语法第四讲 定语从句之二导学案(教师版+学生版)-2026届高三英语一轮复习专项

学科教师辅导教案 年 级：高三 辅导科目：英语 学员姓名： 课程主题：定语从句 授课时间： 学习目标 1、 掌握定语从句。 教学内容 【定语从句复习】 1. 什么是定语从句（定语+从句） 修饰某一个名词、代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。 2. 定语从句的三要素 先行词+关系词+从句 3. 定语从句的关系词有哪些？分别做什么成分，是什么意思。 ①关系代词：who, whom, that, which, as, whose 关系代词作主语、宾语、表语等主要成分时 ②关系副词在从句中作状语 关系副词：when, where, why 4. 用that不用which的情况 ①当先行词是指物的不定代词如all,much,little,everything,nothing,some,any,anything等时，只能用that引导从句，而且在从句中作宾语时常常可省略。 ②当先行词是序数词或受序数词修饰时，只能用that引导从句。 ③当先行词是最高级或受最高级修饰时，只能用that引导从句。 ④当先行词受the very,the only,the right,just the,exactly the,no,none,every之类的词修饰时，只能用that而不用which,who,whom引导从句。 ⑤当先行词是既指人又指物的并列名词短语时，只能用that，而不用which引导从句。 ⑥主句为which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，用that而不用which引导从句 【讲练定语从句2】 Ⅰ定语从句中的动词的数(主谓一致) 在定语从句中，如果关系词在从句中作主语，那么从句谓语动词的数取决于先行词的数，先行词时三单，则动词用三单，先行词是非三单，那么谓语动词用原形。 例1：He is the only one in his class who _______ (have) got the teacher’s praise 答案：has；该句中，先行词为the only one，关系词是who，在句中作主语，先行词（the only one）的数决定了动词的数，故动词用第三人称单数形式，即has 例2：He is one of the students in his class who _______ (have) got the teacher’s praise 答案：have；该句中，先行词为the students，故动词用原形，即have Ⅱ of which/whom的两种含义 第一个：表示所属关系，意思是...的，比如the cover of which=whose cover 第二个：表示整体中的一部分，意思是整体中的几个，常见的有none of which/whom, one of which/whom, both of which/whom, some of which/whom, half of, most of, all of... 例：I like the book whose cover(=the cover of which) is blue. There are eight books on the shelf, six of which are about history. 1. In our class there are 46 students, of _____ half wear glasses. 答案：whom 2. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, of______five are mine.答案：which 3. She brought with her three friends, none of ______ I had ever met before.答案：whom Ⅲ the way做先行词 当way做先行词，其后的定语从句不缺成分，that, in which或不填三个都可以该定语从句。 例：I don’t like the way that he speaks to me. I don’t like the way in which he speaks to me. I don’t like the way he speaks to me. 1. What surprised me was not what he said but the way_________ he said it. 答案：that, in which或不填 2. The lazy boy is expecting a way ______ he can get through the exams without hard work.答案：that, in which或不填 Ⅳ抽象名词做先行词 如果需要用关系副词，且先行词为以下抽象名词（不像之前讲过的the park，the company，the farm这种具体的名词），则where. 此类名词有situation/point/case/business/work/position/process... 例:I don’t like the situation where someone forces me to do what I hate to do. 1. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work ________ a good impression is a must.答案：where Ⅴ定语从句的定义题 即先要判断句子是简单句、复合句还是主从句 再判断从句部分是定语从句，状语从句还是名词性从句。 只有确定从句部分是定语从句，才能选择关系代词或关系副词。 例题：翻译 1. ---你觉得这本书怎么样？ ---它与我上个月读的（那本）非常不一样。 —How do you like the book? —It's quite different from ________ I read last month.答案：the one that。本句也可以看成名从，那么便填what 2.这个研究中心就是你去年参观的那个。 This research center is ________ you visited last year.答案：the one that。看成名从，可填what 3.这个研究中心是你去年参观的那个吗？ Is this research center ________ you visited last year?.答案：the one that。看成名从，可填what 4.这是你去年参观的那个研究中心吗？ Is this the research center ________ you visited last year?答案：that。 5.地震以及它所造成的后果是可怕的。 The earthquake and the consequence _____ causes are terrible.答案：that it Ⅵ先行词被such，the same和so修饰时，用as as在限制性定语从句中的使用 such..as，the same...as, so...as...This is such an interesting book ____ we all like. （答案为as） This is so interesting a book _____ we all like. （答案为as） This is the same book as I lost. 这正是跟我丢的那本一样的书。 This is the same book that I lost.这正是我丢的那本书。 [补充so+形容词/副词；such+名词词组。so beautiful；so fast。such a beautiful flower；such a clever boy] 1. Don’t trust such people________ praise you to your face but speak ill of you behind your back. 答案：As 2.This is such a useful book ____ everybody likes to read .答案：As 3. I have bought the same dress_______she is wearing.答案：As 非限制性定语从句 1.定义。 非限制性定语从句用来补充说明信息，通常先行词和定语从句之间有逗号隔开。 Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important. My cousin, whose body is slim, still wants to lose some weight. 2.非限制性定语从句中关系代词的特殊用法： （1）在非限制性定语从句中，可以用as或者which代替一整句话。 He missed the show, which was a great pity. 例题： 例1. Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. 答案：which 3.关系代词的区别。 （1）关系代词which和as引导非限制性定语从句时的区别。 ①. which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。如： David, as you know, is a photographer. 戴维是个摄影师，你是知道的。(不可用which) Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which) ②. as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 ③. as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。 1. The air quality in the city, ________is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.答案：as 2. A lot of language learning，______has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.答案：as 3.The number of smokers, ____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 答案：as 4._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.答案：as 5. My grandfather is fond of talking about the good old days, ________ is often the case with old people．答案：as/which 6. _____ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.答案：as 【讲练3-拓展学习】 辨析定语从句和其他句型 一、定语从句与强调句 1.强调句的句型结构为It is/was ...that/who....强调句去掉It is/was ...that....后仍然是一个完整的句式。 It was in the museum that I worked.去掉强调的部分It was...that...剩下的是In the museum I worked. It was in the park that we played football. It was yesterday that we played football. 2.而定语从句是修饰主句的名词、代词或者整个句子的，定语从句在主句中不做成分，因而去掉从句，剩下的仍然是一个完整的句式，即主句。 It was the museum where I worked.去掉定语从句部分where I worked，剩下的是It was the museum，即主句。 练习： 1.It is the factory _______we worked.答案：where 2.It is in the factory_______we worked.答案：that 3.It was Sunday _____we went shopping.答案：when 4.It was on Sunday ______we went shopping.答案：that 5.It was April 29, 2011 _____ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony. 答案：when 二、定语从句和并列句 1.并列句是两个或以上简单句用and/or/but/so连接的句子。它的各个并列简单句不需要改变，就可以直接用并列连词and/or/but/so连接。 There are twenty students in our class and most of them are girls. 2.定语从句和主句之间的联系靠的是关系词，而关系词在定语从句中做成分，所以作为从句的简单句就发生了改变。 There are twenty students in our class, most of whom are girls. 并列句和定语从句 1.Under the big tree are 34 students,many of ______ come from class two. 答案：whom 2.My father bought me several books,but none of was interesting.答案：them 【课堂练习】 1.The speaker will tell us about some writers and their work are known to us.答案：that 2.I hope that the little I have been able to do has been of some use.答案：that 3.The bike and its rider had knocked down the boy were taken to the police.答案：that 4.We're talking about the piano and the pianist were in the concert we attended last night.答案：that 5.Anyone is against this opinion may speak out.答案：who 6.Is there anything belongs to you?答案：that 7.He must be from Africa, can be seen from his skin.答案：as 8.They were interested in everything you told them.答案：that/\ 9.---Did you ask the guard_____happened? ---Yes,he told me all______he knew.答案：what;/that 10.I shall never forget those years_____I lived on the farm with farmers,______has a great effect on my life.答案：when/which 11.The clever boy made a hole in the wall,through_____he could see____was going on inside house.答案：which;what 12.In the street,there was not a single person to______she could turn for help. 答案：whom 13.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,_____,of course,made the others unhappy.答案：which 14._____has already been pointed out,grammar is not a set of dead rules.答案：as 15.Whenever I met him,______was fairly often,I like his sweet and hopeful smile.答案：which 16.He was very rude to the customs officer,_____of course made things even worse.答案：which 17.______is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress.答案：As 18.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,______,of course,made the others envy him.答案：which 19.______is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.答案：As 20.Do you remember a certain occasion_____you were in trouble and at that moment I gave you a hand?答案：where 21.The final exam is a battle_____everybody wants to show off her talent.答案：where 22.--How about your job hunting? ---No luck.I’ve reached the stage______I don’t care what I do.答案：where 23.He isn't such a man he used to be.答案：that 24.I have bought such a wat6.I want to use the same tools_____used in your factory a few days ago.答案：as 25.I, who___your good friend,will try my best to help you out.答案：am 【课后作业】 一、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Ministry of Culture and Tourism released “Lucky Horse” on Tuesday as the official mascot(吉祥物) for the 2026 Happy New Year global celebrations. Drawing inspiration 1.______ the Eastern Han Dynasty(25-220) bronze sculpture “Galloping Horse Treading on a Flying Swallow” 2.________ (unearth) in Gansu province, the design integrates the flowing mane(鬃毛) of the celebrated “Five-Flower Horse” of the Tang Dynasty(618-907). 3.______ makes the mascot striking is its Chinese red color combination decorated with classic patterns, including Xiangyun and Ruyi (representing good fortune), which captures the warmth and festive spirit of traditional Chinese New Year celebrations. Developed by the Central Academy of Fine Arts, the mascot will be 4._________(commercial) developed by the China Tourism Group. The upcoming product lineup offers 5._______(diversity) options, such as stuffed boys, blind boxes 6.________ refrigerator decorations, alongside traditional festival items like couplets, red envelopes and lanterns. These products will feature noticeably in 2026 Happy New Year events worldwide, 7._______(add) fresh cultural elements to global Spring Festival celebrations. Subsequently, more than 1,300 events for 2026 Happy New Year 8._________in over 400 cities across more than 150 countries worldwide, with the “Lucky Horse” mascot making a full-scale 9._________(appear) at these events. Launched in 2001 by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the Happy New Year program marks its 25th anniversary this year. The initiative introduced its zodiac-based mascot series in 2023, which creates a new tradition of sharing Chinese New Year 10.________(blessing) with global audiences through culturally rich visual symbols. 答案：1.from 2.unearthed 3.What 4.commercially 5.diverse 6.and 7.adding 8.will be hosted 9.appearance 10.blessing 二、阅读 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A HEARING HAS CHANGED Record number of long-time hearing aid wearers are astonished to find new direct-to-you hearing aids priced between $549 and $629, outperform their “thousands-of-dollars” devices. Delivered directly to you, with no appointments or hearing tests required, they are ready to use right away with the simple press of a button. “Having trialled four different sets of hearing aids from two audiology centres without complete satisfaction, I ordered two Jaspa 3 hearing aids. I could hardly believe how much more natural sounding the Jaspa aids were in comparison to the very expensive aids I had trialled. It is so small that people around me don’t even notice I’m wearing a hearing aid. I’m now wearing them each day as required and find them very good.” — Aaron “Received this afternoon. Couldn’t believe the speed of delivery, well done guys. These aids are so simple yet effective. From first trying, I am sitting here with a smile all over my face. The TV is on, and I can actually hear it very clearly. As a user, until now, of the free government supplied hearing aids and of having put up with them for four years there is just no comparison, yours leave them for dead.” — Peter “My mother was about to spend $5000+ on a hearing aid so I got a Jaspa 3 after reading some reviews. My mother is delighted with the device and we can now have a decent conversation without having to constantly apologise or guessing whether to say yes or no.” — Zoran ( Read more reviews at www. PocketAid. co. nz) 21. What can we know about the new hearing aids? A. They are the cheapest ever. B. They are complicated to operate. C. They are little and function well. D. They need to be reserved in advance. 22. Why does Peter like the new hearing aids? A. Their designs are very fashionable. B. The government offers them for free. C. He can see things more clearly with them. D. They are expressed fast and have good effects. 23. What can we infer from the reviews? A. The reviewers are part of many consumers. B. The reviewers are people with hearing loss. C. The consumers can get bonus from the company. D. The consumers are asked to advertise the equipment. 答案：CDB B Centuries ago, the music of the Híłzaqv language echoed across a territory of rough islands, windswept beaches and thick forests. And then, the lands now in the western reaches of Canada fell quiet. Wars with neighbouring nations and disease brought the language to the edge of extinction. Today, only seventy fluent speakers remain. In some remote communities, where they don’t have high schools, students are moved hundreds of kilometres away to larger cities to complete their studies, away from their families and their land. And so the loss continues on there. Mamakwa is a Híłzaqv, who was punished for speaking his mother tongue in school. Last year, he became the first provincial lawmaker to give a speech in Toronto legislature (议会). More than 1000 guests attended. “For community leaders who were there, it was very emotional for them. They had tears in their eyes — not because of what I said but because they were hearing their language in a place where it was never supposed to be spoken,” he said. Mamakwa is now focusing his attention on the remaining systems that reduce the ability to speak the first languages of the land. Recently, there is a cheerful sense of hope. Community efforts have taken on a renewed intensity. New resources have been poured into preservation and education, including compiling (汇编) vast information from the current fluent speakers. Therefore, Híłzaqv culture is being normalized for kids in a much deeper way now than it ever was before. “You never want to lose the body of knowledge and language that you had as a people. But our language is also growing. There are words emerging and concepts emerging that are being included in our language to reflect the new reality we live in, and the new way that we live and work and be together. That’s a good thing,” said Mamakwa. 4. What causes the collapsing Híłzaqv language in some communities today? A The poor educational quality. B. The enclosed geographic location. C. The wars and natural disaster risks. D. The removal of children from their families. 5. What moved the community leaders in the Toronto legislature? A. Mamakwa was well treated at school. B. They heard their language spoken there. C. They were invited to the high-grade conference. D. Mamakwa became the first provincial lawmaker. 6. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Efforts of current fluent speakers. B. Positive changes to the Híłzaqv culture. C. Cultural influences on kids’ growth. D. Development of the Híłzaqv language. 7. Which of the following might Mamakwa agree with? A. Language should be dynamic. B. Language must be standardized. C. Language is vital to national identity. D. Language bridges the gap between people. 答案4. D 5. B 6. B 7. A C Real-time water quality monitors are being installed (安装) at wild swimming spots and beaches across southern England to help people assess their immediate risk of getting ill from polluted water. This initiative follows a successful pilot study at Warleigh Weir near Bath, where an AI-based system accurately predicted high bacterial (细菌) levels 87% of the time. Wessex Water is installing sensors at three freshwater sites in Dorset, Somerset and Hampshire. Rather than measuring bacteria directly, it infers when levels of E coli or enterococci are high, by analyzing data from real-time sensors placed upstream, that measure pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and ammonia. One of the systems the company tested was an AI-based approach developed by the UK-based startup UnifAI Technology. During an initial training period of about six months, river water samples are repeatedly tested for bacteria levels, and the AI learns to correlate these with patterns in the sensor data. After this period, members of the public are given access to a convenient app that gives half-hourly predictions on bacteria levels in the river, and issues a water-quality warning when bacterial levels are likely to be high. The campaign group River Action UK broadly welcomed the technology. “We need the environmental regulators to use pollution data as evidence of malpractice (渎职) to strengthen enforcement of the law and hold polluters to account. Only when it becomes less expensive to obey the law than breaking it will we see the necessary investment in maintaining and upgrading sewage (污水) treatment works,” said River Action’s chief executive, James Wallace. Meanwhile, Southern Water is testing a different monitoring approach at coastal sites, with plans to extend the system to Hayling Island soon. This research involves using algorithms (算法) to estimate bacteria levels based on light scattering. Although these sensors have been in the water for about a year, they’ re still in the development phase and not yet providing that data to the general public. 8. Why were real-time water quality monitors installed? A. To promote AI technology. B. To create a smart river network. C. To ensure a safe swimming experience. D. To reduce bacterial levels in the water. 9. What information does the convenient app offer? A. River flow forecasts. B. Types of water pollutants. C. Short-term water level prediction. D. Real-time updates on water conditions. 10. What did James Wallace imply in paragraph 4? A. Polluters should be severely punished. B. Pollution control costs can be further reduced. C. Pollution data must be used as criminal evidence. D. Regulators should invest more in sewage treatment. 11. What do we know about Southern Water’s monitoring approach? A. It has proven cost-effective. B. It has achieved initial success. C. It has been adopted nationwide. D. It has yet to be put to practical use. 答案8. C 9. D 10. A 11. D D Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition (认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behaviour to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition (EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs — they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world, they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to associate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too. In another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors (比喻) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 12. According to the author, what is the significance of EC? A. It brings us closer to the truth in human cognition. B. It offers a clearer picture of the shape of human brain. C. It reveals the major role of the mind in human cognition. D. It facilitates our understanding of the origin of psychology. 13. Where does the newborns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their physical feelings. C. Their inner emotions. 14. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human senses have effects on thinking. B. Human speech is alive with metaphors. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To deepen the readers’ understanding of EC. B. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. C. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. D To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. 答案12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B 第二节 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Picture your dream living room. You're sitting on the sofa with the window open. What do you hear? Is it the sound of a flowing river? The hum from a nearby cafe. 1.________, and researchers say it can influence your well-being. In times gone by, soundscapes would've consisted of the sounds of nature, such as birdcalls and the sound of crashing waves.2.__________. With rapid urbanization(城市化), air travel, construction, and traffic noises are now in the mix, and agricultural noise means that not even rural life is safe. Noise pollution can lead to heightened stress levels and a higher risk of disease in humans. Not only that, it can affect the behaviour and life cycles of species which rely on sound. So, what can be done? 3________. For example, in Barcelona, Spain, city planners built "superblocks", where traffic goes around big groups of buildings and the inner streets are pedestrianized(步行的).A 2025 BMC Public Health article reported that people in these areas experienced improved well-being, better sleep quality, and reduced noise. Other techniques include tree buffers, where trees are planted in urban areas to absorb sour energy. 4________. England has a vast network of hedgerows (树篱). And it turns out they make excellent sound barriers. 5.________.But cutting noise pollution is just as important, helping to create a soundscape that works for everyone. A better world isn't just cleaner, but it should sound better too. A. Urban design is one trick B. Sadly, that's no longer the case in the 21st century C. Personal mindfulness may silence the chaos outside D. This combination of sounds is called a soundscape E. In Germany, they've created earth banks next to the airport F. Improving our environment often starts with reducing litter G. Noise is an essential part of the soundscape in most environments 答案DBAEC ( 12 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 学科教师辅导教案 年 级：高三 辅导科目：英语 学员姓名： 课程主题：定语从句 授课时间： 学习目标 1、 掌握定语从句。 教学内容 【定语从句复习】 1. 什么是定语从句（定语+从句） 2. 定语从句的三要素 3. 定语从句的关系词有哪些？分别做什么成分，是什么意思。 4. 用that不用which的情况 【讲练定语从句2】 Ⅰ定语从句中的动词的数(主谓一致) 在定语从句中，如果关系词在从句中作主语，那么从句谓语动词的数取决于先行词的数，先行词时三单，则动词用三单，先行词是非三单，那么谓语动词用原形。 例1：He is the only one in his class who _______ (have) got the teacher’s praise 例2：He is one of the students in his class who _______ (have) got the teacher’s praise Ⅱ of which/whom的两种含义 第一个：表示所属关系，意思是...的，比如the cover of which=whose cover 第二个：表示整体中的一部分，意思是整体中的几个，常见的有none of which/whom, one of which/whom, both of which/whom, some of which/whom, half of, most of, all of... 例：I like the book whose cover(=the cover of which) is blue. There are eight books on the shelf, six of which are about history. 1. In our class there are 46 students, of _____ half wear glasses. 2. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, of______five are mine. 3. She brought with her three friends, none of ______ I had ever met before. Ⅲ the way做先行词 当way做先行词，其后的定语从句不缺成分，that, in which或不填三个都可以该定语从句。 例：I don’t like the way that he speaks to me. I don’t like the way in which he speaks to me. I don’t like the way he speaks to me. 1. What surprised me was not what he said but the way_________ he said it. 2. The lazy boy is expecting a way ______ he can get through the exams without hard work. Ⅳ抽象名词做先行词 如果需要用关系副词，且先行词为以下抽象名词（不像之前讲过的the park，the company，the farm这种具体的名词），则where. 此类名词有situation/point/case/business/work/position/process... 例:I don’t like the situation where someone forces me to do what I hate to do. 1. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work ________ a good impression is a must. Ⅴ定语从句的定义题 即先要判断句子是简单句、复合句还是主从句 再判断从句部分是定语从句，状语从句还是名词性从句。 只有确定从句部分是定语从句，才能选择关系代词或关系副词。 例题：翻译 1. ---你觉得这本书怎么样？ ---它与我上个月读的（那本）非常不一样。 —How do you like the book? —It's quite different from ________ I read last month. 2.这个研究中心就是你去年参观的那个。 This research center is ________ you visited last year. 3.这个研究中心是你去年参观的那个吗？ Is this research center ________ you visited last year?. 4.这是你去年参观的那个研究中心吗？ Is this the research center ________ you visited last year? 5.地震以及它所造成的后果是可怕的。 The earthquake and the consequence _____ causes are terrible. Ⅵ先行词被such，the same和so修饰时，用as as在限制性定语从句中的使用 such..as，the same...as, so...as...This is such an interesting book ____ we all like. （答案为as） This is so interesting a book _____ we all like. （答案为as） This is the same book as I lost. 这正是跟我丢的那本一样的书。 This is the same book that I lost.这正是我丢的那本书。 [补充so+形容词/副词；such+名词词组。so beautiful；so fast。such a beautiful flower；such a clever boy] 1. Don’t trust such people________ praise you to your face but speak ill of you behind your back. 2.This is such a useful book ____ everybody likes to read . 3. I have bought the same dress_______she is wearing. 非限制性定语从句 1.定义。 非限制性定语从句用来补充说明信息，通常先行词和定语从句之间有逗号隔开。 Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important. My cousin, whose body is slim, still wants to lose some weight. 2.非限制性定语从句中关系代词的特殊用法： （1）在非限制性定语从句中，可以用as或者which代替一整句话。 He missed the show, which was a great pity. 例题： 例1. Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. 3.关系代词的区别。 （1）关系代词which和as引导非限制性定语从句时的区别。 ①. which 引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。如： David, as you know, is a photographer. 戴维是个摄影师，你是知道的。(不可用which) Li Ming is late, as is often the case. 李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。(不可用which) ②. as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。 ③. as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。 1. The air quality in the city, ________is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. 2. A lot of language learning，______has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. 3.The number of smokers, ____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 4._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. 5. My grandfather is fond of talking about the good old days, ________ is often the case with old people． 6. _____ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【讲练3-拓展学习】 辨析定语从句和其他句型 一、定语从句与强调句 1.强调句的句型结构为It is/was ...that/who....强调句去掉It is/was ...that....后仍然是一个完整的句式。 It was in the museum that I worked.去掉强调的部分It was...that...剩下的是In the museum I worked. It was in the park that we played football. It was yesterday that we played football. 2.而定语从句是修饰主句的名词、代词或者整个句子的，定语从句在主句中不做成分，因而去掉从句，剩下的仍然是一个完整的句式，即主句。 It was the museum where I worked.去掉定语从句部分where I worked，剩下的是It was the museum，即主句。 练习： 1.It is the factory _______we worked. 2.It is in the factory_______we worked. 3.It was Sunday _____we went shopping. 4.It was on Sunday ______we went shopping. 5.It was April 29, 2011 _____ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony. 二、定语从句和并列句 1.并列句是两个或以上简单句用and/or/but/so连接的句子。它的各个并列简单句不需要改变，就可以直接用并列连词and/or/but/so连接。 There are twenty students in our class and most of them are girls. 2.定语从句和主句之间的联系靠的是关系词，而关系词在定语从句中做成分，所以作为从句的简单句就发生了改变。 There are twenty students in our class, most of whom are girls. 并列句和定语从句 1.Under the big tree are 34 students,many of ______ come from class two. 2.My father bought me several books,but none of was interesting. 【课堂练习】 1.The speaker will tell us about some writers and their work are known to us. 2.I hope that the little I have been able to do has been of some use. 3.The bike and its rider had knocked down the boy were taken to the police. 4.We're talking about the piano and the pianist were in the concert we attended last night. 5.Anyone is against this opinion may speak out. 6.Is there anything belongs to you? 7.He must be from Africa, can be seen from his skin. 8.They were interested in everything you told them. 9.---Did you ask the guard_____happened? ---Yes,he told me all______he knew. 10.I shall never forget those years_____I lived on the farm with farmers,______has a great effect on my life. 11.The clever boy made a hole in the wall,through_____he could see____was going on inside house. 12.In the street,there was not a single person to______she could turn for help. 13.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,_____,of course,made the others unhappy.14._____has already been pointed out,grammar is not a set of dead rules. 15.Whenever I met him,______was fairly often,I like his sweet and hopeful smile. 16.He was very rude to the customs officer,_____of course made things even worse. 17.______is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress. 18.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,______,of course,made the others envy him. 19.______is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. 20.Do you remember a certain occasion_____you were in trouble and at that moment I gave you a hand? 21.The final exam is a battle_____everybody wants to show off her talent. 22.--How about your job hunting? ---No luck.I’ve reached the stage______I don’t care what I do. 23.He isn't such a man he used to be. 24.I have bought such a wat6.I want to use the same tools_____used in your factory a few days ago. 25.I, who___your good friend,will try my best to help you out. 【课后作业】 一、语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Ministry of Culture and Tourism released “Lucky Horse” on Tuesday as the official mascot(吉祥物) for the 2026 Happy New Year global celebrations. Drawing inspiration 1.______ the Eastern Han Dynasty(25-220) bronze sculpture “Galloping Horse Treading on a Flying Swallow” 2.________ (unearth) in Gansu province, the design integrates the flowing mane(鬃毛) of the celebrated “Five-Flower Horse” of the Tang Dynasty(618-907). 3.______ makes the mascot striking is its Chinese red color combination decorated with classic patterns, including Xiangyun and Ruyi (representing good fortune), which captures the warmth and festive spirit of traditional Chinese New Year celebrations. Developed by the Central Academy of Fine Arts, the mascot will be 4._________(commercial) developed by the China Tourism Group. The upcoming product lineup offers 5._______(diversity) options, such as stuffed boys, blind boxes 6.________ refrigerator decorations, alongside traditional festival items like couplets, red envelopes and lanterns. These products will feature noticeably in 2026 Happy New Year events worldwide, 7._______(add) fresh cultural elements to global Spring Festival celebrations. Subsequently, more than 1,300 events for 2026 Happy New Year 8._________in over 400 cities across more than 150 countries worldwide, with the “Lucky Horse” mascot making a full-scale 9._________(appear) at these events. Launched in 2001 by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the Happy New Year program marks its 25th anniversary this year. The initiative introduced its zodiac-based mascot series in 2023, which creates a new tradition of sharing Chinese New Year 10.________(blessing) with global audiences through culturally rich visual symbols. 二、阅读 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A HEARING HAS CHANGED Record number of long-time hearing aid wearers are astonished to find new direct-to-you hearing aids priced between $549 and $629, outperform their “thousands-of-dollars” devices. Delivered directly to you, with no appointments or hearing tests required, they are ready to use right away with the simple press of a button. “Having trialled four different sets of hearing aids from two audiology centres without complete satisfaction, I ordered two Jaspa 3 hearing aids. I could hardly believe how much more natural sounding the Jaspa aids were in comparison to the very expensive aids I had trialled. It is so small that people around me don’t even notice I’m wearing a hearing aid. I’m now wearing them each day as required and find them very good.” — Aaron “Received this afternoon. Couldn’t believe the speed of delivery, well done guys. These aids are so simple yet effective. From first trying, I am sitting here with a smile all over my face. The TV is on, and I can actually hear it very clearly. As a user, until now, of the free government supplied hearing aids and of having put up with them for four years there is just no comparison, yours leave them for dead.” — Peter “My mother was about to spend $5000+ on a hearing aid so I got a Jaspa 3 after reading some reviews. My mother is delighted with the device and we can now have a decent conversation without having to constantly apologise or guessing whether to say yes or no.” — Zoran ( Read more reviews at www. PocketAid. co. nz) 21. What can we know about the new hearing aids? A. They are the cheapest ever. B. They are complicated to operate. C. They are little and function well. D. They need to be reserved in advance. 22. Why does Peter like the new hearing aids? A. Their designs are very fashionable. B. The government offers them for free. C. He can see things more clearly with them. D. They are expressed fast and have good effects. 23. What can we infer from the reviews? A. The reviewers are part of many consumers. B. The reviewers are people with hearing loss. C. The consumers can get bonus from the company. D. The consumers are asked to advertise the equipment. B Centuries ago, the music of the Híłzaqv language echoed across a territory of rough islands, windswept beaches and thick forests. And then, the lands now in the western reaches of Canada fell quiet. Wars with neighbouring nations and disease brought the language to the edge of extinction. Today, only seventy fluent speakers remain. In some remote communities, where they don’t have high schools, students are moved hundreds of kilometres away to larger cities to complete their studies, away from their families and their land. And so the loss continues on there. Mamakwa is a Híłzaqv, who was punished for speaking his mother tongue in school. Last year, he became the first provincial lawmaker to give a speech in Toronto legislature (议会). More than 1000 guests attended. “For community leaders who were there, it was very emotional for them. They had tears in their eyes — not because of what I said but because they were hearing their language in a place where it was never supposed to be spoken,” he said. Mamakwa is now focusing his attention on the remaining systems that reduce the ability to speak the first languages of the land. Recently, there is a cheerful sense of hope. Community efforts have taken on a renewed intensity. New resources have been poured into preservation and education, including compiling (汇编) vast information from the current fluent speakers. Therefore, Híłzaqv culture is being normalized for kids in a much deeper way now than it ever was before. “You never want to lose the body of knowledge and language that you had as a people. But our language is also growing. There are words emerging and concepts emerging that are being included in our language to reflect the new reality we live in, and the new way that we live and work and be together. That’s a good thing,” said Mamakwa. 4. What causes the collapsing Híłzaqv language in some communities today? A The poor educational quality. B. The enclosed geographic location. C. The wars and natural disaster risks. D. The removal of children from their families. 5. What moved the community leaders in the Toronto legislature? A. Mamakwa was well treated at school. B. They heard their language spoken there. C. They were invited to the high-grade conference. D. Mamakwa became the first provincial lawmaker. 6. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Efforts of current fluent speakers. B. Positive changes to the Híłzaqv culture. C. Cultural influences on kids’ growth. D. Development of the Híłzaqv language. 7. Which of the following might Mamakwa agree with? A. Language should be dynamic. B. Language must be standardized. C. Language is vital to national identity. D. Language bridges the gap between people. C Real-time water quality monitors are being installed (安装) at wild swimming spots and beaches across southern England to help people assess their immediate risk of getting ill from polluted water. This initiative follows a successful pilot study at Warleigh Weir near Bath, where an AI-based system accurately predicted high bacterial (细菌) levels 87% of the time. Wessex Water is installing sensors at three freshwater sites in Dorset, Somerset and Hampshire. Rather than measuring bacteria directly, it infers when levels of E coli or enterococci are high, by analyzing data from real-time sensors placed upstream, that measure pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and ammonia. One of the systems the company tested was an AI-based approach developed by the UK-based startup UnifAI Technology. During an initial training period of about six months, river water samples are repeatedly tested for bacteria levels, and the AI learns to correlate these with patterns in the sensor data. After this period, members of the public are given access to a convenient app that gives half-hourly predictions on bacteria levels in the river, and issues a water-quality warning when bacterial levels are likely to be high. The campaign group River Action UK broadly welcomed the technology. “We need the environmental regulators to use pollution data as evidence of malpractice (渎职) to strengthen enforcement of the law and hold polluters to account. Only when it becomes less expensive to obey the law than breaking it will we see the necessary investment in maintaining and upgrading sewage (污水) treatment works,” said River Action’s chief executive, James Wallace. Meanwhile, Southern Water is testing a different monitoring approach at coastal sites, with plans to extend the system to Hayling Island soon. This research involves using algorithms (算法) to estimate bacteria levels based on light scattering. Although these sensors have been in the water for about a year, they’ re still in the development phase and not yet providing that data to the general public. 8. Why were real-time water quality monitors installed? A. To promote AI technology. B. To create a smart river network. C. To ensure a safe swimming experience. D. To reduce bacterial levels in the water. 9. What information does the convenient app offer? A. River flow forecasts. B. Types of water pollutants. C. Short-term water level prediction. D. Real-time updates on water conditions. 10. What did James Wallace imply in paragraph 4? A. Polluters should be severely punished. B. Pollution control costs can be further reduced. C. Pollution data must be used as criminal evidence. D. Regulators should invest more in sewage treatment. 11. What do we know about Southern Water’s monitoring approach? A. It has proven cost-effective. B. It has achieved initial success. C. It has been adopted nationwide. D. It has yet to be put to practical use. D Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition (认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behaviour to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition (EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs — they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world, they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to associate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too. In another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors (比喻) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 12. According to the author, what is the significance of EC? A. It brings us closer to the truth in human cognition. B. It offers a clearer picture of the shape of human brain. C. It reveals the major role of the mind in human cognition. D. It facilitates our understanding of the origin of psychology. 13. Where does the newborns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A. Their personal looks. B. Their mental needs. C. Their physical feelings. C. Their inner emotions. 14. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A. Human senses have effects on thinking. B. Human speech is alive with metaphors. C. Human language is shaped by visual images. D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A. To deepen the readers’ understanding of EC. B. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. C. To guide the reader onto the path to career success. D To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. 第二节 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Picture your dream living room. You're sitting on the sofa with the window open. What do you hear? Is it the sound of a flowing river? The hum from a nearby cafe. 1.________, and researchers say it can influence your well-being. In times gone by, soundscapes would've consisted of the sounds of nature, such as birdcalls and the sound of crashing waves.2.__________. With rapid urbanization(城市化), air travel, construction, and traffic noises are now in the mix, and agricultural noise means that not even rural life is safe. Noise pollution can lead to heightened stress levels and a higher risk of disease in humans. Not only that, it can affect the behaviour and life cycles of species which rely on sound. So, what can be done? 3________. For example, in Barcelona, Spain, city planners built "superblocks", where traffic goes around big groups of buildings and the inner streets are pedestrianized(步行的).A 2025 BMC Public Health article reported that people in these areas experienced improved well-being, better sleep quality, and reduced noise. Other techniques include tree buffers, where trees are planted in urban areas to absorb sour energy. 4________. England has a vast network of hedgerows (树篱). And it turns out they make excellent sound barriers. 5.________.But cutting noise pollution is just as important, helping to create a soundscape that works for everyone. A better world isn't just cleaner, but it should sound better too. A. Urban design is one trick B. Sadly, that's no longer the case in the 21st century C. Personal mindfulness may silence the chaos outside D. This combination of sounds is called a soundscape E. In Germany, they've created earth banks next to the airport F. Improving our environment often starts with reducing litter G. Noise is an essential part of the soundscape in most environments ( 12 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $