UNIT 12 LESSON 3 STEPHEN HAWKING（同步练习）-【学而思·PPT课件分层练习】2025-2026学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版）

Part 4　LESSON 3 STEPHEN HAWKING 基础过关练 Ⅰ.单词拼写 1.It also predicts that the world population will 　　　　(降低) in the next century.  2.She received a 　　　　(奖金) of $15,065, equal to 40% of her salary.   3.What makes the film so attractive is the 　　　　(壮丽的) scene.   4.Marie, a 　　　　(有天赋的) scientist, has recently made new findings in medicine that have proven beneficial to patients suffering from rare diseases.  Ⅱ.选词填空(其中有一项多余) in spite of; with the help of; rather than; as a result; put together; be reduced to; point to 1.“How dare you say that to me?” the man said angrily 　　　　　　 the boy.  2.Talking about the future, I preferred to be a teacher 　　　　　　 an official.  3.(2023全国乙) 　　　　　　 the court hearing testimonials(证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.   4.He made one big mistake, and, 　　　　　　, lost his job.   5.Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages 　　　　　　 a little college French.   6. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps 　　　　　　 a reader with a book.  Ⅲ.单元语法专练 in detail; in turn; in charge of; at random; out of order; under way; beyond praise 1.Your achievement in math and physics is　　　　　.   2.He came to the conclusion that the machine was 　　　　　.  3.All theories originate from practice and 　　　　　 serve practice.  4.(2023新课标Ⅰ)To make us practise oral English after class, you are to pair us up 　　　　　.   5.We'd better discuss everything 　　　　　 before we work out the plan.  6.Preparations are well 　　　　　 for a week of special events in October.  7.The teacher, who has taught for over 30 years, is 　　　　　 the school work now.  Ⅳ.完成句子 1.(2023全国乙写作)但去年,每次想到自己即将成为高三学生时,我都会觉得我必须克服我对游泳的恐惧。 But last year, every time I thought of my becoming a senior three student, I felt I　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 of swimming.  2.这项新的研究发现,在加利福尼亚州超过46,000平方英里的森林中,直径超过2英尺的树木的数量已经减少了50%。 The number of trees larger than two feet across 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds.  能力提升练 Ⅰ.课文语法填空 　　On 14 March, 2018, one of the world's most influential scientists, Stephen Hawking, died at his home in England, 　1　(age) 76.  Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January, 1942, in Oxford. He was discovered to have a rare disease 　2　 the age of 21 when he was studying at the University of Cambridge and 　3　(expect) to live for only a few years. In the early stages of his career, his illness got 　4　(bad), but he was allowed 　5　(do) research only rather than teach, 　6　 was easier for him. He first lost his speech because of an operation and then the use of both 　7　(hand).  Although Hawking's physical abilities 　8　(decline) over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed 　9　 number of new ideas about black holes.  In spite of his disease, Hawking was quite optimistic and didn't consider 　10　(he) an unlucky man.  1.　　　　　2.　　　　　3.　　　　　4.　　　　　5.　　　　  6.　　　　　7.　　　　　8.　　　　　9.　　　　　10.　　　　  Ⅱ.语法填空 (2025安徽合肥教学质量检测) The origins of the umbrella can be traced back over thousands of years to early human societies. Initially used as sunshades, these early umbrellas 　1　(fashion) from materials like silk or paper, and waterproofed with wax(蜡) and lacquer(漆) 　2　(offer) rain protection.  According to Chinese legend, the first umbrella in ancient China was invented by Lady Yun, the wife of Lu Ban, a renowned craftsman in Chinese history. At the time, people relied on straw hats and capes during rainy days, 　3　 proved inconvenient for travel. Inspired by 　4　 sight of people taking shelter under eaves(屋檐), Lady Yun created a folding device made of bamboo and fabric. Lu Ban later improved this design, making it 　5　(practical) for rain and sun protection than before, paving the way 　6　 the modern umbrella—a proof of the wisdom and 　7　 (creative) of early Chinese people.  Pioneer 　8　 China may be in the development of umbrellas, similar devices appeared in other ancient civilizations, such as ancient Egypt, Assyria, and ancient Greece, primarily for sun protection. The word “umbrella” 　9　(it) originates from the Latin “umbra”, meaning “shade”. Over time, as waterproofing techniques advanced, umbrellas changed from simple sunshades to essential tools for rain protection, 　10　(gain) widespread popularity across the globe.  1.　　　　　2.　　　　　3.　　　　　4.　　　　　5.　　　　  6.　　　　　7.　　　　　8.　　　　　9.　　　　　10.　　　　  Ⅲ.阅读理解 A (2024四川眉山阶段练习) 　　To solve a big environmental problem, chemists have been thinking small, really small: a new micro-robot with the purpose of helping clean up tiny plastic that pollutes water across the globe. The new micro-robots, each of which is no bigger than the tip of a pencil, are magnetic(有磁性的) and shaped like four-pointed stars. When the sunlight shines on them, they can swim in a specific direction; when the sunlight disappears, they stop moving. Finding a piece of plastic, they hold on to it, produce chemical reactions and start to break it down. The project is led by chemist Martin Pumera, a researcher who also studies ways to build micro-robots. About ten years ago, he noticed the microplastic was everywhere, from the bottom of the ocean to the ice on the top of mountains. It even turned up in drinking water, both bottled water and tap water. Just think about how much plastic you encounter every day. It doesn't easily degrade(降解), which is a big problem. Therefore, Pumera chose to focus on the problem of water pollution caused by microplastic. The researchers tested the micro-robots on four types of plastic in the lab. After a week, all four began degrading, losing between 0.5 and 3 percent of their weight, which indicated they were being broken down. The robots also turned the plastic's smooth surface into rough. Finally, they could be collected for reuse along with the plastic waste without causing new pollution. In fact, Pumera says they still have a long way to go. These micro-robots are unlikely to succeed in degrading all types of plastic. They'll also need a lot of tests to show that they're safe in open waters, such as at sea. But he thinks that these challenges can be overcome. Someday, the micro-robots will play a big role in a worldwide clean-up effort. 1.What can be learned about the new micro-robots? A.They are round in shape. B.They are driven by sunlight. C.They are as small as a pencil. D.They use physical reactions. 2.What inspired Pumera to design the micro-robots? A.The ice on the mountains. B.The lack of drinking water. C.The microplastic pollution. D.Secrets of the ocean's bottom. 3.How does a micro-robot deal with the plastic? A.By collecting it for reuse. B.By absorbing it completely. C.By making its surface smooth. D.By breaking it down to some extent. 4.What can we infer about the micro-robots from the last paragraph? A.There are still some challenges to be overcome. B.They can degrade all kinds of plastic at present. C.They are unlikely to be used in open waters. D.They are now safe enough to be promoted worldwide. B (2023湖北枣阳月考) 　　Researchers from Purdue University have developed a new kind of white paint that can reflect over 95 percent of sunlight, which can cool the surface even lower than the surrounding temperature. Painted on a building, the new paint could help cut cooling costs and energy use. Many kinds of reflective cooling paint have been developed over the years, but they all have their drawbacks. For the new study, the Purdue researchers developed a new method—using calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) fillers, which are much richer, cheaper, and absorb less ultraviolet(紫外线的) light. And the new reflective cooling paint can give off more sunlight—reflecting 95.5 percent of the light that strikes it. That's better than lots of other paint in development, which manages between 80 and 90 percent, although it falls short of the record holder—the Teflon coating, which reflects 98 percent of light. The team tested the new coating outdoors over two days, and showed that under direct sunlight it remained 1.7℃ below the surrounding temperature. In another set of tests, the researchers painted some parts of a pattern with the new paint, and others with the regular white paint of the same thickness. Using a special camera, they could see the pattern clearly, thanks to the difference in temperature between the two materials. The team says that the new paint could not only help cool buildings, but prevent outdoor electrical systems from overheating. But to ensure that it is commercially practicable, the researchers next plan to investigate how well it lasts out in the environment. “The costs of our paint may be comparable to other kinds of commercial paint or even lower than them,” says Xiulin Ruan, an author of the study. “The key is to ensure the reliability of the paint so that it is workable in long-term outdoor applications.” 5.What does the underlined word “drawbacks” in Paragraph 2 mean? A.Burdens.　　 B.Mistakes.　　 C.Difficulties.　 　D.Disadvantages. 6.How did the researchers study the effect of the new paint? A.By assessing its nature. B.By conducting field tests. C.By comparing costs of various kinds of paint. D.By analyzing special pictures. 7.What can we infer from the result of the research? A.The paint still needs testing. B.The paint is incomparable. C.The paint can be used for long. D.The paint has reliable performance. 8.What is the text mainly about? A.Researchers lower the costs of paint. B.Environment-friendly paint is on sale. C.A new kind of white paint helps cool buildings. D.The regular paint solves heat consumption. 答案与分层梯度式解析 Part 4　LESSON 3 STEPHEN HAWKING 基础过关练 Ⅰ.1.decline　2.bonus　3.grand　4.gifted Ⅱ.1.pointing to　2.rather than　3.In spite of　4.as a result　5.was reduced to　6.put together Ⅲ.1.beyond praise　2.out of order　3.in turn　4.at random　5.in detail　6.under way　7.in charge of Ⅳ.1.had to overcome my fear　2.has declined by 50 percent 能力提升练 Ⅰ.1.aged　考查形容词。“形容词aged+数字”意为“……岁的”,为固定用法。故填aged。 2.at　考查介词。at the age of...意为“在……岁时”, 为固定搭配。故填at。 3.was expected　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知,空格处作句子的谓语动词;所给提示词expect与主语He之间为被动关系,应用被动语态;根据上下文语境可知动作发生在过去,应用一般过去时;且主语He是第三人称单数形式,谓语动词也应用单数。故填was expected。 4.worse　考查形容词的比较级。根据语境可知,此处表示“他的病(比原来)更糟糕了”,含有比较的意思,应用形容词bad的比较级形式。故填worse。 5.to do　考查动词不定式。be allowed to do sth.意为“被允许做某事”,为固定用法,故填to do。 6.which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空格处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰前面主句的部分内容“do research only rather than teach”。故填which。 7.hands　考查名词复数。根据空前的both可知,设空处应用名词复数。故填hands。 8.declined　考查动词的时态。分析句子可知,空格处作从句的谓语动词,根据时间状语over decades,并结合上下文语境可知这是发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时。故填declined。 9.a　考查冠词。a number of意为“大量,许多”,为固定短语。故填a。 10.himself　考查代词。分析句子可知空格处作consider的宾语,且与主语指代同一人,形成互指关系,应该用反身代词。故填himself。 Ⅱ.◎语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了伞的起源与发展,展现了其演变和文化意义。 【高频词汇】　1.origin n.起源　2.material n.材料　3.pioneer n.先驱　4.originate from...起源于……　5.essential adj.必不可少的;极其重要的 1.were fashioned　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知,these early umbrellas是主语,fashion在此处用作动词,表示“制作”,所以主语与fashion之间是被动关系,即“被制作”,此处描述的是过去的情况,应用一般过去时的被动语态,主语是复数形式,助动词用were,故填were fashioned。 2.to offer　考查动词不定式。此处说明用蜡和漆做防水处理的目的是防雨,应用动词不定式作目的状语,故填to offer。 3.which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是前面的“people relied on straw hats and capes during rainy days”,设空处在从句中作主语,故填which。 4.the　考查冠词。此处表特指,the sight of...表示“……的景象”,故填the。 5.more practical　考查形容词的比较级。根据后面的“than before”可知,此处应用比较级形式,故填more practical。 6.for　考查介词。pave the way for...是固定短语,意为“为……铺平道路”,故填for。 7.creativity　考查名词。根据前面的“wisdom and”可知,此处应填名词,与“wisdom”并列,故填creativity。 8.as/though　考查连词。根据语境可知,此处表示“尽管中国在雨伞发展方面可能是先驱者”,设空处引导让步状语从句,此处构成倒装结构,故填as或though。 9.itself　考查代词。此处作同位语,强调主语,故填itself。 10.gaining　考查现在分词。分析句子结构可知,此处作伴随状语,umbrellas与gain之间是主动关系,即雨伞在变化的同时获得了全球的广泛流行,应用现在分词,故填gaining。 Ⅲ.A ◎语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了一种可以帮助减少水中的微塑料的新型微型机器人。 【高频词汇】　1.break...down分解……　2.encounter v.遇到　3.focus on集中于,关注　4.indicate vt.表明;显示 长难句 原句　The new micro-robots, each of which is no bigger than the tip of a pencil, are magnetic and shaped like four-pointed stars. 分析　该句为主从复合句。句中The new micro-robots为主句主语;“each of which is no bigger than the tip of a pencil”为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词The new micro-robots。 译文　这种新型微型机器人,每个都不比铅笔尖大,具有磁性,形状像四角星。 1.B　细节理解题。由第二段中的“When the sunlight shines on them, they can swim in a specific direction; when the sunlight disappears, they stop moving.”可知,这种新型微型机器人是由阳光驱动的。故选B。 2.C　细节理解题。由第三段中的“About ten years ago, he noticed the microplastic was everywhere...Therefore, Pumera chose to focus on the problem of water pollution caused by microplastic.”可知,微塑料污染激励Pumera设计微型机器人。故选C。 3.D　细节理解题。由第四段中的“The researchers tested the micro-robots on four types of plastic in the lab. After a week, all four began degrading, losing between 0.5 and 3 percent of their weight, which indicated they were being broken down.”可知,仅一周时间,这四种类型的塑料都开始降解,重量减少了0.5%到3%,塑料减少说明微型机器人可以在某种程度上分解塑料。故选D。 4.A　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In fact, Pumera says they still have a long way to go. These micro-robots are unlikely to succeed in degrading all types of plastic. They'll also need a lot of tests”可知,这些微型机器人不太可能成功降解所有类型的塑料,它们还需要大量的测试,所以关于微型机器人还有一些问题需要解决。故选A。 B ◎语篇解读　这是一篇说明文,主要介绍了一种新型涂料,该涂料能有效降低建筑物温度,从而减少制冷成本和能源消耗。 【高频词汇】　1.reflect v.反射;反映→reflective adj.反光的　2.surrounding adj.周围的　3.absorb v.吸收　4.give off发出　5.investigate vi.&vt.查明,调查,侦查 【熟词生义】　strike 熟义:v.击打;突然想到　生义:v.照在……上;照射 【差距词汇】　fall short of 未达到;不符合 长难句 原句　That's better than lots of other paint in development, which manages between 80 and 90 percent, although it falls short of the record holder—the Teflon coating, which reflects 98 percent of light. 分析　本句为主从复合句。第一个which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词lots of other paint;although引导让步状语从句;第二个which也引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the Teflon coating。 译文　那比在研制中的许多其他涂料都要好,这些涂料可以处理80%到90%的光线,尽管它不及纪录保持者特氟隆涂层,特氟隆涂层可以反射98%的光线。 5.D　词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Many kinds of reflective cooling paint have been developed over the years, but they all have their drawbacks...And the new reflective cooling paint can give off more sunlight...That's better than lots of other paint in development”可知,新的反光冷却涂料优点多,比许多其他涂料都要好,说明之前的反光冷却涂料有缺点。由此推测,画线词drawbacks的意思是“缺点”。故选D。 6.B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The team tested the new coating outdoors over two days...In another set of tests”可知,研究人员是通过做实地测试来研究该涂料的效果的。故选B。 7.A　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“But to ensure that it is commercially practicable, the researchers next plan to investigate how well it lasts out in the environment.”可知,研究人员接下来计划研究该涂料在环境中的持久性,所以该涂料还需要被测试。故选A。 8.C　主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Researchers from Purdue University have developed a new kind of white paint”和全文其他内容可知,文章主要介绍了一种可以给建筑物降温的新型涂料。C项“一种新型白色涂料有助于冷却建筑物”符合文意。故选C。 7 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $