专题06 阅读理解（说明文）（期中真题汇编，浙江专用）高一英语下学期

专题06 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江杭州·期中）Jason, a straight-A student from the University of Pennsylvania, uses the term “pseudo-working” to describe how many of us study. The pseudo-worker looks and feels like someone who is working hard — he or she spends a long time in the library and is not afraid to push on late into the night — but, because of a lack of focus and concentration, he or she doesn’t actually accomplish much. This phenomenon can be seen in most colleges. For example, at Dartmouth there was a section of the main library that was open twenty-four hours a day and the students I used to see in there late at night crowded in groups, drinking coffee, were definitely pseudo-working. By placing themselves in distracting environments and insisting on working long hours, these students are damaging their brain’s ability to think clearly and efficiently to accomplish the task at hand. In the end they get half the results with twice the effort. The bigger problem here is that most students don’t even realize that they’re pseudo-working. To them pseudo-working is work — it’s how they’ve always done it, and it’s how all of their friends do it. It never crosses their mind that there might be a better way. Straight-A students, on the other hand, know all about pseudo-working. They fear it, and for good reason it not only wastes time, but it’s also mentally tiring. In fact, the most important skill in becoming a better student is the ability to get work done quickly and with a minimum of wasted effort. Some cognitive science research concludes that about 50 minutes is the optimal learning period to maximize the material learned per time unit. So how can students manage to study efficiently? One key factor is captured in the following simple formula: work accomplished = time spent×intensity of focus. Pseudo-working features a very low intensity of focus. Therefore, to accomplish something by pseudo-working, you need to spend a lot of time. The straight-A approach, on the other hand, maximizes intensity in order to minimize time. 1．Which of the following phenomenon is an example of pseudo-working? A．Tom is busy taking notes while attending a lecture. B．Alice and Sara are sitting on the sofa reading their favorite books. C．Mike is sitting in the study room in preparation for a final exam quietly. D．Jack spends a long time in the library on his essay while listening to music. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 3 and 4? A．Straight-A students believe some tasks are worth twice the effort. B．Too much thinking may weaken the brain’s ability of the students. C．Negative effects of pseudo-working are not fully realized by many students. D．Students will get good grades once they realize that pseudo-working is ineffective. 3．What does the underlined word “optimal’ mean in paragraph 5? A．Longest. B．Best. C．Least. D．Effective. 4．Why does the author mention the formula in the text? A．To show the benefit of working hard. B．To prove the necessity of accomplishing work. C．To emphasize the importance of concentration. D．To explain the reason for spending much time. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍“伪学习”现象的表现、危害及高效学习的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The pseudo-worker looks and feels like someone who is working hard — he or she spends a long time in the library and is not afraid to push on late into the night — but, because of a lack of focus and concentration, he or she doesn’t actually accomplish much.(伪学习者看起来和感觉上都像是在努力学习的人——他或她在图书馆花很长时间，不怕熬夜到很晚——但由于缺乏专注和集中，他或她实际上并没有完成多少事情。)”可知，伪学习的特点是花费大量时间但注意力不集中，收效甚微。杰克在图书馆花很长时间写论文却听着音乐，符合这一特征。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“By placing themselves in distracting environments and insisting on working long hours, these students are damaging their brain’s ability to think clearly and efficiently to accomplish the task at hand.(这些学生把自己置于容易分心的环境中，坚持长时间学习，这损害了他们清晰高效地思考以完成手头任务的能力。)”以及第四段中的“The bigger problem here is that most students don’t even realize that they’re pseudo-working.(更大的问题是，大多数学生甚至没有意识到自己在伪学习。)”可知，伪学习有负面影响，但很多学生并未完全意识到。故选C项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“Some cognitive science research concludes that about 50 minutes is the optimal learning period to maximize the material learned per time unit.(一些认知科学研究得出结论，大约50分钟是optimal学习时间，以最大限度地提高每单位时间所学的材料。)”可知，对于学习来说，提高效率非常重要，为了效率的最大化，50分钟的时间应该是“最适合的”或者“最佳的”，所以，“optimal”的意思与Best意义相近。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“One key factor is captured in the following simple formula: work accomplished = time spent×intensity of focus. Pseudo-working features a very low intensity of focus. Therefore, to accomplish something by pseudo-working, you need to spend a lot of time. The straight-A approach, on the other hand, maximizes intensity in order to minimize time.(以下简单公式体现了一个关键因素：完成的工作量=花费的时间×专注强度。伪学习的特点是专注强度很低。因此，通过伪学习来完成某件事，你需要花费大量时间。另一方面，优等生的方法是最大限度地提高专注强度，以最小化时间。)”可知，作者提到这个公式是为了强调专注的重要性，专注强度高才能在更少时间内完成更多工作。故选C项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波·期中）Whether it is the childhood friend who had a baby or the thoughtful neighbor who moved away, many people can think of someone they care about but have lost touch with when they look at the contact list on their phones. Research from across the social sciences has consistently shown that social relationships are critical for mental and physical health. However, a paper published in Nature Communications Psychology, based on a series of studies conducted with more than 2,400 participants, discovered that people are surprisingly hesitant to initiate interactions to reconnect. There are various barriers to reaching out, many of which are identified similar to the ones that prevent people from talking to strangers. This similarity made researchers wonder whether the passage of time makes old friends feel like strangers. In one study, researchers asked 288 people how willing they were to engage in various everyday actions, including picking up garbage, booking a dentist appointment, and critically, talking to a stranger. Sure enough, people were no more willing to reach out to an old friend than the listed things. Researchers have also worked on an intervention shown to ease anxieties about conversing with strangers. We decided to adapt that approach to the case of reconnecting with old friends. So we asked some of our study participants to complete a three-minute warm-up exercise in which they sent messages to current friends and acquaintances. Meanwhile others-our control group-simply scrolled (滑动) through social media. Afterward every participant was encouraged to contact an old friend. Only about a third of people in the control group sent a message while about half the people in the warm-up group did so. That’s because practicing the behavior involved in reaching out to others reminded people of how simple it is to send a message and how enjoyable it can be to connect. Social relationships are a key source of happiness. Reaching out to old friends is easier after warming up, which benefits mentally and physically. So people could go through the contact list on their phones and message a few folks they talk to often-and then find someone they haven’t spoken to in a while and have been missing and try to get hold of them, too. 1．What is the benefit of reconnecting an old friend? A．Interactions are initiated. B．The passage of time is narrowed. C．Social relations are enlarged. D．Overall well-being is improved. 2．Why are people hesitant to reach out to an old friend? A．They were more willing to talk to a stranger. B．They need to adapt some approaches to reconnecting. C．They prefer to send messages to some acquaintances. D．They feel distanced from someone out of contact for long. 3．What could we do to intervene when reconnecting with old friends? A．Scroll through social media. B．Text current friends. C．Talk to a stranger. D．Complete an exercise in the gym. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Warm up to get in touch with old friends B．Do not leave old friends familiar strangers C．Connect and enjoy personalized social relationships D．Stay in contact with old friends and find source of happiness 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述人们重新联系老朋友时会感到犹豫，研究表明给最近的朋友熟人发信息后，和老朋友破冰更容易，这对精神和身体都有益。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句话“Research from across the social sciences has consistently shown that social relationships are critical for mental and physical health.(社会科学领域的研究一致表明，社会关系对身心健康至关重要)”和最后一段的第一句话“Social relationships are a key source of happiness.(社会关系是幸福的重要来源)”可知，和旧友新建立联系可助益身心健康。干扰项C中，因为是旧友，所以enlarge这个说法不对。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This similarity made researchers wonder whether the passage of time makes old friends feel like strangers.(这种相似性让研究人员怀疑，时间的流逝是否会让老朋友觉得自己像陌生人)”可知，人们联系老朋友时感到犹豫是因为他们会觉得与长期失去联系的人疏远，其他干扰项也在细微处有差别，如A选项中，和旧友建立联系与陌生人说话应当是优先级相同。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Only about a third of people in the control group sent a message while about half the people in the warm-up group did so. That’s because practicing the behavior involved in reaching out to others reminded people of how simple it is to send a message and how enjoyable it can be to connect.(对照组中只有约三分之一的人发了信息，而热身组中约有一半的人发了信息。这是因为练习与他人联系的行为提醒人们发送信息是多么简单，联系是多么愉快)”可知，文中the behavior就是指先和最近的朋友或者熟人互动发送消息做热身，以便于不联系旧友之间破冰。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段“Social relationships are a key source of happiness. Reaching out to old friends is easier after warming up, which benefits mentally and physically. So people could go through the contact list on their phones and message a few folks they talk to often-and then find someone they haven’t spoken to in a while and have been missing and try to get hold of them, too.(社会关系是幸福的重要来源。热身后更容易联系老朋友，这对身心都有好处。因此，人们可以浏览手机上的联系人列表，给几个经常联系的人发信息，然后找到一个他们有一段时间没有联系的人，也可以试着联系他们)”可知，最后两段的信息都指向答案A。给最近的朋友熟人发信息后，和老朋友破冰更容易，这对精神和身体都有益。A项“热身和老朋友联系”最适合作为标题。故选A。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期中）In a world where ever-changing high-end techniques are reshaping the lifestyles of “Generation Z”, a game named Black Myth: Wukong, with its picturesque settings and Chinese culture genes, has brought about a craze among gaming fans worldwide. Within 10 hours of its official release globally, the Triple-A game had over two million players on Steam. The unexpected success of the game, developed by a private Chinese company over six years, has allowed people to appreciate exotic (异域的) Chinese traditional culture in addition to the fun and joy of playing the game. Wukong, or Monkey King is an iconic figure from Journey to the West — a Chinese classic novel dating back about 500 years. Feng Ji, the game’s producer, said that the game is good enough in quality to attract gamers to be absorbed by the Chinese god-evil story. An ongoing hot discussion on Reddit’s online game community shows games are “hardworking” on every detail of the novel. Games combining iconic cultural elements may be regarded as a form of cultural exchange. Indeed, enjoying the game could be a journey to experience the beauty of Chinese culture — its music, landscapes, architecture, clothes, or even folk tales. “Traditional culture is right there, and you’ll like it when you see it,” said the game’s art director, Yang Qi. “What we can do is to give people a closer look through the game.” China’s abundance of well-preserved historical buildings offered the domestic game developer an advantage. Digitally scanning ancient buildings to present them in the game is more cost-saving and provides a better authentic experience. Of course, a game is a game. China will always welcome travelers from around the world who want to explore and learn more about its profound culture. As a Reddit user wrote, “I (American) have been waiting so long to have more Chinese influence in the Western game field. Chinese culture and mythology are rich. I hope we can get more stuff like this. I would love to go to China someday.” 1．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The release of the game. B．The contents of the game. C．The developer of the game. D．The popularity of the game. 2．What are games discussing on Reddit’s online game community? A．The plots of Journey to the West. B．The hard efforts of the producers. C．The pleasure of playing the game. D．The details of Chinese gaming culture. 3．According to Yang Qi, what’s the relationship between the game and traditional culture? A．Traditional culture must be modernized for the game. B．The game helps people better experience traditional culture. C．Traditional culture is too complex for full game presentation. D．The game only uses a bit of traditional culture for decoration. 4．What’s a suitable title for the text? A．“Black Myth: Wukong”: The Rise of China’ s Gaming Industry B．“Black Myth: Wukong”: A Cultural Bridge in the Gaming World C．“Black Myth: Wukong”: A Transition from Novel to Gaming Field D．“Black Myth: Wukong”: Technological Advancements in the Gaming World 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要介绍了正在全球游戏迷中掀起热潮的一款蕴含中国文化底蕴的游戏《黑色神话：悟空》。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Within 10 hours of its official release globally, the Triple-A game had over two million players on Steam.(在全球正式发布10个小时内，这款3A级游戏在Steam上拥有超过200万玩家)”和该段内容可知，第二段主要讲述了这款游戏的受欢迎程度。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Wukong, or Monkey King is an iconic figure from Journey to the West — a Chinese classic novel dating back about 500 years.(悟空，或称孙悟空，是500年前中国经典小说《西游记》中的标志性人物)”和“An ongoing hot discussion on Reddit’s online game community shows games are “hardworking” on every detail of the novel.(Reddit在线游戏社区正在进行的一场热议显示，游戏正“努力”于这部小说的每个细节。)可知，游戏正在Reddit在线游戏社区讨论《西游记》这部小说的情节细节。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段““Traditional culture is right there, and you’ll like it when you see it,” said the game’s art director, Yang Qi. “What we can do is to give people a closer look through the game.”(“传统文化就在那里，当你看到它的时候，你会喜欢它的，”游戏的艺术总监杨琪说。“我们能做的就是让人们通过这款游戏更深入地了解。”)”可知，杨琪认为这款游戏能够帮助人们更好地了解和体验传统文化。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a world where ever-changing high-end techniques are reshaping the lifestyles of “Generation Z”, a game named Black Myth: Wukong, with its picturesque settings and Chinese culture genes, has brought about a craze among gaming fans worldwide.(在一个不断变化的高端技术正在重塑“Z世代”生活方式的世界里，一款名为《黑色神话：悟空》的游戏，以其风景如画的背景和中国文化基因，在全球游戏迷中掀起了一股热潮。)”和倒数第二段“Of course, a game is a game. China will always welcome travelers from around the world who want to explore and learn more about its profound culture.(当然，游戏就是游戏。中国将一如既往地欢迎世界各地想要探索和了解中国深厚文化的旅行者。)”及最后一段“As a Reddit user wrote, “I (American) have been waiting so long to have more Chinese influence in the Western game field. Chinese culture and mythology are rich. I hope we can get more stuff like this. I would love to go to China someday.”(一位Reddit用户写道：“我（美国人）期待中国在西方游戏领域发挥更大的影响力已经等了太久了。中国的文化和神话是丰富的。我希望我们能得到更多这样的东西。我希望有一天能去中国。”)可知，本文主要介绍了正在全球游戏世界掀起热潮的一款蕴含中国文化底蕴的游戏《黑色神话：悟空》，激发了世界各地人们想要探索和了解中国文化的欲望。因此B项“《黑色神话：悟空》：游戏界的文化桥梁”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选B。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江台州·期中）According to a well-known team of researchers, there are three kinds of smiles: sincere, false, and painful. How can we distinguish them? In experiments where subjects are shown photos of fake and spontaneous (自发的) smiles, people are pretty good at telling the difference. But in the real world, most people are less able to distinguish between them. They are distracted by other elements of communication such as speech, hand gestures, and other body movements. However, if they were to focus only on the face, they would probably know whether a smile was sincere or not. This is because two muscles are involved in spontaneous smiling. The first muscle is a ring-like band of muscle around each eye. When it contracts, it causes what we know as “smiling eyes”. The other muscle extends from the top of the cheekbone to the corners of the mouth. It moves the mouth upwards when we smile. This muscle on its own produces what we call the “mouth smile”. When people sincerely smile, in a spontaneous burst of positive emotions, the corners of the mouth move up and the muscles around the eyes also contract. It is these muscles that show that a smile is sincere. Smiles can mean very different things in different countries. In the USA, for example, a smile is a friendly, positive gesture of trust. In contrast, in some Asian societies, people smile when they are happy, of course, but also when they feel anger, sadness, confusion, or embarrassment, perhaps to mask their true feelings. Cultural norms aside, some people tend to smile more than others and that seems to show they are cheerful, optimistic types. But that relationship isn’t strictly true. Some people rarely smile and are quite happy. Others often have a smile on their face when they are actually feeling anxious. Human communication is full of uncertainties and we sometimes have a difficult time understanding each other, but a sincere, heartfelt smile that lights up a face can never be misunderstood. 1．What did the experiments show? A．Most people tend to force a smile when taking pictures. B．People wearing a fake smile can be sincere sometimes. C．People using body language are often smiling sincerely. D．Most people fail to identify fake smiles in reality often. 2．Which of the following is a key feature of a sincere smile? A．Only the muscles around the mouth contract. B．The corners of the mouth move downward. C．Both the mouth and eye muscles are involved. D．The smile appears only in positive situations. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To compare cultural differences in smiling. B．To explain how to identify sincere smiles and their complexity. C．To criticize people’s inability to recognize fake smiles. D．To promote the importance of smiling in communication. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Smiling is not directly related to personality B．Smiling can clear up misunderstandings. C．People rarely smiling are hard to get on with. D．Uncertain smiles cannot lead to close relationships. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了如何区分真诚的微笑、虚假的微笑和痛苦的微笑及其复杂性。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“According to a well-known team of researchers, there are three kinds of smiles: sincere, false, and painful. How can we distinguish them? In experiments where subjects are shown photos of fake and spontaneous (自发的) smiles, people are pretty good at telling the difference. But in the real world, most people are less able to distinguish between them.(根据一个知名的研究团队的说法，微笑有三种类型：真诚的、虚假的和痛苦的。我们要如何区分它们呢？在一些实验中，研究人员向实验对象展示虚假的微笑和自然流露的微笑的照片，人们很擅长分辨其中的差异。但在现实世界中，大多数人不太能够区分这两种微笑)”可知，实验表明大多数人在现实中经常无法识别假笑。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This is because two muscles are involved in spontaneous smiling. The first muscle is a ring-like band of muscle around each eye. When it contracts, it causes what we know as “smiling eyes”. The other muscle extends from the top of the cheekbone to the corners of the mouth. It moves the mouth upwards when we smile. (这是因为自发微笑涉及两块肌肉。第一块肌肉是环绕每只眼睛的环状肌肉带。当它收缩时，就会造成我们所说的“笑眼”。另一块肌肉从颧骨顶部延伸到嘴角。当我们微笑时，它会使嘴巴向上移动)”可知，真诚的微笑的关键特征是嘴和眼的肌肉都参与其中。故选C。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“According to a well-known team of researchers, there are three kinds of smiles: sincere, false, and painful. How can we distinguish them? (根据一组著名研究人员的说法，微笑有三种：真诚的、虚假的和痛苦的。我们如何区分它们？)”可知，主要说明了研究人员发现微笑有三种：真诚的、虚假的和痛苦的，人们大多时候不能区分它们，文章说明了自发微笑的肌肉原理以及不同国家微笑所代表的不同含义，指出真诚的、发自内心的微笑永远不会被误解。可知，这篇文章的主要目的是解释如何识别真诚的微笑及其复杂性。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Cultural norms aside, some people tend to smile more than others and that seems to show they are cheerful, optimistic types. But that relationship isn’t strictly true. Some people rarely smile and are quite happy. Others often have a smile on their face when they are actually feeling anxious. (抛开文化规范不谈，有些人比其他人更爱笑，这似乎表明他们是快乐、乐观的类型。但这种关系并不完全正确。有些人很少笑，但却很快乐。另一些人即使实际上感到焦虑，脸上也经常挂着微笑)”可知，微笑与性格没有直接关系。故选A。 Passage 5 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）We’ve all experienced it: waking up naturally feels refreshing, while being suddenly woken by an alarm or someone else leaves us half-asleep. Why? To understand this, let’s explore the science of sleeping. The sleep cycle consists of four stages. One of these is REM, which stands for rapid eye movements. The other three are non-REM stages. When you fall asleep, you first go into a state of feeling sleepy called non-REM Stage 1. This is followed by deeper stages of sleep, called non-REM stages 2 and 3. Each stage of non-REM is deeper than the one before. Then, about 90 minutes after you first fall asleep, you enter the fourth stage, which is REM sleep. This is a stage of lighter sleep where you do much of your dreaming. After a few minutes, you return to non-REM sleep again. In sleep labs, researchers monitor brain waves, eye movements, and muscle tension like in the chin, using electrodes (电极) placed on the scalp, around the eyes, and on the chin. Brain activity varies from low-amplitude (低频振幅) , fast waves when awake to high-amplitude, slow waves during deep non-REM sleep. Non-REM Stage 3 has the slowest, tallest waves, while REM sleep is similar to wakefulness with low-amplitude, fast waves and rapid eye movements. Both stages are important for brain health and memory storage. When you wake up in the morning on your own, it’s usually as you come to the end of whatever stage of sleep you were in. Think of it like getting off the train when it comes to a stop at the station. But when an alarm or someone else wakes you up, it’s like jumping off the train between stops, which can feel disturbing. That’s why it’s good to wake up naturally whenever possible. People can actually train their brains to wake up at a scheduled time each day that is a natural stopping point. Brains have an internal 24-hour clock that instructs when you first start to feel sleepy and when you wake up. This is related to our natural biological clock. 1．According to the passage, what happens during REM sleep? A．The body enters the deepest stage of sleep. B．Brain waves are high in amplitude and slow. C．Frequent dreaming occurs during light sleep. D．Muscle tension in the chin increases significantly. 2．Why does the author use two similes (明喻) in the fourth paragraph? A．To suggest the methods for improving sleep quality. B．To explain the role of non-REM in regulating sleep cycles. C．To emphasize the importance of consistent sleep schedules. D．To illustrate the difference between natural and sudden waking. 3．What will the author most likely discuss next? A．Methods for adjusting to natural morning awakenings. B．Advice on setting alarms to match natural stopping points. C．The great impact of sleep cycles on memory storage. D．New technologies for sleep stage monitoring in sleep labs. 4．Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the article? A．Why Natural Awakenings Feel Better? B．The Role of Dreams in Sleep Cycles. C．How to Wake Up Early Without an Alarm? D．The Impact of Biological Clock on Sleep Quality. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了自然醒来和被突然叫醒感觉不同的原因，探讨了睡眠的科学原理，包括睡眠周期、REM睡眠阶段以及大脑如何通过内部时钟调节睡眠和觉醒。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Then, about 90 minutes after you first fall asleep, you enter the fourth stage, which is REM sleep. This is a stage of lighter sleep where you do much of your dreaming.(然后，在你第一次入睡约90分钟后，你进入了第四阶段，即REM睡眠。这是一个睡眠较浅的阶段，你会做很多梦。)”可知，在REM睡眠阶段，人们会频繁做梦，且处于浅睡眠状态。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“When you wake up in the morning on your own, it’s usually as you come to the end of whatever stage of sleep you were in. Think of it like getting off the train when it comes to a stop at the station. But when an alarm or someone else wakes you up, it’s like jumping off the train between stops, which can feel disturbing. That’s why it’s good to wake up naturally whenever possible.(当你早上自己醒来时，通常是在你睡眠的某个阶段结束时。想象一下，这就像火车在车站停下来时你下车一样。但是，当闹钟或其他人把你叫醒时，就像在两站之间跳下火车，这会让你感到不安。这就是为什么尽可能自然醒来是件好事。)”可知，作者在第四段中使用两个明喻是为了说明自然醒来和被突然叫醒之间的区别。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“People can actually train their brains to wake up at a scheduled time each day that is a natural stopping point.(人们实际上可以训练他们的大脑在每天一个预定的时间，即一个自然的停止点醒来。)”可知，文章接下来可能会讨论调整到自然醒来的方法。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“We’ve all experienced it: waking up naturally feels refreshing, while being suddenly woken by an alarm or someone else leaves us half-asleep. Why? To understand this, let’s explore the science of sleeping.(我们都有过这样的经历：自然醒来会让人感觉神清气爽，而突然被闹钟或别人叫醒则会让我们半睡半醒。为什么？为了理解这一点，让我们来探索睡眠的科学。)”可知，文章主要探讨了自然醒来和被突然叫醒感觉不同的原因，并解释了睡眠的科学原理。因此，A选项(为什么自然醒来感觉更好？)”最适合作为文章的标题。故选A项。 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Can you learn to be funny? The short answer is yes. The secret, it turns out, might not be so much about learning to be funny, but returning to being funny. “Children are funny. They tell stories, and comedy is storytelling,” says Rachel Berger. “It’s just that as we age, we tend to be driven by a need to impress. We’ve lost the trick of being completely driven by the need to tell stories.” Rachel has been a comedian for over three decades and believes that regaining this instinct（本能）can be incredibly powerful. So how can you do that? Firstly, forget what you’ve been told about whether you’re funny. “People are often told from a very young age that they’re not funny, so they believe it,” says Rachel. “Some people are shy and socially awkward, so they’re told that they’re not funny. Yet some of the best comedians are shy and socially awkward, like Hannah Gadsby and Luke McGregor.” Don’t try to be funny. It’s one of the first things performer Happy Feraren tells her students. “When you try, it’s like you’ve seen someone who’s funny on television, and you want to be like that person, therefore you think you need to act like that person,” says Happy. “And I think that totally throws off you the comedy because it’s not real.” What should you do instead? Happy says a big part of being funny is being comfortable with yourself. “When you’re comfortable with yourself, your listening skills heighten a lot,” says Happy. More than memorizing jokes mechanically, learning to be funny is more about developing a type of intuition（直觉）and changing the way you see the world. For many of us, laughter is the best medicine. Some people believe it’s the only thing that can fix a broken heart. And with all the terrible things happening in the world, humor and laughter can bring daily relief. 1．In Rachel’s opinion, why do grown-ups often have no sense of humor? A．They think storytelling childish. B．They get less creative when they age. C．They don’t think being humorous is powerful. D．They care more about impressing others than telling stories. 2．Why are Hannah Gadsby and Luke McGregor mentioned in Para.3? A．To prove shyness can co-exist with humor. B．To urge people to learn from them. C．To encourage people to be outgoing. D．To show their great success in comedy. 3．Which of the following is effective to develop a sense of humor according to Happy? A．Following the examples of comedians on TV. B．Memorizing as many jokes as you can. C．Feeling at ease about who you are. D．Sticking to the way you view the world. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Learning of the Art of Being Funny B．The Rediscovery of the Joy of Comedy C．The Reason for Some People Not Being Funny D．The Benefits of Being Humorous 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了人们可以通过一些方法学会变得幽默，以及幽默对于人们的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段 “It’s just that as we age, we tend to be driven by a need to impress. We’ve lost the trick of being completely driven by the need to tell stories. (只是随着年龄的增长，我们往往会被一种想要给人留下深刻印象的需求所驱动。我们已经失去了那种完全被讲故事的需求所驱动的诀窍。)” 可知，成年人往往更在意给别人留下印象，而不是讲故事，所以失去了幽默感。故选 D。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段 “Some people are shy and socially awkward, so they’re told that they’re not funny. Yet some of the best comedians are shy and socially awkward, like Hannah Gadsby and Luke McGregor. (有些人害羞，在社交上很笨拙，所以他们被告知自己不幽默。然而，一些最优秀的喜剧演员却很害羞，在社交上也很笨拙，比如汉娜・加兹比和卢克・麦格雷戈。)” 可知，提到这两位喜剧演员是为了证明害羞和幽默是可以共存的。故选 A。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Happy says a big part of being funny is being comfortable with yourself.  (哈皮说，幽默的很大一部分是对自己感到舒适。)” 可知，哈皮认为培养幽默感的有效方法是对自己感到自在。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章首句“Can you learn to be funny? The short answer is yes. (你能学会变得幽默吗？简短的答案是肯定的。)”以及全文内容，如介绍了 Rachel Berger 和 Happy Feraren 关于如何变得幽默的观点和建议等，可知文章主要围绕学习变得幽默这一主题展开。所以短文的标题为“学习如何变得幽默”。故选A。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江杭州·期中）For late 19th-century North Americans and Europeans, a display of tableware (餐具) could reveal much about someone’s social position, as the wealthy took great care to get different kinds of forks for everything. Before the 18th century, people of all classes usually ate with a knife and a spoon. The fork’s path to the table was hard-won and slow. In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, forks were used for slicing food into pieces or lifting meat from a pot or fire. Following a reduction in size, the fork appeared to have entered dining areas in the courts of the Middle East and Byzantine Empire by the eighth and ninth centuries, and became common among wealthy families there by the tenth century. Early in the 11th century, it appeared in various pieces of European art. In the late 11th century, St. Peter Damian from Ostia wrote about a Byzantine princess who used forks and regarded her dying of a disease as punishment for such “luxury”. The fork’s slow conquest of Europe was carried out from Italy. Motivated by the same concerns for hygiene (卫生), forks were bought by wealthy Britons, inspired by Queen Victoria, who regarded fork use as a sign of good manners. The fork’s introduction to North America dates back to 1633, when John Winthrop, a founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was gifted a set of forks. The Industrial Revolution strengthened the fork’s presence on dining room tables as production of flatware became less expensive. Writing in 1896 in Social Etiquette, Maud C． Cooke declared the fork had finally conquered the knife in America and “any attempt to give the knife importance on table is looked upon as an offense (冒犯) against good taste.” 1．What can we learn about forks from the first paragraph? A．They were used improperly in the 18th century. B．They had many different types in the 19th century. C．They were popular in Europe before the 18th century. D．They led to North American’s rise in social position 2．What was a function of forks in ancient Egypt? A．To eat food. B．To decorate tables. C．To cut food. D．To create works of art. 3．Who was against the use of forks? A．St. Peter Damian. B．Thomas Coryate. C．Queen Victoria D．Maud 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Forks Through the Ages B．The History Behind Knives and Forks C．Why Forks Are Popular D．The Development of Tableware 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍叉子从古代到近代在不同地区的发展历程及使用情况。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“For late 19th-century North Americans and Europeans, a display of tableware could reveal much about someone’s social position, as the wealthy took great care to get different kinds of forks for everything. (对于19世纪晚期的北美人和欧洲人来说，餐具的展示可以很大程度上反映出一个人的社会地位，因为富人会煞费苦心地为各种用途准备不同种类的叉子。)”可知，19世纪叉子有很多不同的种类。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, forks were used for slicing food into pieces or lifting meat from a pot or fire. (在古埃及、希腊和罗马，叉子被用来把食物切成小块，或者从锅或火上夹起肉。)”可知，在古埃及，叉子的一个功能是切食物。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the late 11th century, St. Peter Damian from Ostia wrote about a Byzantine princess who used forks and regarded her dying of a disease as punishment for such “luxury”. (11世纪晚期，来自奥斯蒂亚的圣彼得·达米安写道，一位拜占庭公主使用叉子，他认为公主死于疾病是对这种“奢侈”行为的惩罚。)”可知，圣彼得·达米安反对使用叉子。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章按照时间顺序，依次介绍了叉子在古代埃及、希腊、罗马，中世纪的中东和拜占庭帝国，欧洲，以及北美等地的发展和使用情况，围绕叉子的历史展开，因此，“Forks Through the Ages (历代叉子)”最能概括全文主旨，适合作为本文最佳标题。故选A项。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期中）Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress (堡垒), but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both fancy and well-defended, the classic European castle is the best example of design. Across the ages, castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of our culture. Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders. In 1066, as William the Conqueror advanced through England, he defended key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to draw back to safety when threatened by English rebellion (叛乱). Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Soldiers were gathered, organized around, and deployed (部署) from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations. Not limited to military (军事的) purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his kingdom. That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the lord. They would address conflicts, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities, In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on important and noticeable sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles always appeared in the background of many peasants and served as a daily reminder of the lords strength. Now, castles no longer serve their original purposes. However, the remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience the glory of a time long passed. 1．The author introduces the topic of the text by ______. A．making an assumption B．giving an example C．making comparison D．giving a definition 2．Why did William the Conqueror build castles? A．He wanted to celebrate his victory. B．He wanted to remind people of his influence. C．He wanted to live peacefully with the English. D．He wanted to use them to his military advantage. 3．Which of the following is a way the lord would adopt to show his power? A．Dealing with conflicts in his castle. B．Building his castle in an obvious place. C．Carrying out social activities in his castle. D．Ordering peasants to live near his castle. 4．What attracts people to visit castles today? A．The history. B．The architecture. C．The beauty. D．The surroundings 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了欧洲城堡的发展、作用及如今的状况。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress (堡垒), but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both fancy and well-defended, the classic European castle is the best example of design. (宫殿以其美丽和辉煌而闻名，但它们对抵御攻击几乎没有作用。防御堡垒很容易，但堡垒的设计并没有考虑到国王或王后的舒适。说到既华丽又防御性强的建筑，经典的欧洲城堡就是最好的设计范例。)”可知，作者通过比较宫殿和堡垒的特点来引入文章主题——欧洲城堡。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In 1066, as William the Conqueror advanced through England, he defended key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to draw back to safety when threatened by English rebellion (叛乱). Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. (1066年，征服者威廉在英格兰推进时，他保卫了关键要地以巩固他所占领的土地。他建造的城堡使诺曼贵族在受到英格兰叛乱威胁时能够撤退到安全地带。城堡也是进攻性攻击的行动基地。)”可知，建造城堡是为了利用它们来发挥军事优势。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on important and noticeable sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles always appeared in the background of many peasants and served as a daily reminder of the lords strength. (城堡也是权力的象征。城堡建在重要且显眼的地方，俯瞰着周围地区，总是出现在许多农民的背景中，并作为领主力量的日常提醒。)”可知，领主会选择在一个显眼的地方建造他的城堡来展示他的权力。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“However, the remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience the glory of a time long passed. (然而，剩下的城堡每年都吸引着数以百万计的游客，他们希望体验早已逝去的辉煌时代。)”可知，是城堡的历史吸引了人们今天来参观。故选A。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江温州·期中）The rapid spread of artificial intelligence has people wondering: who’s most likely to use AI in their daily lives? Many think it’s the tech-savvy – those who understand how AI works — who are most eager to adopt it. Surprisingly, a new research, published in the Journal of Marketing, finds the opposite. People with less knowledge about AI are actually more open to using the technology. We call this difference in adoption the “lower literacy-higher receptivity” link (低识字率 — 高接受度). This link exists across different groups, backgrounds and even countries. For instance, our analysis of data from market research company Ipsos across 27 countries shows that people in nations with lower average AI literacy are more receptive towards AI adoption than those in nations with higher literacy. The reason behind this link lies in how AI now performs tasks we once thought only humans could do. When AI creates a piece of art, writes a heartfelt response or plays a musical instrument, it can feel almost amazing — like it’s crossing into human land. Of course, AI doesn’t actually have human qualities. A chatbot might create an empathetic (共情的) response, but it doesn’t feel empathy (共鸣). People with more technical knowledge about AI understand this, making the technology less mysterious. On the other hand, those with less understanding may see AI as magical. We suggest this sense of magic makes them more open to using AI tools. The lower literacy-higher receptivity link is strongest for using AI tools in areas where people are more likely to ask for emotional support or consulting. When it comes to tasks that don’t need human-like qualities, such as analysing test results, the pattern changes. To make the most of AI, businesses, educators and policymakers need to make this balance. And ideally, this will happen with respect that inspires many people to use this new technology. 1．Who are more likely to use AI in daily lives? A．People who are tech-savvy. B．People in developed countries. C．People with higher average AI literacy. D．People with less knowledge about AI. 2．How does the author prove the “lower literacy-higher receptivity” link? A．By giving examples of AI applications. B．By doing experiments on the use of AI. C．By analyzing data from a market research company. D．By interviewing people with different AI knowledge levels. 3．Why might people with low literacy about AI find it “magical”? A．They believe AI has human emotions. B．They do not understand how AI works. C．They have seen AI perform tasks better than humans. D．They are more likely to use AI for emotional support. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．AI in Life: Who Uses It? B．AI Use: The Hidden Magic C．AI Tools: Tech-savvy’s Choice D．AI’s Future: A Threat or An Opportunity? 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了关于人工智能（AI）使用的一个有趣现象，即“低识字率—高接受度”链接，指出对AI了解较少的人实际上更愿意采用这项技术，并探讨了这一现象背后的原因以及在不同应用场景下的表现。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Many think it’s the tech-savvy – those who understand how AI works — who are most eager to adopt it.(人工智能的迅速普及让人们不禁思考：谁最有可能在日常生活中使用AI？许多人认为，最热衷于采用AI 的会是那些精通技术、了解 AI 工作原理的人。)”和第二段“Surprisingly, a new research, published in the Journal of Marketing, finds the opposite. People with less knowledge about AI are actually more open to using the technology.(然而，发表在《营销杂志》上的一项新研究却得出了相反的结论。事实上，对AI知识了解较少的人反而更愿意使用这项技术。)”可知，传统观点认为精通技术的人更可能使用 AI，但研究表明实际情况相反——对 AI 知识了解较少的人更愿意使用。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“This link exists across different groups, backgrounds and even countries. For instance, our analysis of data from market research company Ipsos across 27 countries shows that people in nations with lower average AI literacy are more receptive towards AI adoption than those in nations with higher literacy.(这种关联存在于不同群体、背景甚至不同国家之中。例如，我们对市场研究公司Ipsos在27个国家的数据进行分析后发现，平均AI知识水平较低的国家的民众，比AI知识水平较高的国家的民众更愿意接受AI的应用。)”可知，作者通过分析市场研究公司Ipsos在27个国家的数据，证明了“低知识水平—高接受度”的关联。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“On the other hand, those with less understanding may see AI as magical. We suggest this sense of magic makes them more open to using AI tools.(另一方面，理解较少的人可能将AI视为神奇的存在。我们认为，这种“神奇感”使他们更愿意使用 AI 工具。)”可知，对AI技术知识了解较少的人因不了解其工作原理，会将AI完成类人任务的能力视为神奇的。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，全文围绕“谁更可能在日常生活中使用 AI”这一问题展开，通过研究揭示“低知识水平者反而更接受 AI”的现象，并分析其原因。选项A“AI in Life: Who Uses It?(谁在使用AI？)”直接以疑问句式点明文章探讨的核心问题。故选A。 Passage 5 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波·期中）With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, DeepSeek, a Chinese AI company, has appeared as a pioneer in educational technology. Its latest model, DeepSeek-R1, combines advanced machine learning methods to provide personalized learning solutions for students worldwide. Unlike traditional AI models that rely on pre-programmed answers, DeepSeek-R1 uses reinforcement (强化) learning to simulate human reasoning. This allows it to guide students through problem-solving step by step, much like a patient teacher. For example, when a student struggles with a math equation, DeepSeek-R1 doesn’t just give the answer; it breaks down the logic, identifies errors, and encourages critical thinking. The model’s applications extend beyond academics. In language learning, it analyzes students’ pronunciation through AI speech recognition and offers real-time feedback. For teachers, DeepSeek-R1 can generate lesson plans matched with curriculum standards and even predict students’ learning difficulties based on historical data. Its “adaptive testing” feature creates customized quizzes that adjust difficulty according to individual progress. However, challenges remain. Critics argue that over-reliance on AI might reduce human interaction in education. DeepSeek’s developers address this by emphasizing its role as a “supplement, not a replacement.” As Dr. Li, a DeepSeek researcher, stated, “Our goal is to free teachers from repetitive tasks so they can focus on inspiring creativity.” Looking ahead, DeepSeek aims to integrate virtual reality (VR) into its platform, allowing students to explore historical events or scientific concepts in immersive 3D environments. While ethical (道德的) debates about AI in education persist, one thing is clear: tools like DeepSeek are reshaping how we learn, blending technology with human wisdom. 1．What makes DeepSeek-R1 different from traditional AI models? A．It uses pre-programmed answers. B．It focuses on memorization techniques. C．It replaces teachers in classrooms. D．It employs reinforcement learning for reasoning. 2．The underlined word “customized” in Paragraph 3 most likely means ______. A．complicated B．personalized C．fixed D．outdated 3．What can be inferred about DeepSeek’s future plans? A．It tends to replace teacher’s role in education. B．It will focus on solving the ethical problems. C．It aims to enhance students’ interactive learning. D．It cares more about making profits than education. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To advertise DeepSeek products. B．To compare different AI models. C．To analyze the risks of using AI in schools. D．To discuss AI’s role in transforming education. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国人工智能公司 DeepSeek 及其最新模型 DeepSeek - R1 在教育领域的应用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段 “Unlike traditional AI models that rely on pre - programmed answers, DeepSeek - R1 uses reinforcement (强化) learning to simulate human reasoning.(与依赖预编程答案的传统人工智能模型不同，DeepSeek - R1 使用强化学习来模拟人类推理)” 可知，使 DeepSeek - R1 与传统人工智能模型不同的是它采用强化学习进行推理。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段 “Its “adaptive testing” feature creates customized quizzes that adjust difficulty according to individual progress.(它的“自适应测试”功能创建根据个人进度调整难度的 customized 测验)” 可知，根据个人进度调整难度，说明测验是个性化的。所以划线词为“个性化的”。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Looking ahead, DeepSeek aims to integrate virtual reality (VR) into its platform, allowing students to explore historical events or scientific concepts in immersive 3D environments.(展望未来，DeepSeek 旨在将虚拟现实（VR）集成到其平台中，让学生在沉浸式 3D 环境中探索历史事件或科学概念)” 可知，DeepSeek 未来计划通过虚拟现实技术让学生更深入地参与学习，即增强学生的互动式学习。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, DeepSeek, a Chinese AI company, has emerged as a pioneer in educational technology. Its latest model, DeepSeek-R1, combines advanced machine learning methods to provide personalized learning solutions for students worldwide.(随着人工智能的迅速发展，中国的人工智能公司DeepSeek已成为教育技术领域的先驱。其最新模型DeepSeek-R1结合了先进的机器学习方法，为全球学生提供个性化的学习解决方案)”可知，全文讨论了DeepSeek及其模型DeepSeek-R1在教育领域的应用和变革，探讨了AI在教育转型中的作用。故选D。 Passage 6 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）In a world of music streaming services, access to almost any song is just a few clicks away online. Yet, the live performance lives on. People still fill sweaty basements, dirty fields and crowded concert halls to hear their favourite musicians play. And now neuroscientists might know why live music attracts the brain’s emotion centers more than its recorded one. Concerts are immersive social experiences in which people listen to and feel the music together through key changes and rhythmic drops. Moreover, they are dynamic — artists can adapt their playing according to the crowd’s reaction. It was this last difference that led neuroscientists, based at the Universities of Zurich and Oslo, to study the brain responses of people listening to music. In the “live” experiment, participants lay in an MRI scanner (扫描仪) listening to the music through earphones, while a pianist was positioned outside the room. The pianist was shown the participant’s real-time (实时的) brain activity as a form of feedback. In the recorded condition, participants listened to pre-recorded versions of the same music. The scientists were interested in how live music affected the areas of the brain responsible for processing emotions, particularly the amygdala, an area deep inside the brain. The results, just published in the journal PNAS, showed that live music had a significantly greater emotional impact. Whether the music expressed happiness or sadness, live performances led to increased activity not only in the amygdala but also other parts of the brain’s emotion processing network. The researchers also found that participants’ brain activity tracked the acoustic (声学的) features of the music, like tempo and pitch, far more closely when it was played live. While the study didn’t fully recreate the live concert experience, the findings suggest that artists’ ability to adjust their performance in real time contributes to the emotional connection with live music. Some musical companies now attempt to recreate live concerts, such as ABBA Voyage, an immersive pre-recorded VR concert, but without artists’ capability to read audience’s emotions and respond accordingly, it will never quite match the real thing. 1．Why do people attend live shows despite music streaming services online? A．Because they prefer being with friends at a concert. B．Because they enjoy the process of finding popular music. C．Because they value the emotional connection live music brings. D．Because they intend to meet their favorite musicians in person. 2．The role of the pianist in the “live” experiment is to_________. A．observe the participants’ brain activity as a form of feedback B．provide live music accompaniment to participants inside the MRI scanner C．compare the effectiveness of live performances and recorded ones D．show participants’ ability to read and respond to the audience’s emotions 3．What did the study published in PNAS find about the impact of live music on the brain? A．Live music affected only the amygdala of the brain. B．The participants’ brain activity didn’t react to live music. C．Live music had a reduced emotional impact compared to recorded music. D．The participants’ brain responded more greatly to acoustic features of live music. 4．What does the author suggest by mentioning ABBA Voyage in the last paragraph? A．It lacks artists’ response based on audience’s feedback. B．It matches the sound quality of live performances. C．It greatly stirs up the audience’s emotional response. D．It fails to create a perfect performing atmosphere. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了尽管有音乐流媒体服务，人们还参加现场演出，因为他们重视现场音乐带来的情感联系。文章介绍了与之有关的研究和研究发现。 1．细节理解题。根据最后一段“While the study didn’t fully recreate the live concert experience, the findings suggest that artists’ ability to adjust their performance in real time contributes to the emotional connection with live music.(虽然这项研究并没有完全重现现场音乐会的体验，但研究结果表明，艺术家们实时调整表演的能力有助于与现场音乐建立情感联系)”可知，人们参加现场演出是因为他们重视现场音乐带来的情感联系。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“In the ‘live’ experiment, participants lay in an MRI scanner (扫描仪) listening to the music through earphones, while a pianist was positioned outside the room. The pianist was shown the participant’s real-time (实时的) brain activity as a form of feedback.(在‘现场’实验中，参与者躺在MRI扫描仪中，戴着耳机听音乐，而钢琴家则被安排在房间外面。作为一种反馈，钢琴家被展示了参与者的实时大脑活动)”可知，钢琴家在“现场”实验中扮演的角色是为MRI扫描仪内的参与者提供现场伴奏。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The researchers also found that participants’ brain activity tracked the acoustic (声学的) features of the music, like tempo and pitch, far more closely when it was played live.(研究人员还发现，参与者的大脑活动追踪音乐的声学特征，如节奏和音调，在现场播放时要紧密得多)”可知，关于现场音乐对大脑的影响，发表在PNAS上的研究发现大脑对现场音乐的声学特征反应更强烈。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some musical companies now attempt to recreate live concerts, such as ABBA Voyage, an immersive pre-recorded VR concert, but without artists’ capability to read audience’s emotions and respond accordingly, it will never quite match the real thing.(一些音乐公司现在试图重现现场音乐会，比如ABBA Voyage，这是一场身临其境的预录VR音乐会，但如果艺术家没有能力读懂观众的情绪并做出相应的反应，它就永远无法与真实的音乐会媲美)”可知，作者在最后一段提到ABBA Voyage意思是它举办的预录VR音乐会缺乏艺术家基于观众反馈的回应。故选A。 Passage 7 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Tourists across China have enjoyed a chain of cultural events from traditional to modern, and discovered new destinations during this year’s five-day May Day holiday. Items on China’s traditional intangible cultural heritage list proved to be popular with travelers in many regions. In Lantian county, northwest China’s Shanxi Province, tourists were amazed by the art of Dawaz, which means aerial tightrope (空中钢丝) walking in the Uygur language. Meanwhile, in east China’s Changzhou City, music festivals attracted huge crowds of travelers, and local authorities introduced measures to ensure the comfort of visitors. They arranged 500 coaches for long-distance travel, set up more than 10,000 free parking spaces and extended the operation hours of the subway network until 11:30 p. m. And it’s not just big cities that drew in visitors during this holiday. Holiday makers decided to go for natural views, less-crowded scenic spots, and cost-effective travel experiences. Data from Chinese travel booking platform Ctrip showed that orders for fourth-tier and below cities increased by 140 percent on a yearly basis, outperforming those in first and second-tier cities. Wu Sa, deputy director of the Economic Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission, expressed belief that the popularity of usual major destinations like Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hangzhou and Chengdu is not decreasing, but explained that a good number of travelers are looking to diversify the range of their travels, towards new and previously lesser-known places. Scientific and space projects have also been a hit travel destination this week, from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China to the world’s largest single-dish radio telescope in the southwestern province of Guizhou. “I mainly wanted to take my child to appreciate some of China’s leading space technology and the development trend of big data, so that he can understand the advanced technology of our motherland,” said a tourist named Hu Wannping. 1．What attracted tourists to the Changzhou City? A．The launch of appealing music festivals. B．The Aerial tightrope walking performance. C．The celebration of traditional cultural events. D．The measures to provide comfort for tourists. 2．What may account for people’s choice of fourth-tier and below cities? A．Abundant parking spaces. B．Famous scenic spots. C．Low travelling expenses. D．Convenient booking platforms. 3．What can be inferred from the text? A．The growth of visitors is causing various social issues. B．Scientific and space projects receive the least attention. C．Orders for major destinations in big cities are decreasing. D．Tourists are open-minded as to the choices of spending holidays. 4．What can be the best title of the text? A．Festivals and Celebrations across China B．New Trend for Labor Day Tourist Destinations C．The Popularity of Well-known Destinations D．China’s Traditional Intangible Cultural Heritage 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了今年“五一”假期中国游客的旅游趋势，包括对传统非物质文化遗产的兴趣、对新目的地的探索、以及对自然风光和经济实惠旅游选项的偏好。此外，科学和太空项目也吸引了游客，显示了公众对科技发展的关注。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Meanwhile, in east China’s Changzhou City, music festivals attracted huge crowds of travelers, and local authorities introduced measures to ensure the comfort of visitors.(与此同时，在中国东部的常州市，音乐节吸引了大批游客，当地政府采取措施确保游客的舒适)”可知，音乐节的举办吸引了很多游客来到常州。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Holiday makers decided to go for natural views, less-crowded scenic spots, and cost-effective travel experiences. Data from Chinese travel booking platform Ctrip showed that orders for fourth-tier and below cities increased by 140 percent on a yearly basis, outperforming those in first and second-tier cities.(度假者们决定去欣赏自然风光、不那么拥挤的景点，以及经济实惠的旅行体验。中国旅游预订平台携程的数据显示，四线及以下城市的订单量每年增长140%，超过一二线城市)”可知，较低的出行费用可能是人们选择四线及以下城市的原因。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段Wu Sa, deputy director of the Economic Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission, expressed belief that the popularity of usual major destinations like Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hangzhou and Chengdu is not decreasing, but explained that a good number of travelers are looking to diversify the range of their travels, towards new and previously lesser-known places.(国家发展和改革委员会经济研究所副主任吴萨表示，北京、上海、重庆、杭州和成都等通常的主要目的地的受欢迎程度并没有下降，但他解释说，很多游客正在寻求多样化的旅行范围，去新的和以前不太为人所知的地方)”可知，游客的旅行选择变得多样化，会去新的和以前不太为人所知的地方。由此可知，游客对度假的选择持开放态度。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Tourists across China have enjoyed a chain of cultural events from traditional to modern, and discovered new destinations during this year’s five-day May Day holiday.(在今年的‘五一’长假期间，中国各地的游客享受了从传统到现代的一系列文化活动，并发现了新的旅游目的地)”可知，文章围绕今年“五一”假期中国游客的旅游趋势展开，包括对传统非物质文化遗产的兴趣、对新目的地的探索、以及对自然风光和经济实惠旅游选项的偏好。此外，科学和太空项目也吸引了游客，显示了公众对科技发展的关注。因此，B项“劳动节旅游目的地的新趋势”契合文章主旨，最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。 主题01 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and wars threaten them. Now, a team of researchers led by Hagedorn is trying to build biobanks on the moon. A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on Earth. Those areas usually remain around -196°Celsius, the minimum temperature required to store most animal cells long-term. “We were inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (库) in Norway, which takes advantage of freezing Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. But in 2017, melting permafrost (冻土) flooded the vault and put its precious seeds at risk. That event showed the need for a backup plan,” Hagedorn says. Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says. The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human colonies on the moon or Mars. The new proposal has its share of obstacles, including what to do about radiation and the long-term effects of microgravity on the samples. Hagedorn and colleagues are designing radiation-proof sample storage containers. The next step would be to test out prototypes (原型) on a future moon mission. Some of the moon’s permanently dark regions also aren’t immune from temperature swings, as more or less reflected light shines into the shadows, Greenhagen says. “They are still cold but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of heat management.” By far, the biggest challenge will be getting buy-in from the scientific community and other stakeholders, and to get nations to work together on the plan, Hagedorn says. 1．What is the main reason for proposing to build biobanks on the moon? A．To conduct biological experiments in low gravity environments. B．To protect genetic samples from threats like climate change and wars on Earth. C．To establish human colonies on the moon more quickly. D．To study the effects of extreme cold on animal cells. 2．What event inspired the need for an off-Earth biobank according to Hagedorn? A．A nuclear accident contaminating a seed vault. B．The success of the International Space Station’s biobank. C．The 2017 flooding of Svalbard Global Seed Vault due to melting permafrost. D．The discovery of frozen water on the moon’s surface. 3．What play(s)the most important role in biobanking? A．Species. B．Temperature. C．Location. D．Dark. 4．What does Hagedorn think about building a biobank on the moon? A．A meaningful and challenging project. B．A wild idea against the laws of nature. C．A creative project that can’t be completed. D．A project whose costs don’t equal its benefits. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着越来越多的物种濒临灭绝，科学家们一直在收集动物、植物和其他生物的样本，并将它们储存在全球各地的生物库中。但气候变化、环境灾难和战争威胁着它们。现在，由哈格多恩领导的一个研究小组正试图在月球上建立生物库。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and wars threaten them. Now, a team of researchers led by Hagedorn is trying to build biobanks on the moon.(随着越来越多的物种濒临灭绝，科学家们一直在收集动物、植物和其他生物的样本，并将它们储存在全球各地的生物库中。但气候变化、环境灾难和战争威胁着它们。现在，由哈格多恩领导的一个研究小组正试图在月球上建立生物库)”可知，地球上的生物样本库受到气候变化、环境灾难和战争等威胁，所以才提出在月球上建立生物样本库来保护这些样本。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段““We were inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (库) in Norway, which takes advantage of freezing Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. But in 2017, melting permafrost (冻土) flooded the vault and put its precious seeds at risk. That event showed the need for a backup plan,” Hagedorn says.(“我们的灵感来自挪威的斯瓦尔巴群岛全球种子库，该种子库利用北极的低温保存了来自世界各地的数百万颗种子。但在2017年，融化的永久冻土淹没了地窖，使其珍贵的种子处于危险之中。这一事件表明需要一个备用计划，”哈格多恩说)”可知，2017 年，融化的永久冻土淹没了挪威的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库，使其珍贵的种子面临风险，这一事件促使人们意识到需要一个地球之外的生物样本库作为备份计划。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段中“A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on Earth. Those areas usually remain around-196°Celsius, the minimum temperature required to store most animal cells long-term.(在月球南极永久阴影区域的生物库可能比地球上的生物库稳定得多。这些区域通常保持在-196摄氏度左右，这是长期储存大多数动物细胞所需的最低温度)”以及最后一段中“Some of the moon’s permanently dark regions also aren’t immune from temperature swings, as more or less reflected light shines into the shadows, Greenhagen says. “They are still cold but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of heat management.”(格林哈根说，月球上一些永久黑暗的区域也不能免受温度波动的影响，因为或多或少的反射光会照到阴影里。“它们仍然很冷，但如果没有某种程度的热量管理，对于这个项目来说，可能并不总是足够冷。”)”可知，温度对于生物样本库储存样本至关重要，合适的温度才能保证样本的长期储存。由此推知，温度在生物样本库中起着最重要的作用。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章内容以及最后一段中“By far, the biggest challenge will be getting buy-in from the scientific community and other stakeholders, and to get nations to work together on the plan, Hagedorn says.(到目前为止，最大的挑战将是获得科学界和其他利益相关者的支持，并让各国在该计划上共同努力)”可知，在月球上建立生物样本库可以保护生物样本免受地球上的威胁，并且这些样本对于恢复濒危或灭绝物种的种群以及在未来月球或火星上建立人类殖民地的生态系统很有价值，这说明该项目是有意义的；同时，文章也提到了该项目面临诸多障碍，如辐射问题、微重力对样本的长期影响、温度波动以及需要科学界和其他利益相关者的支持和各国合作等，这表明该项目具有挑战性。由此推知，哈格多恩认为在月球上建立生物样本库是一个有意义且具有挑战性的项目。故选A项。 Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江杭州·期中）As ice sheets melted, they often left behind landscapes that typically take many years to become habitable for plants and wildlife. However, recent research has discovered that in just three years, these poor areas can be brought back to life by South American camelids (美洲鸵). By the foot of Peru’s Uruashraju glacier (冰川), researchers partnered with local farmers to herd (放牧) camelids on four areas. For three days a month from 2019 to 2022, the camelids grazed (吃草) the areas. By the end of that time, the otherwise dry and easily destroyed soil had become more stable, richer in nutrients (营养) and supported 57 percent more plant cover than before. This traditional South American way of camelids herding could potentially protect crops, animals and local communities from the impacts of climate change. As is the case worldwide, glaciers are disappearing in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca mountains at an astonishing rate. And as the ice melts, nearby ecosystems lose access to summertime supplies of freshwater and sometimes face harmful acidic (酸性的) minerals in rocks once covered by the glaciers. Camelids may help ease some of these effects. Their transformation of the land could reduce rock weathering, thus limiting the acidic runoff that can damage farmers’ crops. The idea that grass-eating animals grazing may positively impact a landscape is not new. Nor is rewilding — the push to reintroduce key species to their native ecosystems — unique to the Cordillera Blanca mountains. In Finland, for example, local Sami are working to reintroduce reindeer in areas where trees have been cut down. And a group in Spain hopes one day to lift the wild cattle known as the auroch out of extinction, putting it to use in grazing. But the size and speed of the changes the camelids helped bring about surprised the researchers. “Putting nutrients over the soil can produce similar effects on plant growth,” says ecologist Kelsey Reider of James Madison University, but “the animals themselves are doing a lot”. For one, animal waste is special. For another, the camelids weed out dominant plants, making space for new species. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Results of camelids herding. B．Impacts of climate change. C．Reasons for the research. D．Partnership with local farmers. 2．What might be a consequence of glaciers melting? A．Increased acidic runoff. B．Reduced rock weathering. C．Decline in summer rainfall D．Shortage of mineral resources. 3．Why are the underlined “reindeer” and “auroch?” mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To clarify a potential problem. B．To explain a natural phenomenon. C．To compare different rewilding projects. D．To support a conservation effort. 4．What is Kelsey Reider’s attitude towards camelids herding? A．Disapproving. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了南美驼类如何快速恢复冰川退缩后的土地，帮助当地社区应对气候变化。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“By the foot of Peru’s Uruashraju glacier (冰川), researchers partnered with local farmers to herd (放牧) camelids on four areas. For three days a month from 2019 to 2022, the camelids grazed (吃草) the areas. By the end of that time, the otherwise dry and easily destroyed soil had become more stable, richer in nutrients (营养) and supported 57 percent more plant cover than before. This traditional South American way of camelids herding could potentially protect crops, animals and local communities from the impacts of climate change.(在秘鲁乌鲁阿什拉尤冰川脚下，研究人员与当地农民合作，在四个区域放牧骆驼类动物。从2019年到2022年的每个月里，有三天的时间骆驼类动物会在这些区域觅食。在那段时间结束时，原本干燥且容易被破坏的土壤变得更加稳定，养分也更加丰富，植被覆盖度比之前增加了57%。这种传统的南美骆驼类放牧方式有可能保护农作物、牲畜和当地社区免受气候变化的影响)”可知，本段主要描述了美洲鸵放牧后土地的变化结果。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“And as the ice melts, nearby ecosystems lose access to summertime supplies of freshwater and sometimes face harmful acidic (酸性的) minerals in rocks once covered by the glaciers. Camelids may help ease some of these effects. Their transformation of the land could reduce rock weathering, thus limiting the acidic runoff that can damage farmers’ crops.(随着冰川融化，附近的生态系统失去了夏季获取淡水的途径，有时还会面临曾经被冰川覆盖的岩石中出现的有害酸性矿物质的困扰。骆驼类动物或许能够缓解一些这些影响。它们对土地的改造可以减少岩石的风化过程，从而限制可能导致农民庄稼受损的酸性径流)”可知，冰川融化可能导致酸性径流增加。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“The idea that grass-eating animals grazing may positively impact a landscape is not new. Nor is rewilding — the push to reintroduce key species to their native ecosystems — unique to the Cordillera Blanca mountains. In Finland, for example, local Sami are working to reintroduce reindeer in areas where trees have been cut down. And a group in Spain hopes one day to lift the wild cattle known as the auroch out of extinction, putting it to use in grazing.(草食动物放牧能够对自然景观产生积极影响这一观点并非新鲜事。重新引入关键物种以恢复其在原生生态系统中的地位这一做法也并非仅限于科尔迪拉·布兰卡山脉。例如，在芬兰，当地的萨米人正努力在树木被砍伐的地区重新引入驯鹿。而在西班牙，有一个团体希望有一天能让被称为“欧洲野牛”的野生牛种摆脱灭绝的命运，并将其用于放牧)”可知，这两个例子被用来证明重新引入关键物种到它们原生的生态系统的做法不仅限于科迪勒拉布兰卡山脉，在全球其他地区也在实施，具有全球普遍性，因此，提到二者是为了支持一项保护工作。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““Putting nutrients over the soil can produce similar effects on plant growth,” says ecologist Kelsey Reider of James Madison University, but “the animals themselves are doing a lot”. For one, animal waste is special. For another, the camelids weed out dominant plants, making space for new species.(詹姆斯·麦迪逊大学的生态学家凯尔西·里德表示：“在土壤上施加养分也能对植物生长产生类似的效果。”但“动物自身也发挥了重要作用”。首先，动物粪便具有特殊意义。其次，骆驼科动物能够淘汰优势植物，为新物种腾出空间)”可知，Kelsey Reider认为动物本身对土地的改善作用很大，因此她对美洲鸵放牧持积极态度。故选D。 Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Some of life’s simplest mysteries can prove the hardest to solve. One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch. The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep. To fall asleep, a bird’s body goes through a series of changes, one of which is that the muscles lose their hardness, which happens as a main result of reduced brain control of muscle movement. To stand perfectly balanced on a branch while the muscles become weak isn’t easy. Anyone who has tried to sleep while standing on a train would know this. So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes. But a recent paper found that sleeping European starlings (a common bird found in North America and Europe) don’t use the mechanism. The researchers observed that the birds bent their knees only slightly, not enough for the mechanism to kick into action. The toes, as a result, were largely unbent, and the birds balanced on the central part of their feet while they slept. “Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!” said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. 1．What does the underlined word “This” in the second paragraph refer to? A．The continuation of deep sleep. B．The difference in sleep cycles. C．Birds’ special brain structure. D．Birds’ light sleep style. 2．What is the role of flexor tendons in helping birds balance on branches? A．Stretching to make talons bend and lock. B．Enabling the power of birds’ legs. C．Controlling muscles’ hardness and movement. D．Connecting muscles to strengthen their functions. 3．What can we infer from Salama’s words? A．Learning birds’ habits needs cooperation. B．Denying birds’ importance is unwise. C．Knowing birds’ balancing acts is useful. D．Studying birds’ sleep has challenges. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Why Do Birds Require Less Sleep? B．Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches? C．Why Do Sleeping Birds Have One Eye Open? D．Why Do European Starlings Sleep Differently? 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了鸟的睡眠周期短且部分大脑清醒，还阐述其站着睡的平衡机制及欧椋鸟的特殊情况。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep. (在我们深度睡眠期间，睡眠周期会持续几分钟，但对于鸟类而言，这一周期几乎持续不到 10 秒；它们会让大脑的一部分保持清醒，当一只鸟睁着一只眼睛时，你可能会注意到这一点。这使鸟类即使在睡眠中，也能随时注意到危险并迅速逃离捕猎者)”可知，鸟类的睡眠深度仅持续10秒左右。并且，鸟类会保持一半大脑处于清醒状态。这样短暂且灵活的睡眠方式使它们即使在睡眠中也能随时逃避猎食者。由此可知，划线词This在这里指代鸟类浅的睡眠方式。故选D项。 2． 细节理解题。根据第三段“So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes. (因此，当一只鸟放低身体时，它的爪子会自动地、不自觉地弯曲，紧紧地抓住树枝，直到腿伸直，爪子才会放松。这种机制背后的关键是连接肌肉和骨骼的屈肌腱。屈肌腱伸展，从而使鸟的脚趾弯曲)”可知，鸟类的屈肌腱连接了肌肉和骨骼，伸展时会使得鸟类的脚趾弯曲牢牢锁住树枝以保持平衡。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!’ said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. (‘鸟类多样而独特，根据研究的物种、属或科的不同，它们表现出不同的身体、生理和行为。睡眠周期的差异也很大。虽然我们可能还不知道整个故事，但不可否认的是，鸟类每天都能做到这种平衡是非常了不起的！’拥有孟买圣泽维尔学院生命科学和生物化学学位的Salama说)可知，Salama认为：鸟类种类繁多且独特，所以会展现出不同的身体特征、生理结构和行为。同时，它们的睡眠周期同样复杂，我们尚未了解全部情况。由此推知，研究鸟类睡眠是有挑战的。故选D项。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch. (其中一个谜是鸟是如何睡觉的，尤其是当它在树枝上的时候)”以及通读全文可知，文章主要解释了鸟类在树上睡觉时不会掉下来的原因。所以B项Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches? (为什么睡觉的鸟不会从树枝上掉下来？)作为文章标题最为合适。故选B项。 Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江温州·期中）Everyone knows the horrible feeling: An uncomfortable night, just a little too warm, leads to restless sleep, and then next morning, you feel like a slow shell of yourself. Now a new study links sleep loss with climate (气候) change. Researchers from the University of Copenhagen found that ever-warmer nighttime temperatures push bedtimes later and wake times earlier, costing us valuable nighttime rest. Sleepers tracked in the study lost rest even in places where temperatures weren’t so high, and had trouble getting used to even mildly challenging sleep temperatures. And sleep costs, the researchers warn, will rise as temperatures do, likely to cost sleepers an extra 13 to 15 days of poor sleep each year by the end of the century. It’s a very clear example of how climate change is playing out in people’s everyday lives. Sleep loss from climate change “is already happening,” says Kelton Minor, the lead author of the study at the University of Copenhagen. Minor and his colleagues looked at data collected worldwide between 2021 and 2023 from nearly 50,000 people’s wristband (腕带) activity trackers. The trackers recorded when those people fell asleep, woke up, and how they slept in between. The researchers could match sleepers’ locations with location-specific climate data. That let the researchers compare the sleep data with local outdoor temperatures. They were looking at continuous records of individual people. They could see how someone slept on a cool night in June versus a hot one a few days later, or how they reacted to an unseasonably warm February night. The dataset was unique in that it didn’t rely on self-reports. It spanned the world, while the few former studies looking at the direct relationship between climate and sleep focused on just a few people. What was more amazing were the results. People slept most when outside temperatures were below 50℉ (10℃). Above that temperature, their chances of sleeping less than seven hours went way up. Above 77℉ (25℃), the losses increased rapidly. When outdoor nighttime temperatures topped 86℉ (30℃), people lost an average of about 15 minutes a night. 1．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To lead in the topic. B．To show climate change. C．To present a terrible night. D．To highlight nighttime rest. 2．What can we learn about the study? A．Small temperature change will affect the sleep quality. B．The trackers can match sleepers’ locations with climate data. C．Sleep loss from climate change will happen in the near future. D．Sleepers tracked in the study didn’t lose rest in high-temperature areas. 3．Which word has the similar meaning as the underlined word “span” in paragraph 5? A．Affect. B．Cover. C．Harm. D．Surprise. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．High temperature is beneficial to sleep. B．Climate change is costing valuable sleep. C．Temperature change determines sleep quality. D．Poor sleep has big personal and economic costs. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了哥本哈根大学的一项新研究，该研究将睡眠缺失与气候变化联系起来，指出不断升高的夜间温度影响人们的入睡和醒来时间，导致人们睡眠不足，且随着气温上升，睡眠缺失情况会更严重。 1．推理判断题。第一段描述了因夜间有点热导致睡眠不安稳，第二天状态不佳的糟糕感受，接着引出“Now a new study links sleep loss with climate (气候) change.(现在一项新研究将睡眠缺失与气候变化联系起来)”可知，由此可知第一段是通过描述生活中常见的睡眠问题引出文章关于气候变化影响睡眠这一主题。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Sleepers tracked in the study lost rest even in places where temperatures weren’t so high, and had trouble getting used to even mildly challenging sleep temperatures.(在研究中被追踪的睡眠者即使在温度不是很高的地方也会失去休息，并且即使是轻微有挑战性的睡眠温度，他们也难以适应)” 可知，小的温度变化也会影响睡眠质量。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段“The dataset was unique in that it didn’t rely on self-reports. It spanned he world, while the few former studies looking at the direct relationship between climate and sleep focused on just a few people.(这个数据集的独特之处在于它不依赖自我报告。它____全球，而之前少数研究气候与睡眠直接关系的研究只关注了少数人)” 结合前后文，之前研究关注少数人，而这个数据集与之不同，可推测spanned意为“覆盖”，表示数据集覆盖全球，与Cover意义相近。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Now a new study links sleep loss with climate (气候) change. Researchers from the University of Copenhagen found that ever - warmer nighttime temperatures push bedtimes later and wake times earlier, costing us valuable nighttime rest.(现在一项新研究将睡眠缺失与气候变化联系起来。哥本哈根大学的研究人员发现，夜间温度越来越高，使得入睡时间推迟，醒来时间提前，让我们失去了宝贵的夜间休息时间)”直接表明了气候变化与睡眠缺失之间的关联，即气候变化正在导致人们失去宝贵的睡眠时间。接着，文中进一步阐述研究细节，如“Sleepers tracked in the study lost rest even in places where temperatures weren’t so high, and had trouble getting used to even mildly challenging sleep temperatures. And sleep costs, the researchers warn, will rise as temperatures do, likely to cost sleepers an extra 13 to 15 days of poor sleep each year by the end of the century.(在研究中被追踪的睡眠者即使在温度不是很高的地方也会失去休息，并且即使是轻微有挑战性的睡眠温度，他们也难以适应。研究人员警告说，随着气温上升，睡眠成本也会增加，到本世纪末，睡眠者每年可能会额外多经历 13 到 15 天的睡眠不佳)”，强调了气候变化对睡眠的负面影响，以及随着气温升高，这种影响愈发严重。所以选项B“Climate change is costing valuable sleep.（气候变化正在让人们失去宝贵的睡眠）”准确概括了文章主旨。故选B。 Passage 5 （24-25高一下·浙江杭州·期中）Wildlife populations around the world are facing great falls, according to new numbers that have urged environmental campaigners to call for urgent action to rescue the natural world. The 2022 Living Planet Index (LPI), tracking global biodiversity, produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), shows that wildlife populations of mammals, birds and fish have seen an average decrease of 69 percent since 1970, faster than previous predictions. Mark Wright of WWF says the scale of decline is devastating and continues to worsen. “We are not seeing any really positive signs that we are beginning to bend the curve of nature,” he says. At the same time, some of the most biodiverse regions of the world are seeing the greatest falls in wildlife. Habitat loss is the largest driver of wildlife loss in all regions around the world, followed by species overkilling by illegal hunting and fishing. In December, governments from around the world will gather in Montreal, Canada, for the COP15 Biodiversity Framework, a much-delayed summit that aims to agree a set of new targets intended to stop the loss of animals, plants and habitats globally by 2030. “We need governments to take actions to ensure that those goals deal with the complicated combined threats of climate change and biodiversity,” says Robin Freeman of ZSL. But some researchers are critical of the LPI’s use of a headline figure (主要指标) of showing drops, warning it is easy to misunderstanding. The findings don’t mean all species or populations worldwide are in decline. In fact, approximately half the populations show a stable or increasing trend, and half show a declining trend. “I think a more appropriate and useful way to look at it is to focus on specific species or populations,” says Ritchie at Our World in Data. But Wright says the LPI is a tool that accurately reflects the findings of biodiversity measurements. “Some of those figures show that there is something going really very badly wrong,” says Wright. 1．What can we infer from the 2022 Living Planet Index? A．We have known how to protect the endangered species. B．Urgent measures should be taken to save global biodiversity. C．There are positive signs that humans are changing the nature. D．The decline of wildlife populations is less rapid than expected. 2．What is the main reason for wildlife populations falling? A．The loss of habitat. B．The warming climate. C．Improvements in technology. D．Species overkilling. 3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Specific species should be ignored. B．The LPI shows all species are declining. C．Most populations are stable or increasing. D．The LPI’s decline figure can be misleading. 4．What does Mark Wright think of LPI? A．Outdated. B．Functional. C．Simple. D．Unique. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了2022年LPI报告显示，世界各地的野生动物数量正面临急剧下降。尽管LPI的整体数据被批评可能误导公众，但环保人士呼吁政府通过COP15等行动应对危机。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The 2022 Living Planet Index (LPI), tracking global biodiversity, produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), shows that wildlife populations of mammals, birds and fish have seen an average decrease of 69 percent since 1970, faster than previous predictions. (2022年由伦敦动物学会(ZSL)编制的《地球生命力指数》(LPI)显示，自1970年以来，全球哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类等野生动物种群数量平均下降了69%，这一下降速度比此前预测的更快，而该指数用于追踪全球生物多样性变化)”可知，2022年LPI数据显示全球生物多样性危机加剧，这表明应该采取紧急措施来拯救全球生物多样性。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Habitat loss is the largest driver of wildlife loss in all regions around the world, followed by species overkilling by illegal hunting and fishing (全球范围内，栖息地丧失是导致野生动物数量锐减的首要原因，其次是非法狩猎和捕捞造成的物种过度捕杀)”可知，栖息地破坏是野生动物减少的主因。故选A项。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段“But some researchers are critical of the LPI’s use of a headline figure (主要指标) of showing drops, warning it is easy to misunderstanding. The findings don’t mean all species or populations worldwide are in decline. In fact, approximately half the populations show a stable or increasing trend, and half show a declining trend. “I think a more appropriate and useful way to look at it is to focus on specific species or populations,” says Ritchie at Our World in Data. (然而，部分研究人员对《地球生命力指数》采用“总体数量下降”的概括性数据提出质疑，警告这种呈现方式容易引发误解。研究结果并不意味着全球所有物种或种群数量都在减少。事实上，约半数种群数量保持稳定或呈增长趋势，另一半则呈现下降趋势。“我认为更恰当且有效的分析方式是聚焦特定物种或种群，”Our World in Data的Ritchie指出)”可知，第五段指出LPI的整体数据可能误导公众，需结合具体物种分析。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But Wright says the LPI is a tool that accurately reflects the findings of biodiversity measurements. “Some of those figures show that there is something going really very badly wrong,” says Wright. (然而，Wright表示，《地球生命力指数》是一个能够准确反映生物多样性测量结果的工具。“这些数据中有部分表明，某些情况正在严重恶化，”Wright指出)”可推知，Wright认为LPI是能发挥其功能的，可以有效揭示生物多样性的情况。故选B项。 Passage 6 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Take a walk down any major beach and it likely won’t be long before you come upon some trash. Countless types of plastics litter the world’s beaches, eventually making their way into the ocean where they break down over the course of decades or even centuries. Ocean Conservancy estimates that volunteers from 97 countries and regions identified and removed around 4,000tons of plastic trash from beaches worldwide in 2023. For the most part, spotting the trash still depends on the naked eye and a great deal of walking. But that could one day change thanks to a new satellite imaging technique developed by researchers from RMIT University in Australia. The team developed a new tool that highlights unique spectra (光谱的) features in plastics. Armed with that knowledge, the researchers were then able to accurately identify plastic items on beaches and distinguish them from sand, water, and plants. The researchers, whose work will be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Marine Pollution Bulletin, are hopeful that coastal cleanup organizations can use this new tool to expedite plastic removal efforts on beaches. “This is incredibly exciting, as up to now we have not had a tool for detecting plastics in coastal environments from space,” said study co-author Maria Soto-Bereciov. Satellite imagery has, for years, been used to help scientists identify plastics floating in the ocean, but it’s far less effective at spotting plastics on beaches. Coastal plastics often blend (混合) in with or are partially buried by sand. And coastal plastic trash can also have serious negative effects on local wildlife. “Plastics can be mistaken for food, and animals can be trapped by plastics,” study lead author Jenna Guffogg said. Those harmful effects aren’t limited to life on beaches. If plastics aren’t removed, they can often end up going into the ocean where they will slowly break down into smaller pieces. Those tiny plastic pieces are then eaten by fish and work their way up the food chain. Some researchers believe this cycle may even lead to increased cases of microplastics detected in humans. The full extent of the effects of microplastics on human health still isn’t fully known. 1．According to the passage, which is true about the traditional way of spotting plastic trash on beaches? A．It depends mainly on satellite imaging. B．It is highly efficient and accurate. C．It mostly relies on the naked eye and walking. D．It can easily distinguish plastic from sand. 2．What does the underlined word “expedite” in paragraph 2 probably mean in the text? A．Slow down B．Make easier and faster C．Stop completely D．Make more difficult 3．Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Microplastics have no impact on human health at present. B．Once in the ocean, plastics will never break down. C．The harm of plastics extends far beyond beach areas. D．It is easy to prevent plastics from entering the ocean. 4．What can we infer about the author’s attitude towards microplastics on the beaches? A．Optimistic. B．Indifferent. C．Concerned. D．Positive. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个团队开发了一种新工具，可以突出塑料中独特的光谱特征，能够准确地识别海滩上的塑料垃圾。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“For the most part, spotting the trash still depends on the naked eye and a great deal of walking.(在大多数情况下，发现垃圾仍然依赖于肉眼和大量的步行)”可知，传统的在海滩上发现塑料垃圾的方法主要依靠肉眼和步行。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“For the most part, spotting the trash still depends on the naked eye and a great deal of walking.(在大多数情况下，发现垃圾仍然依赖于肉眼和大量的步行)”和第二段中“Armed with that knowledge, the researchers were then able to accurately identify plastic items on beaches and distinguish them from sand, water, and plants.(有了这些知识，研究人员就能够准确地识别海滩上的塑料物品，并将它们与沙子、水和植物区分开来)”可知，传统的在海滩上发现塑料垃圾的方法主要依靠肉眼和步行，有了新工具，研究人员就能够准确地识别海滩上的塑料物品，并将它们与沙子、水和植物区分开来，这应是会让海滩上的塑料清除工作更加简单快速，expedite意为“使简单快速”，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Those harmful effects aren’t limited to life on beaches.(这些有害影响并不局限于海滩上的生命)”和“Some researchers believe this cycle may even lead to increased cases of microplastics detected in humans.(一些研究人员认为，这种循环甚至可能导致人体中检测到的微塑料病例增加)”可推知，塑料的危害远远超出了海滩地区，故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“And coastal plastic trash can also have serious negative effects on local wildlife.(沿海塑料垃圾也会对当地野生动物产生严重的负面影响)”和最后一段中“Some researchers believe this cycle may even lead to increased cases of microplastics detected in humans.(一些研究人员认为，这种循环甚至可能导致人体中检测到的微塑料病例增加)”可知，作者提到海滩塑料垃圾对野生动物和人类健康的危害，推知作者对海滩微塑料持担忧的态度，故选C。 Passage 7 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）A new trend in urban design, often referred to as vertical (垂直的) gardening, is greatly changing how we use available space in cities. This innovative approach enables city residents to grow plants and vegetables in or on buildings, using walls, balconies, and other vertical surfaces rather than only relying on traditional pieces of land. Vertical gardening champions eco-friendliness, making efficient use of limited space while improving air quality in crowded areas. The concept began to gain popularity as urban populations grew and green spaces became increasingly limited. Architects and landscape designers recognized the pressing need to combine greenery into their designs to create more livable and environmentally friendly urban environments. By using hydroponic systems (水培系统) and wall-mounted planters, people can cultivate a wide variety of plants in small spaces, effectively bringing nature closer to urban life. Well-known architect Patrick Blanc is among those who popularized this method, showcasing vertical gardens that not only improve the look of buildings but also provide important ecological benefits. His impressive designs promote biodiversity by attracting birds and helpful insects back into urban areas, helping to bring back natural ecosystems. Creating a successful vertical garden requires careful planning and thoughtful consideration. Gardeners must choose plants that do well in limited spaces and adjust them to the specific microclimate of each location. Moreover, by using vertical gardening techniques, urban residents can effectively reduce their carbon footprint, lessen the urban heat island effect, and improve the overall quality of life in their communities. As more individuals adopt this eco-friendly approach, vertical gardening is likely to become an essential part of modern urban landscapes, paving the way for greener and healthier cities for future generations. This method is not merely a trend; it represents a significant change in how we think about and interact with our urban environments, making cities more livable and eco-friendly while supporting our connection to nature. 1．What does the underlined word “champions” in the first paragraph mean? A．refuses. B．supports. C．balances. D．processes. 2．Why has vertical gardening become increasingly popular in urban areas? A．To create more industrial zones in crowded areas. B．To enhance the user experience in public spaces. C．To address the shortage of green spaces in growing cities. D．To attract birds and insects back into urban areas. 3．According to the passage, what role does Patrick Blanc play in the vertical gardening movement? A．He promotes vertical gardens. B．He designs buildings without gardens. C．He focuses on plant breeding in cities. D．He is a city planner famous for green designs. 4．According to the passage, what must gardeners consider when creating a successful vertical garden? A．The economic factors of hydroponic systems. B．The types of plants suitable for limited spaces. C．The popularity of vertical gardening in their city. D．The plants’ ability to help battle climate change. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了城市设计中的一种新趋势——垂直园艺，阐述了其定义、兴起原因、代表人物、作用以及创建时需要考虑的因素等。 1．词义猜测题。根据下文“making efficient use of limited space while improving air quality in crowded areas.(有效利用有限的空间，同时改善拥挤地区的空气质量)”可知，此处在说明垂直园艺的好处，垂直园艺是对生态友好的，有效利用了有限的空间并改善了空气质量，故画线词所在句意为：垂直园艺支持生态友好性。由此可知，画线词champions意为“支持”。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The concept began to gain popularity as urban populations grew and green spaces became increasingly limited.(随着城市人口的增长和绿色空间的日益有限，这一概念开始流行起来。)”可知，垂直园艺在城市地区越来越受欢迎是为了解决城市中绿色空间短缺的问题。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Well-known architect Patrick Blanc is among those who popularized this method, showcasing vertical gardens that not only improve the look of buildings but also provide important ecological benefits.(著名建筑师Patrick Blanc是推广这种方法的人之一，他展示了垂直花园，不仅改善了建筑物的外观，而且提供了重要的生态效益。)”可知，Patrick Blanc在垂直园艺运动中推广垂直花园。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“Creating a successful vertical garden requires careful planning and thoughtful consideration. Gardeners must choose plants that do well in limited spaces and adjust them to the specific microclimate of each location.(创建一个成功的垂直花园需要仔细的规划和周到的考虑。园丁必须选择在有限空间中生长良好的植物，并使它们适应每个地点的特定小气候。)”可知，根据文章，园丁在创建一个成功的垂直花园时必须考虑适合有限空间的植物类型。故选B项。 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 阅读理解（说明文） 主题01 人与自我 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江杭州·期中）Jason, a straight-A student from the University of Pennsylvania, uses the term “pseudo-working” to describe how many of us study. The pseudo-worker looks and feels like someone who is working hard — he or she spends a long time in the library and is not afraid to push on late into the night — but, because of a lack of focus and concentration, he or she doesn’t actually accomplish much. This phenomenon can be seen in most colleges. For example, at Dartmouth there was a section of the main library that was open twenty-four hours a day and the students I used to see in there late at night crowded in groups, drinking coffee, were definitely pseudo-working. By placing themselves in distracting environments and insisting on working long hours, these students are damaging their brain’s ability to think clearly and efficiently to accomplish the task at hand. In the end they get half the results with twice the effort. The bigger problem here is that most students don’t even realize that they’re pseudo-working. To them pseudo-working is work — it’s how they’ve always done it, and it’s how all of their friends do it. It never crosses their mind that there might be a better way. Straight-A students, on the other hand, know all about pseudo-working. They fear it, and for good reason it not only wastes time, but it’s also mentally tiring. In fact, the most important skill in becoming a better student is the ability to get work done quickly and with a minimum of wasted effort. Some cognitive science research concludes that about 50 minutes is the optimal learning period to maximize the material learned per time unit. So how can students manage to study efficiently? One key factor is captured in the following simple formula: work accomplished = time spent×intensity of focus. Pseudo-working features a very low intensity of focus. Therefore, to accomplish something by pseudo-working, you need to spend a lot of time. The straight-A approach, on the other hand, maximizes intensity in order to minimize time. 1．Which of the following phenomenon is an example of pseudo-working? A．Tom is busy taking notes while attending a lecture. B．Alice and Sara are sitting on the sofa reading their favorite books. C．Mike is sitting in the study room in preparation for a final exam quietly. D．Jack spends a long time in the library on his essay while listening to music. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 3 and 4? A．Straight-A students believe some tasks are worth twice the effort. B．Too much thinking may weaken the brain’s ability of the students. C．Negative effects of pseudo-working are not fully realized by many students. D．Students will get good grades once they realize that pseudo-working is ineffective. 3．What does the underlined word “optimal’ mean in paragraph 5? A．Longest. B．Best. C．Least. D．Effective. 4．Why does the author mention the formula in the text? A．To show the benefit of working hard. B．To prove the necessity of accomplishing work. C．To emphasize the importance of concentration. D．To explain the reason for spending much time. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波·期中）Whether it is the childhood friend who had a baby or the thoughtful neighbor who moved away, many people can think of someone they care about but have lost touch with when they look at the contact list on their phones. Research from across the social sciences has consistently shown that social relationships are critical for mental and physical health. However, a paper published in Nature Communications Psychology, based on a series of studies conducted with more than 2,400 participants, discovered that people are surprisingly hesitant to initiate interactions to reconnect. There are various barriers to reaching out, many of which are identified similar to the ones that prevent people from talking to strangers. This similarity made researchers wonder whether the passage of time makes old friends feel like strangers. In one study, researchers asked 288 people how willing they were to engage in various everyday actions, including picking up garbage, booking a dentist appointment, and critically, talking to a stranger. Sure enough, people were no more willing to reach out to an old friend than the listed things. Researchers have also worked on an intervention shown to ease anxieties about conversing with strangers. We decided to adapt that approach to the case of reconnecting with old friends. So we asked some of our study participants to complete a three-minute warm-up exercise in which they sent messages to current friends and acquaintances. Meanwhile others-our control group-simply scrolled (滑动) through social media. Afterward every participant was encouraged to contact an old friend. Only about a third of people in the control group sent a message while about half the people in the warm-up group did so. That’s because practicing the behavior involved in reaching out to others reminded people of how simple it is to send a message and how enjoyable it can be to connect. Social relationships are a key source of happiness. Reaching out to old friends is easier after warming up, which benefits mentally and physically. So people could go through the contact list on their phones and message a few folks they talk to often-and then find someone they haven’t spoken to in a while and have been missing and try to get hold of them, too. 1．What is the benefit of reconnecting an old friend? A．Interactions are initiated. B．The passage of time is narrowed. C．Social relations are enlarged. D．Overall well-being is improved. 2．Why are people hesitant to reach out to an old friend? A．They were more willing to talk to a stranger. B．They need to adapt some approaches to reconnecting. C．They prefer to send messages to some acquaintances. D．They feel distanced from someone out of contact for long. 3．What could we do to intervene when reconnecting with old friends? A．Scroll through social media. B．Text current friends. C．Talk to a stranger. D．Complete an exercise in the gym. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Warm up to get in touch with old friends B．Do not leave old friends familiar strangers C．Connect and enjoy personalized social relationships D．Stay in contact with old friends and find source of happiness Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江丽水·期中）In a world where ever-changing high-end techniques are reshaping the lifestyles of “Generation Z”, a game named Black Myth: Wukong, with its picturesque settings and Chinese culture genes, has brought about a craze among gaming fans worldwide. Within 10 hours of its official release globally, the Triple-A game had over two million players on Steam. The unexpected success of the game, developed by a private Chinese company over six years, has allowed people to appreciate exotic (异域的) Chinese traditional culture in addition to the fun and joy of playing the game. Wukong, or Monkey King is an iconic figure from Journey to the West — a Chinese classic novel dating back about 500 years. Feng Ji, the game’s producer, said that the game is good enough in quality to attract gamers to be absorbed by the Chinese god-evil story. An ongoing hot discussion on Reddit’s online game community shows games are “hardworking” on every detail of the novel. Games combining iconic cultural elements may be regarded as a form of cultural exchange. Indeed, enjoying the game could be a journey to experience the beauty of Chinese culture — its music, landscapes, architecture, clothes, or even folk tales. “Traditional culture is right there, and you’ll like it when you see it,” said the game’s art director, Yang Qi. “What we can do is to give people a closer look through the game.” China’s abundance of well-preserved historical buildings offered the domestic game developer an advantage. Digitally scanning ancient buildings to present them in the game is more cost-saving and provides a better authentic experience. Of course, a game is a game. China will always welcome travelers from around the world who want to explore and learn more about its profound culture. As a Reddit user wrote, “I (American) have been waiting so long to have more Chinese influence in the Western game field. Chinese culture and mythology are rich. I hope we can get more stuff like this. I would love to go to China someday.” 1．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The release of the game. B．The contents of the game. C．The developer of the game. D．The popularity of the game. 2．What are games discussing on Reddit’s online game community? A．The plots of Journey to the West. B．The hard efforts of the producers. C．The pleasure of playing the game. D．The details of Chinese gaming culture. 3．According to Yang Qi, what’s the relationship between the game and traditional culture? A．Traditional culture must be modernized for the game. B．The game helps people better experience traditional culture. C．Traditional culture is too complex for full game presentation. D．The game only uses a bit of traditional culture for decoration. 4．What’s a suitable title for the text? A．“Black Myth: Wukong”: The Rise of China’ s Gaming Industry B．“Black Myth: Wukong”: A Cultural Bridge in the Gaming World C．“Black Myth: Wukong”: A Transition from Novel to Gaming Field D．“Black Myth: Wukong”: Technological Advancements in the Gaming World Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江台州·期中）According to a well-known team of researchers, there are three kinds of smiles: sincere, false, and painful. How can we distinguish them? In experiments where subjects are shown photos of fake and spontaneous (自发的) smiles, people are pretty good at telling the difference. But in the real world, most people are less able to distinguish between them. They are distracted by other elements of communication such as speech, hand gestures, and other body movements. However, if they were to focus only on the face, they would probably know whether a smile was sincere or not. This is because two muscles are involved in spontaneous smiling. The first muscle is a ring-like band of muscle around each eye. When it contracts, it causes what we know as “smiling eyes”. The other muscle extends from the top of the cheekbone to the corners of the mouth. It moves the mouth upwards when we smile. This muscle on its own produces what we call the “mouth smile”. When people sincerely smile, in a spontaneous burst of positive emotions, the corners of the mouth move up and the muscles around the eyes also contract. It is these muscles that show that a smile is sincere. Smiles can mean very different things in different countries. In the USA, for example, a smile is a friendly, positive gesture of trust. In contrast, in some Asian societies, people smile when they are happy, of course, but also when they feel anger, sadness, confusion, or embarrassment, perhaps to mask their true feelings. Cultural norms aside, some people tend to smile more than others and that seems to show they are cheerful, optimistic types. But that relationship isn’t strictly true. Some people rarely smile and are quite happy. Others often have a smile on their face when they are actually feeling anxious. Human communication is full of uncertainties and we sometimes have a difficult time understanding each other, but a sincere, heartfelt smile that lights up a face can never be misunderstood. 1．What did the experiments show? A．Most people tend to force a smile when taking pictures. B．People wearing a fake smile can be sincere sometimes. C．People using body language are often smiling sincerely. D．Most people fail to identify fake smiles in reality often. 2．Which of the following is a key feature of a sincere smile? A．Only the muscles around the mouth contract. B．The corners of the mouth move downward. C．Both the mouth and eye muscles are involved. D．The smile appears only in positive situations. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To compare cultural differences in smiling. B．To explain how to identify sincere smiles and their complexity. C．To criticize people’s inability to recognize fake smiles. D．To promote the importance of smiling in communication. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Smiling is not directly related to personality B．Smiling can clear up misunderstandings. C．People rarely smiling are hard to get on with. D．Uncertain smiles cannot lead to close relationships. Passage 5 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）We’ve all experienced it: waking up naturally feels refreshing, while being suddenly woken by an alarm or someone else leaves us half-asleep. Why? To understand this, let’s explore the science of sleeping. The sleep cycle consists of four stages. One of these is REM, which stands for rapid eye movements. The other three are non-REM stages. When you fall asleep, you first go into a state of feeling sleepy called non-REM Stage 1. This is followed by deeper stages of sleep, called non-REM stages 2 and 3. Each stage of non-REM is deeper than the one before. Then, about 90 minutes after you first fall asleep, you enter the fourth stage, which is REM sleep. This is a stage of lighter sleep where you do much of your dreaming. After a few minutes, you return to non-REM sleep again. In sleep labs, researchers monitor brain waves, eye movements, and muscle tension like in the chin, using electrodes (电极) placed on the scalp, around the eyes, and on the chin. Brain activity varies from low-amplitude (低频振幅) , fast waves when awake to high-amplitude, slow waves during deep non-REM sleep. Non-REM Stage 3 has the slowest, tallest waves, while REM sleep is similar to wakefulness with low-amplitude, fast waves and rapid eye movements. Both stages are important for brain health and memory storage. When you wake up in the morning on your own, it’s usually as you come to the end of whatever stage of sleep you were in. Think of it like getting off the train when it comes to a stop at the station. But when an alarm or someone else wakes you up, it’s like jumping off the train between stops, which can feel disturbing. That’s why it’s good to wake up naturally whenever possible. People can actually train their brains to wake up at a scheduled time each day that is a natural stopping point. Brains have an internal 24-hour clock that instructs when you first start to feel sleepy and when you wake up. This is related to our natural biological clock. 1．According to the passage, what happens during REM sleep? A．The body enters the deepest stage of sleep. B．Brain waves are high in amplitude and slow. C．Frequent dreaming occurs during light sleep. D．Muscle tension in the chin increases significantly. 2．Why does the author use two similes (明喻) in the fourth paragraph? A．To suggest the methods for improving sleep quality. B．To explain the role of non-REM in regulating sleep cycles. C．To emphasize the importance of consistent sleep schedules. D．To illustrate the difference between natural and sudden waking. 3．What will the author most likely discuss next? A．Methods for adjusting to natural morning awakenings. B．Advice on setting alarms to match natural stopping points. C．The great impact of sleep cycles on memory storage. D．New technologies for sleep stage monitoring in sleep labs. 4．Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the article? A．Why Natural Awakenings Feel Better? B．The Role of Dreams in Sleep Cycles. C．How to Wake Up Early Without an Alarm? D．The Impact of Biological Clock on Sleep Quality. 主题02 人与社会 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Can you learn to be funny? The short answer is yes. The secret, it turns out, might not be so much about learning to be funny, but returning to being funny. “Children are funny. They tell stories, and comedy is storytelling,” says Rachel Berger. “It’s just that as we age, we tend to be driven by a need to impress. We’ve lost the trick of being completely driven by the need to tell stories.” Rachel has been a comedian for over three decades and believes that regaining this instinct（本能）can be incredibly powerful. So how can you do that? Firstly, forget what you’ve been told about whether you’re funny. “People are often told from a very young age that they’re not funny, so they believe it,” says Rachel. “Some people are shy and socially awkward, so they’re told that they’re not funny. Yet some of the best comedians are shy and socially awkward, like Hannah Gadsby and Luke McGregor.” Don’t try to be funny. It’s one of the first things performer Happy Feraren tells her students. “When you try, it’s like you’ve seen someone who’s funny on television, and you want to be like that person, therefore you think you need to act like that person,” says Happy. “And I think that totally throws off you the comedy because it’s not real.” What should you do instead? Happy says a big part of being funny is being comfortable with yourself. “When you’re comfortable with yourself, your listening skills heighten a lot,” says Happy. More than memorizing jokes mechanically, learning to be funny is more about developing a type of intuition（直觉）and changing the way you see the world. For many of us, laughter is the best medicine. Some people believe it’s the only thing that can fix a broken heart. And with all the terrible things happening in the world, humor and laughter can bring daily relief. 1．In Rachel’s opinion, why do grown-ups often have no sense of humor? A．They think storytelling childish. B．They get less creative when they age. C．They don’t think being humorous is powerful. D．They care more about impressing others than telling stories. 2．Why are Hannah Gadsby and Luke McGregor mentioned in Para.3? A．To prove shyness can co-exist with humor. B．To urge people to learn from them. C．To encourage people to be outgoing. D．To show their great success in comedy. 3．Which of the following is effective to develop a sense of humor according to Happy? A．Following the examples of comedians on TV. B．Memorizing as many jokes as you can. C．Feeling at ease about who you are. D．Sticking to the way you view the world. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．The Learning of the Art of Being Funny B．The Rediscovery of the Joy of Comedy C．The Reason for Some People Not Being Funny D．The Benefits of Being Humorous Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江杭州·期中）For late 19th-century North Americans and Europeans, a display of tableware (餐具) could reveal much about someone’s social position, as the wealthy took great care to get different kinds of forks for everything. Before the 18th century, people of all classes usually ate with a knife and a spoon. The fork’s path to the table was hard-won and slow. In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, forks were used for slicing food into pieces or lifting meat from a pot or fire. Following a reduction in size, the fork appeared to have entered dining areas in the courts of the Middle East and Byzantine Empire by the eighth and ninth centuries, and became common among wealthy families there by the tenth century. Early in the 11th century, it appeared in various pieces of European art. In the late 11th century, St. Peter Damian from Ostia wrote about a Byzantine princess who used forks and regarded her dying of a disease as punishment for such “luxury”. The fork’s slow conquest of Europe was carried out from Italy. Motivated by the same concerns for hygiene (卫生), forks were bought by wealthy Britons, inspired by Queen Victoria, who regarded fork use as a sign of good manners. The fork’s introduction to North America dates back to 1633, when John Winthrop, a founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was gifted a set of forks. The Industrial Revolution strengthened the fork’s presence on dining room tables as production of flatware became less expensive. Writing in 1896 in Social Etiquette, Maud C． Cooke declared the fork had finally conquered the knife in America and “any attempt to give the knife importance on table is looked upon as an offense (冒犯) against good taste.” 1．What can we learn about forks from the first paragraph? A．They were used improperly in the 18th century. B．They had many different types in the 19th century. C．They were popular in Europe before the 18th century. D．They led to North American’s rise in social position 2．What was a function of forks in ancient Egypt? A．To eat food. B．To decorate tables. C．To cut food. D．To create works of art. 3．Who was against the use of forks? A．St. Peter Damian. B．Thomas Coryate. C．Queen Victoria D．Maud 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Forks Through the Ages B．The History Behind Knives and Forks C．Why Forks Are Popular D．The Development of Tableware Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期中）Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress (堡垒), but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both fancy and well-defended, the classic European castle is the best example of design. Across the ages, castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the fascination of our culture. Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders. In 1066, as William the Conqueror advanced through England, he defended key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to draw back to safety when threatened by English rebellion (叛乱). Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Soldiers were gathered, organized around, and deployed (部署) from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive roles in military operations. Not limited to military (军事的) purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his kingdom. That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the lord. They would address conflicts, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities, In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on important and noticeable sites overlooking the surrounding areas, castles always appeared in the background of many peasants and served as a daily reminder of the lords strength. Now, castles no longer serve their original purposes. However, the remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience the glory of a time long passed. 1．The author introduces the topic of the text by ______. A．making an assumption B．giving an example C．making comparison D．giving a definition 2．Why did William the Conqueror build castles? A．He wanted to celebrate his victory. B．He wanted to remind people of his influence. C．He wanted to live peacefully with the English. D．He wanted to use them to his military advantage. 3．Which of the following is a way the lord would adopt to show his power? A．Dealing with conflicts in his castle. B．Building his castle in an obvious place. C．Carrying out social activities in his castle. D．Ordering peasants to live near his castle. 4．What attracts people to visit castles today? A．The history. B．The architecture. C．The beauty. D．The surroundings Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江温州·期中）The rapid spread of artificial intelligence has people wondering: who’s most likely to use AI in their daily lives? Many think it’s the tech-savvy – those who understand how AI works — who are most eager to adopt it. Surprisingly, a new research, published in the Journal of Marketing, finds the opposite. People with less knowledge about AI are actually more open to using the technology. We call this difference in adoption the “lower literacy-higher receptivity” link (低识字率 — 高接受度). This link exists across different groups, backgrounds and even countries. For instance, our analysis of data from market research company Ipsos across 27 countries shows that people in nations with lower average AI literacy are more receptive towards AI adoption than those in nations with higher literacy. The reason behind this link lies in how AI now performs tasks we once thought only humans could do. When AI creates a piece of art, writes a heartfelt response or plays a musical instrument, it can feel almost amazing — like it’s crossing into human land. Of course, AI doesn’t actually have human qualities. A chatbot might create an empathetic (共情的) response, but it doesn’t feel empathy (共鸣). People with more technical knowledge about AI understand this, making the technology less mysterious. On the other hand, those with less understanding may see AI as magical. We suggest this sense of magic makes them more open to using AI tools. The lower literacy-higher receptivity link is strongest for using AI tools in areas where people are more likely to ask for emotional support or consulting. When it comes to tasks that don’t need human-like qualities, such as analysing test results, the pattern changes. To make the most of AI, businesses, educators and policymakers need to make this balance. And ideally, this will happen with respect that inspires many people to use this new technology. 1．Who are more likely to use AI in daily lives? A．People who are tech-savvy. B．People in developed countries. C．People with higher average AI literacy. D．People with less knowledge about AI. 2．How does the author prove the “lower literacy-higher receptivity” link? A．By giving examples of AI applications. B．By doing experiments on the use of AI. C．By analyzing data from a market research company. D．By interviewing people with different AI knowledge levels. 3．Why might people with low literacy about AI find it “magical”? A．They believe AI has human emotions. B．They do not understand how AI works. C．They have seen AI perform tasks better than humans. D．They are more likely to use AI for emotional support. 4．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．AI in Life: Who Uses It? B．AI Use: The Hidden Magic C．AI Tools: Tech-savvy’s Choice D．AI’s Future: A Threat or An Opportunity? Passage 5 （24-25高一下·浙江宁波·期中）With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, DeepSeek, a Chinese AI company, has appeared as a pioneer in educational technology. Its latest model, DeepSeek-R1, combines advanced machine learning methods to provide personalized learning solutions for students worldwide. Unlike traditional AI models that rely on pre-programmed answers, DeepSeek-R1 uses reinforcement (强化) learning to simulate human reasoning. This allows it to guide students through problem-solving step by step, much like a patient teacher. For example, when a student struggles with a math equation, DeepSeek-R1 doesn’t just give the answer; it breaks down the logic, identifies errors, and encourages critical thinking. The model’s applications extend beyond academics. In language learning, it analyzes students’ pronunciation through AI speech recognition and offers real-time feedback. For teachers, DeepSeek-R1 can generate lesson plans matched with curriculum standards and even predict students’ learning difficulties based on historical data. Its “adaptive testing” feature creates customized quizzes that adjust difficulty according to individual progress. However, challenges remain. Critics argue that over-reliance on AI might reduce human interaction in education. DeepSeek’s developers address this by emphasizing its role as a “supplement, not a replacement.” As Dr. Li, a DeepSeek researcher, stated, “Our goal is to free teachers from repetitive tasks so they can focus on inspiring creativity.” Looking ahead, DeepSeek aims to integrate virtual reality (VR) into its platform, allowing students to explore historical events or scientific concepts in immersive 3D environments. While ethical (道德的) debates about AI in education persist, one thing is clear: tools like DeepSeek are reshaping how we learn, blending technology with human wisdom. 1．What makes DeepSeek-R1 different from traditional AI models? A．It uses pre-programmed answers. B．It focuses on memorization techniques. C．It replaces teachers in classrooms. D．It employs reinforcement learning for reasoning. 2．The underlined word “customized” in Paragraph 3 most likely means ______. A．complicated B．personalized C．fixed D．outdated 3．What can be inferred about DeepSeek’s future plans? A．It tends to replace teacher’s role in education. B．It will focus on solving the ethical problems. C．It aims to enhance students’ interactive learning. D．It cares more about making profits than education. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To advertise DeepSeek products. B．To compare different AI models. C．To analyze the risks of using AI in schools. D．To discuss AI’s role in transforming education. Passage 6 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）In a world of music streaming services, access to almost any song is just a few clicks away online. Yet, the live performance lives on. People still fill sweaty basements, dirty fields and crowded concert halls to hear their favourite musicians play. And now neuroscientists might know why live music attracts the brain’s emotion centers more than its recorded one. Concerts are immersive social experiences in which people listen to and feel the music together through key changes and rhythmic drops. Moreover, they are dynamic — artists can adapt their playing according to the crowd’s reaction. It was this last difference that led neuroscientists, based at the Universities of Zurich and Oslo, to study the brain responses of people listening to music. In the “live” experiment, participants lay in an MRI scanner (扫描仪) listening to the music through earphones, while a pianist was positioned outside the room. The pianist was shown the participant’s real-time (实时的) brain activity as a form of feedback. In the recorded condition, participants listened to pre-recorded versions of the same music. The scientists were interested in how live music affected the areas of the brain responsible for processing emotions, particularly the amygdala, an area deep inside the brain. The results, just published in the journal PNAS, showed that live music had a significantly greater emotional impact. Whether the music expressed happiness or sadness, live performances led to increased activity not only in the amygdala but also other parts of the brain’s emotion processing network. The researchers also found that participants’ brain activity tracked the acoustic (声学的) features of the music, like tempo and pitch, far more closely when it was played live. While the study didn’t fully recreate the live concert experience, the findings suggest that artists’ ability to adjust their performance in real time contributes to the emotional connection with live music. Some musical companies now attempt to recreate live concerts, such as ABBA Voyage, an immersive pre-recorded VR concert, but without artists’ capability to read audience’s emotions and respond accordingly, it will never quite match the real thing. 1．Why do people attend live shows despite music streaming services online? A．Because they prefer being with friends at a concert. B．Because they enjoy the process of finding popular music. C．Because they value the emotional connection live music brings. D．Because they intend to meet their favorite musicians in person. 2．The role of the pianist in the “live” experiment is to_________. A．observe the participants’ brain activity as a form of feedback B．provide live music accompaniment to participants inside the MRI scanner C．compare the effectiveness of live performances and recorded ones D．show participants’ ability to read and respond to the audience’s emotions 3．What did the study published in PNAS find about the impact of live music on the brain? A．Live music affected only the amygdala of the brain. B．The participants’ brain activity didn’t react to live music. C．Live music had a reduced emotional impact compared to recorded music. D．The participants’ brain responded more greatly to acoustic features of live music. 4．What does the author suggest by mentioning ABBA Voyage in the last paragraph? A．It lacks artists’ response based on audience’s feedback. B．It matches the sound quality of live performances. C．It greatly stirs up the audience’s emotional response. D．It fails to create a perfect performing atmosphere. Passage 7 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Tourists across China have enjoyed a chain of cultural events from traditional to modern, and discovered new destinations during this year’s five-day May Day holiday. Items on China’s traditional intangible cultural heritage list proved to be popular with travelers in many regions. In Lantian county, northwest China’s Shanxi Province, tourists were amazed by the art of Dawaz, which means aerial tightrope (空中钢丝) walking in the Uygur language. Meanwhile, in east China’s Changzhou City, music festivals attracted huge crowds of travelers, and local authorities introduced measures to ensure the comfort of visitors. They arranged 500 coaches for long-distance travel, set up more than 10,000 free parking spaces and extended the operation hours of the subway network until 11:30 p. m. And it’s not just big cities that drew in visitors during this holiday. Holiday makers decided to go for natural views, less-crowded scenic spots, and cost-effective travel experiences. Data from Chinese travel booking platform Ctrip showed that orders for fourth-tier and below cities increased by 140 percent on a yearly basis, outperforming those in first and second-tier cities. Wu Sa, deputy director of the Economic Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission, expressed belief that the popularity of usual major destinations like Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hangzhou and Chengdu is not decreasing, but explained that a good number of travelers are looking to diversify the range of their travels, towards new and previously lesser-known places. Scientific and space projects have also been a hit travel destination this week, from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China to the world’s largest single-dish radio telescope in the southwestern province of Guizhou. “I mainly wanted to take my child to appreciate some of China’s leading space technology and the development trend of big data, so that he can understand the advanced technology of our motherland,” said a tourist named Hu Wannping. 1．What attracted tourists to the Changzhou City? A．The launch of appealing music festivals. B．The Aerial tightrope walking performance. C．The celebration of traditional cultural events. D．The measures to provide comfort for tourists. 2．What may account for people’s choice of fourth-tier and below cities? A．Abundant parking spaces. B．Famous scenic spots. C．Low travelling expenses. D．Convenient booking platforms. 3．What can be inferred from the text? A．The growth of visitors is causing various social issues. B．Scientific and space projects receive the least attention. C．Orders for major destinations in big cities are decreasing. D．Tourists are open-minded as to the choices of spending holidays. 4．What can be the best title of the text? A．Festivals and Celebrations across China B．New Trend for Labor Day Tourist Destinations C．The Popularity of Well-known Destinations D．China’s Traditional Intangible Cultural Heritage 主题01 人与自然 Passage 1 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and wars threaten them. Now, a team of researchers led by Hagedorn is trying to build biobanks on the moon. A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on Earth. Those areas usually remain around -196°Celsius, the minimum temperature required to store most animal cells long-term. “We were inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (库) in Norway, which takes advantage of freezing Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. But in 2017, melting permafrost (冻土) flooded the vault and put its precious seeds at risk. That event showed the need for a backup plan,” Hagedorn says. Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says. The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human colonies on the moon or Mars. The new proposal has its share of obstacles, including what to do about radiation and the long-term effects of microgravity on the samples. Hagedorn and colleagues are designing radiation-proof sample storage containers. The next step would be to test out prototypes (原型) on a future moon mission. Some of the moon’s permanently dark regions also aren’t immune from temperature swings, as more or less reflected light shines into the shadows, Greenhagen says. “They are still cold but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of heat management.” By far, the biggest challenge will be getting buy-in from the scientific community and other stakeholders, and to get nations to work together on the plan, Hagedorn says. 1．What is the main reason for proposing to build biobanks on the moon? A．To conduct biological experiments in low gravity environments. B．To protect genetic samples from threats like climate change and wars on Earth. C．To establish human colonies on the moon more quickly. D．To study the effects of extreme cold on animal cells. 2．What event inspired the need for an off-Earth biobank according to Hagedorn? A．A nuclear accident contaminating a seed vault. B．The success of the International Space Station’s biobank. C．The 2017 flooding of Svalbard Global Seed Vault due to melting permafrost. D．The discovery of frozen water on the moon’s surface. 3．What play(s)the most important role in biobanking? A．Species. B．Temperature. C．Location. D．Dark. 4．What does Hagedorn think about building a biobank on the moon? A．A meaningful and challenging project. B．A wild idea against the laws of nature. C．A creative project that can’t be completed. D．A project whose costs don’t equal its benefits. Passage 2 （24-25高一下·浙江杭州·期中）As ice sheets melted, they often left behind landscapes that typically take many years to become habitable for plants and wildlife. However, recent research has discovered that in just three years, these poor areas can be brought back to life by South American camelids (美洲鸵). By the foot of Peru’s Uruashraju glacier (冰川), researchers partnered with local farmers to herd (放牧) camelids on four areas. For three days a month from 2019 to 2022, the camelids grazed (吃草) the areas. By the end of that time, the otherwise dry and easily destroyed soil had become more stable, richer in nutrients (营养) and supported 57 percent more plant cover than before. This traditional South American way of camelids herding could potentially protect crops, animals and local communities from the impacts of climate change. As is the case worldwide, glaciers are disappearing in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca mountains at an astonishing rate. And as the ice melts, nearby ecosystems lose access to summertime supplies of freshwater and sometimes face harmful acidic (酸性的) minerals in rocks once covered by the glaciers. Camelids may help ease some of these effects. Their transformation of the land could reduce rock weathering, thus limiting the acidic runoff that can damage farmers’ crops. The idea that grass-eating animals grazing may positively impact a landscape is not new. Nor is rewilding — the push to reintroduce key species to their native ecosystems — unique to the Cordillera Blanca mountains. In Finland, for example, local Sami are working to reintroduce reindeer in areas where trees have been cut down. And a group in Spain hopes one day to lift the wild cattle known as the auroch out of extinction, putting it to use in grazing. But the size and speed of the changes the camelids helped bring about surprised the researchers. “Putting nutrients over the soil can produce similar effects on plant growth,” says ecologist Kelsey Reider of James Madison University, but “the animals themselves are doing a lot”. For one, animal waste is special. For another, the camelids weed out dominant plants, making space for new species. 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Results of camelids herding. B．Impacts of climate change. C．Reasons for the research. D．Partnership with local farmers. 2．What might be a consequence of glaciers melting? A．Increased acidic runoff. B．Reduced rock weathering. C．Decline in summer rainfall D．Shortage of mineral resources. 3．Why are the underlined “reindeer” and “auroch?” mentioned in paragraph 4? A．To clarify a potential problem. B．To explain a natural phenomenon. C．To compare different rewilding projects. D．To support a conservation effort. 4．What is Kelsey Reider’s attitude towards camelids herding? A．Disapproving. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. Passage 3 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Some of life’s simplest mysteries can prove the hardest to solve. One such mystery is how a bird sleeps, especially while it’s on a branch. The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment’s notice, even when they’re in the middle of a sleep. To fall asleep, a bird’s body goes through a series of changes, one of which is that the muscles lose their hardness, which happens as a main result of reduced brain control of muscle movement. To stand perfectly balanced on a branch while the muscles become weak isn’t easy. Anyone who has tried to sleep while standing on a train would know this. So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird’s flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird’s toes. But a recent paper found that sleeping European starlings (a common bird found in North America and Europe) don’t use the mechanism. The researchers observed that the birds bent their knees only slightly, not enough for the mechanism to kick into action. The toes, as a result, were largely unbent, and the birds balanced on the central part of their feet while they slept. “Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!” said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. 1．What does the underlined word “This” in the second paragraph refer to? A．The continuation of deep sleep. B．The difference in sleep cycles. C．Birds’ special brain structure. D．Birds’ light sleep style. 2．What is the role of flexor tendons in helping birds balance on branches? A．Stretching to make talons bend and lock. B．Enabling the power of birds’ legs. C．Controlling muscles’ hardness and movement. D．Connecting muscles to strengthen their functions. 3．What can we infer from Salama’s words? A．Learning birds’ habits needs cooperation. B．Denying birds’ importance is unwise. C．Knowing birds’ balancing acts is useful. D．Studying birds’ sleep has challenges. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Why Do Birds Require Less Sleep? B．Why Don’t Sleeping Birds Fall Off Branches? C．Why Do Sleeping Birds Have One Eye Open? D．Why Do European Starlings Sleep Differently? Passage 4 （24-25高一下·浙江温州·期中）Everyone knows the horrible feeling: An uncomfortable night, just a little too warm, leads to restless sleep, and then next morning, you feel like a slow shell of yourself. Now a new study links sleep loss with climate (气候) change. Researchers from the University of Copenhagen found that ever-warmer nighttime temperatures push bedtimes later and wake times earlier, costing us valuable nighttime rest. Sleepers tracked in the study lost rest even in places where temperatures weren’t so high, and had trouble getting used to even mildly challenging sleep temperatures. And sleep costs, the researchers warn, will rise as temperatures do, likely to cost sleepers an extra 13 to 15 days of poor sleep each year by the end of the century. It’s a very clear example of how climate change is playing out in people’s everyday lives. Sleep loss from climate change “is already happening,” says Kelton Minor, the lead author of the study at the University of Copenhagen. Minor and his colleagues looked at data collected worldwide between 2021 and 2023 from nearly 50,000 people’s wristband (腕带) activity trackers. The trackers recorded when those people fell asleep, woke up, and how they slept in between. The researchers could match sleepers’ locations with location-specific climate data. That let the researchers compare the sleep data with local outdoor temperatures. They were looking at continuous records of individual people. They could see how someone slept on a cool night in June versus a hot one a few days later, or how they reacted to an unseasonably warm February night. The dataset was unique in that it didn’t rely on self-reports. It spanned the world, while the few former studies looking at the direct relationship between climate and sleep focused on just a few people. What was more amazing were the results. People slept most when outside temperatures were below 50℉ (10℃). Above that temperature, their chances of sleeping less than seven hours went way up. Above 77℉ (25℃), the losses increased rapidly. When outdoor nighttime temperatures topped 86℉ (30℃), people lost an average of about 15 minutes a night. 1．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To lead in the topic. B．To show climate change. C．To present a terrible night. D．To highlight nighttime rest. 2．What can we learn about the study? A．Small temperature change will affect the sleep quality. B．The trackers can match sleepers’ locations with climate data. C．Sleep loss from climate change will happen in the near future. D．Sleepers tracked in the study didn’t lose rest in high-temperature areas. 3．Which word has the similar meaning as the underlined word “span” in paragraph 5? A．Affect. B．Cover. C．Harm. D．Surprise. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．High temperature is beneficial to sleep. B．Climate change is costing valuable sleep. C．Temperature change determines sleep quality. D．Poor sleep has big personal and economic costs. Passage 5 （24-25高一下·浙江杭州·期中）Wildlife populations around the world are facing great falls, according to new numbers that have urged environmental campaigners to call for urgent action to rescue the natural world. The 2022 Living Planet Index (LPI), tracking global biodiversity, produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), shows that wildlife populations of mammals, birds and fish have seen an average decrease of 69 percent since 1970, faster than previous predictions. Mark Wright of WWF says the scale of decline is devastating and continues to worsen. “We are not seeing any really positive signs that we are beginning to bend the curve of nature,” he says. At the same time, some of the most biodiverse regions of the world are seeing the greatest falls in wildlife. Habitat loss is the largest driver of wildlife loss in all regions around the world, followed by species overkilling by illegal hunting and fishing. In December, governments from around the world will gather in Montreal, Canada, for the COP15 Biodiversity Framework, a much-delayed summit that aims to agree a set of new targets intended to stop the loss of animals, plants and habitats globally by 2030. “We need governments to take actions to ensure that those goals deal with the complicated combined threats of climate change and biodiversity,” says Robin Freeman of ZSL. But some researchers are critical of the LPI’s use of a headline figure (主要指标) of showing drops, warning it is easy to misunderstanding. The findings don’t mean all species or populations worldwide are in decline. In fact, approximately half the populations show a stable or increasing trend, and half show a declining trend. “I think a more appropriate and useful way to look at it is to focus on specific species or populations,” says Ritchie at Our World in Data. But Wright says the LPI is a tool that accurately reflects the findings of biodiversity measurements. “Some of those figures show that there is something going really very badly wrong,” says Wright. 1．What can we infer from the 2022 Living Planet Index? A．We have known how to protect the endangered species. B．Urgent measures should be taken to save global biodiversity. C．There are positive signs that humans are changing the nature. D．The decline of wildlife populations is less rapid than expected. 2．What is the main reason for wildlife populations falling? A．The loss of habitat. B．The warming climate. C．Improvements in technology. D．Species overkilling. 3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Specific species should be ignored. B．The LPI shows all species are declining. C．Most populations are stable or increasing. D．The LPI’s decline figure can be misleading. 4．What does Mark Wright think of LPI? A．Outdated. B．Functional. C．Simple. D．Unique. Passage 6 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）Take a walk down any major beach and it likely won’t be long before you come upon some trash. Countless types of plastics litter the world’s beaches, eventually making their way into the ocean where they break down over the course of decades or even centuries. Ocean Conservancy estimates that volunteers from 97 countries and regions identified and removed around 4,000tons of plastic trash from beaches worldwide in 2023. For the most part, spotting the trash still depends on the naked eye and a great deal of walking. But that could one day change thanks to a new satellite imaging technique developed by researchers from RMIT University in Australia. The team developed a new tool that highlights unique spectra (光谱的) features in plastics. Armed with that knowledge, the researchers were then able to accurately identify plastic items on beaches and distinguish them from sand, water, and plants. The researchers, whose work will be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Marine Pollution Bulletin, are hopeful that coastal cleanup organizations can use this new tool to expedite plastic removal efforts on beaches. “This is incredibly exciting, as up to now we have not had a tool for detecting plastics in coastal environments from space,” said study co-author Maria Soto-Bereciov. Satellite imagery has, for years, been used to help scientists identify plastics floating in the ocean, but it’s far less effective at spotting plastics on beaches. Coastal plastics often blend (混合) in with or are partially buried by sand. And coastal plastic trash can also have serious negative effects on local wildlife. “Plastics can be mistaken for food, and animals can be trapped by plastics,” study lead author Jenna Guffogg said. Those harmful effects aren’t limited to life on beaches. If plastics aren’t removed, they can often end up going into the ocean where they will slowly break down into smaller pieces. Those tiny plastic pieces are then eaten by fish and work their way up the food chain. Some researchers believe this cycle may even lead to increased cases of microplastics detected in humans. The full extent of the effects of microplastics on human health still isn’t fully known. 1．According to the passage, which is true about the traditional way of spotting plastic trash on beaches? A．It depends mainly on satellite imaging. B．It is highly efficient and accurate. C．It mostly relies on the naked eye and walking. D．It can easily distinguish plastic from sand. 2．What does the underlined word “expedite” in paragraph 2 probably mean in the text? A．Slow down B．Make easier and faster C．Stop completely D．Make more difficult 3．Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Microplastics have no impact on human health at present. B．Once in the ocean, plastics will never break down. C．The harm of plastics extends far beyond beach areas. D．It is easy to prevent plastics from entering the ocean. 4．What can we infer about the author’s attitude towards microplastics on the beaches? A．Optimistic. B．Indifferent. C．Concerned. D．Positive. Passage 7 （24-25高一下·浙江·期中）A new trend in urban design, often referred to as vertical (垂直的) gardening, is greatly changing how we use available space in cities. This innovative approach enables city residents to grow plants and vegetables in or on buildings, using walls, balconies, and other vertical surfaces rather than only relying on traditional pieces of land. Vertical gardening champions eco-friendliness, making efficient use of limited space while improving air quality in crowded areas. The concept began to gain popularity as urban populations grew and green spaces became increasingly limited. Architects and landscape designers recognized the pressing need to combine greenery into their designs to create more livable and environmentally friendly urban environments. By using hydroponic systems (水培系统) and wall-mounted planters, people can cultivate a wide variety of plants in small spaces, effectively bringing nature closer to urban life. Well-known architect Patrick Blanc is among those who popularized this method, showcasing vertical gardens that not only improve the look of buildings but also provide important ecological benefits. His impressive designs promote biodiversity by attracting birds and helpful insects back into urban areas, helping to bring back natural ecosystems. Creating a successful vertical garden requires careful planning and thoughtful consideration. Gardeners must choose plants that do well in limited spaces and adjust them to the specific microclimate of each location. Moreover, by using vertical gardening techniques, urban residents can effectively reduce their carbon footprint, lessen the urban heat island effect, and improve the overall quality of life in their communities. As more individuals adopt this eco-friendly approach, vertical gardening is likely to become an essential part of modern urban landscapes, paving the way for greener and healthier cities for future generations. This method is not merely a trend; it represents a significant change in how we think about and interact with our urban environments, making cities more livable and eco-friendly while supporting our connection to nature. 1．What does the underlined word “champions” in the first paragraph mean? A．refuses. B．supports. C．balances. D．processes. 2．Why has vertical gardening become increasingly popular in urban areas? A．To create more industrial zones in crowded areas. B．To enhance the user experience in public spaces. C．To address the shortage of green spaces in growing cities. D．To attract birds and insects back into urban areas. 3．According to the passage, what role does Patrick Blanc play in the vertical gardening movement? A．He promotes vertical gardens. B．He designs buildings without gardens. C．He focuses on plant breeding in cities. D．He is a city planner famous for green designs. 4．According to the passage, what must gardeners consider when creating a successful vertical garden? A．The economic factors of hydroponic systems. B．The types of plants suitable for limited spaces. C．The popularity of vertical gardening in their city. D．The plants’ ability to help battle climate change. / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $