专题07 阅读理解（议论文）（期中真题汇编，浙江专用）高一英语下学期

专题07 阅读理解（议论文） Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波·期中）While many of us may have been away somewhere nice last summer, few would say that we’ve “summered. ” “Summer” is clearly a noun, more exactly, a verbed noun. Way back in our childhood, we all learned the difference between a noun and a verb. With such a clear definition, it was easy to spot the difference. Not so in adulthood, where we are expected to “foot” bills, “chair” committees, and “dialogue” with political opponents(对手). Chances are you didn’t feel uncomfortable about the sight of those verbed nouns. “The verbing of nouns is as old as the English language,” says Patricia O’Conner, a former editor at The New York Times Book Review. Experts guess that 20 percent of all English verbs were originally nouns. And the phenomenon seems to be snowballing. Since 1900, about 40 percent of all new verbs have come from nouns. Even though conversion(转化) is quite common, plenty of grammarians object to the practice. William Strunk Jr. and E.B．White, in The Elements of Style-the Bible for the use of American English-have this to say: “Many nouns lately have been pressed into service as verbs. Not all are bad, but all are questionable.” The Chicago Manual of Style takes a similar standpoint, advising writers to use verbs with great care. “Sometimes people object to a new verb because they dislike what is unfamiliar to them,” says O’Conner. That’s why we’re comfortable “hosting” a party, but we might feel upset by the thought of “medaling” in sports. So are there any rules for verbing? Benjamin Dreyer, copy chief at Random House, doesn’t offer a rule, but suggests that people think twice about “verbifiing” a noun if it’s easily replaceable by an already existing popular verb. Make sure it’s descriptive but not silly-sounding, he says. In the end, however, style is subjective(主观的). Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English “English.” Not every coinage (新创的词语) passes into general use, but as for trying to end verbing altogether, forget it. 1．What can we learn about the verbing of nouns from the first three paragraphs? A．It is more accepted by adults. B．It started in the 19th century. C．It is a modern phenomenon. D．It originally made up 40% of verbs. 2．What is many experts’ attitude towards the practice of the verbing of nouns? A．Cautious(谨慎的). B．Supportive. C．Negative. D．Unconcerned. 3．What does the author think of ending the verbing of nouns? A．Unimportant. B．Worthwhile. C．Impossible. D．Practical. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Do adults accept noun verbing? B．Should we give up noun verbing? C．Is noun verbing a new phenomenon? D．Are Summering and Medaling Annoying? Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江温州·期中）Many economists (经济学家) today believe that self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies. However, in an increasingly interconnected society, it is even more important to have group skills. So we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future. In the present time marked with digital economy, cooperation is a valuable skill to have. As a research study conducted by Google shows, skills such as good communication and cooperation are important to employees compared to technical skills or knowledge. In contrast, intense (激烈的) competitive and individualistic behaviour may destroy social relations in the community of coworkers. Since no man is an island, even the most competitive employee will not be able to pursue his goals effectively without the help of others who are able to share a common understanding. Moreover, encouraging cooperation helps develop a healthy sense of self-esteem in children that better prepares them for the competitive working world. The competitive culture include higher anxiety and depression among university students and office workers. It is primary for the builders of our future to be based on mutually beneficial cooperation rather than self-centre d competition. Teamwork can help a maturing individual realize that each has his or her own unique set of abilities and that another person's talents do not weaken the value of his or her talents. We should encourage a spirit of cooperation more than a spirit of competition in children to better prepare them for an uncertain future. Cooperation opens for an individual a gateway to diverse skills and talents of others and importantly, enhances our chances of solving problems of the future. Furthermore, since cooperative activities can build confidence in children, it will also promote healthy competition within a generation that can better understand and tolerate others’ weaknesses. 5．What will intense competition lead to according to the study? A．It can promote communications between people. B．It could bring damage to partners’ relationships. C．It will weaken one's ability in solving problems. D．It enables one to share common views with others. 6．What does the author agree with according to paragraph 3? A．Only by cooperation can children develop self-esteem. B．One's abilities and another’s talents can’t work together. C．It is important for builders of future to learn to cooperate. D．Higher anxiety and depression don't exist among students. 7．What characteristic might cooperation have, as mentioned in the passage? A．Focusing on self-centred competition. B．Reducing the possibility of success. C．Pursuing individual goals effectively. D．Accepting teammates' shortcomings. 8．What is author’s intention to write the article? A．To encourage a teamwork spirit in children. B．To support fierce competition between children. C．To warn children of uncertain trouble in the future. D．To build up confidence in children through competition. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期中）The big day is finally here. You and your team have made it to the final game of the soccer tournament. You’re ready to win... but so is the other team. Then, suddenly, someone scores! The game is over. The other team has won and earns a shiny gold cup. But then the coaches start giving out something else to you and the other players: participation (参与) awards. Everyone reacts differently. Some glow with pride. Others look disappointed. And you? You don’t know how to feel... Participation awards have been around since the 1920s, when they were invented to make sports safer for kids. That’s because when the first youth sports leagues were created in the early 1900s, games were even more competitive than they are today. Many kids were badly hurt in their effort to win. Adults were concerned. Some schools even canceled sports programs altogether. But then came a solution: participation awards. The point was to take the spotlight away from winning and put it on other values, like teamwork and commitment, or sticking with something. Many people today say that’s why participation awards are still needed. “Winning isn’t everything,” says Kenneth Barish, a scientist who studies kids’ feelings and behavior. “The more important thing is to let kids know that we’re proud of them — not for winning, but for their effort. Praising effort has amazing benefits. It makes it easier for young people to try new things without fear, learn from mistakes, and take on new challenges with a positive attitude.” But some people worry that giving awards to everyone sends the wrong message. In real life, people are not always rewarded for just showing up. After all, you don’t get an A just for going to class. Participation awards, some say, could teach kids to expect awards when they aren’t deserved. So what do you think? Does everyone deserve a participation award? Or is it time to toss them aside for good? 9．What’s the writing purpose of the first paragraph? A．To share a competitive game. B．To compare two kinds of awards. C．To show the reactions to the awards. D．To introduce the participation awards. 10．What can be learned about participation awards from paragraph 2? A．They were introduced to make sports safer for young players. B．They were created in the first youth sports leagues in the 1900s. C．They were aimed at making the games less competitive than before. D．They were the only way to remove concern about the safety of sports. 11．What does Kenneth Barish intend to convey? A．The limitations of winning the game. B．The applications of praising the effort. C．The significance of developing the teamwork spirit. D．The importance of forming a healthy view of effort. 12．What’s the author’s attitude towards participation awards? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent. Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Lao Zi once said, “Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner.” People tend to gain self-worth through others’ approval (认可), which is a fruitless way to go through life. Why do we allow what others think of us to have so much power over how we feel about ourselves? If it’s true that you can’t satisfy all the people all the time, wouldn’t it make sense to stop trying? Unfortunately, sense often isn’t driving our behavior. For social beings who desire love and belonging, wanting to be liked and caring about the effect we have on others are healthy and allow us to make connections. However, where we get into trouble is when our self-worth is dependent upon whether we win someone’s approval or not. This need to be liked comes from when we were children and were completely dependent on others to take care of us. Small children are not just learning how to walk and communicate, they are also trying to learn how the world works. We learn about who we are based on communications with others. Thus, to a four-year-old, if Mommy or Daddy doesn’t like him or her, there is the danger that they will abandon them. We need to understand that when we anxiously want someone to approve of us, it’s being driven by that little kid part of us that is still terrified of abandonment. As you become more capable of providing yourself with the approval you find, your need for validation (确认) by others will start to disappear, leaving you stronger, more confident, and yes, happier in your life. Imagine how much time we lose each moment we restrain our real selves in an effort to be liked. So embrace the cliché (老话) and love your true self as it’s highly doubtful that you’ll regret it. 13．Why is Lao Zi’s quotation used in paragraph 1? A．To lead into the topic of this passage. B．To stress the importance of caring about others. C．To show us how to avoid being a prisoner. D．To introduce a famous historical figure. 14．What does the author say about why people expect others’ approval? A．They want to feel better than others. B．They are trying not to be abandoned. C．They believe it will bring them sense of pride. D．They consider that approval equals success. 15．What does the word “restrain” most likely mean in the passage? A．Express. B．Hide. C．Confirm. D．Reflect. 16．Which one is the most suitable title of this passage? A．The Power of Self-Worth. B．Childhood Shapes Behavior. C．The Importance of Approval-Seeking. D．Staying True to Yourself. Passage 5 （22-23高一下·浙江嘉兴·期中）Rome, Paris and New York are the world’s top fashion cities, all of which have produced some of the top trends (趋势), from high low skirts to the hottest new shoes. But have you ever wondered about the negative ideas that they’ve produced? Last year, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) in Britain banned (禁止) an advertisement from Gucci that featured models dancing around and having fun because they were all extremely thin. Banning ads due to unhealthy weight isn’t new. The ASA banned an ad the year before last for the same reason. In France, it has been a rule that models are to provide a doctor’s note proving that they are at healthy weight. So what is healthy weight for models? Twenty years ago, the average fashion model weighed 8% less than the average weight. Today, the average fashion model weighs 23% less. When is it okay for anyone including models to weigh less than average? The images of these models promote the idea that being at unhealthy weight will help one gain the richness and the benefits that the models do. This provides a standard of beauty and richness. Therefore, people who want to achieve those things may attempt to gain them through unhealthy ways. People may think that they are overweight, due to the images of models’ thin figures. They see something wrong with their bodies, whether they are overweight or not. This is a key factor to a lowered body image, low self-esteem, depression and possibly even eating disorders. I’m not blaming the fashion industry by any means. It’s not their mistake that many people look up to the models and expect to live a life like theirs. I’m glad that the ASA is raising its voices when discussing the growing issue of body images in the fashion industry. By banning the photos and videos, speaking out against them and requesting models to provide doctors’ notes, it’s pushing for the idea that the traditional fashion industry’s body image demands should be questioned and changed. 17．Why was one of Gucci’s advertisements banned? A．Its models had unhealthy weight. B．None of its models had a doctor’s note. C．Its models didn’t act according to the rules. D．Its models were dancing in an unhealthy way. 18．What do the figures mentioned in Paragraph 3 show? A．People don’t know when models weigh less. B．Many women are on a diet to become models. C．Healthy weight for models hasn’t been decided. D．Models are becoming thinner as time goes by. 19．What is the possible purpose of the ASA’s measures? A．To stress the importance of healthy weight. B．To voice people’s opinions of models’ body images. C．To introduce new standards of models’ body images. D．To challenge traditional standards in the fashion industry. 20．Where is the passage probably taken from? A．A science fiction. B．A textbook. C．A book review. D．A magazine. Passage 6 （22-23高一下·浙江温州·期中）I was born and raised in England in a culture where privacy and “keeping yourself to yourself” were valued traditions. Speaking to strangers was not encouraged. People were most hospitable (好客的) and friendly — but only once they had been introduced to new people. However, I have been lucky enough to spend some time in both Italy and the US, where I found traditions of hospitality and politeness to be very different. I experienced Italian hospitality first-hand on a crowded railway carriage traveling, one afternoon, from Genoa to Florence. Sinking gratefully into an empty seat, I was berated (斥责) in rapid Italian by a gentleman who was returning to this seat — it had not been “spare” after all. I apologized in English, and got up to allow him back into the seat. The gentleman obviously had no understanding of the English language, but he, too, realized my genuine mistake. He smiled and gestured for me to remain in the seat, and he himself remained standing in the corridor for the rest of the journey. The other passengers of the carriage smiled and nodded at me and made me feel quite welcome amongst them. I feel that if this had been in England, a foreigner who made a mistake would not always be so kindly treated. Transport was also obvious in the differences I noticed between English and American culture. I flew to New York on a plane with mainly English passengers. We sat together in near silence. Nobody spoke to me nor, as I expected, to anyone else they did not know. They felt it was not polite to disturb someone else’s privacy. However, when I traveled across the United States, whether by plane or Greyhound bus, I was never short of conversation. Conversation was going on all around me and whoever sat next to me was happy to introduce themselves and ask me about myself, which was usually a pleasant way to kill time. They obviously felt it would have been rude not to speak to another person, whether they were strangers or not. 21．What do we know about the passengers of the carriage when the author was travelling in Italy? A．They were all on the side of the gentleman. B．They all laughed at the author for this mistake. C．They all showed their understanding of the author’s mistake. D．They would not bear a mistake like the author’s in public. 22．According to the last paragraph, English passengers sat in near silence because________. A．they were too tired to speak B．they are short of topics to talk about C．they were all strangers to each other D．privacy was a valued tradition in England 23．The purpose of the author is to tell us ________. A．his traveling experiences B．how to adapt ourselves to a new culture C．the culture shock he experienced in Italy and the US D．cultural differences in hospitality and politeness 24．What is the author’s attitude towards American’s traditions of hospitality and politeness? A．Approving. B．Confused. C．Negative. D．Disapproving. Passage 7 （22-23高一下·浙江杭州·期中）Junior Alvarado, a high school student in the Washington Leadership Academy, often struggled in his math classes and earned poor grades. The teachers at the Washington Leadership Academy used computer programs to identify the areas he was weak in and design a learning plan just for him. “They explain the problem step by step. It wouldn’t be as fast, but at your speed,” said the 15-year-old. “Now I feel better about my maths skills.” The application of technology in schools is part of a larger idea of personalised learning. This idea has been gaining in popularity in recent years. Personalised learning is a way of teaching centring around the interests and needs of individual (单独的) students instead of entire classes as a whole. It includes flexible (灵活的) learning environments and specially-designed education plans. Students can decide what and how they learn. That way, they are able to master subjects at their own speed. Joseph Webb, headmaster of the Washington Leadership Academy, says the digital tools help teachers identify problems students are facing before they become too serious. “We can solve them right then and there; we don’t have to wait for the problem to come to us,” he said. Still, many researchers say it is too early to tell if personalised learning works better than traditional teaching. A recent study found that personalised learning only led to small improvements. It found only a 3% improvement in math and even smaller improvements in reading compared to traditional teaching methods. In addition, experts in children’s health warn that the overuse of technology can damage face-to-face relationships and young people’s interest in physical activity. Some teachers have their doubts as well. Marla Kilfoyle, a teacher in a public high school, admits that technology can be helpful in the classroom in many ways. But she argues that no computer program should ever replace the personal touch, support and inspiration (启发) teachers give their students. 25．Why does the author mention the example of Junior Alvarado? A．To encourage schools to use technology. B．To introduce the idea of personalised learning. C．To advise students to try a new way of learning. D．To draw the teacher’s attention to the weak students. 26．What does personalised learning mean? A．Students learn on their own. B．Students can do whatever they like. C．Students learn at their own pace. D．Students learn with a teacher face to face. 27．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．The digital tools. B．The learning problems. C．Students. D．Teachers. 28．What can we learn from the text? A．Only a few teachers prefer personalised learning. B．Personalised learning is a failed attempt to help slow learners. C．Computer programs are likely to replace the role of teachers. D．Experts are worried about the overuse of technology. Passage 8 （22-23高一下·浙江杭州·期中）For years, people had been warned that New Orleans was vulnerable (脆弱的). The FEMA had stated that a hurricane hitting the city would be one of the deadliest disasters in the history of U.S. But then, in September 2004, New Orleans had been spared by Hurricane Ivan. However, it had provided the city with a clear warning. It had showed the need to prepare for the next hurricane. But the authorities did not act quickly or decisively enough. Eleven months later, Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city. In 2003, the Harvard Business Review published an article titled Predictable Surprises: The Disasters You Should Have Seen Coming. The authors, Max Bazerman and Michael Watkins, argued that while the world is changeable, unpredictability is often not the problem. The problem is that we still fail to act, even if faced with clear risks. Psychologists describe this inaction as normalcy bias (偏见). In the face of disaster, people have often been slow to recognize the danger and do nothing until it is too late. Part of the problem may simply be that we get our clues from others. In a famous experiment conducted in the late 1960s, psychologists filled smoke into a room in which the participants were filling in a questionnaire. When the subject was sitting alone, he or she tended to note the smoke and calmly leave to report it. But when in a group of three, they were much less likely to react: each person remained passive, ensured by the passivity of the others. Another cognitive (认知的) shortcut is optimism bias. In an experiment, psychologists Neil Weinstein asked more than 250 students to predict pleasant future such as good jobs and clear risks such as an early heart attack. To their surprise, the students felt that good things were likely to happen to themselves, while unpleasant things waited for other students, although they didn’t have any evidence to support that idea. 29．What contributed to the destruction of the city when the hurricane came? A．Absence of warnings. B．Inaction of the authorities. C．Shortage of supplies. D．Unpredictability of the disaster. 30．Which of the following action can be described as normalcy bias? A．People didn’t go to hospital due to the confidence in physical condition. B．Americans followed others to buy toilet paper crazily during the pandemic. C．Few people got prepared for the pandemic at first because others didn’t do so. D．Residents in New Orleans worked together to build shelters facing a hurricane. 31．How does the author introduce the two cognitive shortcuts? A．By telling stories. B．By listing facts. C．By making definition. D．By giving examples. 32．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Are Disasters Predictable? B．Are We Ready for the Next Disaster? C．Why Do We Fail to Prepare for Disasters? D．What Is the Common Bias in Face of Disasters? Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波·期中）Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare (噩梦). But it should not be exactly far-fetched. Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious. Anxiety rates increased by 25% globally. Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide. All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep, meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored. Though these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills. For example, GPS has undoubtedly changed how we travel. But a 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self-guided navigation (航行). Over time, those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp loss in special memory and problem-solving skills. However, reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort. In seeking comfort today, we might be trading away some discomfort. That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us. Viewing stress, a kind of discomfort, as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better results. Research shows that mild stress can improve adaptability (适应性). Neuroscience (神经科学) shows that neuroplasticity — the brain’s ability to form new connections — is improved through challenging experiences. This adaptability is important for developing resilience (抗逆力), a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort. But this doesn’t mean we should reject comfort entirely; it’s to balance it with intentional discomfort. Think of it as “microdosing hardship” — a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand. These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we’ve buried under layers of ease. So, the next time you feel the pull of ease, pause. Ask yourself: Is this momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck? Choosing discomfort isn’t easy, but sometimes, it’s worth it. 33．What does the underlined word “far-fetched” in Paragraph I probably mean? A．Possible to change. B．Certain to function. C．Unlikely to be settled. D．Unable to be accepted. 34．What may digital conveniences cause according to the text? A．The meaningful engagement. B．The fast but worthless relief. C．The lack of necessary comfort. D．The loss of thinking ability. 35．Which is a real-life application of “microdosing hardship”? A．Taking the stairs instead of the lift. B．Ordering take-out food after work. C．Writing an email using voice-to-text. D．Exploring a new city by using GPS. 36．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．GPS: the invisible (隐形的) cost of convenience. B．Stress: the main cause of brain damage. C．Discomfort: a hidden source of resilience. D．Smartphones: barriers (障碍) to human progress. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期中）Everywhere you go, it seems like people are using something to reduce the noise in their lives. They wear over-ear headphones on public transportation, during long flights, or in open-plan offices, or use colored earplugs (耳塞) at concerts. Silence is now big business, with the global market for noise-cancelling headphones bringing $13.1 billion in 2021. Experts predict that this figure will triple by 2031. While these market-based solutions are becoming popular, they raise a question: Are there physical and social effects to shutting out the world around us? Noise-cancelling technology was first developed in the 1950s to reduce cockpit noise for pilots. The headphones today use technology known as active noise control. However, too much of a good thing also has its downsides. Many studies have shown that constant earplug wearing, day and night, over just one week can lead to a condition known as tinnitus (耳鸣). “When you stop listening to outside sounds, your brain starts to turn up its ‘internal volume’ so that it can still pick up on things.” McAlpine says. “If you stop the sound going into your ears, it’s like messing with how your brain is supposed to work naturally.” When it comes to distraction (干扰), the type of noise may matter as much as volume. Moderate (适中的) background noise, around 70dB, has been found to advance performance on creative tasks, for example. “Some people can work really effectively in buzzy cafes and even airports, and yet they can’t focus in the same way in an office. Even if it isn’t as noisy,” McAlpine says. “Your brain in the office is automatically paying attention to all those other conversations — because they might be about something you need to know.” How, then, can we deal with all the loud distractions in our modern lives? An over-dependence on noise-cancelling technology is not necessarily the solution, says McAlpine. “We have given more control to outside sources over our sound environment compared to our visual environment,” he says. If people started wearing AR/VR goggles and living in their own virtual worlds instead of focusing on improving the physical environment, “And that’s problematic.” 37．What is the purpose of noise-cancelling headphones? A．To pick up the sounds. B．To reduce the rate of tinnitus. C．To improve performance on creative tasks. D．To create a sense of silence in noisy environments. 38．Which statement is TRUE according to the article? A．Wearing noise-cancelling headphones has no physical or social costs. B．Creative task performance can be improved by the moderate background noise. C．Noise-cancelling technology was first developed in the 1950s for concertgoers. D．The global market for noise-cancelling headphones is believed to drop by 2031. 39．What does the underlined word “buzzy” mean in the fourth paragraph? A．Lively. B．Advanced. C．Interesting. D．Quiet. 40．What attitude does McAlpine hold towards the over-dependence on the technology? A．Negative. B．Objective. C．Optimistic. D．Indifferent. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）We all want to give our kids the best possible advice, but when it comes to what path they should explore after education and what career possibilities are out there, where should we start? “For parents, the most important thing is to keep options open and to understand that equipping them with life skills are important,” says secondary school teacher David Earl. Your kid will probably have some idea of the terms “growth” and “fixed mindset”. Simply put, the central idea of the growth mindset (思维模式) is that intelligence (智力) and ability can be developed, and children who have this idea will try to seek opportunities to push themselves, understanding that they are likely to achieve what they want if they persevere. This challenges a fixed mindset, the idea that a child’s ability is limited and set in advance. Help your kid prepare for closed doors, tough interviews, rejection letters by encouraging them to embrace them and understand that none of them is failure. Remind them of things they’ve overcome, suggesting they view every negative experience as a chance to learn and grow, rather than an end point. Employers lay stress on all kinds of life skills, including problem-solving, leadership and creative thinking. So getting your children to think about those skills is helpful. Barclays LifeSkills has listed skills important for individuals in their future careers — communicating through videos and audio, rather than writing, and working with people from different generations and backgrounds. Good grades and passing examinations may seem like the most important thing to your kid right now, but try to encourage them to also think of longer-term goals. By thinking of a long-term goal, you may be able to find areas they need to improve. Thinking about the future can be challenging, but it’s important that your kid understands that the next step is just that one small step. It doesn’t have to be anything as huge as what career to pursue or which course to take. This is a team effort: Ask teachers, friends, or turn to experts for tips. 41．What does the growth mindset stress? A．A child’s ability can be improved. B．Success comes only from good grades. C．One’s intelligence stays unchanged. D．Children should avoid challenges to succeed. 42．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “embrace” in Paragraph 4? A．Ignore. B．Measure. C．Perform. D．Accept. 43．Which of the following might the writer agree with? A．Children should consider long-term goals instead of good grades. B．It’s parents’ responsibility to choose their children’ future careers. C．It’s a life skill to get along with people from different backgrounds. D．Children should be independent of their parents as early as possible. 44．Who is the above passage mainly intended for? A．Children. B．Parents. C．Employers. D．Teachers. Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江衢州·期中）Voluntourism is a type of tourism in which travellers participate in volunteer work, usually for a charity or a non-profit, Most often, voluntourists travel for the specific purpose of volunteering in an organized way for specific causes, but others simply include volunteer aspects to a traditional vacation experience. Much like sustainable tourism as a whole, the legitimacy (合法性) or success of a voluntourism program depends highly on how it is managed. When done the right way, it can help communities grow and truly provide benefits to a specific cause. But it’s up to the individual volunteer, too, who has the added responsibility of staying informed and setting their destinations up for success. Ken Budd, author of the award-winning memoir The Voluntourist, says that countless organizations around the world create lasting results. The writer, who volunteered in at least six countries, speaks for it, such as teaching English in a Costa Rican elementary school that relied on volunteers when they couldn’t afford teachers. However, not all voluntourism programs are helping. A reporter for The New York Times wrote in 2016 about their experience with a group of people building a school in Haiti: “These people knew nothing about how to construct a building. Collectively they had spent thousands of dollars to fly here to do a job that Haitian bricklayers could have done far more quickly. Imagine how many classrooms might have been built if they had donated that money rather than spending it to fly down themselves. Perhaps those Haitian bricklayers could have found weeks of employment instead of out of a job, at least for several days.” If an organization can get free labor from an unskilled volunteer, they’re not spending money hiring locals to do the same work for a fee. In a poverty-stricken economy where residents are already struggling to find jobs, funds that go towards digging a well or building a school will have more of an impact if they stay within the local economy. Taking work from locals can prevent developing communities from self-establishment. Not to mention, volunteers who are untrained in whatever service they are providing can sometimes actually end up holding back progress. 45．How does the author introduce the topic “voluntourism”? A．By explaining its origin. B．By presenting its concept. C．By discussing its classification. D．By sorting out its causes. 46．What helps guarantee the success of a voluntourism program according to the passage? A．The purpose and legitimacy of a program. B．Participants’ previous voluntary experience. C．The degree of involvement of each volunteer. D．Proper control of the program and responsible volunteers. 47．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．Voluntourists’ donations to their destinations. B．The enthusiasm of people for rebuilding Haiti. C．The invisible problem brought by voluntourists. D．Voluntourists’ determination to make contributions. 48．What’s the author’s attitude to voluntourism? A．Objective. B．Indifferent, C．Favorable. D．Disapproving. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题07 阅读理解（议论文） Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波·期中）While many of us may have been away somewhere nice last summer, few would say that we’ve “summered. ” “Summer” is clearly a noun, more exactly, a verbed noun. Way back in our childhood, we all learned the difference between a noun and a verb. With such a clear definition, it was easy to spot the difference. Not so in adulthood, where we are expected to “foot” bills, “chair” committees, and “dialogue” with political opponents(对手). Chances are you didn’t feel uncomfortable about the sight of those verbed nouns. “The verbing of nouns is as old as the English language,” says Patricia O’Conner, a former editor at The New York Times Book Review. Experts guess that 20 percent of all English verbs were originally nouns. And the phenomenon seems to be snowballing. Since 1900, about 40 percent of all new verbs have come from nouns. Even though conversion(转化) is quite common, plenty of grammarians object to the practice. William Strunk Jr. and E.B．White, in The Elements of Style-the Bible for the use of American English-have this to say: “Many nouns lately have been pressed into service as verbs. Not all are bad, but all are questionable.” The Chicago Manual of Style takes a similar standpoint, advising writers to use verbs with great care. “Sometimes people object to a new verb because they dislike what is unfamiliar to them,” says O’Conner. That’s why we’re comfortable “hosting” a party, but we might feel upset by the thought of “medaling” in sports. So are there any rules for verbing? Benjamin Dreyer, copy chief at Random House, doesn’t offer a rule, but suggests that people think twice about “verbifiing” a noun if it’s easily replaceable by an already existing popular verb. Make sure it’s descriptive but not silly-sounding, he says. In the end, however, style is subjective(主观的). Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English “English.” Not every coinage (新创的词语) passes into general use, but as for trying to end verbing altogether, forget it. 1．What can we learn about the verbing of nouns from the first three paragraphs? A．It is more accepted by adults. B．It started in the 19th century. C．It is a modern phenomenon. D．It originally made up 40% of verbs. 2．What is many experts’ attitude towards the practice of the verbing of nouns? A．Cautious(谨慎的). B．Supportive. C．Negative. D．Unconcerned. 3．What does the author think of ending the verbing of nouns? A．Unimportant. B．Worthwhile. C．Impossible. D．Practical. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Do adults accept noun verbing? B．Should we give up noun verbing? C．Is noun verbing a new phenomenon? D．Are Summering and Medaling Annoying? 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章对英语语言中“名词动用”这一语言现象展开讨论，以例子的形式介绍了一些基本的用法，主要分享了专家们对此的谨慎态度，部分人士的反对观点，以及作者认为这一现象不可遏制的想法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Not so in adulthood, where we are expected to “foot”bills, “chair”committees, and “dialogue”with political opponents(对手). Chances are you didn’t feel uncomfortable about the sight of those verbed nouns. (但在成年后的生活中并非如此，在这种语境里，我们需要“支付（foot）”账单、“主持（chair）”委员会，还要与政治对手“对话（dialogue）”。看到这些名词用作动词的情况，你很可能并不会感到不适。)”可知，成年人对名词动用现象接受度较高。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White, in The Elements of Style-the Bible for the use of American English-have this to say: “Many nouns lately have been pressed into service as verbs. Not all are bad, but all are questionable.” The Chicago Manual of Style takes a similar standpoint, advising writers to use verbs with great care. (小威廉姆·斯特伦克和E.B.怀特在《文体要素》——美国英语使用的圣经中这样说：“近来，许多名词被用作动词。不是所有的都是坏的，但所有的都值得怀疑。”《芝加哥文体手册》也持类似观点，建议写作者谨慎使用动词。)”可知，专家们是怀疑地审视名词被用作动词这一现象，建议写作者谨慎使用。由此可知，他们对此持谨慎的态度。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English “English.” Not every coinage (新创的词语) passes into general use, but as for trying to end verbing altogether, forget it. (几个世纪以来，名词到动词的轻松转化一直是英语语法的一部分；它是使英语成为“英语”的过程之一。并不是每一个新造的词都会被普遍使用，但至于试图完全停止使用动词，还是算了吧)”可推知，作者认为名词被用作动词这一现象是英语语言发展必不可少的一部分，结束这一用法是不可能的。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章围绕英语语言中“名词动用”这一语言现象展开，首先以例子的形式介绍了一些基本的用法，然后主要分享了专家们对此的谨慎态度，部分人士的反对观点，以及作者认为这一现象不可遏制的想法。因此，B选项“Summering和Medaling很讨厌吗？”贴合文意，用文章中名词动用的两个典型用语Summering和Medaling来进行概括，适合作为标题。故选D项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江温州·期中）Many economists (经济学家) today believe that self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies. However, in an increasingly interconnected society, it is even more important to have group skills. So we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future. In the present time marked with digital economy, cooperation is a valuable skill to have. As a research study conducted by Google shows, skills such as good communication and cooperation are important to employees compared to technical skills or knowledge. In contrast, intense (激烈的) competitive and individualistic behaviour may destroy social relations in the community of coworkers. Since no man is an island, even the most competitive employee will not be able to pursue his goals effectively without the help of others who are able to share a common understanding. Moreover, encouraging cooperation helps develop a healthy sense of self-esteem in children that better prepares them for the competitive working world. The competitive culture include higher anxiety and depression among university students and office workers. It is primary for the builders of our future to be based on mutually beneficial cooperation rather than self-centre d competition. Teamwork can help a maturing individual realize that each has his or her own unique set of abilities and that another person's talents do not weaken the value of his or her talents. We should encourage a spirit of cooperation more than a spirit of competition in children to better prepare them for an uncertain future. Cooperation opens for an individual a gateway to diverse skills and talents of others and importantly, enhances our chances of solving problems of the future. Furthermore, since cooperative activities can build confidence in children, it will also promote healthy competition within a generation that can better understand and tolerate others’ weaknesses. 5．What will intense competition lead to according to the study? A．It can promote communications between people. B．It could bring damage to partners’ relationships. C．It will weaken one's ability in solving problems. D．It enables one to share common views with others. 6．What does the author agree with according to paragraph 3? A．Only by cooperation can children develop self-esteem. B．One's abilities and another’s talents can’t work together. C．It is important for builders of future to learn to cooperate. D．Higher anxiety and depression don't exist among students. 7．What characteristic might cooperation have, as mentioned in the passage? A．Focusing on self-centred competition. B．Reducing the possibility of success. C．Pursuing individual goals effectively. D．Accepting teammates' shortcomings. 8．What is author’s intention to write the article? A．To encourage a teamwork spirit in children. B．To support fierce competition between children. C．To warn children of uncertain trouble in the future. D．To build up confidence in children through competition. 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．D 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。在日常生活中，我们经常需要在竞争与合作中做出抉择，本文指出我们应该鼓励孩子形成合作精神，以更好地为未来做准备。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In contrast, intense (激烈的) competitive and individualistic behaviour may destroy social relations in the community of coworkers.(相比之下，激烈的竞争和个人主义行为可能会破坏同事社区的社会关系) ”可知，过度的激烈竞争行为会使同事之间的关系破裂。故选B。 6． 推理判断题。根据第三段“It is primary for the builders of our future to be based on mutually beneficial cooperation rather than self-centre d competition. Teamwork can help a maturing individual realize that each has his or her own unique set of abilities and that another person’s talents do not weaken the value of his or her talents.(我们未来的建设者首先要以互利合作而不是以自我为中心的竞争为基础。团队合作可以帮助一个成熟的人认识到，每个人都有自己独特的能力，别人的才能不会削弱他或她的才能的价值)”可推知，作者认为未来的建设者需要有合作精神。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Furthermore, since cooperative activities can build confidence in children, it will also promote healthy competition within a generation that can better understand and tolerate others’ weaknesses.(此外，由于合作活动可以建立儿童的信心，它还将促进一代人之间的健康竞争，从而更好地理解和容忍他人的弱点)”可推知，接受队友的缺点是合作精神的一项特征。故选D。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段中心句“So we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future.(因此，我们应该鼓励合作，让孩子们更好地为未来做好准备)”和最后一段中心句“We should encourage a spirit of cooperation more than a spirit of competition in children to better prepare them for an uncertain future.(我们应该鼓励孩子们的合作精神而不是竞争精神，以便他们更好地为不确定的未来做好准备)”可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了鼓励孩子们的团队合作精神。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期中）The big day is finally here. You and your team have made it to the final game of the soccer tournament. You’re ready to win... but so is the other team. Then, suddenly, someone scores! The game is over. The other team has won and earns a shiny gold cup. But then the coaches start giving out something else to you and the other players: participation (参与) awards. Everyone reacts differently. Some glow with pride. Others look disappointed. And you? You don’t know how to feel... Participation awards have been around since the 1920s, when they were invented to make sports safer for kids. That’s because when the first youth sports leagues were created in the early 1900s, games were even more competitive than they are today. Many kids were badly hurt in their effort to win. Adults were concerned. Some schools even canceled sports programs altogether. But then came a solution: participation awards. The point was to take the spotlight away from winning and put it on other values, like teamwork and commitment, or sticking with something. Many people today say that’s why participation awards are still needed. “Winning isn’t everything,” says Kenneth Barish, a scientist who studies kids’ feelings and behavior. “The more important thing is to let kids know that we’re proud of them — not for winning, but for their effort. Praising effort has amazing benefits. It makes it easier for young people to try new things without fear, learn from mistakes, and take on new challenges with a positive attitude.” But some people worry that giving awards to everyone sends the wrong message. In real life, people are not always rewarded for just showing up. After all, you don’t get an A just for going to class. Participation awards, some say, could teach kids to expect awards when they aren’t deserved. So what do you think? Does everyone deserve a participation award? Or is it time to toss them aside for good? 9．What’s the writing purpose of the first paragraph? A．To share a competitive game. B．To compare two kinds of awards. C．To show the reactions to the awards. D．To introduce the participation awards. 10．What can be learned about participation awards from paragraph 2? A．They were introduced to make sports safer for young players. B．They were created in the first youth sports leagues in the 1900s. C．They were aimed at making the games less competitive than before. D．They were the only way to remove concern about the safety of sports. 11．What does Kenneth Barish intend to convey? A．The limitations of winning the game. B．The applications of praising the effort. C．The significance of developing the teamwork spirit. D．The importance of forming a healthy view of effort. 12．What’s the author’s attitude towards participation awards? A．Supportive. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent. 【答案】9．D 10．A 11．D 12．B 【导语】本文是篇议论文。文章主要分析了在体育比赛中设置参与奖的积极作用和人们的担忧，对是否应该设置这一奖项进行探讨。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段“But then the coaches start giving out something else to you and the other players: participation (参与) awards.(但是教练们开始给你和其他球员颁发别的东西：参与奖。)”和第二段“Participation awards have been around since the 1920s, when they were invented to make sports safer for kids.(自20世纪20年代以来，参与奖就一直存在，当时它们的发明是为了让孩子们的运动更安全。)”结合第三、四段对参与奖利弊的分析可知，第一段的目的主要是为了引出参与奖这一话题。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“Participation awards have been around since the 1920s, when they were invented to make sports safer for kids.(自20世纪20年代以来，参与奖就一直存在，当时它们的发明是为了让孩子们的运动更安全。)”可知，参与奖的引进是为了让年轻运动员更安全。故选A。 11．推理判断题。根据第三段Kenneth Barish所说的话“Winning isn’t everything,(胜利不是全部，)”和“The more important thing is to let kids know that we’re proud of them — not for winning, but for their effort.(更重要的是让孩子们知道，我们为他们感到骄傲——不是为胜利，而是为他们的努力。)”可知，Kenneth认为胜利不是最重要的，为了胜利而付出努力才是更重要的。由此推知，Kenneth Barish想要传达的是形成一个健康的努力观是非常重要的。故选D。 12．推理判断题。文章第三段叙述了参与奖的好处，第四段指出了人们的一些担忧，结合最后一段“So what do you think? Does everyone deserve a participation award? Or is it time to toss them aside for good?(你怎么看？每个人都应该获得参与奖吗？或者是时候把它们永远扔到一边了？)”可知，作者客观分析了参与奖的优劣，对于设置的必要性进行探讨，可见作者对参与奖持客观的态度。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Lao Zi once said, “Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner.” People tend to gain self-worth through others’ approval (认可), which is a fruitless way to go through life. Why do we allow what others think of us to have so much power over how we feel about ourselves? If it’s true that you can’t satisfy all the people all the time, wouldn’t it make sense to stop trying? Unfortunately, sense often isn’t driving our behavior. For social beings who desire love and belonging, wanting to be liked and caring about the effect we have on others are healthy and allow us to make connections. However, where we get into trouble is when our self-worth is dependent upon whether we win someone’s approval or not. This need to be liked comes from when we were children and were completely dependent on others to take care of us. Small children are not just learning how to walk and communicate, they are also trying to learn how the world works. We learn about who we are based on communications with others. Thus, to a four-year-old, if Mommy or Daddy doesn’t like him or her, there is the danger that they will abandon them. We need to understand that when we anxiously want someone to approve of us, it’s being driven by that little kid part of us that is still terrified of abandonment. As you become more capable of providing yourself with the approval you find, your need for validation (确认) by others will start to disappear, leaving you stronger, more confident, and yes, happier in your life. Imagine how much time we lose each moment we restrain our real selves in an effort to be liked. So embrace the cliché (老话) and love your true self as it’s highly doubtful that you’ll regret it. 13．Why is Lao Zi’s quotation used in paragraph 1? A．To lead into the topic of this passage. B．To stress the importance of caring about others. C．To show us how to avoid being a prisoner. D．To introduce a famous historical figure. 14．What does the author say about why people expect others’ approval? A．They want to feel better than others. B．They are trying not to be abandoned. C．They believe it will bring them sense of pride. D．They consider that approval equals success. 15．What does the word “restrain” most likely mean in the passage? A．Express. B．Hide. C．Confirm. D．Reflect. 16．Which one is the most suitable title of this passage? A．The Power of Self-Worth. B．Childhood Shapes Behavior. C．The Importance of Approval-Seeking. D．Staying True to Yourself. 【答案】13．A 14．B 15．B 16．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了人们往往通过他人的认可来获得自我价值，但这种方式是无果的，人们不应让他人的看法过多地影响自己对自身的感觉，要学会爱真实的自己，保持自我。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Lao Zi once said, “Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner.”(老子曾说：“在意别人的想法，你将永远是他们的囚徒”)” 以及后文围绕人们对他人认可的追求展开论述，可推知引用老子的话是为了引出文章的主题。故选A。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段“We need to understand that when we anxiously want someone to approve of us, it’s being driven by that little kid part of us that is still terrified of abandonment.(我们需要明白，当我们急切地希望得到别人的认可时，是我们内心那个仍然害怕被抛弃的小孩在驱使着我们)” 可知，人们期望得到他人认可的原因是他们试图不被抛弃。故选B。 15．词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段 “Imagine how much time we lose each moment we restrain our real selves in an effort to be liked.(想象一下，为了被人喜欢，我们每次restrain真实的自我时，会浪费多少时间)”可知，为了取悦别人，我们隐藏了真实的自我。“restrain” 在此处意为 “抑制、隐藏”，与选项 B（隐藏）意思相近，故选 B。 16．主旨大意题。文章开篇通过老子的话引出人们对他人认可的追求这一话题，接着分析了原因，最后呼吁人们要拥抱真实的自己，不要为了他人的认可而压抑自己。所以 “保持自我” 是文章的核心内容，选项 D“保持真实的自我”为短文的最佳标题，故选D。 Passage 5 （22-23高一下·浙江嘉兴·期中）Rome, Paris and New York are the world’s top fashion cities, all of which have produced some of the top trends (趋势), from high low skirts to the hottest new shoes. But have you ever wondered about the negative ideas that they’ve produced? Last year, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) in Britain banned (禁止) an advertisement from Gucci that featured models dancing around and having fun because they were all extremely thin. Banning ads due to unhealthy weight isn’t new. The ASA banned an ad the year before last for the same reason. In France, it has been a rule that models are to provide a doctor’s note proving that they are at healthy weight. So what is healthy weight for models? Twenty years ago, the average fashion model weighed 8% less than the average weight. Today, the average fashion model weighs 23% less. When is it okay for anyone including models to weigh less than average? The images of these models promote the idea that being at unhealthy weight will help one gain the richness and the benefits that the models do. This provides a standard of beauty and richness. Therefore, people who want to achieve those things may attempt to gain them through unhealthy ways. People may think that they are overweight, due to the images of models’ thin figures. They see something wrong with their bodies, whether they are overweight or not. This is a key factor to a lowered body image, low self-esteem, depression and possibly even eating disorders. I’m not blaming the fashion industry by any means. It’s not their mistake that many people look up to the models and expect to live a life like theirs. I’m glad that the ASA is raising its voices when discussing the growing issue of body images in the fashion industry. By banning the photos and videos, speaking out against them and requesting models to provide doctors’ notes, it’s pushing for the idea that the traditional fashion industry’s body image demands should be questioned and changed. 17．Why was one of Gucci’s advertisements banned? A．Its models had unhealthy weight. B．None of its models had a doctor’s note. C．Its models didn’t act according to the rules. D．Its models were dancing in an unhealthy way. 18．What do the figures mentioned in Paragraph 3 show? A．People don’t know when models weigh less. B．Many women are on a diet to become models. C．Healthy weight for models hasn’t been decided. D．Models are becoming thinner as time goes by. 19．What is the possible purpose of the ASA’s measures? A．To stress the importance of healthy weight. B．To voice people’s opinions of models’ body images. C．To introduce new standards of models’ body images. D．To challenge traditional standards in the fashion industry. 20．Where is the passage probably taken from? A．A science fiction. B．A textbook. C．A book review. D．A magazine. 【答案】17．A 18．D 19．C 20．D 【导语】本文是议论文。英国广告标准句禁播了一则广告，原因是广告中的模特极瘦，容易对人们的健康观造成误导。作者针对这一新闻事件发表了自己的看法。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Last year, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) in Britain banned (禁止) an advertisement from Gucci that featured models dancing around and having fun because they were all extremely thin. Banning ads due to unhealthy weight isn’t new.(去年，英国广告标准管理局(ASA)禁止了古驰(Gucci)的一则广告，因为广告中的模特们都非常瘦，她们在广告中跳舞、玩乐。因为不健康的体重而禁止广告并不是什么新鲜事。)”可知，该广告之所以被禁播，是因为广告中的模特非常瘦，体重不健康，故选A。 18．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Twenty years ago, the average fashion model weighed 8% less than the average weight. Today, the average fashion model weighs 23% less. ( 20年前，时装模特的平均体重比平均体重轻8% 。如今，时装模特的平均体重减轻了23% 。)”可推知，随着时间的推移，模特变得越来越瘦了，故选D。 19．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“By banning the photos and videos, speaking out against them and requesting models to provide doctors’ notes, it’s pushing for the idea that the traditional fashion industry’s body image demands should be questioned and changed.( 通过禁止这些照片和视频，公开反对它们，并要求模特提供医生证明，它正在推动这样一种观点，即传统时尚业对身体形象的要求应该受到质疑和改变。)”可知，英国广告标准局通过这些举措，努力想让人们认识到传统的时尚产业对体相的需求应当被质疑、被改变。由此可推知，该机构的这些举措是为了促进模特体相新标准的产生，故选C。 20．推理判断题。通读全文可知，英国广告标准句禁播了一则广告，原因是广告中的模特极瘦，容易对人们的健康观造成误导。作者针对这一新闻事件发表了自己的看法。由此可知，文章可能选自一篇杂志，故选D。 Passage 6 （22-23高一下·浙江温州·期中）I was born and raised in England in a culture where privacy and “keeping yourself to yourself” were valued traditions. Speaking to strangers was not encouraged. People were most hospitable (好客的) and friendly — but only once they had been introduced to new people. However, I have been lucky enough to spend some time in both Italy and the US, where I found traditions of hospitality and politeness to be very different. I experienced Italian hospitality first-hand on a crowded railway carriage traveling, one afternoon, from Genoa to Florence. Sinking gratefully into an empty seat, I was berated (斥责) in rapid Italian by a gentleman who was returning to this seat — it had not been “spare” after all. I apologized in English, and got up to allow him back into the seat. The gentleman obviously had no understanding of the English language, but he, too, realized my genuine mistake. He smiled and gestured for me to remain in the seat, and he himself remained standing in the corridor for the rest of the journey. The other passengers of the carriage smiled and nodded at me and made me feel quite welcome amongst them. I feel that if this had been in England, a foreigner who made a mistake would not always be so kindly treated. Transport was also obvious in the differences I noticed between English and American culture. I flew to New York on a plane with mainly English passengers. We sat together in near silence. Nobody spoke to me nor, as I expected, to anyone else they did not know. They felt it was not polite to disturb someone else’s privacy. However, when I traveled across the United States, whether by plane or Greyhound bus, I was never short of conversation. Conversation was going on all around me and whoever sat next to me was happy to introduce themselves and ask me about myself, which was usually a pleasant way to kill time. They obviously felt it would have been rude not to speak to another person, whether they were strangers or not. 21．What do we know about the passengers of the carriage when the author was travelling in Italy? A．They were all on the side of the gentleman. B．They all laughed at the author for this mistake. C．They all showed their understanding of the author’s mistake. D．They would not bear a mistake like the author’s in public. 22．According to the last paragraph, English passengers sat in near silence because________. A．they were too tired to speak B．they are short of topics to talk about C．they were all strangers to each other D．privacy was a valued tradition in England 23．The purpose of the author is to tell us ________. A．his traveling experiences B．how to adapt ourselves to a new culture C．the culture shock he experienced in Italy and the US D．cultural differences in hospitality and politeness 24．What is the author’s attitude towards American’s traditions of hospitality and politeness? A．Approving. B．Confused. C．Negative. D．Disapproving. 【答案】21．C 22．D 23．D 24．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章作者通过自己在不同国家旅行的经历来告诉大家，不同文化里人们对礼貌的定义是不同的。 21．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The other passengers of the carriage smiled and nodded at me and made me feel quite welcome amongst them.(车厢里的其他乘客对我微笑点头，让我觉得在他们中间是很受欢迎的)”可知，车厢里所有的人都对作者点头微笑，说明他们理解作者的错误。故选C。 22．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“We sat together in near silence. Nobody spoke to me nor, as I expected, to anyone else they did not know. They felt it was not polite to disturb someone else’s privacy.(我们几乎沉默地坐在一起。没有人跟我说话，正如我所预料的，也没有人跟他们不认识的人说话。他们觉得打扰别人的隐私是不礼貌的)”可知，英国乘客不跟不认识的人说话，他们觉得打扰别人的隐私是不礼貌的。由此可推知，隐私在英国是一项被重视的传统。故选D。 23．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“I was born and raised in England in a culture where privacy and ‘keeping yourself to yourself’ were valued traditions.(我在英国出生和长大，在那里，隐私和“独来独往”是被重视的传统)”和文章第二段“However, I have been lucky enough to spend some time in both Italy and the US, where I found traditions of hospitality and politeness to be very different.(然而，我很幸运地在意大利和美国度过了一段时间，我发现那里的好客和礼貌传统非常不同)”可推知，作者的目的是要告诉不同国家在好客和礼貌方面的文化差异。故选D。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“However, when I traveled across the United States, whether by plane or Greyhound bus, I was never short of conversation. Conversation was going on all around me and whoever sat next to me was happy to introduce themselves and ask me about myself, which was usually a pleasant way to kill time.(然而，当我在美国旅行时，无论是乘飞机还是乘灰狗巴士，我从不缺少谈话。我周围的人都在交谈，坐在我旁边的人都很高兴地介绍自己，问我关于我自己的事情，这通常是消磨时间的一种愉快的方式)”可知，作者认为在美国旅行时与人谈话是消磨时间的一种愉快的方式，所以作者对美国好客和礼貌的传统持赞许态度。故选A项。 Passage 7 （22-23高一下·浙江杭州·期中）Junior Alvarado, a high school student in the Washington Leadership Academy, often struggled in his math classes and earned poor grades. The teachers at the Washington Leadership Academy used computer programs to identify the areas he was weak in and design a learning plan just for him. “They explain the problem step by step. It wouldn’t be as fast, but at your speed,” said the 15-year-old. “Now I feel better about my maths skills.” The application of technology in schools is part of a larger idea of personalised learning. This idea has been gaining in popularity in recent years. Personalised learning is a way of teaching centring around the interests and needs of individual (单独的) students instead of entire classes as a whole. It includes flexible (灵活的) learning environments and specially-designed education plans. Students can decide what and how they learn. That way, they are able to master subjects at their own speed. Joseph Webb, headmaster of the Washington Leadership Academy, says the digital tools help teachers identify problems students are facing before they become too serious. “We can solve them right then and there; we don’t have to wait for the problem to come to us,” he said. Still, many researchers say it is too early to tell if personalised learning works better than traditional teaching. A recent study found that personalised learning only led to small improvements. It found only a 3% improvement in math and even smaller improvements in reading compared to traditional teaching methods. In addition, experts in children’s health warn that the overuse of technology can damage face-to-face relationships and young people’s interest in physical activity. Some teachers have their doubts as well. Marla Kilfoyle, a teacher in a public high school, admits that technology can be helpful in the classroom in many ways. But she argues that no computer program should ever replace the personal touch, support and inspiration (启发) teachers give their students. 25．Why does the author mention the example of Junior Alvarado? A．To encourage schools to use technology. B．To introduce the idea of personalised learning. C．To advise students to try a new way of learning. D．To draw the teacher’s attention to the weak students. 26．What does personalised learning mean? A．Students learn on their own. B．Students can do whatever they like. C．Students learn at their own pace. D．Students learn with a teacher face to face. 27．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．The digital tools. B．The learning problems. C．Students. D．Teachers. 28．What can we learn from the text? A．Only a few teachers prefer personalised learning. B．Personalised learning is a failed attempt to help slow learners. C．Computer programs are likely to replace the role of teachers. D．Experts are worried about the overuse of technology. 【答案】25．B 26．C 27．B 28．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章介绍了电脑软件可以为学生制定个性化学习方案，对此各方人士有不同看法。 25．推理判断题。Junior Alvarado的例子出现在文章的开头，是一个个性化学习案例。紧接着第三段中“The application of technology in schools is part of a larger idea of personalised learning. This idea has been gaining in popularity in recent years.（技术在学校的应用是个性化学习这一更大理念的一部分。这一观点近年来越来越受欢迎。）”开始介绍个性化学习，说明其具体的内涵、特点和优势。因此，作者提到Junior Alvarado的例子是为了介绍个性化学习的理念。故选B项。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Students can decide what and how they learn. That way, they are able to master subjects at their own speed.（学生可以决定学什么和怎么学。这样，他们就能以自己的节奏掌握课程。）”可知，个性化学习的方式可以让学生按照自己的节奏掌握各门课程。故选C项。 27．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Joseph Webb, headmaster of the Washington Leadership Academy, says the digital tools help teachers identify problems students are facing before they become too serious.（华盛顿领导学院校长Joseph Webb表示，数字化工具可以帮助教师在学生面临的问题变得过于严重之前进行确认。）”可知，Joseph Webb表示数字化工具可以确认学生面临的问题，they指代上文的problems，强调在这些学习问题变得更严重之前确认。故选B项。 28．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“In addition, experts in children’s health warn that the overuse of technology can damage face-to-face relationships and young people’s interest in physical activity.（此外，儿童健康专家警告说，过度使用科技产品会损害面对面的关系，也会损害年轻人对体育活动的兴趣。）”可知，专家担心科技的过度使用会带来问题，给面对面的人际交往和对于体育运动的兴趣造成损害。故选D项。 Passage 8 （22-23高一下·浙江杭州·期中）For years, people had been warned that New Orleans was vulnerable (脆弱的). The FEMA had stated that a hurricane hitting the city would be one of the deadliest disasters in the history of U.S. But then, in September 2004, New Orleans had been spared by Hurricane Ivan. However, it had provided the city with a clear warning. It had showed the need to prepare for the next hurricane. But the authorities did not act quickly or decisively enough. Eleven months later, Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city. In 2003, the Harvard Business Review published an article titled Predictable Surprises: The Disasters You Should Have Seen Coming. The authors, Max Bazerman and Michael Watkins, argued that while the world is changeable, unpredictability is often not the problem. The problem is that we still fail to act, even if faced with clear risks. Psychologists describe this inaction as normalcy bias (偏见). In the face of disaster, people have often been slow to recognize the danger and do nothing until it is too late. Part of the problem may simply be that we get our clues from others. In a famous experiment conducted in the late 1960s, psychologists filled smoke into a room in which the participants were filling in a questionnaire. When the subject was sitting alone, he or she tended to note the smoke and calmly leave to report it. But when in a group of three, they were much less likely to react: each person remained passive, ensured by the passivity of the others. Another cognitive (认知的) shortcut is optimism bias. In an experiment, psychologists Neil Weinstein asked more than 250 students to predict pleasant future such as good jobs and clear risks such as an early heart attack. To their surprise, the students felt that good things were likely to happen to themselves, while unpleasant things waited for other students, although they didn’t have any evidence to support that idea. 29．What contributed to the destruction of the city when the hurricane came? A．Absence of warnings. B．Inaction of the authorities. C．Shortage of supplies. D．Unpredictability of the disaster. 30．Which of the following action can be described as normalcy bias? A．People didn’t go to hospital due to the confidence in physical condition. B．Americans followed others to buy toilet paper crazily during the pandemic. C．Few people got prepared for the pandemic at first because others didn’t do so. D．Residents in New Orleans worked together to build shelters facing a hurricane. 31．How does the author introduce the two cognitive shortcuts? A．By telling stories. B．By listing facts. C．By making definition. D．By giving examples. 32．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Are Disasters Predictable? B．Are We Ready for the Next Disaster? C．Why Do We Fail to Prepare for Disasters? D．What Is the Common Bias in Face of Disasters? 【答案】29．B 30．C 31．D 32．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是为什么我们总是无法在灾难来临前做好准备。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段的“But the authorities did not act quickly or decisively enough. Eleven months later, Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city.(但当局的行动不够迅速和果断。11个月后，飓风Katrina摧毁了这座城市。)”可知，飓风来袭时，当局不作为导致了这座城市的毁灭。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据第二段的“The problem is that we still fail to act, even if faced with clear risks. Psychologists describe this inaction as normalcy bias (偏见). In the face of disaster, people have often been slow to recognize the danger and do nothing until it is too late.(问题是，即使面临明显的风险，我们仍然没有采取行动。心理学家将这种不作为描述为正常偏见。面对灾难，人们往往迟迟没有意识到危险，直到为时已晚才采取行动。)”可知，C选项“Few people got prepared for the pandemic at first because others didn’t do so.(一开始很少有人为大流行做好准备，因为其他人没有这样做。)”说明了人们没有意识到危险，直到为时已晚才采取行动是一种正常偏见，故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Part of the problem may simply be that we get our clues from others. In a famous experiment conducted in the late 1960s, psychologists filled smoke into a room in which the participants were filling in a questionnaire.(部分问题可能仅仅是我们从别人那里获得线索。在20世纪60年代末进行的一项著名实验中，心理学家向一间正在填写问卷的房间里注入烟雾。)”和最后一段的“Another cognitive (认知的) shortcut is optimism bias. In an experiment, psychologists Neil Weinstein asked more than 250 students to predict pleasant future such as good jobs and clear risks such as an early heart attack.(另一个认知捷径是乐观偏见。在一项实验中，心理学家Neil Weinstein要求250多名学生预测美好的未来，比如好工作，以及明确的风险，比如心脏病发作。)”可知，作者是通过举例介绍这两种认知捷径的，故选D。 32．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“The problem is that we still fail to act, even if faced with clear risks. Psychologists describe this inaction as normalcy bias (偏见). In the face of disaster, people have often been slow to recognize the danger and do nothing until it is too late.(问题是，即使面临明显的风险，我们仍然没有采取行动。心理学家将这种不作为描述为正常偏见。面对灾难，人们往往迟迟没有意识到危险，直到为时已晚才采取行动。)”，倒数第二段的“Part of the problem may simply be that we get our clues from others.(部分问题可能仅仅是我们从别人那里获得线索。)”和最后一段的“Another cognitive (认知的) shortcut is optimism bias.(另一个认知捷径是乐观偏见。)”可知，本文主要论述的是为什么我们总是无法在灾难来临前做好准备，因此最好的题目是C选项“Why Do We Fail to Prepare for Disasters?(为什么我们没有为灾难做好准备？)”。故选C。 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波·期中）Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare (噩梦). But it should not be exactly far-fetched. Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious. Anxiety rates increased by 25% globally. Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide. All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep, meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored. Though these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills. For example, GPS has undoubtedly changed how we travel. But a 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self-guided navigation (航行). Over time, those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp loss in special memory and problem-solving skills. However, reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort. In seeking comfort today, we might be trading away some discomfort. That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us. Viewing stress, a kind of discomfort, as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better results. Research shows that mild stress can improve adaptability (适应性). Neuroscience (神经科学) shows that neuroplasticity — the brain’s ability to form new connections — is improved through challenging experiences. This adaptability is important for developing resilience (抗逆力), a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort. But this doesn’t mean we should reject comfort entirely; it’s to balance it with intentional discomfort. Think of it as “microdosing hardship” — a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand. These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we’ve buried under layers of ease. So, the next time you feel the pull of ease, pause. Ask yourself: Is this momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck? Choosing discomfort isn’t easy, but sometimes, it’s worth it. 33．What does the underlined word “far-fetched” in Paragraph I probably mean? A．Possible to change. B．Certain to function. C．Unlikely to be settled. D．Unable to be accepted. 34．What may digital conveniences cause according to the text? A．The meaningful engagement. B．The fast but worthless relief. C．The lack of necessary comfort. D．The loss of thinking ability. 35．Which is a real-life application of “microdosing hardship”? A．Taking the stairs instead of the lift. B．Ordering take-out food after work. C．Writing an email using voice-to-text. D．Exploring a new city by using GPS. 36．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．GPS: the invisible (隐形的) cost of convenience. B．Stress: the main cause of brain damage. C．Discomfort: a hidden source of resilience. D．Smartphones: barriers (障碍) to human progress. 【答案】33．D 34．D 35．A 36．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了现代社会中人们对数字技术的过度依赖及其带来的负面影响，强调了适度不适的重要性，并提出了通过“微量困难”（microdosing hardship）来增强个人适应力和韧性。 33．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work, order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare (噩梦). But it should not be exactly far-fetched.(想象一下，有一天早上醒来，发现你的智能手机不见了。你再也不能用它导航去上班，点咖啡，或者和朋友联系了。对我们大多数人来说，这是一场噩梦。但这并不_____)”可知，这里的语境是假设智能手机突然消失的情景虽然令人不安，但它不应该是不能被接受的。故划线词意思是“不能被接受”。故选D。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段中“All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep, meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored.(这一切都是因为我们越来越依赖社交媒体和智能技术，这些技术旨在提供快速的解脱，但往往以牺牲深刻而有意义的参与为代价，这可能会进一步导致我们失去一些容易被忽视的东西)”以及第三段“Though these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills.(虽然这些便利提供了短期的解脱，但它们可能会削弱我们的思维能力)”可知，数字便利可能导致思考能力的下降。故选D。 35．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Think of it as “microdosing hardship” — a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand.(把它想象成“微量困难”——一系列小的、可以管理的困难，这些困难能让我们的心理和情绪肌肉保持强壮，比如用笔写字，或者用手洗碗)”可知，采取“微量困难”的实际行动是做一些小的、可以管理的困难的事情，A选项“爬楼梯而不是乘电梯”符合“微量困难”的含义。故选A。 36．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious.(尽管我们比以往任何时候都更加数字化地联系在一起，但我们却更加孤独和焦虑)”、第三段“Though these conveniences offer short-term relief, they may weaken our thinking skills.(虽然这些便利提供了短期的解脱，但它们可能会削弱我们的思维能力)”以及第四段中“That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us.(这就是问题所在：我们避免的不适往往正是让我们变得坚强的东西)”可知，文章主要讲述了现代生活中人们过于依赖智能手机和各种智能技术，造成了一些不良后果，如焦虑、抑郁、思维能力下降等。作者认为，我们应该适当减少对这些便利的依赖，通过面对一些“微小的不便”来增强自己的抗逆力，C选项“不适感：韧性的隐藏来源”最符合文章主旨。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期中）Everywhere you go, it seems like people are using something to reduce the noise in their lives. They wear over-ear headphones on public transportation, during long flights, or in open-plan offices, or use colored earplugs (耳塞) at concerts. Silence is now big business, with the global market for noise-cancelling headphones bringing $13.1 billion in 2021. Experts predict that this figure will triple by 2031. While these market-based solutions are becoming popular, they raise a question: Are there physical and social effects to shutting out the world around us? Noise-cancelling technology was first developed in the 1950s to reduce cockpit noise for pilots. The headphones today use technology known as active noise control. However, too much of a good thing also has its downsides. Many studies have shown that constant earplug wearing, day and night, over just one week can lead to a condition known as tinnitus (耳鸣). “When you stop listening to outside sounds, your brain starts to turn up its ‘internal volume’ so that it can still pick up on things.” McAlpine says. “If you stop the sound going into your ears, it’s like messing with how your brain is supposed to work naturally.” When it comes to distraction (干扰), the type of noise may matter as much as volume. Moderate (适中的) background noise, around 70dB, has been found to advance performance on creative tasks, for example. “Some people can work really effectively in buzzy cafes and even airports, and yet they can’t focus in the same way in an office. Even if it isn’t as noisy,” McAlpine says. “Your brain in the office is automatically paying attention to all those other conversations — because they might be about something you need to know.” How, then, can we deal with all the loud distractions in our modern lives? An over-dependence on noise-cancelling technology is not necessarily the solution, says McAlpine. “We have given more control to outside sources over our sound environment compared to our visual environment,” he says. If people started wearing AR/VR goggles and living in their own virtual worlds instead of focusing on improving the physical environment, “And that’s problematic.” 37．What is the purpose of noise-cancelling headphones? A．To pick up the sounds. B．To reduce the rate of tinnitus. C．To improve performance on creative tasks. D．To create a sense of silence in noisy environments. 38．Which statement is TRUE according to the article? A．Wearing noise-cancelling headphones has no physical or social costs. B．Creative task performance can be improved by the moderate background noise. C．Noise-cancelling technology was first developed in the 1950s for concertgoers. D．The global market for noise-cancelling headphones is believed to drop by 2031. 39．What does the underlined word “buzzy” mean in the fourth paragraph? A．Lively. B．Advanced. C．Interesting. D．Quiet. 40．What attitude does McAlpine hold towards the over-dependence on the technology? A．Negative. B．Objective. C．Optimistic. D．Indifferent. 【答案】37．D 38．B 39．A 40．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了现代社会中噪音干扰的问题以及人们使用降噪技术的现象。文章指出，虽然降噪技术在市场上大受欢迎，但过度使用可能带来身体和社会方面的负面影响。 37．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Everywhere you go, it seems like people are using something to reduce the noise in their lives. They wear over-ear headphones on public transportation, during long flights, or in open-plan offices, or use colored earplugs (耳塞) at concerts.(无论你走到哪里，人们似乎都在用某种东西来减少生活中的噪音。他们在公共交通工具上、长途飞行中或在开放式办公室里戴着戴耳式耳机，或者在音乐会上使用彩色耳塞)”和第二段中“Noise-cancelling technology was first developed in the 1950s to reduce cockpit noise for pilots. The headphones today use technology known as active noise control.(降噪技术最早是在20世纪50年代发展起来的，目的是为飞行员减少驾驶舱的噪音。今天的耳机使用了一种被称为主动噪声控制的技术)”可推知，降噪耳机是用于减少生活中的噪音，在嘈杂的环境中创造一种安静的感觉。故选D项。 38．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Moderate (适中的) background noise, around 70dB, has been found to advance performance on creative tasks, for example.(例如，研究发现，适度的背景噪音(约70分贝)可以提高创造性任务的表现)”可知，适度的背景噪声可以提高创造性任务的表现，故“Creative task performance can be improved by the moderate background noise.”是正确表述。故选B项。 39．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Some people can work really effectively in buzzy cafes and even airports, and yet they can’t focus in the same way in an office.(有些人可以在buzzy的咖啡馆甚至机场高效地工作，但他们却无法在办公室里保持同样的专注)”中“cafes(咖啡馆)”和常识可推知，咖啡馆是喧闹的，故buzzy与lively同义，意为“热闹的”。故选A项。 40．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“An over-dependence on noise-cancelling technology is not necessarily the solution, says McAlpine.(过度依赖降噪技术未必是解决问题的办法，麦卡尔平说)”可推知，McAlpine对过度依赖降噪技术持否定态度。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）We all want to give our kids the best possible advice, but when it comes to what path they should explore after education and what career possibilities are out there, where should we start? “For parents, the most important thing is to keep options open and to understand that equipping them with life skills are important,” says secondary school teacher David Earl. Your kid will probably have some idea of the terms “growth” and “fixed mindset”. Simply put, the central idea of the growth mindset (思维模式) is that intelligence (智力) and ability can be developed, and children who have this idea will try to seek opportunities to push themselves, understanding that they are likely to achieve what they want if they persevere. This challenges a fixed mindset, the idea that a child’s ability is limited and set in advance. Help your kid prepare for closed doors, tough interviews, rejection letters by encouraging them to embrace them and understand that none of them is failure. Remind them of things they’ve overcome, suggesting they view every negative experience as a chance to learn and grow, rather than an end point. Employers lay stress on all kinds of life skills, including problem-solving, leadership and creative thinking. So getting your children to think about those skills is helpful. Barclays LifeSkills has listed skills important for individuals in their future careers — communicating through videos and audio, rather than writing, and working with people from different generations and backgrounds. Good grades and passing examinations may seem like the most important thing to your kid right now, but try to encourage them to also think of longer-term goals. By thinking of a long-term goal, you may be able to find areas they need to improve. Thinking about the future can be challenging, but it’s important that your kid understands that the next step is just that one small step. It doesn’t have to be anything as huge as what career to pursue or which course to take. This is a team effort: Ask teachers, friends, or turn to experts for tips. 41．What does the growth mindset stress? A．A child’s ability can be improved. B．Success comes only from good grades. C．One’s intelligence stays unchanged. D．Children should avoid challenges to succeed. 42．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “embrace” in Paragraph 4? A．Ignore. B．Measure. C．Perform. D．Accept. 43．Which of the following might the writer agree with? A．Children should consider long-term goals instead of good grades. B．It’s parents’ responsibility to choose their children’ future careers. C．It’s a life skill to get along with people from different backgrounds. D．Children should be independent of their parents as early as possible. 44．Who is the above passage mainly intended for? A．Children. B．Parents. C．Employers. D．Teachers. 【答案】41．A 42．D 43．C 44．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了父母应如何帮助孩子培养成长心态，面对未来的挑战，以及重视生活技能，鼓励孩子思考长期目标。 41．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Simply put, the central idea of the growth mindset (思维模式) is that intelligence (智力) and ability can be developed, and children who have this idea will try to seek opportunities to push themselves, understanding that they are likely to achieve what they want if they persevere.(简而言之，成长心态的核心思想是智力和能力是可以培养的，有这种想法的孩子会努力寻找机会来推动自己，他们明白如果他们坚持不懈，就有可能实现他们的目标)”可知，成长心态强调的是孩子的能力是可以提高的。故选A项。 42．词句猜测题。划线词embrace后代词“them”指代上文中的“closed doors, tough interviews, rejection letters (闭门羹、艰难的面试和拒绝信)”，结合下文“understand that none of them is failure”和“suggesting they view every negative experience as a chance to learn and grow, rather than an end point.(建议他们把每一次负面的经历都看作是一个学习和成长的机会，而不是终点)”可知，文中提出要让孩子们正确看待“闭门羹、艰难的面试和拒绝信”之类的负面经历，不要把它们看作是失败，要看作是一次成长的机会，即要接受负面经历。故画线词embrace意思应accept相近，意为“接受”。故选D项。 43．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Barclays LifeSkills has listed skills important for individuals in their future careers — communicating through videos and audio, rather than writing, and working with people from different generations and backgrounds.(巴克莱生活技能列出了个人未来职业生涯中重要的技能——通过视频和音频进行交流，而不是写作，以及与来自不同年代和背景的人合作)”可知，作者会赞同与来自不同背景的人相处是一种生活技能。故选C项。 44．推理判断题。根据第一段中“We all want to give our kids the best possible advice, but when it comes to what path they should explore after education and what career possibilities are out there, where should we start?(我们都想给孩子最好的建议，但当涉及到他们受教育后应该探索什么道路，以及有什么职业可能性时，我们应该从哪里开始呢？)”以及第二段中“For parents, the most important thing is to keep options open and to understand that equipping them with life skills are important(对父母来说，最重要的是保持选择的开放性，并理解为他们配备生活技能很重要)”可推知，这篇文章主要是为父母写的。故选B项。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江衢州·期中）Voluntourism is a type of tourism in which travellers participate in volunteer work, usually for a charity or a non-profit, Most often, voluntourists travel for the specific purpose of volunteering in an organized way for specific causes, but others simply include volunteer aspects to a traditional vacation experience. Much like sustainable tourism as a whole, the legitimacy (合法性) or success of a voluntourism program depends highly on how it is managed. When done the right way, it can help communities grow and truly provide benefits to a specific cause. But it’s up to the individual volunteer, too, who has the added responsibility of staying informed and setting their destinations up for success. Ken Budd, author of the award-winning memoir The Voluntourist, says that countless organizations around the world create lasting results. The writer, who volunteered in at least six countries, speaks for it, such as teaching English in a Costa Rican elementary school that relied on volunteers when they couldn’t afford teachers. However, not all voluntourism programs are helping. A reporter for The New York Times wrote in 2016 about their experience with a group of people building a school in Haiti: “These people knew nothing about how to construct a building. Collectively they had spent thousands of dollars to fly here to do a job that Haitian bricklayers could have done far more quickly. Imagine how many classrooms might have been built if they had donated that money rather than spending it to fly down themselves. Perhaps those Haitian bricklayers could have found weeks of employment instead of out of a job, at least for several days.” If an organization can get free labor from an unskilled volunteer, they’re not spending money hiring locals to do the same work for a fee. In a poverty-stricken economy where residents are already struggling to find jobs, funds that go towards digging a well or building a school will have more of an impact if they stay within the local economy. Taking work from locals can prevent developing communities from self-establishment. Not to mention, volunteers who are untrained in whatever service they are providing can sometimes actually end up holding back progress. 45．How does the author introduce the topic “voluntourism”? A．By explaining its origin. B．By presenting its concept. C．By discussing its classification. D．By sorting out its causes. 46．What helps guarantee the success of a voluntourism program according to the passage? A．The purpose and legitimacy of a program. B．Participants’ previous voluntary experience. C．The degree of involvement of each volunteer. D．Proper control of the program and responsible volunteers. 47．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．Voluntourists’ donations to their destinations. B．The enthusiasm of people for rebuilding Haiti. C．The invisible problem brought by voluntourists. D．Voluntourists’ determination to make contributions. 48．What’s the author’s attitude to voluntourism? A．Objective. B．Indifferent, C．Favorable. D．Disapproving. 【答案】45．B 46．D 47．C 48．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文，主要谈论了公益旅游的概念，及其优点和可能带来的问题。 45．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Voluntourism is a type of tourism in which travellers participate in volunteer work, usually for a charity or a non-profit.”（公益旅游是一种旅游类型，旅行者参与志愿者工作，通常是为了慈善或非营利组织。）可知，作者通过介绍其概念来引入“公益旅游”这个主题。故选B。 46．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Much like sustainable tourism as a whole ,the legitimacy (合法性) or success of a voluntourism program depends highly on how it is managed. When done the right way, it can help communities grow and truly provide benefits to a specific cause. But it’s up to the individual volunteer, too, who has the added responsibility of staying informed and setting their destinations up for success.”（志愿者旅游项目的合法性或成功在很大程度上取决于它是如何管理的。如果做得正确，它可以帮助社区发展并真正为特定的事业提供帮助。但这也取决于每个志愿者，他们有保持了解并为他们的目的地成功做好准备的额外责任。）可知，公益旅游项目的成功取决于项目的适当管理和负责任的志愿者。故选D。 47．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“However, not all voluntourism programs are helping. A reporter for The New York Times wrote in 2016 about their experience with a group of people building a school in Haiti: ‘These people knew nothing about how to construct a building. Collectively they had spent thousands of dollars to fly here to do a job that Haitian bricklayers could have done far more quickly. Imagine how many classrooms might have been built if they had donated that money rather than spending it to fly down themselves.’（然而，并不是所有的公益旅游项目都有帮助。2016年，《纽约时报》的一名记者写了他在海地一群人建造学校的经历：“这些人对如何建造建筑一无所知。他们总共花了几千美元飞到这里来做一件海地砌砖工人本来可以快得多的工作。想象一下，如果他们把钱捐出来，而不是把钱花在自己的飞机上，可能会建多少教室。）可住，第三段主要讨论了公益旅游可能带来的看不见的问题。故选C。 48．推理判断题。根据第二段“When done the right way, it can help communities grow and truly provide benefits to a specific cause.”（如果做得正确，它可以帮助社区发展，并真正为特定的事业带来好处）根据第三段“However, not all voluntourism programs are helping.”（然而，并不是所有的公益旅游项目都有帮助）可知，作者介绍了公益旅游的有点也介绍了其缺点，所以作者对公益旅游是客观的。故选A。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $