2026届高考英语阅读理解主题语境分类专项训练（人与自我-做人与做事）1

新课标高考英语阅读理解 主题语境分类专项训练（人与自我-做人与做事） 话题简介 本专题【优秀品格与励志成长】隶属于新课标三大主题语境之「人与自我 - 做人与做事」板块，是新高考、全国卷英语阅读理解记叙文与科普说明文的核心高频命题话题，是高考英语二轮复习的重点模块，更是高考“立德树人”核心命题导向的集中体现。本专题文本均围绕优秀品格塑造、励志成长历程、逆境坚守、工匠精神、感恩奉献、心理韧性、节俭自律、勇敢无畏、创新突破等核心内容展开，选自近年高考真题、省级优质模考卷，语篇难度、命题逻辑贴合高考考情。 核心词汇 一、高频动词 1. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 2. quantify __________ 3. predict __________ 4. rate __________ 5. bounce __________ 6. cope __________ 7. inject __________ 8. thrive __________ 9. donate __________ 10. cultivate __________ 11. confine __________ 12. innovate __________ 13. persevere __________ 14. overcome __________ 15. exemplify __________ 16. shape __________ 17. embrace __________ 18. resolve __________ 19. sustain __________ 20. transform __________ 21. demonstrate __________ 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 二、高频名词 22. 23. humour __________ 24. entropy __________ 25. resilience __________ 26. setback __________ 27. perseverance __________ 28. craftsmanship __________ 29. thrift __________ 30. self-reliance __________ 31. innovation __________ 32. essence __________ 33. dedication __________ 34. adversity __________ 35. integrity __________ 36. virtue __________ 37. mindset __________ 38. evolution __________ 39. prototype __________ 40. well-being __________ 41. component __________ 42. surgery __________ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 三、高频形容词&副词 43. 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 44. mathematical __________ 45. universal __________ 46. evolutionary __________ 47. positive __________ 48. comprehensive __________ 49. conventional __________ 50. contemporary __________ 51. sustainable __________ 52. innovative __________ 53. intentional __________ 54. distinctive __________ 55. instinctive __________ 56. mental __________ 57. resolute __________ 58. courageous __________ 59. diligent __________ 60. ultimately __________ 61. significantly __________ 62. deliberately __________ 63. virtually __________ 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 四、固定搭配&短语 64. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 65. bounce back from setbacks __________ 66. growth mindset __________ 67. mental resilience __________ 68. classic craftsmanship __________ 69. contemporary design __________ 70. interlocking joints __________ 71. positive correlation __________ 72. academic engagement __________ 73. live and learn __________ 74. food rescue __________ 75. belly landing __________ 76. pre-flight safety inspections __________ 77. human evolution __________ 78. social justice __________ 79. personal discipline __________ 80. collective duty __________ 81. solo exhibitions __________ 82. stand-up comedians __________ 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 限时训练 主题语境分类专项训练「人与自我 - 做人与做事」① 限时25分钟 姓名：___________班级：___________学号：___________得分：___________ Passage 1（2025·山东·二模） How do you quantify something as complex and personal as humour? University of Alberta researchers have developed a mathematical method of doing just that and it might not be as personal as we think. The study originated from earlier research where test subjects with aphasia (失语症) were asked to review letter strings and determine whether they were real words or not. Westbury, lead author of the new study, began to notice a trend: participants would laugh when they heard some made-up non-words, like snunkoople. Then how can a made-up word be funny? Westbury assumed the answer lay in the word’s entropy, a mathematical measure of how ordered or predictable it is. Non-words like finglam, with uncommon letter combinations, are low in entropy. Westbury set out to determine whether it was possible to predict what words people would find funny, using entropy as a yardstick. “Once you start thinking about humour in terms of probability, then you start to understand how we find so many different things funny,” he said. In his study, test subjects were asked to compare two non-words and choose. The option they considered to be more humourous, and then they were shown a single non-word and rated how humourous they found it in the range of 1 to 100. “The results show that the bigger the difference in the entropy between the two words, the more likely the subjects were to choose the way we expected them to,” says Westbury, noting that the most accurate subject chose correctly up to 92 percent of the time. This nearly universal response says a lot about the nature of humour and its role in human evolution. “We think humour is personal. Actually, humour is an evolutionary message sending device. So if you laugh, you let someone-else know something is not dangerous,” says Westbury. “The study may not change the game for stand-up comedians, but the findings may be useful in the business field. For example, people might dislike buying a funny-named medication for a serious illness, or it could go the other way around.” 1．What does the new study focus on? A．The classification of humour levels. B．The measurement of humour perception. C．The means of creating letter strings. D．The potential of humour in commercials 2．What kind of word seems more humourous according to the study? A．Non-words with high entropy. B．Non-words with abnormal origins. C．Non-words with rare letter groupings. D．Non-words with handwritten letters. 3．Which of the following best describes test subjects task in Westbury’s study? A．Contrast, select and grade. B．Inquire, pick and present. C．Compare, design and report. D．Collect, document and evaluate. 4．What does the author want to tell us in the last paragraph? A．Humour differs among individuals. B．Humour has its roots in word play. C．Humour is a product of human. evolution. D．Humour is absolutely personal and subjective. Passage 2（2025·广东肇庆·二模） In the journey through high school, students are often faced with academic challenges, social dramas, and multiple pressures. That is why the concept of mental resilience stands out. It is the superpower that lets you bounce back from setbacks and cope with the ups and downs in life. Professor Lynn Warren, director of the Adolescent Development Research Institute(ADRl) , has conducted numerous studies on the psychological well-being of teenagers. In order to uncover how resilience impacts students’ academic journey, her research team carried out a comprehensive survey to gather representative samples and provide insightful data. The study has revealed a strong positive correlation between resilience and academic engagement. Resilient students are found to be more deeply involved in class discussions, to take on leadership roles in school communities, and to seek out additional learning opportunities. Moreover, these students demonstrate superior academic performance and better understanding of complex subject matters. Mr. Thompson, a mathematics teacher at Evergreen High School, exemplifies the findings of the study through his teaching practices. He has made it his mission not only to teach math but also to inject a sense of resilience in his students. He employs a variety of methods to cheer students up. Over time, Mr. Thompson’s efforts began to bear fruit. His students’ attitudes towards math shifted from fear to fascination. They started to look ahead , and more importantly, this process helped them develop a growth mindset. Professor Warren, based on her research, recommends creating an encouraging atmosphere where teens can freely discuss their challenges and receive helpful feedback. She also stresses the value of building a supportive network. Whether it’s a teacher, a coach, or a peer, having someone who can give you a boost when you need it can make all the difference. So, the next time you face a challenge, remember, it’s not about avoiding them, but about learning to bounce back from them. 5．What does the underlined word “resilience” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Toughness. B．Challenge. C．Conflict. D．Setback. 6．How has mental resilience affected students’ academic performance? A．Unchanged academic behaviors. B．Additional roles in class discussions. C．Improved engagement and performance. D．More opportunities in choosing subjects. 7．What can we infer about Mr. Thompson from the text? A．His attitude towards teaching has shifted. B．He inspires students to be mentally resilient. C．His efforts to promote resilience are in vain. D．He wants to challenge the findings of the study. 8．What does Professor Warren mainly talk about in the last paragraph? A．Suggestions on building resilience. B．Discussions of academic challenges. C．Importance of a supportive network. D．Recommendations on future studies Passage 3（25-26高三上·山东青岛·开学考试） Holding my newborn baby, I looked at the nurses rushing around me. Little Lou was born with a heart problem and had surgery when he was just 48 hours old. The medical staff took my breath away with how hard they worked. Learning the special bed my baby lay on cost $55,000, I decided to raise that sum for the hospital. By the time Lou turned six months old, he experienced another critical surgery — an 18-hour marathon where the medical team refused to give up. Their skill and perseverance saved him. Though I could never fully express my thanks, I remained determined: I would find a way to raise those funds. During COVID-19, I took an online painting class. I’d always been creative and had worked as a visual designer. While I painted, all my worries disappeared. A mushroom I painted came out better than expected, so I kept at it. I wondered if I could start selling my art so I entered a national competition and was astonished to be a finalist. That competition opened many doors. Soon, I was being contacted by galleries to do solo exhibitions. In my spare time, I’d post my latest work on my newsletter and a buyer would quickly purchase it. I could barely keep up with demand. Every time I sold a painting, I donated money to the Children’s Hospital. Then one day, I was contacted by a woman called Emily, an aerospace engineer who was going to be the 100th woman to go to space. She floated the idea of taking one of my artworks into space. I created a painting for her. It’s about a child in a space suit being lifted by balloons to show Emily’s childhood dream of going to space. The balloons are slightly deflated (泄气的) to show how hard it was but that she never gave up. On November 22, 2024, Emily took my painting to space and helped me raise $21,000. I haven’t reached my $55,000 mark yet but hope to do so soon. Lou, six, will need another heart operation eventually, but he’s currently thriving (茁壮成长). My art uses different shades to show we all have dark times, but if we keep going, we’ll see light again. 9．Why did the author raise money for the hospital? A．To repay its efforts. B．To upgrade its facilities. C．To fund research on heart problems. D．To improve children’s healthcare. 10．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．What made the author stand out. B．What COVID-19 brought to the author. C．How the author developed her painting skills. D．How the author’s journey to artistic success began. 11．The author detailed the painting in paragraph 3 to highlight ________. A．the painting’s popularity B．their shared determination C．Emily’s space exploration D．Emily’s childhood memory 12．What does the author’s experience show? A．Dreams shape tomorrow. B．Art benefits heart health. C．Many hands make light work. D．Gratitude fuels creative giving. 主题语境分类专项训练「人与自我 - 做人与做事」② 限时25分钟 姓名：___________班级：___________学号：___________得分：___________ Passage 1（2025·河南·二模） My father’s thrift (节俭) philosophy shaped my youth. Unlike peers receiving pocket money, I never got a penny — not from cruelty, but to build self-reliance. Each morning, he’d note, “Mrs. Wilson needs her garden weeded; Mr. Carter requires help sorting bottles.” I earned coins through seasonal work in the neighborhood: sweeping leaves, shoveling snow and babysitting. Savings filled the tin under my bed, its weight showing my growing pride. Though he occasionally borrowed for emergencies (a flat tire or a medical bill), repayment was exact and timely. When I lost two months’ earnings in a failed lemonade business, his only words were, “Live and learn.” At twelve, I considered this cruel; at thirty, I value its wisdom — true lessons grow through doing. Modern thrift education focuses on saving, but ignores its key point: earning. Father believed “earned coins teach value; given coins generate greed” — a truth wealthy families overlook while advocating thrift. By delivering papers at dawn and mowing lawns at dusk, I learned that true thrift is a triad (三位一体) — earn through labor, save with intention, spend with care. This trio, unteachable in classrooms, roots in blistered (满是水泡的) hands and difficult situations. Locally, supermarkets throws outdated bread (still eatable) as shelters beg for donations. Witnessing global contrasts inspires my resolve: 1.3 billion tons of food go bad annually — enough to feed all the hungry — while 800 million starve. This phenomenon fuels my Food Rescue project — redirecting bakery remains to food banks and training youth to reuse deserted furniture for schools. Through such acts, thrift becomes social justice. As Father said, “Earning teaches respect for resources.” In our wasteful era, thrift transforms from personal discipline to collective duty. 13．Why did the author work for neighbors during his youth? A．To raise fund for his project. B．To help neighbors in need. C．To meet his father’s principle. D．To solve weight problems. 14．What does the author now think about his father’s words “Live and learn”? A．A plus. B．A burden. C．A dilemma. D．A cruelty. 15．What is the main idea of Paragraph 3? A．The role of true thrift. B．The examples of true thrift. C．The core of true thrift. D．The challenges of true thrift. 16．Why does the author mention the global food waste data? A．To evaluate modern school systems. B．To stress thrift’s application in society. C．To urge stricter laws against food waste. D．To compare different consumption habits. Passage 2（2025·北京昌平·二模） At 17 years old, most are still learning basic driving skills in America. Once the car is parked, the day is packed with school activities and hanging out with friends. But at 17, Maggie Taraska had a distinctive goal in mind: Fly alone across the United States. Both of Maggie’s parents were retired from the air force, so the urge to fly is in Maggie’s blood. She went to flight school, put in the hours with an instructor and started on her training hours. But on her first takeoff, something didn’t sound right. The plane had lost one of the landing gear wheels. “As soon as I took off, I just heard something was wrong instinctively,” said Maggie. Her instructor talked to her from the ground while she circled a few times to gather herself. “I was frightened, thinking about all the bad things that could have happened; I was thinking about how my parents were on the ground as I knew they were watching.” Stress and panic can cause any of us to make careless decisions. It takes mental practice to calm down. “Take a few breaths, focus on the moment and follow the plan. I panicked a bit, but followed my training.” Maggie was a little shaky as she talked to the tower, but she had a perfect belly landing that skidded on the infield grass. Her father couldn’t be prouder. “By the time I saw Maggie on her approach, it was a better approach than I could have flown,” he said. Cheers erupted in the tower, and Maggie took a deep breath and climbed out of the plane. Credit does go to the crew for talking to her. Yes, we all need someone to talk us through challenging times, but in the end, it was all Magic at the controls. We could all be forgiven for calling it quits after an experience like that. After all, it was a bit distressing. So walking away would be understandable. But five days later, Maggie was going through her pre-flight safety inspections, checking the wings, especially checking the landing gear. “It feels amazing,” she said, “It gives an incredible sense of liberation.” At some point in our lives, we will all be in a situation for the first time. It’s scary. But if you face your fears, the whole world opens up to you. 17．What mainly influenced Maggie’s urge to fly alone? A．Her parents’ background in air force. B．Her experience of school activities. C．Her instructor’s encouragements. D．Her basic driving skills. 18．What did Maggie do when hearing something wrong during takeoff? A．She landed the plane immediately. B．She thought of her parents’ expectation. C．She circled a few times to calm herself down. D．She continued flying as if nothing had happened. 19．Which words would best describe Maggie’s personality? A．Proud and intelligent. B．Positive and cautious. C．Patient and responsible. D．Fearless and determined. 20．What can we learn from the passage? A．Failure is the mother of success. B．A good beginning is half done. C．Fortune favors the brave. D．Practice makes perfect. Passage 3（25-26高三上·江苏南京·期中） Last summer, I volunteered at a small woodworking studio in the old part of our city. It was there that I met Mr. Chen, a 58-year-old master craftsman whose hands told stories of decades working with wood. While his workshop was filled with traditional tools, what he created was anything but conventional wooden furniture that perfectly blended classic craftsmanship with contemporary design. What struck me most was Mr. Chen’s unique perspective on what he called “new-era craftsmanship.” Though he learned woodworking from his father as a teenager, he never confined himself to old methods. Recognizing the changing preferences of younger customers, he spent evenings teaching himself 3D modeling software and weekends researching sustainable materials like bamboo composites and water-based finishes. I witnessed his innovative approach firsthand when a young couple asked for a custom bookshelf for their small apartment. They needed something space-efficient, eco-friendly, and easy to tear apart for potential moves. Mr. Chen embraced the challenge enthusiastically. Over the next week, he created multiple digital prototypes, experimented with three different types of wood, and reinvented traditional techniques to create interlocking joints that required no metal fasteners. I often found him working late, his experienced hands carefully testing each component. When I asked why he invested such extraordinary effort into what seemed like a simple project, he paused from his work and smiled. “True craftsmanship isn’t about blindly repeating what our ancestors did,” he explained. “It’s about understanding the essence of tradition while having the courage to adapt it for today’s world.” To illustrate his point, he showed me two bookshelves — one he made twenty years ago, beautiful in its solid construction, and the new prototype, which used thirty percent less material while being equally steady and more functional for modern living. Through Mr. Chen’s example, I came to understand that new-era craftsmanship represents the perfect marriage of dedication and innovation. It honors the past while embracing the future, proving that excellence comes not from doing one thing forever, but from doing it well with an ever-evolving spirit. 21．Traditional tools are mentioned in Paragraph 1 to _______. A．stress Mr. Chen’s source of inspiration B．highlight the wisdom of past generations C．promote the spirit of traditional craftsmanship D．contrast with Mr.Chen’s modern and creative ideas 22．Why does the author list specific requests from the young couple? A．To display the shift of traditional craftsmanship. B．To reveal the challenges facing today’s craftsmen. C．To imply the need for craftsmen to go with the times. D．To distinguish modern approaches from traditional ones. 23．What does “true craftsmanship” mean in Mr. Chen’s viewpoint? A．Creating resource-efficient products. B．Persisting through testing and effort. C．Adapting traditional wisdom for modern use. D．Combining digital and traditional techniques. 24．What does Mr. Chen’s story show? A．The best of both worlds. B．Two sides of a coin. C．If it isn’t broken, don’t fix it. D．What is new is not always better. 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 《新课标高考英语阅读理解主题语境分类专项训练（人与自我-做人与做事）》参考答案1 一、高频动词 1. 答案第1页，共2页 7 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 2. quantify v. 量化；测定… 的数量 3. predict v. 预测；预言；预计 4. rate v. 评价；评估；划分等级 5. bounce v. 反弹；弹跳；恢复 6. cope v. 应对；处理；承受 7. inject v. 注入；引入；注射 8. thrive v. 茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺 9. donate v. 捐赠；捐献；赠予 10. cultivate v. 培养；培育；陶冶 11. confine v. 限制；限定；禁锢 12. innovate v. 创新；革新；改革 13. persevere v. 坚持不懈；锲而不舍 14. overcome v. 克服；战胜；解决 15. exemplify v. 例证；例示；是… 的典范 16. shape v. 塑造；形成；影响… 的发展 17. embrace v. 欣然接受；拥抱；信奉 18. resolve v. 决心；决定；解决 19. sustain v. 维持；保持；支撑 20. transform v. 使改观；使转变；改造 21. demonstrate v. 证明；展示；彰显 二、高频名词 22. 23. humour n. 幽默；幽默感；情绪 24. entropy n. 熵（衡量可预测性的数学指标） 25. resilience n. 韧性；复原力；适应力 26. setback n. 挫折；阻碍；退步 27. perseverance n. 毅力；不屈不挠的精神 28. craftsmanship n. 手艺；工艺；工匠精神 29. thrift n. 节俭；节约 30. self-reliance n. 自立；自力更生 31. innovation n. 创新；革新；新方法 32. essence n. 本质；精髓；核心 33. dedication n. 奉献；献身；专注 34. adversity n. 逆境；不幸；困境 35. integrity n. 正直；诚实；完整 36. virtue n. 美德；优秀品质；长处 37. mindset n. 心态；思维模式；观念模式 38. evolution n. 进化；演变；发展 39. prototype n. 原型；雏形；蓝本 40. well-being n. 身心健康；幸福；安乐 41. component n. 组成部分；部件；组件 42. surgery n. 手术；外科；诊所 3、 高频形容词&副词 43. 44. mathematical adj. 数学的；精确的；严谨的 45. universal adj. 普遍的；通用的；全体的 46. evolutionary adj. 进化的；演变的；发展的 47. positive adj. 积极的；正向的；肯定的 48. comprehensive adj. 全面的；综合的；详尽的 49. conventional adj. 传统的；常规的；守旧的 50. contemporary adj. 当代的；现代的 51. sustainable adj. 可持续的；不破坏环境的 52. innovative adj. 创新的；革新的 53. intentional adj. 故意的；有意的；刻意的 54. distinctive adj. 独特的；与众不同的 55. instinctive adj. 本能的；直觉的；天生的 56. mental adj. 心理的；精神的；脑力的 57. resolute adj. 坚决的；果断的；坚定不移的 58. courageous adj. 勇敢的；无畏的；有胆量的 59. diligent adj. 勤奋的；勤勉的；刻苦的 60. ultimately adv. 最终；归根结底；最根本地 61. significantly adv. 显著地；明显地 62. deliberately adv. 故意地；从容不迫地 63. virtually adv. 几乎；实际上；差不多 四、固定搭配&短语 64. 65. bounce back from setbacks 从挫折中恢复 66. growth mindset 成长型思维 67. mental resilience 心理韧性 68. classic craftsmanship 经典工艺 69. contemporary design 现代设计 70. interlocking joints 榫卯结构；互锁接头 71. positive correlation 正相关 72. academic engagement 学业投入 73. live and learn 吃一堑，长一智；活到老学到老 74. food rescue 食物救援 75. belly landing 机腹着陆 76. pre-flight safety inspections 飞行前安全检查 77. human evolution 人类进化 78. social justice 社会正义 79. personal discipline 个人自律 80. collective duty 集体责任 81. solo exhibitions 个人展览 82. stand-up comedians 单口喜剧演员 题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 答案 B C A C A C B A A D 题号 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 答案 B D C A C B A C D C 题号 21 22 23 24 答案 D C C A 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【知识点】幽默、说明文、科普知识 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项关于幽默感数学测量方法的研究及其对人类进化和商业应用的意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“How do you quantify something as complex and personal as humour? University of Alberta researchers have developed a mathematical method of doing just that and it might not be as personal as we think.(你如何量化像幽默这样复杂且个人化的东西呢？阿尔伯塔大学的研究人员已经开发出了一种数学方法来做到这一点，而且它可能并不像我们认为的那样个人化。)”可知，这项新研究的重点是对幽默感知的测量。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Westbury assumed the answer lay in the word’s entropy, a mathematical measure of how ordered or predictable it is. Non-words like finglam, with uncommon letter combinations, are low in entropy.(韦斯特伯里认为答案在于单词的熵，这是一种对单词有序性或可预测性的数学测量。像“finglam”这样具有不常见字母组合的非单词，熵值较低。)”以及第六段中的““The results show that the bigger the difference in the entropy between the two words, the more likely the subjects were to choose the way we. expected them to,” says Westbury, noting that the most accurate subject chose correctly up to 92 percent of the time.(“结果表明，两个词语之间的熵差越大，受试者就越有可能按照我们预期的方式做出选择，”韦斯特伯里说道，并指出最准确的受试者有92%的时间都能做出正确判断。)”可知，具有罕见字母组合的非单词似乎更幽默。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段中的 “In his study, test subjects were asked to compare two non-words and choose the option they considered to be more humorous, and then they were shown a single non-word and rated how humorous they found it in the range of 1 to 100.(在他的研究中，受试者被要求比较两个非单词，并选择他们认为更幽默的选项，然后给他们展示一个单个的非单词，并在1到100的范围内对他们认为的幽默程度进行评分。)”可知，在韦斯特伯里的研究中，受试者的任务是进行对比、选择和评分。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“This nearly universal response says a lot about the nature of humour and its role in human evolution. “We think humour is personal. Actually, humour is an evolutionary message sending device. So if you laugh, you let someone-else know something is not dangerous,” says Westbury.(这种几乎普遍的反应充分说明了幽默的本质及其在人类进化中的作用。韦斯特伯里说：“我们认为幽默是个人化的。实际上，幽默是一种进化的信息传递工具。所以如果你笑了，你就会让别人知道有些东西并不危险。”)”可知，作者在最后一段想告诉我们幽默是人类进化的产物。故选C项。 正文翻译 我们该如何量化幽默这种既复杂又极具个人化的东西？阿尔伯塔大学的研究人员研发出了一种数学方法来实现这件事，而幽默或许并不像我们想象的那样完全因人而异。 这项研究源于一项早期实验：研究人员让失语症受试者查看一系列字母组合，判断它们是否为真实的单词。这项新研究的第一作者韦斯特伯里，意外发现了一个规律：受试者听到一些编造的无意义单词（比如snunkoople）时，总会忍不住发笑。那么，一个凭空编造的单词，为什么会让人觉得好笑呢？ 韦斯特伯里推测，答案藏在单词的“熵值”里 —— 这是一个衡量事物有序程度、可预测程度的数学指标。像finglam这种字母组合极不常见的无意义单词，熵值就很低。 韦斯特伯里着手验证，能否以熵值为标尺，预测人们会觉得哪些单词好笑。他说：“一旦你开始从概率的角度思考幽默，就会明白我们为什么会觉得形形色色的事物都很有趣。” 在他的研究中，受试者需要完成两项任务：先是对比两个无意义单词，选出自己认为更有趣的那一个；随后再对单个无意义单词进行1到 100分的幽默程度评分。 韦斯特伯里表示：“研究结果显示，两个单词的熵值差距越大，受试者的选择就越符合我们的预期。”他还提到，判断最准确的受试者，选对的概率高达92%。 这种近乎普遍的反应，深刻揭示了幽默的本质，以及它在人类进化中的作用。“我们总觉得幽默是很个人化的东西，但实际上，幽默是人类进化出的一种信息传递工具。当你发笑时，其实是在告诉别人，这件事没有危险。”韦斯特伯里说，“这项研究或许不会改变单口喜剧演员的行业格局，但研究结果在商业领域大有用处。比如，人们大概率不愿意买名字听起来很滑稽的药物来治疗重病，当然，反过来的情况也可能存在。” 5．A 6．C 7．B 8．A 【知识点】思想品德教育、坚韧、说明文 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是心理韧性以及心理韧性对于学生的影响。 5．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“It is the superpower that lets you bounce back from setbacks and cope with the ups and downs in life.(它是让你从挫折中振作起来，应对生活起起落落的超能力)”可知，resilience可以让你从挫折中振作起来，应对生活起起落落，即“坚韧”的品质。故划线词意思是“坚韧”。故选A。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“The study has revealed a strong positive correlation between resilience and academic engagement. Resilient students are found to be more deeply involved in class discussions, to take on leadership roles in school communities, and to seek out additional learning opportunities.(该研究揭示了心理韧性和学业投入之间的强烈正相关关系。研究发现，适应力强的学生更深入地参与课堂讨论，在学校社区中担任领导角色，并寻求额外的学习机会)”可知，心理韧性提高参与度和表现从而影响学生的学习成绩。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据第三段“Mr. Thompson, a mathematics teacher at Evergreen High School, exemplifies the findings of the study through his teaching practices. He has made it his mission not only to teach math but also to inject a sense of resilience in his students. He employs a variety of methods to cheer students up. Over time, Mr. Thompson’s efforts began to bear fruit. His students’ attitudes towards math shifted from fear to fascination. They started to look ahead , and more importantly, this process helped them develop a growth mindset.(汤普森先生是常青高中的一名数学老师，他通过自己的教学实践证明了这项研究的发现。他的使命不仅是教数学，还要给学生们注入一种韧性。他采用各种方法使学生们振作起来。随着时间的推移，汤普森的努力开始开花结果。他的学生对数学的态度从恐惧变成了着迷。他们开始向前看，更重要的是，这个过程帮助他们培养了一种成长的心态)”可知，汤普森先生鼓励学生要有心理韧性。故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Professor Warren, based on her research, recommends creating an encouraging atmosphere where teens can freely discuss their challenges and receive helpful feedback. She also stresses the value of building a supportive network. Whether it’s a teacher, a coach, or a peer, having someone who can give you a boost when you need it can make all the difference. So, the next time you face a challenge, remember, it’s not about avoiding them, but about learning to bounce back from them.(基于她的研究，沃伦教授建议创造一个鼓舞人心的氛围，让青少年可以自由地讨论他们的挑战，并获得有益的反馈。她还强调了建立一个支持性网络的价值。无论是老师、教练还是同伴，当你需要的时候，有人能给你鼓励，这会让一切变得不同。所以，下次你面对挑战时，记住，不是要逃避它们，而是要学会从中恢复过来)”可知，沃伦教授在最后一段主要讲了关于增强韧性的建议。故选A。 正文翻译 在高中的成长旅程中，学生们常常要面对学业挑战、人际交往的风波，以及重重压力。正因如此，“心理韧性”这个概念显得尤为重要。它是一种超能力，能让你从挫折中重新振作，从容应对人生的起起落落。 青少年发展研究所所长林恩・沃伦教授，针对青少年心理健康开展了大量研究。为了揭示心理韧性如何影响学生的学业成长，她的研究团队开展了一项全面调查，收集了具有代表性的样本，获取了极具参考价值的数据。 研究发现，心理韧性与学业投入度之间存在极强的正相关关系。研究发现，心理韧性强的学生，会更深度地参与课堂讨论，在校园集体中担任领导角色，还会主动寻求额外的学习机会。此外，这类学生的学业成绩更优异，对复杂的学科知识理解也更透彻。常青高中的数学老师汤普森先生，就用自己的教学实践印证了这项研究的结论。他给自己定下的使命，不仅是教好数学，更是要向学生们注入心理韧性的力量。他用各种各样的方法鼓励学生，久而久之，他的努力终于开花结果。学生们对数学的态度，从恐惧变成了热爱，他们开始拥有长远的目光，更重要的是，这个过程帮助他们培养了成长型思维。 基于这项研究，沃伦教授建议，学校要营造鼓励性的氛围，让青少年可以自由地谈论自己遇到的挑战，并获得有益的反馈。她同时强调，建立支持性的人际网络至关重要。无论是老师、教练还是同伴，当你需要的时候，有人能给你一份鼓励，一切都会变得截然不同。所以，下一次当你面对挑战时，请记住：重点不在于逃避挑战，而在于学会从挫折中重新振作。 9．A 10．D 11．B 12．D 【知识点】坚韧、记叙文、医护人员 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者的孩子出生就患有心脏病，医护人员的全力救治挽救了他的生命。为了表达自己的感激，作者决定为医院筹集特殊病床所花费的费用。在这个过程中，作者的绘画天赋得到展现，帮助她筹到了一部分金额。作者坚信只要坚持努力，就会看到光明。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段“The medical staff took my breath away with how hard they worked. Learning the special bed my baby lay on cost $55,000, I decided to raise that sum for the hospital.(医务人员的工作之努力令人叹为观止。得知我的孩子躺在一张特殊的床上要花费55,000美元，我决定为医院筹集这笔钱)”可知，医务人员对孩子的努力救治使作者决定为医院筹钱，以报答他们所付出的努力。故选A。 10．主旨大意题。根据第二段“During COVID-19, I took an online painting class. I’d always been creative and had worked as a visual designer. While I painted, all my worries disappeared. A mushroom I painted came out better than expected, so I kept at it. I wondered if I could start selling my art so I entered a national competition and was astonished to be a finalist. That competition opened many doors. Soon, I was being contacted by galleries to do solo exhibitions.(在新冠疫情期间，我参加了线上绘画课程。我一直都很有创造力，并且曾从事过视觉设计师的工作。在画画的时候，我所有的烦恼都消失了。我画的一朵蘑菇比预期的还要好，于是我就继续坚持下去。我想知道我是否能够开始出售自己的作品，于是参加了全国性的比赛，结果惊讶地成为了决赛选手。那次比赛为我打开了许多机会之门。很快，我就收到了画廊的邀请，要我举办个人展览)”可知，该段主要讲述了作者是如何开始绘画艺术，并一步步走向成功的。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据第三段“It’s about a child in a space suit being lifted by balloons to show Emily’s childhood dream of going to space. The balloons are slightly deflated (泄气的) to show how hard it was but that she never gave up.(这是一个关于穿着太空服的孩子被气球托起的画面，以此来展现艾米莉儿时的梦想——去太空旅行。这些气球略微瘪了下去，以此来表现当时是多么艰难，但她从未放弃)”可知，该段对这幅画的详细描述突出了艾米莉在困难面前不放弃的坚持和决心，也反映了作者自己在经历孩子手术、筹钱这些困难时的坚持和决心。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段“Though I could never fully express my thanks, I remained determined: I would find a way to raise those funds.(尽管我始终无法充分表达自己的感激之情，但我依然坚定地认为：我一定会找到办法筹集到那些资金)”和最后一段“My art uses different shades to show we all have dark times, but if we keep going, we’ll see light again.(我的艺术作品通过不同的色调来展现，我们每个人都会经历低谷时期，但只要我们坚持不懈，终会迎来光明)”以及文章对作者经历的描写可知，作者的经历表明了对医务人员的感激之情，激发了作者卖画为医院筹钱的创意行为。故选D。 正文翻译 抱着刚出生的宝宝，我看着身边匆匆忙碌的护士们。小卢出生时就患有心脏疾病，出生仅 48 小时就接受了手术。医护人员全力以赴的工作态度，让我无比震撼。得知宝宝躺的这张特制病床造价5.5万美元时，我下定决心，要为医院筹到这笔钱。卢六个月大的时候，又经历了一场生死攸关的手术 —— 这场长达18个小时的“马拉松” 手术中，医疗团队从未放弃。他们精湛的医术和坚持不懈的精神，救了他的命。尽管我永远无法完全表达我的感激之情，但我始终坚定一个信念：我一定要想办法筹到这笔善款。 新冠疫情期间，我报名了一门线上绘画课。我一直都很有创造力，还曾做过视觉设计师。画画的时候，我所有的烦恼都烟消云散了。我画的一朵蘑菇，成品效果远超预期，于是我便坚持画了下去。我想，能不能靠卖画来筹款呢？于是我报名了一场全国性的绘画比赛，没想到竟意外入围了决赛。这场比赛为我打开了无数扇门，很快，就有画廊联系我，邀请我举办个人画展。 闲暇时，我会在通讯平台上发布自己的最新作品，总会很快被买家买走，订单多到我几乎赶不及创作。每卖出一幅画，我都会把钱捐给儿童医院。后来有一天，一位名叫艾米丽的航天工程师联系了我，她即将成为第100位进入太空的女性。她提出了一个想法：想把我的一幅画作带上太空。我专门为她创作了一幅画：画中，一个穿着宇航服的孩子被气球托起，以此致敬艾米丽儿时的太空梦。那些微微瘪掉的气球，象征着追梦路上的重重艰难，也彰显着她永不放弃的信念。2024年11月22日，艾米丽把我的画带上了太空，也帮我筹到了2.1万美元善款。虽然我还没达到5.5万美元的目标，但我相信很快就能实现。 如今六岁的卢，未来终究还要再接受一次心脏手术，但现在的他，正在茁壮成长。我的画作通过不同的色调告诉我们：每个人都会经历人生的至暗时刻，但只要我们坚持走下去，终会迎来光明。 13．C 14．A 15．C 16．B 【知识点】节约意识、个人经历、夹叙夹议 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者父亲的节俭哲学对其成长的影响，阐述了真正节俭的核心，并通过全球食物浪费现象说明节俭可成为社会正义。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“My father’s thrift (节俭) philosophy shaped my youth. Unlike peers receiving pocket money, I never got a penny — not from cruelty, but to build self-reliance. Each morning, he’d note, “Mrs. Wilson needs her garden weeded; Mr. Carter requires help sorting bottles.” I earned coins through seasonal work in the neighborhood: sweeping leaves, shoveling snow and babysitting.(我父亲的节俭哲学塑造了我的青春。与那些拿到零花钱的同龄人不同，我一分钱都没拿到过——这并非出于他的残忍，而是为了培养我的自立能力。每天早上，他都会说：‘威尔逊夫人需要有人给她的花园除草；卡特先生需要有人帮忙分拣瓶子。’我通过在社区里做季节性的工作来赚取硬币：扫落叶、铲雪和照看孩子)”可知，作者在年轻时为邻居工作是为了遵循父亲培养他自立的原则。故选C项。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When I lost two months’ earnings in a failed lemonade business, his only words were, “Live and learn.” At twelve, I considered this cruel; at thirty, I value its wisdom — true lessons grow through doing.(当我在一次失败的柠檬水生意中损失了两个月的收入时，他只说了一句：“吃一堑，长一智”十二岁时，我认为这很残酷；三十岁时，我珍视这句话的智慧——真正的教训是通过实践获得的)”可知，作者现在认为父亲说的“吃一堑，长一智”是有价值的。故选A项。 15．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Father believed “earned coins teach value; given coins generate greed” — a truth wealthy families overlook while advocating thrift. By delivering papers at dawn and mowing lawns at dusk, I learned that true thrift is a triad (三位一体) — earn through labor, save with intention, spend with care.(父亲认为“挣来的硬币能教会人懂得价值；白给的硬币会滋生贪婪”——这是富裕家庭在倡导节俭时忽略的一个事实。通过黎明送报纸和黄昏修剪草坪，我明白了真正的节俭是三位一体的——通过劳动挣钱、有目的地存钱、谨慎地花钱)”可知，该段主要阐述了真正节俭的核心。故选C项。 16．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Locally, supermarkets throws outdated bread (still eatable) as shelters beg for donations. Witnessing global contrasts inspires my resolve: 1.3 billion tons of food go bad annually — enough to feed all the hungry — while 800 million starve. This phenomenon fuels my Food Rescue project — redirecting bakery remains to food banks and training youth to reuse deserted furniture for schools. Through such acts, thrift becomes social justice.(在当地，超市扔掉过期但仍可食用的面包，而收容所却在乞求捐赠。目睹全球的这种反差激发了我的决心：每年有13亿吨食物变质——这些食物足以养活所有饥饿的人——而有8亿人在挨饿。这种现象促使我开展了‘食物救援’项目——将面包店剩余的食物转运到食品银行，并培训年轻人为学校重新利用废弃家具。通过这些行动，节俭变成了社会正义)”可知，作者提及全球食物浪费数据让人震惊，为的是强调节俭在社会中的应用。故选B项。 正文翻译 父亲的节俭哲学，塑造了我的整个青春。和其他能拿到零花钱的同龄人不同，我从未得到过一分钱 —— 这并非因为他冷酷无情，而是为了培养我的自立能力。每天早上，他都会跟我说：“威尔逊夫人的花园需要除草了，卡特先生需要人帮忙分拣瓶子。”我靠着在社区里做各种季节性的零活赚钱：扫落叶、铲雪、照看小孩。 床底下的铁盒子里，攒下的硬币越来越多，这份沉甸甸的重量，也让我的自豪感与日俱增。尽管他偶尔会因为紧急情况（比如车胎爆了、医药费）借用这笔钱，但每次都会分毫不差、准时归还。我曾开过一家柠檬水小店，结果生意失败，赔掉了两个月的收入，他只说了一句话：“吃一堑，长一智。”十二岁的我，觉得这句话太过冷酷；三十岁的我，却无比珍视其中的智慧 —— 真正的道理，永远要在实践中才能学会。 现代的节俭教育，只聚焦于“存钱”，却忽略了它的核心：“赚钱”。父亲始终坚信，“亲手赚来的钱，能教会人懂得价值；不劳而获的钱，只会滋生贪婪”—— 这是很多富裕家庭在倡导节俭时，往往会忽略的真理。黎明送报纸，黄昏修草坪，这些经历让我明白，真正的节俭是三位一体的：靠劳动赚钱，有计划地存钱，谨慎地花钱。这套准则，在课堂上永远学不会，只能在磨出水泡的双手和困境的磨砺中，才能扎根心底。 在我们当地，超市会把过期但仍可食用的面包直接扔掉，而收容所却在苦苦恳求食物捐赠。目睹全球范围内这种强烈的反差，我更加坚定了自己的决心：全球每年有13亿吨食物变质，足以养活所有饥饿的人，却同时有8亿人在忍饥挨饿。这一现象，促使我发起了“食物救援”项目 —— 将面包店剩余的食物转运到食品银行，同时培训年轻人，将废弃的家具翻新改造后捐给学校。通过这些行动，节俭变成了一种社会正义。正如父亲所说：“亲手赚钱，才能让人懂得珍惜资源。”在这个浪费成风的时代，节俭早已从个人的自律，变成了集体的责任。 17．A 18．C 19．D 20．C 【知识点】勇敢、励志故事、记叙文 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了17岁的Maggie克服飞行危机后仍独自飞越美国的故事。 17．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Both of Maggie’s parents were retired from the air force, so the urge to fly is in Maggie’s blood.(Maggie的父母都从空军退役了，所以飞行的渴望是她与生俱来的)”可知，Maggie的父母都从空军退役，所以飞行的冲动在玛姬的血液里，即玛姬的父母在空军服役的背景影响了她独自飞行的冲动。故选A。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Her instructor talked to her from the ground while she circled a few times to gather herself.(她的教练在地面与她通话，与此同时，她盘旋了几圈让自己镇定下来)”可知，当Maggie起飞时听到不对劲的声音，她在空中盘旋了几圈让自己镇定下来。故选C。 19．推理判断题。根据第三段中“I was frightened, thinking about all the bad things that could have happened;(想到可能发生的所有坏事，我很害怕)”，第四段中“Take a few breaths, focus on the moment and follow the plan. I panicked a bit, but followed my training.(做几次深呼吸，专注于当下，按照计划行事。我有点恐慌，但还是按照训练的要求做)”以及最后一段中“At some point in our lives, we will all be in a situation for the first time. It’s scary. But if you face your fears, the whole world opens up to you.(在我们生命中的某个时刻，我们都会第一次遇到这种情况。太可怕了。但如果你直面恐惧，整个世界都会向你敞开大门)”可知，Maggie在遇到起落架故障时，虽然害怕，但还是按照训练要求冷静应对，并且在五天后继续飞行，这表明她是一个勇敢且坚定的人。故选D。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“At some point in our lives, we will all be in a situation for the first time. It’s scary. But if you face your fears, the whole world opens up to you.(在我们生命中的某个时刻，我们都会第一次遇到这种情况。太可怕了。但如果你直面恐惧，整个世界都会向你敞开大门)”可知，在我们的生活中，总会有第一次面对某种情况的时候，这很可怕，但是如果你面对你的恐惧，整个世界都会向你敞开，由此可推知，文章想要告诉我们的是“勇者天助”。故选C。 正文翻译 在美国，大多数17岁的青少年，还在学习基础的驾驶技巧。把车停好后，一天的时间就被校园活动和与朋友的相处填满了。但17岁的玛吉・塔拉斯克，心中却藏着一个与众不同的目标：独自驾驶飞机飞越美国。 玛吉的父母都从空军退役，所以飞行的渴望，早已流淌在她的血液里。她进入飞行学校，跟着教练累计飞行时长，开始了系统的训练。但在她第一次起飞时，飞机就传来了异常的声响 —— 飞机的一个起落架轮胎脱落了。“飞机刚一起飞，我就本能地察觉到不对劲。”玛吉说。 教练在地面通过无线电和她保持通话，她驾驶着飞机在空中盘旋了几圈，努力让自己镇定下来。“我当时害怕极了，脑子里全是可能发生的各种糟糕后果，我也知道父母就在地面上看着这一切。” 压力和恐慌，会让我们所有人都做出鲁莽的决定。只有经过心理上的刻意练习，才能保持冷静。“深呼吸，专注当下，按照训练的流程来。我当时确实慌了神，但还是严格遵循了训练要求。” 和塔台通话时，玛吉的声音还有些微微颤抖，但她完成了一次完美的机腹着陆，飞机在内场的草坪上平稳滑停。她的父亲，为她感到无比骄傲。“当我看到玛吉驾机进场的那一刻，我知道，她的降落操作，比我能飞出来的还要完美。”他说。塔台里爆发出阵阵欢呼，玛吉深吸一口气，走下了飞机。 当然，这份功劳也离不开地面团队的全程引导。是的，我们在遭遇困境时，都需要有人指引方向，但最终，手握操纵杆的，始终是玛吉自己。经历过这样的惊魂时刻，任何人选择放弃都无可厚非，毕竟这件事太过惊险，就此止步完全可以理解。但仅仅五天后，玛吉就再次出现在机场，做起了飞行前的安全检查，仔细检查机翼，尤其是起落架。 “这种感觉太奇妙了，”她说，“它给了我一种无与伦比的自由感。”在人生的某个时刻，我们都会第一次面对未知的处境，它会让人恐惧。但只要你直面恐惧，整个世界都会向你敞开大门。 21．D 22．C 23．C 24．A 【知识点】记叙文、工匠精神 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在一个木工工作室做志愿者时，遇到了陈师傅，他虽使用传统工具，但作品融合了经典工艺与现代设计。陈师傅对“新时代工匠精神”有独到见解，他通过为一对年轻夫妇定制书架的实例，展现了创新与传统结合的魅力。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段中“While his workshop was filled with traditional tools, what he created was anything but conventional wooden furniture that perfectly blended classic craftsmanship with contemporary design.(虽然他的工作室里摆满了传统工具，但他所创作的作品绝非传统的木制家具，而是将经典工艺与现代设计完美融合)”可知，工作室里摆满了传统工具，但是陈师傅的作品却绝非传统的木制家具，而是将经典工艺与现代设计完美融合。由此可推知，第一段提到传统工具是为了与陈师傅现代和创造性的想法形成对比。故选D项。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段中“I witnessed his innovative approach firsthand when a young couple asked for a custom bookshelf for their small apartment. They needed something space-efficient, eco-friendly, and easy to tear apart for potential moves.(我曾亲眼目睹他的创新做法：当时一对年轻夫妇为自家小公寓定制书架。他们需要一件既节省空间、又环保，还能在未来搬家时轻松拆卸的家具)”和第三段中陈师傅为满足这些需求而采取的一系列创新方法(如3D建模、使用新材料、重新设计榫卯结构等)可推知，作者列举年轻夫妇的具体要求，是为了说明当代消费者的需求已经发生变化，从而暗示手工艺人需要与时俱进，适应这些新需求。故选C项。 23．细节理解题。根据第三段中“True craftsmanship isn’t about blindly repeating what our ancestors did,” he explained. “It’s about understanding the essence of tradition while having the courage to adapt it for today’s world.”(“真正的工艺不是盲目地重复祖先所做的事情，”他解释道。“而是要理解传统的精髓，同时要有勇气使其适应现代世界。”)”可知，在陈师傅看来，“真正的工艺”意味着使传统智慧适应现代用途。故选C项。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Through Mr. Chen’s example, I came to understand that new-era craftsmanship represents the perfect marriage of dedication and innovation. It honors the past while embracing the future, proving that excellence comes not from doing one thing forever, but from doing it well with an ever-evolving spirit.(通过陈师傅的例子，我明白了新时代的工匠精神是奉献与创新的完美结合。它尊重过去，同时拥抱未来，证明卓越不是来自永远只做一件事，而是来自以不断发展的精神把事情做好)”可推知，陈师傅的故事展示了如何成功地将传统与现代、坚守与创新结合起来，达到“两全其美”的境界。A项“The best of both worlds(两全其美)”准确地概括了这一寓意。故选A项。 正文翻译 去年夏天，我在老城的一家小型木工工作室做志愿者。就在那里，我遇见了陈师傅，这位58岁的木工大师，他的双手，诉说着数十年与木材相伴的故事。他的工作室里摆满了传统的木工工具，但他打造出的作品，却绝非传统的木制家具，而是将经典工艺与现代设计完美融合的杰作。最让我震撼的，是陈师傅对他口中“新时代工匠精神”的独到见解。尽管他十几岁就跟着父亲学习木工，却从未把自己禁锢在传统技法里。察觉到年轻消费者的喜好正在发生变化，他每晚都会自学3D建模软件，周末则研究竹复合材料、水性涂料等环保可持续材料。 一对年轻夫妇想要为自己的小公寓定制一个书架，我也因此亲眼见证了他这种创新的创作方式。这对夫妇的需求很明确：要节省空间、环保，还要在未来搬家时能轻松拆卸。陈师傅满怀热情地接下了这个挑战。 接下来的一周里，他做了多个数字建模原型，试验了三种不同的木材，还对传统工艺进行了创新改良，打造出无需任何金属固件的榫卯结构。我常常看到他工作到深夜，那双经验丰富的手，小心翼翼地测试着每一个组件。当我问他，为什么要为这个看似简单的项目付出这么多心血时，他停下手中的活，笑着说：“真正的工匠精神，从来不是盲目重复先辈们做过的事。而是要读懂传统的精髓，同时有勇气让它适配当下的时代。”为了印证自己的观点，他给我看了两个书架：一个是他二十年前做的，结构扎实、工艺精美；另一个就是这次的新原型，用料减少了30%，却同样稳固，还更适配现代生活的功能需求。 从陈师傅的身上，我终于明白，新时代的工匠精神，是坚守与创新的完美结合。它既致敬过往，也拥抱未来，更向我们证明：卓越，从来不是一辈子只做一件事，而是怀着不断精进的心，把一件事做到极致。 $