第3讲 十大词性和八大句子成分接讲义-2025-2026学年初高中英语衔接复习专项

2025新高考初升高英语衔接 第三讲 十大词性和八大句子成分 Part of speech and sentence components 一、十大词性 一句话搞懂十大词性 Wow, three little girls are walking slowly in the park and they are happy. 口诀助记：________________________________________ 分类 名称 缩写 意义 重要考点 实词 名词 n. 命名万事万物 ：分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词可分为 __________和 __________ 可数名词变复数、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化 代词 pron. 代名词： __________、 __________、 __________ __________等 各种代词的用法；it的用法 动词 v. 表动作或状态：包括 __________、 __________和 __________ 谓语动词的时态、语态、主谓一致；非谓语动词 形容词 adj. 修饰 __________或__________ 形容词变副词；形容词、副词的比较级和最高级；动词、名词变形容词 副词 adv. 修饰 __________、 __________、 __________或 __________ 数词 num. 表数量/顺序：分为 __________和 __________ 基数词和序数词的用法 虚词 介词 prep. 介词是一种虚词，不能单独使用，需用在 __________、 __________、 __________和 __________的前面 介词的用法及搭配 连词 conj. 分为 __________和 __________ 并列连词和从句连词的用法 冠词 art. 用于 __________前或“形容词修饰的名词”帮助说明名词含义的一种虚词 冠词的用法及搭配 感叹词 int. 表语气 了解 实词可以____________________，虚词不可以 ____________________ 语法填空真题练习 第二节 语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，共15分） It’s 56 (nature) for people to eat when they’re hungry. But people eat for other reasons, too. Do you ever eat because you are 57 stress? Many people do. When people eat to reduce stress, they want certain kinds of food. They want food that 58 (help) them relax. They want comfort (安慰) food. What is comfort food? For most people, it’s food that is 59 (easy) to prepare than other foods. It’s often soft, so it is easy to eat. Eating it gives people a warm feeling. Sometimes it’s a type of food 60 people loved as children. Maybe it’s the food their mothers used to make. Researchers at the University of Illinois did 61 survey on comfort food. They wanted to know two things: what comfort foods people wanted, 62 when they wanted them. The results of the survey were rather 63 (surprise). The researchers expected people’s favourite comfort food to be warm and soft. But it wasn’t. Potato chips (薯片) turned out to be the number one food. Another favourite was ice cream, especially among people 64 (age) 18-34. However, not all comfort foods were snack foods. Nearly half of them 65 (be) healthy, homemade foods, such as chicken soup and meat pies. 二、八种句子成分 一句话搞懂英语八大句子成分 I saw my friend Jack dancing in the room and he was happy. 口诀助记：________________________________________ 主语(S/subject)：动作的发出者，一般位于句首 The sun rises in the east. I am an exchange student from the UK. Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. To start my won company is my dream. What doesn’t kill me makes me stronger. It is useful to learn English. 谓语：即谓语动词，是句子的核心与灵魂，表动作或状态，一般在主语后 All of us laughed loudly. I listen to English song everyday. He practises speaking English everyday. He is an excellent teacher. My sister is crying over there. I would stay at home all day. 宾语：动作的承受者,一般位于及物动词及介词后 He wrote a letter . He looked at me angrily. I want to visit the museum. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think that he is fit for the job. I find it hard to learn English. 表语：一般在系动词(be动词、感官动词、keep、become等)后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态 I’m a freshman at senior high school. I feel anxious in front of the girl. My hobby is singing karaoke. My dream is to be a billionare. The problem is that we don’t have enough money. 补语：包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。最常见的是宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明 His father named him Goudan. The news makes him upset. We found everything in good order. It allows people to enjoy nature. It makes us cry. We saw her entering the room./We saw her enter the room. I found my money stolen. 定语：修饰名词或代词, 如果定语是由一个单词，通常要前置即前置定语；如果定语是一个词组或一个句子时，通常则后置即后置定语 Yongcheng is a beautiful city. The boy under the tree is Tom The boy crying over there is my sister. The man who visited our class yesterday is an expert. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、另外一个副词或整个句子, 说明动作的方式、时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、伴随等或形容词、副词的状态特征 He does his homework carefully in his study every morning. Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper. Anna had a terrible accident when she was six. The boy is very strong and runs extremely fast. 同位语：对名词进行补充说明的名词、名词短语或从句即同位语从句 Mr. Zhang, my English teacher, is very handsome and knowledgeable. He told me the news that our team won the game. 英语句子成分歌（RAP） 英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在； 补语跟着宾语跑， 定语同位语专把名词踹。 状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。 浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞。 练习 Last Sunday, Tom and his sister Lisa visited their grandparents in the countryside. They helped pick fresh vegetables in the garden and listened to interesting stories about their childhood. After lunch, Lisa showed them some photos taken during her summer camp, and Tom played chess with his grandpa happily. Before leaving, their grandma gave them a basket of apples, which were grown in her own yard. 附录：高中必须掌握的重要语法规则 一、可数名词变复数 1. 规则变化 变化规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s human（人类）→humans (2021)；crowd(人群)→crowds (2017)；day→ days (2016) ；strength（优势）→strengths ；month→mouths；person→persons或people 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es，注意th结尾直接加-s dish（碟子；饭菜→dishes；branch（树枝）→ branches; box→boxes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es knife（刀）→knives； leaf（叶子）→leaves 口诀助记：妻子(wife-wives)持刀(knife-knives)去宰狼(wolf-wolves)，小偷(thief-thieves)吓得发了慌；躲在架(shelf-shelves)后保己(self-selves)命(life-lives)，半(half-halves)片树叶(leaf-leaves)遮目光 个别的加-s roof(房顶)→roofs；proof(证据)→proofs；chef(厨师)→chefs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es activity→activities (2021); factory(工厂)→factories 6 以-o结尾的名词 一般加-s photo（照片）→photos；bamboo（竹子）→bamboos 少数加-es heroes→heroes；potato→potatoes 口诀助记：黑人（negroes）英雄（heroes）爱吃土豆（potatoes）西红柿（tomatoes）和芒果（mangoes） 2. 不规则变化 变化规则 例词 1 改变内部元音字母 foot→feet★；tooth→teeth★；goose(鹅)→geese; man→men★；policeman→policemen★ 2 单复数相同 sheep→sheep★；fish(活鱼)→fish★（鱼肉为不可数名词）； Chinese(中国人)→Chinese；means(方式)→means；series(系列)→series；species(物种) →species 3 无规则变化 child→children★；mouse→mice；ox→oxen(公牛)；medium-media(媒体) ；bacterium-bacteria(细菌) 6 合成 名词 将主体名词变为复数 passer-by（路人） →passers-by；son-in-law（女婿）→sons--in-law 无主体名词将最后一部分变为复数 grown-up (成年人)→grown-ups 将两部分都变为复数 woman singer→women-singers；man servant→men-servants 二、名词所有格形式 所有格形式 举例 1 ‘s/s’类一般表示有生命的名词所有格，但时间、距离、国家城市等无生命名词也可以使用:单数及不规则名词复数’s/复数名词s’ a teacher’s duty一个教师职责; the boss’s office老板的办公室; Women’s Day 妇女节；Children’s Day 儿童节； Teachers’ Day教师节; the parents’ right父母的权利; yesterday’s newspaper昨天的报纸; two miles’ walk两英里的路程；China’s history中国的历史 注意：the doctor’s=the doctor’s office 医务所；the Smith’s 史密斯的家（区分the Smiths 史密斯一家人） 2 of类一般表示无生命名词的所有格 the mouth of the river 河口；the cover of the book 书的封面 3 双重所有格由of所有格和‘s/s’或名词性物主代词构成 a student of my father’s 我爸爸的一个学生; a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 三、代词的变化形式 类别 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 功能 作主语 作宾语 作定语修饰n. 作主语、宾语或表语=形物代+n. 作宾语(必须主宾一致)或同位语 第一 人称 I me my mine myself we us our ours ourselves 第二 人称 you you your yours yourself you you your yours yourselves 第三 人称 he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it it its itself they them their theirs themselves 四、形容词/副词变比较级和最高级 1. 规则变化 构成 例词 原级 比较级 最高级 一般单音节词后面直接加­er，­est long longer longest great greater greatest hard harder hardest 以不发音的e结尾的单音节词加­r和­st fine finer finest large larger largest 重读辅元辅结尾，先双写词尾的辅音字母后再加­er和­est fat fatter fattest thin thinner thinnest 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，先把y变为i再加­er和­est easy easier easiest happy happier happiest early earlier earliest 多音节(>或=三个音节)和部分双音节的形容词或副词都在前面加more和most careful more careful most careful popular more popular most popular efficiently more efficiently more efficiently interesting more interesting most interesting concerned more concerned most concerned 2．不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much more most little less least far farther更远的/地（具体概念） farthest 最远的/地 further更进一步的/地★(抽象概念) furthest在最大程度上/地 old older/elder(年长的) oldest/eldest 注意：下列表示“最高程度”或“绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级，如：favourite；perfect；excellent；wrong；right；unique；extreme等。 五、形容词变副词规则 类　别 例　词 一般直接加­ly undoubted→undoubtedly毋庸置疑地(2021) extreme→extremely极其地 (2020) regular→regularly有规律地 以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加­ly happy→happily 高兴地 easy→ easily容易地（2019） 特例：shy→shyly害羞地(直接加ly) 词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加­y terrible→terribly 可怕地；极度地 gentle→ gently 轻轻地 (2020) 特例：whole—wholly完全地；整体地(双写l) 词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加­ly true→ truly 　真实地 词尾为l的形容词，加-ly; 词尾为ll的形容词，直接加­y real→ really 真实地(2017) official→ officially正式地(2016) full→ fully 充分地；完全地 dull→dully 迟钝地；单调地 词尾为­ic的形容词，加­ally basic→basically 主要地，基本上 scientific→ scientifically科学地 specific →specifically 特定地 六、基数词变序数词(基数词表数量/序数词表顺序) 规律 单词 一般后加th four →fourth，six→sixth, seven→seventh， ten→tenth， eleven→eleventh，thirteen→thirteenth，fourteen→fourteenth， hundred→hundredth， 1.2.3特殊记 one→first，two→second，tree→third 8去t, 9去e, ve要用f替 eight→eighth，nine→ninth，five→fifth，twelve→twelfth 几十ty要变tie twenty→twentieth，thirty→thirtieth，forty→fortieth，fifty→fiftieth 若是遇到几十几只变个位就可以 twenty-one→twenty-first，thirty-five→thirty-fifth 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$