks like erosion and flooding. Then, onboard AI analyzes all these details carefully to precisely determine the best spots for planting native seeds. Each drone carries hundreds of biodegradable capsules. These capsules contain not only seeds but also nutrients and fungi, which help the roots thrive in harsh conditions. After identifying ideal areas, the drones fire the capsules into the soil, covering an area as large as a soccer field in less than an hour. The fungi in the capsules enrich the soil, attracting insects and animals that enable forests to thrive. This effect is also crucial for carbon sequestration, which is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide to prevent it from warming the planet, and is an important part of the strategy against climate change. Initial trials in wildfire-hit Kumamoto have achieved remarkable success, with an 80% germination (萌芽) rate, much higher than the 30 — 50% of manual methods. This success has drawn international attention: the US and the UK have adopted similar AI-led drones for reforestation in hard-to-access areas, showing great global promotion potential. Despite the achievements, challenges remain. Scaling up the project requires huge investment and may face hurdles like airspace restrictions. Additionally, the technology needs to adapt to diverse ecosystems with varying soil and climate. However, these drones bring bright prospects for global sustainability, with potential applications in restoring biodiversity, rehabilitating coral reefs and reversing desertification, playing a positive role in global ecological protection. 37．What are the major advantages of the drone reforestation? A．High accuracy and great efficiency. B．Low expense and easy maintenance. C．Long service lifespan and consistent updates. D．All-weather adaptability and complete safety. 38．What is the main function of the fungus in the capsules? A．To protect the seeds from being damaged. B．To provide food for insects and animals. C．To enhance root growth and soil health. D．To help break the capsules into pieces. 39．How does the author present his ideas in paragraph 4? A．By analyzing reasons and stating results. B．By listing statistics and giving examples. C．By giving a definition and making a contrast. D．By making comparisons and quoting an expert. 40．What can be inferred about the technology according to the last paragraph? A．It holds great promise despite present barriers. B．It makes advances in large-scale application. C．It can easily adapt to diverse ecosystems. D．It removes restrictions to sustainability. 【答案】37．A 38．C 39．B 40．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了利用自主无人机进行重新造林的革命性实践及其优势、技术核心、应用案例、面临的挑战和前景。 37．细节理解题。根据第一段“These drones, which work with high precision, are particularly effective in restoring large areas of forests damaged by wildfires and heavy logging. Reports show they can plant trees up to ten times faster than traditional methods, greatly boosting sustainability.(这些无人机以高精度工作，在恢复受野火和大量砍伐破坏的大片森林方面特别有效。报告显示，它们种植树木的速度比传统方法最多快十倍，大大提高了可持续性)”可知，无人机重新造林的主要优势是高精度和高效率。故选A。 38．细节理解题。根据第三段“Each drone carries hundreds of biodegradable capsules. These capsules contain not only seeds but also nutrients and fungi, which help the roots thrive in harsh conditions.(每架无人机携带数百个可生物降解的胶囊。这些胶囊不仅含有种子，还含有营养物质和真菌，这些物质有助于根系在恶劣条件下茁壮成长)”可知，胶囊中真菌的主要功能是增强根系生长和土壤健康。故选C。 39．推理判断题。根据第四段“Initial trials in wildfire-hit Kumamoto have achieved remarkable success, with an 80% germination (萌芽) rate, much higher than the 30-50% of manual methods. This success has drawn international attention: the US and the UK have adopted similar AI-led drones for reforestation in hard-to-access areas, showing great global promotion potential.(在受野火袭击的熊本进行的初步试验取得了显著成功，发芽率达到80%，远高于人工方法的30%至50%。这一成功引起了国际关注：美国和英国已经在难以进入的地区采用了类似的由人工智能主导的无人机进行重新造林，显示出巨大的全球推广潜力)”可推知，作者在第四段中通过列出统计数据和举例来表达他的观点。故选B。 40．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite the achievements, challenges remain. Scaling up the project requires huge investment and may face hurdles like airspace restrictions. Additionally, the technology needs to adapt to diverse ecosystems with varying soil and climate. However, these drones bring bright prospects for global sustainability, with potential applications in restoring biodiversity, rehabilitating coral reefs and reversing desertification, playing a positive role in global ecological protection.(尽管取得了成就，但挑战依然存在。扩大项目规模需要巨额投资，并可能面临空域限制等障碍。此外，这项技术需要适应不同土壤和气候的多样化生态系统。然而，这些无人机为全球可持续发展带来了光明的前景，在恢复生物多样性、修复珊瑚礁和逆转荒漠化方面具有潜在的应用价值，在全球生态保护中发挥着积极作用)”可推知，尽管存在障碍，但这项技术仍有很大的前景。故选A。 主题01 人与自然——自然与科研 Passage 1 （2026·山东淄博·一模） Time is something we feel every day — rushing to school, glancing at watches, counting down minutes. Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics (量子力学) does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. So where does time’s flow come from? A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). They envisioned the universe as a timeless quantum state. When one part acts as a “clock” and becomes entangled with the rest, time seems to emerge — just like page numbers help us read a story in order. Experimental support is accumulating. In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. But what could serve as the universe’s real clock? Italian physicist Paola Verrucci points to black holes. They are isolated, highly energetic, and — thanks to Hawking radiation — can entangle with the outside world. “It’s a perfect clock,” she says. “You can’t touch it, but you can be linked to it.” More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. “You create time,” she says, “when you ask what time it is.” This view transforms our role from passive witnesses of time to active participants. Time may not be a pre-existing river carrying us, but a story we co-write through our interactions with a quantum universe. 1．What can we know from paragraph 1? A．The theory of relativity views time as independent of space. B．Modern physics can explain why time moves forward easily. C．Quantum mechanics specially focuses on the study of time. D．Our understanding of time varies from physics perspectives. 2．Why did the scientists create the model? A．To explain the quantum entanglement. B．To support a timeless quantum state. C．To show how time comes from entanglement. D．To confirm time exists in a static universe. 3．Which viewpoint might Verrucci agree with? A．Hawking radiation generated time. B．There is no ideal clock in universe. C．Observing time helps to create time. D．Time existed as a river before humans. 4．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To present the history of quantum mechanics. B．To explore the origin of time from quantum links. C．To compare a couple of known spacetime theories. D．To illustrate technology of quantum entanglement. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从量子角度探讨时间的产生与方向。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Yet, surprisingly, modern physics struggles to explain why time moves forward at all. Einstein’s theory of relativity describes time as part of a fixed 4D spacetime, where past, present, and future coexist like pages in a book. Quantum mechanics does not naturally treats time as special — many processes could run backward just as well. (然而，令人惊讶的是，现代物理学很难解释为什么时间会向前移动。爱因斯坦的相对论将时间描述为固定的四维时空的一部分，过去、现在和未来像书中的页面一样共存。量子力学并不自然地把时间视为特殊的——许多过程也可以逆向运行。)”可知，我们对时间的理解因物理学角度不同而有差异。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In a 2024 study, scientists created a model using entangled quantum magnets and a spring. The entire system was static (静态的), yet the spring’s state changed over time relative to the clock, demonstrating how time might arise from entanglement. (在2024年的一项研究中，科学家们使用纠缠的量子磁体和弹簧创建了一个模型。整个系统是静态的，然而，相对于时钟，弹簧的状态随时间而变化，这展示了时间是如何从纠缠中产生的。)”可知，科学家创建这个模型是为了展示时间是如何从纠缠中产生的。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“More strikingly, Verrucci argues time’s direction may come from quantum measurement. Each time we observe reality, possibilities collapse into facts — a one-way process. ‘You create time,’ she says, ‘when you ask what time it is.’ (更引人注目的是，Verrucci认为时间的方向可能来自量子测量。每次我们观察现实时，可能性都会坍缩成事实——这是一个单向的过程。‘当你问现在几点时，你就在创造时间，’她说。)”可知，Verrucci认为观察时间有助于创造时间。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“A groundbreaking perspective was proposed in 1983 by scientists Page and Wootters. They proposed that time is an illusion (幻觉) created by quantum entanglement (纠缠). (1983年，科学家Page和Wootters提出了一个开创性的观点。他们提出，时间是由量子纠缠产生的幻觉。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要探讨了时间是如何从量子纠缠中产生的，因此文章的主要目的是从量子联系的角度探索时间的起源。故选B。 Passage 2 （2026·山东日照·一模） A new study by researchers at the Cluster of Excellence Science of Intelligence shows that a combination of uncertainty and heterogeneity (异质性) plays a crucial role in how groups reach agreement. Classic models of decision-making assume that all individuals contribute equally to consensus (共识), but in reality, groups are diverse and homogeneous in both knowledge and influence. Just as some people are experts in a topic, some individuals have more accurate or reliable information than the rest of the group. Others might be more “connected,” which causes their opinions to spread more widely. These two types of diversity, namely level of knowledge and number of connections, are not independent, as uncertainty influences how the two shape decision-making. In other words, individuals with more initial knowledge tend to become more central and influential, helping others reduce uncertainty, while those who interact with many others obtain more information and thus become less uncertain over time. This dynamic allows groups to naturally remove weak or biased information and come to reliable conclusions — as long as central individuals don’t become overconfident too quickly. To explore these effects, the researchers built a model where individuals adjust their beliefs and certainty dynamically as new information comes in. Uncertain individuals relied more on their peers, while confident ones shaped the group’s direction of opinion. But position within the network mattered just as much — highly connected agents spread their opinions widely, whether they were right or wrong. The researchers found that a mix of perspectives wasn’t enough to improve decisions. Groups reached smarter and faster decisions when guided by uncertainty. When everyone had equal certainty and connections, consensus was slow and unreliable. But in heterogeneous groups, uncertainty helped weigh opinions, so that decisions were faster and more accurate. In artificial intelligence and robotics, this research offers a new way to design systems that make better collective decisions. Self-driving cars could assess not just sensor inputs, but also the confidence of other nearby vehicles, improving safety. Many natural systems already follow the principle of adapting to uncertainty. Schools of fish, flocks of birds, and ant colonies don’t treat all input equally but adapt dynamically. We can use that knowledge to build better AI and improve human collaboration. 5．What do classic models of decision-making ignore? A．Group discussion. B．Individual difference. C．Equal contribution. D．Interpersonal relationship. 6．What can be inferred about “knowledge” and “connections”? A．They can be misleading. B．They can remove overconfidence. C．They rely on central individuals. D．They interact through uncertainty. 7．How can uncertainty assist with decision-making according to the research? A．By balancing different views. B．By encouraging more participation. C．By making people decisive. D．By reducing unnecessary conflicts. 8．What does the author mainly discuss in the last paragraph? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible directions of AI technology. C．Ways of adapting to uncertainty. D．Potential application of the findings. 【答案】5．B 6．D 7．A 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究揭示不确定性与异质性对群体决策的影响，及相关发现对AI设计和人类协作的启示。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Classic models of decision-making assume that all individuals contribute equally to consensus (共识), but in reality, groups are diverse and homogeneous in both knowledge and influence.(经典的决策模型假设所有个体对共识的贡献是均等的，但在现实中，群体在知识和影响力方面都是多样且同质的。)”可知，经典决策模型忽视了个体差异。故选B。 6．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“These two types of diversity, namely level of knowledge and number of connections, are not independent, as uncertainty influences how the two shape decision-making. (这两种多样性——即知识水平和人脉数量——并非相互独立的，因为不确定性会影响这两者对决策的塑造方式。)”可推测，知识水平和人脉联系这两种多样性并非相互独立，不确定性会影响二者如何影响决策。故选D。 7．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“When everyone had equal certainty and connections, consensus was slow and unreliable. But in heterogeneous groups, uncertainty helped weigh opinions, so that decisions were faster and more accurate.(如果所有人的确定性和人脉数量都相同，共识的形成会既缓慢又不可靠。但在异质性群体中，不确定性有助于权衡不同观点，从而让决策既快速又准确。)”可知，在异质群体中，不确定性有助于权衡不同观点，从而辅助决策。故选A。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“In artificial intelligence and robotics, this research offers a new way to design systems that make better collective decisions. Self-driving cars could assess not just sensor inputs, but also the confidence of other nearby vehicles, improving safety. Many natural systems already follow the principle of adapting to uncertainty. Schools of fish, flocks of birds, and ant colonies don’t treat all input equally but adapt dynamically. We can use that knowledge to build better AI and improve human collaboration.(在人工智能和机器人学领域，这项研究为设计能做出更优集体决策的系统提供了新方法。自动驾驶汽车不仅可以评估传感器输入，还能考量附近其他车辆的可信度，从而提升安全性。许多自然系统早已遵循适应不确定性的原则：鱼群、鸟群和蚁群不会同等对待所有输入信息，而是进行动态调整。我们可以利用这一知识研发更先进的人工智能，并改善人类协作。)”可知，最后一段中作者主要探讨研究结果在人工智能、机器人以及人类协作等方面的潜在应用。故选D。 Passage 3 （2026·山东德州·一模） You’ve followed all sleep experts’ advice — going to bed on time, avoiding afternoon coffee, and keeping your bedroom cool as you like, dark with no light on, and quiet as possible — yet you still toss and turn. Glancing at the silver light through the curtains, you wonder: Could the full moon be ruining your sleep? Figuring out the moon’s impact on human sleep is challenging, as emotions and expectations often cloud judgments. Many people romanticize full moons, especially special events like harvest or blue moons, while others anticipate restlessness under a full moon, which alone can disrupt sleep. Scientific studies suggest real physiological effects caused by the moon. In a 2013 study, Swiss researchers analyzed data from an experiment in which participants had no idea their sleep was being studied for lunar effects. Around the full moon, participants experienced a 30 percent drop in deep-sleep brain activity, took 5 minutes longer to fall asleep, and slept 20 minutes less overall. They also reported worse sleep quality and had lower levels of melatonin, the hormone (荷尔蒙) that your body releases naturally at night to calm your body down and prepare you for sleep. However, all these studies share one major limitation: they were conducted in sleep laboratories, where the subjects may be disturbed easily by the unfamiliar setting. To address this, University of Washington researchers tracked sleep in real-world environments: three Argentinian communities (urban suburbs, rural village with limited electricity, remote area with no electricity) and 464 Seattle university students. Across all groups, regardless of artificial light access, participants slept less and took longer to fall asleep in the nights leading up to a full moon. The researchers think this may reflect an ancient adaptation: When the moon was brightest, our ancestors likely stayed up later to hunt, socialize, or work by natural light. The sleep changes were most obvious in low-electricity communities, where moonlight remained the main light source at night. Sleep experts note that while the full moon’s effect, up to one hour less sleep, is profound, artificial light from screens likely has an even greater impact on modern sleep. 9．What is the difficulty in studying the moon’s effect on sleep? A．People’s habits and hobbies. B．Health conditions and sleep space. C．Artificial light or noise in the room. D．People’s emotions and anticipations. 10．What did the 2013 Swiss study find about full moons? A．They caused 25 minutes less sleep on average. B．They affected people more in the real world. C．They had less impact on sleep than expected. D．They led to a reduced deep-sleep brain activity. 11．Why did University of Washington researchers adjust study surroundings? A．To compare sleep patterns by age group. B．To analyze the influence of artificial light on sleep. C．To avoid the impact of strange settings on subjects. D．To test whether urban lifestyle cancels lunar effects. 12．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．The End of Moonlight Folktales B．City Lights’ effects on Human Sleep C．Moonlight’s battle with artificial light D．The Moon’s Silent Theft of Our Sleep 【答案】9．D 10．D 11．C 12．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章围绕“满月是否会影响人类睡眠”展开，多项研究都证实满月会减少人们的睡眠时间、降低睡眠质量。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Figuring out the moon’s impact on human sleep is challenging, as emotions and expectations often cloud judgments.(要弄清楚月亮对人类睡眠的影响并非易事，因为情绪和期望常常会干扰判断)”可知，研究月亮对睡眠的难处在于人们的情绪和预期会干扰判断，故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Around the full moon, participants experienced a 30 percent drop in deep-sleep brain activity, took 5 minutes longer to fall asleep, and slept 20 minutes less overall.(在满月期间，参与者深度睡眠时的大脑活动下降了30%，入睡所需时间延长了5分钟，总体睡眠时间减少了20分钟)”可知，2013年的研究发现满月导致深度睡眠脑活动减少，故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, all these studies share one major limitation: they were conducted in sleep laboratories, where the subjects may be disturbed easily by the unfamiliar setting.(然而，所有这些研究都存在一个主要的局限性：它们都是在睡眠实验室中进行的，而在这样的环境中，实验对象很容易受到陌生环境的干扰)”和第四段中“To address this, University of Washington researchers tracked sleep in real-world environments: three Argentinian communities (urban suburbs, rural village with limited electricity, remote area with no electricity) and 464 Seattle university students.(为了解决这个问题，华盛顿大学的研究人员在真实环境中追踪了人们的睡眠情况：三个阿根廷社区（城市郊区、电力供应有限的农村村庄、无电力供应的偏远地区）以及464名西雅图大学的学生)”可知，之前的研究受试者很容易被陌生的实验室环境干扰，华盛顿大学调整到真实环境是为了避免陌生环境对受试者的影响，故选C。 12．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第二段“Figuring out the moon’s impact on human sleep is challenging, as emotions and expectations often cloud judgments. Many people romanticize full moons, especially special events like harvest or blue moons, while others anticipate restlessness under a full moon, which alone can disrupt sleep. Scientific studies suggest real physiological effects caused by the moon.(要弄清楚月亮对人类睡眠的影响并非易事，因为情绪和期望常常会干扰判断。许多人会将满月视为浪漫的象征，尤其是在诸如丰收或蓝月这样的特殊时刻；而另一些人则会预期在满月之下会感到不安，而这种不安本身就可能扰乱睡眠。科学研究表明，月亮确实会对人的生理产生影响)”可知，全文围绕“满月是否会影响人类睡眠”展开，多项研究都证实满月会减少人们的睡眠时间、降低睡眠质量，D选项“月亮悄悄偷走我们的睡眠”准确概括核心主题，可作为标题。故选D。 Passage 4 （2026·山东潍坊·一模） For most, the sound of rain hitting rooftops is just noise, and the droplets are simply water to be channeled away. However, a team of researchers at UNIST, led by Young-Bin Park, has found a way to turn the energy of falling raindrops into a power source. To capture energy, the researchers turned to carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (聚合物), known as CFRP, which can both stand the natural elements and move electricity. It is incredibly lightweight, yet stronger than many metals. Using it as the foundation for their droplet-based electricity generator, or DEC, they created a device called the S-FRP-DEC． Falling through the atmosphere, each raindrop typically carries a positive charge. The surface of the S-FRP-DEG, however, is engineered to be negatively charged. When a raindrop a transfer of charges occurs. To make this process efficient, they applied a lotus-leaf-inspired coating to the device. As a droplet strikes, it spreads out and rolls away instantly. This quick motion is what drives an electric current through the carbon fibers. This way, the mechanical energy of the falling rain is translated into electricity. Through laboratory tests, the researchers found that a single raindrop — measuring roughly 92 microliters in volume — was capable of generating a surprising 60 volts of electricity. They proved its scalability by connecting four of these generator units in series, whose combined power can briefly illuminate 144 LED lights. When testing it on real-world rooftops, they discovered the S-FPR-DEG could act as a sensor to autonomously distinguish between a drizzle and a storm. When a storm hits, these signals can be used to automatically activate drainage pumps (排水泵) without needing any external electricity or batteries. Park suggests that this technology could one day be integrated into mobility systems. Imagine a car or a plane that harvests energy from the rain it passes through. By turning rain into a source of power, this research provides a sustainable, and autonomous way to protect our cities and keep our technology running, even in the middle of a storm. 13．Why did the researchers choose CFRP to capture energy? A．It is light and cost-effective. B．It is durable and conductive. C．It is sustainable and heat-absorbing. D．It is stretchable and environmental-friendly. 14．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The working principle. B．The design inspiration. C．The surface engineering. D．The functional instructions. 15．How can the device help fight floods? A．It can collect falling rainwater. B．It can be a self-powered rain sensor. C．It can be an automatic drainage system. D．It can transport electricity to the LED lights. 16．What is Park’s suggestion about the invention? A．Apply it to vehicles. B．Make cities free of storms. C．Improve road facilities. D．Update self-driving system. 【答案】13．B 14．A 15．B 16．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了韩国蔚山国立科学技术学院（UNIST）的研究团队开发出一种利用雨滴能量发电的装置，详细阐述了其工作原理、实际应用及未来潜力。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“To capture energy, the researchers turned to carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (聚合物), known as CFRP, which can both stand the natural elements and move electricity. It is incredibly lightweight, yet stronger than many metals. (为了捕获能量，研究人员选择了碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP），这种材料既能抵御自然环境，又能传导电流。它轻得令人难以置信，但比许多金属都坚固。)”可知，研究人员选择CFRP来捕获能量是因为它耐用且导电。故选B项。 14．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Falling through the atmosphere, each raindrop typically carries a positive charge. The surface of the S-FRP-DEG, however, is engineered to be negatively charged. When a raindrop a transfer of charges occurs. To make this process efficient, they applied a lotus-leaf-inspired coating to the device. As a droplet strikes, it spreads out and rolls away instantly. This quick motion is what drives an electric current through the carbon fibers. This way, the mechanical energy of the falling rain is translated into electricity. (当雨滴穿过大气层时，通常带有正电荷。然而，S-FRP-DEG的表面被设计成带负电荷。当雨滴落下时，电荷会发生转移。为了使这个过程高效，他们在设备上应用了受荷叶启发的涂层。当雨滴撞击时，它会立即扩散并滚走。这种快速运动驱动电流通过碳纤维。这样，雨滴的机械能就转化为电能。)”可知，第三段主要介绍了该装置的工作原理，即雨滴与装置表面之间的电荷转移产生电流。故选A项。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段“When testing it on real-world rooftops, they discovered the S-FPR-DEG could act as a sensor to autonomously distinguish between a drizzle and a storm. When a storm hits, these signals can be used to automatically activate drainage pumps (排水泵) without needing any external electricity or batteries. (当在现实世界的屋顶上进行测试时，他们发现S-FPR-DEG可以作为传感器，自动区分毛毛雨和暴雨。当暴雨来袭时，这些信号可以用来自动启动排水泵，而不需要任何外部电力或电池。)”可知，该装置可以作为一个自供电的雨传感器，帮助应对洪水。故选B项。 16．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Park suggests that this technology could one day be integrated into mobility systems. Imagine a car or a plane that harvests energy from the rain it passes through. (Park建议，这项技术有一天可能会被整合到移动系统中。想象一下，一辆汽车或一架飞机从它经过的雨中收集能量。)”可知，Park建议将这项技术应用于交通工具上。故选A项。 Passage 5 （2026·山东潍坊·一模） In our fast-paced, stressful lives, we’re often turning to social media, online shopping, or gaming to escape daily pressures. However, the experience can often be the opposite, leaving us more exhausted. This begs the question: do we scroll because we’re stressed, or are we stressed because we scroll? To better understand the subtle (微妙的) relationship of stress a and internet use, particularly how specific online behaviors influence stress levels. Belal’s team, from Finland’s Aalto University, conducted one of the first studies. They recorded real-world internet usage through tracking software installed on participants’ devices. Combined with a large sample size and a lengthy observation period, the findings offer especially valuable insight into bow online habits tie in with stress. The study, published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, collected internet usage data from around 1,500 adults over a seven-month period, comprising nearly 47 million web visits and 14 million app sessions. When compared with participants’ self-reported stress levels from questionnaires, researchers found a strong link between internet use and increased stress, particularly among those who already experienced daily stress. Women consistently reported higher stress levels than men, while stress tended to decrease with age and wealth. Not all online activities were equal, though. The study found that extended time spent on social media, online shopping, and gaming platforms was associated with higher stress levels compared to activities like checking emails or reading the news. There are always concerns over internet life, especially increasing social media engagement, and some countries, such as Australia, banned social media for anyone under 16. The researchers hope that by gathering more detailed information about people’s internet habits, they can eventually develop concrete recommendations and tools that support healthier, more regulated online engagement. Juhi Kulshrestha, assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science, cautions against oversimplified solutions. She believes that blanket bans on internet use may overlook the emotional support certain online spaces provide. And it’s really crucial to study these issues further so the chicken and egg problem can be solved. The research team plans to explore how different types of news — political, entertainment, or sports coverage — affect stress, helping further clarify the internet’s complex role in mental health. 17．Why did Belal’s team conduct their research? A．To compare job-related stress levels. B．To prove why internet use results in stress. C．To create apps to help lower stress in adults. D．To study how stress interacts with internet use. 18．What is a feature of the research method? A．Focusing on a specific age group. B．Conducting nationwide online interviews. C．Collecting large-scale real data over time. D．Using lab experiments to measure stress levels. 19．Which online activity likely causes the least stress according to the research? A．Checking emails. B．Shopping. C．Playing games. D．Chatting. 20．What does Juhi warn against? A．Judging a book by its cover. B．Sacrificing tomorrow for today. C．Painting everything with the same brush. D．Counting your chickens before they hatch. 【答案】17．D 18．C 19．A 20．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了芬兰阿尔托大学Belal团队开展研究，通过记录参与者真实上网数据，结合问卷调查，揭示了上网习惯与压力的联系，并计划进一步探索不同类型新闻对压力的影响。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段“To better understand the subtle (微妙的) relationship of stress and internet use, particularly how specific online behaviors influence stress levels. Belal’s team, from Finland’s Aalto University, conducted one of the first studies. (为了更好地理解压力和互联网使用之间的微妙关系，特别是特定的在线行为如何影响压力水平。来自芬兰阿尔托大学的Belal团队进行了首批研究之一。)”可知，Belal团队开展研究是为了探究压力与上网行为之间的微妙关系，即研究压力与上网行为是如何相互作用的。故选D项。 18．推理判断题。根据第三段“The study, published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, collected internet usage data from around 1,500 adults over a seven-month period, comprising nearly 47 million web visits and 14 million app sessions. (这项研究发表在《医学互联网研究杂志》上，在七个月的时间里收集了约1500名成年人的互联网使用数据，包括近4700万次网页访问和1400万次应用程序会话。)”可知，该研究在较长时间内收集了大量真实数据，这是其研究方法的一个特点。故选C项。 19．细节理解题。根据第三段“Not all online activities were equal, though. The study found that extended time spent on social media, online shopping, and gaming platforms was associated with higher stress levels compared to activities like checking emails or reading the news. (不过，并非所有的在线活动都是一样的。研究发现，与查看电子邮件或阅读新闻等活动相比，花在社交媒体、网上购物和游戏平台上的时间过长与更高的压力水平有关。)”可知，查看电子邮件等活动引起的压力最小。故选A项。 20．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Juhi Kulshrestha, assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science, cautions against oversimplified solutions. She believes that blanket bans on internet use may overlook the emotional support certain online spaces provide. (计算机科学系助理教授Juhi Kulshrestha警告不要采取过于简单的解决方案。她认为，全面禁止使用互联网可能会忽视某些网络空间提供的情感支持。)”可知，Juhi警告不要采取过于简单、一概而论的解决方案，即不要“一概而论”。故选C项。 Passage 6 （2026·山东济南·一模） We’ve all heard that ostriches (鸵鸟) bury their heads in the sand when danger approaches. While untrue for the ostriches, it mirrors a common human behavior called “information avoidance” — the active choice to turn away from the freely available information highly relevant to ourselves. But why do we change from naturally curious children into selective information avoiders? A 2025 study titled “Becoming an Ostrich” explored this. Researchers had children aged 5 to 10 play a game where researchers designed two candy distribution schemes (方案): equal shares for each, or one large share and one small share. Most children chose the latter and claimed the large share. Then, researchers asked whether they would like to know how many candies were left for their partner. The result was interesting. Younger children showed strong curiosity, actively seeking their partner’s information. The older children, however, increasingly chose to avoid it. Researchers explained as children grow older, they become more concerned with feeling at ease — even if their actions might not be moral. By avoiding their partner’s information, they tend to keep a sense of fairness, or at least appearing fair. This strategy makes it easier to act in satisfying personal interests without feeling guilty. They note that adults routinely employ the same approach in various real-life situations. Yet avoidance has long-term costs. Skipping health screenings may ease anxiety now, but can risk serious health issues later. Avoiding tough conversations may prevent short term conflict, but will likely trap people in unsatisfying relationships. “By repeatedly avoiding opposing views,” researchers warn, “we build avoidance habits that can harden into rigid thinking patterns over time.” It’s no wonder researchers refer to this as a fundamental human contradiction: we start out in life as curious explorers, eager as possible to absorb whatever knowledge we can. Yet, somewhere along the way, we learn to stick our heads in the sand like an ostrich. This comfortable escape, nevertheless, can shape our choices and determine how our lives unfold. Recognizing this is the first step toward reclaiming the courageous curiosity that defines our earliest years. 21．How does the author introduce “information avoidance” in Paragraph 1? A．By using a metaphor. B．By offering statistics. C．By showing an argument. D．By giving an example. 22．Why did the older children avoid their partner’s information? A．To maintain a nice self-image. B．To safeguard others’ interests. C．To sustain their sense of guilt. D．To obey the rules of the game. 23．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The consequences of avoidance actions. B．The ways of forming thinking patterns. C．The reasons of ignoring opposing views. D．The health costs of our avoidance habits. 24．What can be a suitable title of the text? A．Does avoidance bring true happiness? B．Should we bury our heads like an ostrich? C．Can we shape our childhood curiosity? D．Is avoidance a path to greater curiosity? 【答案】21．A 22．A 23．A 24．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过鸵鸟的比喻引出“信息回避”这一概念，通过一项研究探讨了人们为何从好奇的孩子变成选择性回避信息的人，并分析了信息回避的原因、后果，最后呼吁人们重新找回早年勇敢的好奇心。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段中“We’ve all heard that ostriches (鸵鸟) bury their heads in the sand when danger approaches. While untrue for the ostriches, it mirrors a common human behavior called “information avoidance” — the active choice to turn away from the freely available information highly relevant to ourselves.(我们都听说过，当危险来临时，鸵鸟会把头埋在沙子里。虽然这对鸵鸟来说是不真实的，但它反映了一种常见的人类行为，称为“信息回避”——即主动选择避开那些与我们自身高度相关且唾手可得的信息)”可推知，作者通过将人类主动选择回避信息的行为与鸵鸟遇到危险时把头埋进沙子的行为进行类比，从而引出“信息回避”这一概念。故选A项。 22．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Researchers explained as children grow older, they become more concerned with feeling at ease — even if their actions might not be moral. By avoiding their partner’s information, they tend to keep a sense of fairness, or at least appearing fair. This strategy makes it easier to act in satisfying personal interests without feeling guilty.(研究人员解释称，随着孩子年龄增长，他们更倾向于追求心理舒适——即使其行为可能不符合道德标准。通过回避伙伴的信息，他们试图维持(或至少表现出)公平感。这种策略能让人更容易地在满足个人利益的同时，避免产生愧疚感)”可知，年龄较大的孩子回避伙伴的信息是为了维持一种(至少是表面的)公平感和良好的自我感觉，以避免内疚。故选A项。 23．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Yet avoidance has long-term costs. Skipping health screenings may ease anxiety now, but can risk serious health issues later. Avoiding tough conversations may prevent short term conflict, but will likely trap people in unsatisfying relationships. “By repeatedly avoiding opposing views,” researchers warn, “we build avoidance habits that can harden into rigid thinking patterns over time.”(然而，回避是有长期代价的。跳过健康检查现在可能可以缓解焦虑，但以后可能会面临严重的健康问题。回避艰难的对话可能可以避免短期的冲突，但可能会使人们陷入不满意的关系中。研究人员警告说：“通过反复回避相反的观点，我们会养成回避的习惯，随着时间的推移，这些习惯会变成僵化的思维模式。”)”可知，本段主要讲述了信息回避带来的各种后果。故选A项。 24．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“It’s no wonder researchers refer to this as a fundamental human contradiction: we start out in life as curious explorers, eager as possible to absorb whatever knowledge we can. Yet, somewhere along the way, we learn to stick our heads in the sand like an ostrich. This comfortable escape, nevertheless, can shape our choices and determine how our lives unfold. Recognizing this is the first step toward reclaiming the courageous curiosity that defines our earliest years.(难怪研究人员称这是一个基本的人类矛盾：我们一开始是好奇的探索者，尽可能急切地吸收任何我们能吸收的知识。然而，在人生的某个阶段，我们学会了像鸵鸟一样把头埋进沙子里。然而，这种舒适的逃避可以塑造我们的选择，决定我们生活的展开方式。认识到这一点是重新找回定义我们早年勇敢好奇心的第一步)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要探讨了人们为何会像鸵鸟一样回避信息，以及这种行为带来的后果，最后呼吁人们不要像鸵鸟一样回避信息，要勇敢面对。B项“Should we bury our heads like an ostrich?(我们应该像鸵鸟一样埋头吗?)”以问句形式，既呼应了开头的比喻，又点明了文章探讨的核心问题，作为文章标题最为合适。故选B项。 Passage 7 （2026·山东临沂·一模） Pushing my cart through the grocery store, I look at the other shoppers. Do they know that nearly 70% of what’s on the shelves is overly processed? According to a recent report by the US Centers for Disease Control, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) now make up 53% of the average American adult’s diet — and 62% of a child’s. Studies link just 10% more daily calories from UPFs to sharply higher risks: a 50% increase in heart-related death, and 55% greater chance of obesity (肥胖). Yet despite reading countless studies and learning from experts, I still find UPFs nearly impossible to avoid. Walk with me down the rows of snack shelves, and I’ll explain why. Overflowing with sugar, salt and fat, the colorfully packaged candies, cookies and chips, despite being calorie-loaded and nutritionally bad for us, are deliciously addictive. Experts say the food industry engineered its recipes to target our “bliss point” — creating the absolute yummiest combinations of ingredients to make it nearly impossible to “eat just one.” Apart from the deliciousness of those snacks, the majority of other UPFs, such as ready-to-eat meals and instant mixes, contain artificial flavors and preservatives. The convenience of such long-lasting, affordable foods is undeniable: we can make meals without stirring sauce for hours over the stove, freeing up time for other parts of life. “Food companies today have closed off their processing plants,” said Popkin, a researcher from University of South Carolina, “so we can’t clinically compare effects of eating whole corn to deconstructed corn.” Despite growing evidence of harm, the industry continues marketing UPFs aggressively. “They don’t want to lose their cash cow, so they’re willing to put millions into fighting government restrictions on UPFs as well as funding nutritionists to voice evidence of their harmlessness,” Popkin said. There is a silver lining, fortunately. In May, the World Health Organization called on scientists worldwide to help set guidelines on UPF consumption. Yes, there will always be junk food. But if the majority of our food could be made fresher and less processed, we’d be on our way to a healthier world. 25．What phenomenon does the author describe in paragraph 1? A．Children eat less UPFs than adults do. B．Shoppers are widely exposed to UPFs. C．People are concerned about their food. D．Ultra-processed food has become a hit. 26．What do the underlined words “bliss point” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Sensory pleasure. B．Mental thrill. C．Shopping motive. D．Nutritional balance. 27．What might food companies try to do according to Popkin? A．Fund opposition to government intervention. B．Open more plants to support clinical studies. C．Work with nutritionists for healthy products. D．Reduce UPFs marketing to protect business. 28．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Convenience of Ultra-Processed Foods B．Innovation Behind Ultra-Processed Foods C．Reasons for Ultra-Processed Foods Trend D．Risks of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption 【答案】25．B 26．A 27．A 28．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了超加工食品（UPFs）在美国饮食中的普及情况、其带来的健康风险、难以避免的原因以及应对措施。 25．细节理解题。根据第一段中“According to a recent report by the US Centers for Disease Control, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) now make up 53% of the average American adult’s diet — and 62% of a child’s. (根据美国疾病控制中心最近的一份报告，超加工食品（UPF）如今已占到美国成年人日常饮食的 53%，占儿童饮食的 62%。)”可知，作者在第一段描述了购物者广泛接触到超加工食品这一现象。故选B。 26．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Experts say the food industry engineered its recipes to target our “bliss point”— creating the absolute yummiest combinations of ingredients to make it nearly impossible to “eat just one.” (专家表示，食品行业精心设计配方，瞄准我们的“bliss point”——调配出最可口的原料组合，让人几乎不可能“只吃一个”。)”可知，专家说食品行业设计其配方是为了瞄准我们的“bliss point”，即创造出绝对最美味的食材组合，让人几乎不可能“只吃一个”，不可能只吃一个就说明吃这样的食物会让人高兴，由此可推知，bliss point指的是感官上的愉悦，和“Sensory pleasure (感官上的愉悦)”。故选A。 27．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“They don’t want to lose their cash cow, so they’re willing to put millions into fighting government restrictions on UPFs as well as funding nutritionists to voice evidence of their harmlessness (他们不愿失去这棵“摇钱树”，所以他们既愿意投入数百万资金来对抗政府针对超加工食品（UPFs，Ultra-Processed Foods）出台的限制措施，也愿意出资资助营养学家，让他们发声证明超加工食品无害)”可知，根据Popkin的说法，食品公司会资助反对政府干预的活动。故选A。 28．主旨大意题。根据第一段“According to a recent report by the US Centers for Disease Control, ultra-processed foods (UPFs) now make up 53% of the average American adult’s diet—and 62% of a child’s. (根据美国疾病控制中心最近的一份报告，超加工食品（UPF）如今已占到美国成年人日常饮食的 53%，占儿童饮食的 62%。)”、第二段“Walk with me down the rows of snack shelves, and I’ll explain why. (和我一起走下一排排的小吃架，我会解释原因。)”以及文章内容可知，文章介绍了超加工食品流行的现象，并分析了原因：成瘾性、便利性以及食品公司的营销，因此“Reasons for Ultra-Processed Foods Trend (超加工食品流行的原因)”最适合作为文章标题。故选C。 Passage 8 （2026·山东滨州·一模） Over the last 1,400 years, populations of the Yangtze finless porpoise have dramatically declined in China. But intensive surveys of its range only span the last couple of decades, leaving lots of gaps in scientists’ knowledge of the species. In a creative blend of art and science, a new study uses historical poetry to chart the critically endangered animal’s population across the river it calls home. The finless porpoises once lived throughout the entire Yangtze River, which stretches from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea. Now, the only known freshwater porpoise in the world has fewer than 1,800 individuals left in the wild. The research team combed through databases of Chinese poetry to find references to the porpoise and map its past distribution. They found 724 poems that mentioned the animal, of which half noted where the porpoises were observed. Their findings were published in Current Biology. “Having access to past data allows us to detect when declines began and correlate those changes with potential threats like habitat destruction, climate change, overhunting, disease or the introduction of invasive species,” says lead author Zhang Yaoyao, an ecologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The poems suggest the porpoise’s range has decreased by 65% since the Tang dynasty. Most of that decline happened in the river’s tributaries and lakes, where the animal’s range has decreased by 91%. While the population decrease was mostly gradual, the sharpest decline has occurred over the past 100 years. That sudden drop aligns with human activities on the river, especially dam construction in the 1950s that blocked off the porpoise's movement to and from the river's main channel. The work highlights the connection between culture and science. “Poems are actually ancient citizen science, and many Chinese poets were ‘well-educated intellectuals’,” says Zhang. “These data are not perfect...But they do have a lot of information if you use them correctly.” This approach has potential for uncovering the pasts of other endangered species as well. Previously, scholars have used medieval and ancient texts to understand things like volcanic eruptions, auroras and unusual whales. 29．What challenge do scientists face in their research about the porpoise? A．Its population has dropped off dramatically. B．Locating its habitats is increasingly difficult. C．The long-term historical data are insufficient. D．Its population is hard to calculate precisely. 30．What mainly contributed to the dramatic fall of the porpoise’s populations? A．Poor resistance to diseases. B．Climate changes over time. C．Human impacts on its habitats. D．Competition with other species. 31．Why does the author mention “volcanic eruptions” in the last paragraph? A．To show major threats to endangered wildlife. B．To introduce challenges in ecological research. C．To reveal the wisdom of ancient Chinese poets. D．To prove the value of ancient texts in research. 32．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Historical Poems: Records of Ancient Chinese Wildlife B．citizen Science: A New Approach to Protecting Animals C．The Yangtze Finless Porpoise: A Critically Endangered Species D．Ancient Poetry: A Creative Way to Study Endangered Porpoise 【答案】29．C 30．C 31．D 32．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家通过研究中国历史诗歌来追踪长江江豚的种群变化，揭示了其数量大幅下降的原因，并强调了这种跨学科研究方法的创新性和潜在应用价值。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段“But intensive surveys of its range only span the last couple of decades, leaving lots of gaps in scientists' knowledge of the species. (但对其活动范围的密集调查仅覆盖了过去几十年，科学家对该物种的了解存在许多空白)”可知，科学家在研究长江江豚时面临的主要挑战是长期历史数据的不足。故选C项。 30．细节理解题。根据第五段“That sudden drop aligns with human activities on the river, especially dam construction in the 1950s that blocked off the porpoise's movement to and from the river's main channel. (这一突然下降与河流上的人类活动相吻合，特别是20世纪50年代的水坝建设，阻碍了江豚进出主河道的活动)”可知，人类活动对江豚栖息地的影响是导致其数量急剧下降的主要原因。故选C项。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This approach has potential for uncovering the pasts of other endangered species as well. Previously, scholars have used medieval and ancient texts to understand things like volcanic eruptions, auroras and unusual whales. (这种方法也有可能揭示其他濒危物种的过去。此前，学者们曾利用中世纪和古代文献来了解火山爆发、极光和异常鲸鱼等现象)”可推知，作者提到“火山爆发”是为了证明古代文献在研究中的价值，说明这种方法不仅适用于江豚，还可以用于其他领域的研究。故选D项。 32．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a creative blend of art and science, a new study uses historical poetry to chart the critically endangered animal's population across the river it calls home. (在一项艺术与科学的创造性结合中，一项新的研究利用历史诗歌来描绘这种极度濒危动物在其家园河流中的种群分布)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了科学家通过研究中国历史诗歌来追踪长江江豚的种群变化，揭示了其数量大幅下降的原因，并强调了这种跨学科研究方法的创新性和潜在应用价值。由此可知，D项“Ancient Poetry: A Creative Way to Study Endangered Porpoise (古诗：研究濒危江豚的一种创造性方法)”最符合文章主旨，适合作标题。故选D项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $