新词性和句子成分讲义-2025-2026学年高中英语初高中衔接

英语词类 英语单词分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1.名词(n.)：表人、物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如: boy, morning, bag, ball, class, 2.代词(pron.)： 用来代替名词的词。如：who, she, you, it . 3.形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4.数词(num.)：表数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third 5.动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is, are, have, see . 6.副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, slowly. 7.冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8.介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9.连词(conj.)： 用来连接单词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10.感叹词(interj.): 表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 不同词类之间的关系 adj. art +adj + n v num + n num +adj + n adv adj art. art + prep +n adv prep 句子 考点1. 动词的分类 根据动词在句中的含义和作用分实义动词、助动词、情态动词与系动词。 实义动词指意义完整能独立作谓语的动词。也叫行为动词。 He lives quite near. (live“住”，明确的意义，单独作谓语，实义动词。) I like reading. （like意思明确，单独作谓语，实义动词。） I bought a pen yesterday. （bought意义明确，单独作谓语，实义动词。） 实义动词分vt.和vi. 实义动词后跟宾语是vt。实义动词后不跟宾语是vi.。 The door opened. (vi.) He opened the door. (vt) 练习1. 指出句中动词是vt还是vi. 1. Most birds can fly.（ ） 2. 2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 3. It happened yesterday.（ ） 4. My watch stopped.（ ） 5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 6.She spoke at the meeting this morning.（ ） 7.Shall I begin at once?（ ） 8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ） 9.When did they leave Beijing?（ ） 10.They left last week.（ ） 助动词aux. v. “助”是“帮助”。指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 A. 帮助构成时态： The boy is crying. (is帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓aux. v) He has arrived. (has帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓，aux. v.) B. 帮助构成否定句和疑问句的： Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是aux. v。) He doesn’t have lunch at home. (does帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，助动词。) 情态动词modal v 同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。同助动词的区别在于，助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。 He can swim across the river. You must stay at home. 系动词主要是be；但还有一些实义动词有时也作系动词，这类系动词称为半系动词。 常见的系动词.keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, seem, appear, look，feel, smell, sound, taste, prove, turn out, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。 He is a teacher. He kept silent at the meeting. Something seems wrong. This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet. He became mad after that. plan turned out a success. 英语句子成分 句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语六种。（主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分外，还有“表语”和“同位语”。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1. 主语 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，由名词性的词来充当。 练习. 画出主语，并说出由什么充当。 1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class. 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5. Smoking does harm to the health. 6. The rich should help the poor. 7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8 .It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9. That he isn’t at home is not true. 10. There comes the bus. 11. Beyond the village lies a small village. 12. Now comes your turn. 总结：1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词6. 主语从句7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语句子中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语books用are) Gone are the days. (主语the days用are) 考点2. 谓语 由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。构成如下： A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. B. 复合谓语： ① 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不单独作谓语，和表语一起作谓语。 We are students. Your idea sounds great. 考点3. 表语 位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）后。 练习. 画出表语，并说明由什么充当。 1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold. 4.The speech is exciting. 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 6.His job is to teach English. 7.His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8.The machine must be under repairs. 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 总结：表语由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 考点4. 宾语 由名词性的词充当，表动作的对象或承受者，位于vt和介词后面。叫动词宾语和介词宾语。 练习. 画出宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 2. I have five. 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4. I wanted to buy a car. 5. I enjoy listening to popular music. 6. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 考点5. 宾语补足语 和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。 宾补的句型为：某些及物动词（如make）+宾语+宾补。 练习. 画出宾补，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。 1. His father named him Dongming. 2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room. 6. We found everything in the lab in good order. 7. We will soon make our city what your city is now. 8. I want your homework done on time. 总结：宾补由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 考点6. 主补 对主语的补充。含有宾补的句子变成被动语态，宾语作主语，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。 He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 考点7. 定语 对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中用“……的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。 a famous American university an interesting little red French oil painting a new plastic bucket 在英语句子中许多情况下定语放在所修饰词后，与汉语习惯不同，这是不能读懂长句的主要原因。 定语后置常见的几种情况： A. 副词作定语后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人） B. 形容词短语作定语后置 单个形容词作定语放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后。 The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人） C. 介词短语作定语后置。 The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩） D. 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语后置。 I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那边哭的那个男孩） The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 练习. 标出定语，留意定语的位置，并说明由什么词性充当。 1.The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. 2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. 3.We need a place twice larger than this one. 4.She carried a basket full of eggs. 5.It’s a book worth no more than one dollar. 6.It’s a city far from the coast. 7.He has money enough to buy a car. 8.The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 9.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. 10.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 考点8. 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分， He writes carefully. He walks slowly. (认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语) This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语） He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语） Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语） A. 几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间 句中有几个并列状语时，顺序较灵活，一般是：方式→地点→时间。 I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning. He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment. B. 英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大 先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写年。 I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015. I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000. He lives at 1120 Green Street, London. C.频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never在句中放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。 You can never tell what he will do. He is often late. He is always helping others. He often came late. 副词：到底放在动词前面还是后面？ 副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、或整个句子的词. 说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念 副词分类 1、频度副词：always, usually， often... 2、地点副词：here，there. near 3、方式副词：slowly，fast, quietly 4、程度副词：very quite,much. so.. 5、时间副词：now,recently, lately, then 6、疑问副词：when，why，where,how 副词放在动词前面还是后面？ 1.多数副词（时间、地点、方式副词）放在动词之后或句末，是最常见的情况。 时间副词 we are having class now. They played basketball yesterday 地点副词 He lives there alone. He studied here yesterday. （同时有地点制词和时间副词时，地点副词在前，时间副词在后) 方式副词 He drives carefully He did his homework carefully He speaks English well （少数方式副词，如well,badly,hard通常只放在句尾） 副词放在动词前面还是后面？ 2.频率副词（rotten.always. never, just 等) 通常放在实义动词之前，be动词/助动词/情态动词之后。 I often help him.我经常帮助他。 She is always late.她总是迟到。 He has Just left.他刚刚离开. 3.程度副词（very,quite,too,so）通常放在所修饰的动词、形容词或其他副词之前。 He quite likes music，他相当喜欢音乐。She is very beautiful，她非常漂亮。 She plays basketball well她篮球打得非常好 副词放在动词前面还是后面？ 4.疑问副闻（如 when, where, why.how)通常放在句首。 When did you arrive?你什么时候到的？ How are you?你好吗？ Where is Amy?艾米在哪里？ 副词放在动词前面还是后面？ 5.强调或修饰整个句子的副词可以放在句首或句未，起强调作用或修饰整个句子。 sometimes,I go to school by bus. suddenly, the lights went out 突然，灯熄灭了。 He is a good student, apparently 显然，他是个好学生。 副词放在动词前面还是后面？ 总结关键点 ①动词后或句末是方式副词最常见的位置。 ②实义动词前，be 动词，助动词后是频率副词的典型位置。 ③所修饰词前是程度副词的常见位置。 ④句首是疑问副词和用于强调的副词的位置 D. 状语的分类 在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那可能就是状语。 状语的种类很多，按意义表时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。 练习. 画线部分属于什么状语。 1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 考点9. 同位语 放在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。 We students should study hard. It’s good to us students. (students是we的同位语，指同一批“学生”） 练习. 画出句中的同位语。 1. The young man, my brother, works in the office. 2. Our English teacher, Mrs. Wang, often helps us with study. 3. They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train. I. 单句改错 根据所学主语内容，改正句中的错误。 1. Beyond the mountains lie a small village. 2. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. 3. Play basketball is my favorite sport. 、 4. Give up English is not an option. 5. By doing part-time jobs can help them gain social experience. 6. Without a friend will feel lonely. II. 语法填空（每空至多填三词） 7. They planned______(take) two days off next week. 8. He practiced ______ (speak) English every day. 9. Here ____(be) your books. 10.On the wall __ (hang) two pictures. III. 写作技能提升 A. 用形容词作后置定语。 15. 你认识Tom旁边的那个人吗？（know, next to） 16. 尽早把他送到距你家最近的医院。（send…to, nearest to, as soon as possible） 17. 我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐的餐厅。（dining hall, large enough, hold） B. 注意状语的顺序。 18. 那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（do his homework, in the classroom, carefully, at that moment） 19. 上周日我们在校园内栽了很多树。（plant lots of trees, in the schoolyard） 20. 他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（perform incredibly well, speech contest） C. 注意频度副词的位置。 21. 我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（will, forget, what he told me, never） 22. 我经常去那家超市。（frequently, the supermarket） 23. 他总是帮助别人。（always, helping） 24. 我们什么时候都不能那样对待老人。（never, treat an old man like that, should） 25. 活到老，学到老。（one, never, too old to learn ） 答案 练习1. 指出句中动词是vt还是vi. 及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。 1.vi. 2. vt. 3. vi. 4. vi. 5. vt. 6. vi. 7. vi. 8. vt.；vt. 9. vt. 10. vi. 句子成分 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 名词 2. We often speak English in class. 代词 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. 数词 4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 不定式短语 5. Smoking does harm to the health. 动名词 6. The rich should help the poor. 名词化的形容词 7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided.主语从句 8 .It is necessary to master a foreign language. it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式 9. That he isn’t at home is not true. 主语从句 10. There comes the bus. 倒装句 名词 11. Beyond the village lies a small village. 介词短语不作主语，主语是后面的名词短语 12. Now comes your turn. 副词不作主语，主语是后面的名词 练习. 画出表语，并说明由什么充当。 2. Our teacher of English is an American. 名词 2.Is it yours? 代词 3.The weather has turned cold. 形容词 4.The speech is exciting. 分词/形容词，这样的分词已形容词化了 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 数词 6.His job is to teach English. 不定式 7.His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 动名词 8.The machine must be under repairs. 介词短语 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 表语从句 练习. 画出宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 名词 2. I have five. 数词 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 名词化的形容词 4. I wanted to buy a car. 不定式短语 5. I enjoy listening to popular music. 动名词短语 6. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 宾语从句 练习. 画出宾补，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。 2. His father named him Dongming. 名词 2. They painted their boat white. 形容词 3. Let the fresh air in. 副词 4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 不定式短语 5. We saw her entering the room. 现在分词 6. We found everything in the lab in good order. 介词短语 7. We will soon make our city what your city is now. 宾补从句 8. I want your homework done on time. 过去分词短语 练习. 标出定语，留意定语的位置，并说明由什么词性充当。 1.The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. 介词短语作后置定语 2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. with复合结构作后定 3.We need a place twice larger than this one. 形容词短语作后置定语 4.She carried a basket full of eggs. 形容词短语作后置定语 5.It’s a book worth no more than one dollar. 形容词短语作后置定语 6.It’s a city far from the coast. 形容词短语作后置定语 7.He has money enough to buy a car. 形容词短语作后置定语 8.The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 副词作后置定语 9.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. 现在分词短语作后置定语 10.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 现在分词短语作后置定语 练习. 画线部分属于什么状语。 2. How about meeting again at six? 时间状语 2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 地点状语 3. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. 原因状语 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 方式状语 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴随状语 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 目的状语 7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 目的状语 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 程度状语 9. The boy really needs a pen. 程度状语 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 结果状语 11. She works very hard though she is old. 让步状语 12. I am taller than he is. 比较状语 13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. 条件状语 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 时间状语 地点状语 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 原因状语 练习6. 画出下列句中的同位语。 1. The young man, my brother, works in the office. 2. Our English teacher, Mrs Wang often helps us with study. 3. They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train. 单句改错 根据所学主语内容，改正句中的错误。 1. Beyond the mountains lie a small village. 2. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. 3. Play basketball is my favorite sport. 、 4. Give up English is not an option. 5. By doing part-time jobs can help them gain social experience. 6. Without a friend will feel lonely. 1. 把lie改为lies； 介词短语不作主，主语是后面的a small village。 2. 把is改为are；句子的主语是the days。 3. Play改为Playing；在这里指经常打篮球，要用动名词作主语。 4. Give改为To give；做决定时，放弃英语不是一个选择。give up指具体的某一次。 5. 去掉By，doing改为Doing; 介词短语不能作主语。 6. will前加we。介词短语不能作主语。 II. 语法填空（每空至多填三词） 7. to take; plan后跟不定式作宾语。 8. speaking；practice跟动名词作宾语。 9. are；副词here不能作主语，主语是后面的books。 10. hang；介词短语不能作主语，倒装句，主语是pictures。 15. Do you know the man next to Tom? 16. Please send him to the hospital nearest to your home as soon as possible. 17. We have a dining hall large enough to hold 3, 000 students. 18. He was doing his homework carefully in the classroom at that moment. 19. We planted many trees in our schoolyard last Sunday. 20. He performed incredibly well in the speech contest yesterday. 21. I will never forget what he told me that day. 22. I frequently go to the supermarket. /I go to the supermarket frequently. 23. He is always helping others. 24. We should never treat an old man like that. 25. One is never too old to learn. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $