专题02 阅读理解推理判断题（复习讲义）（天津专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题02 推理判断题 01 析·考点精解 1 02 构·知能架构 2 03 破·考点攻坚 2 考点一 隐含推断题 implied question 3 考点二 写作意图题 intention 10 考点三 观点态度题 attitude 18 考点四 写作方法题 method 25 考点五 预测推断题 prediction 34 考点六 文章来源题 source 43 考点七 文章结构题 structure 51 01 析·考点精解 命题轨迹透视 推理判断题是天津高考英语阅读理解的核心题型，难度较高，主要考查考生对文章中具体事实、数据、逻辑关系有效推理，避免主观臆断。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 首考 2025 二考 2024 首考 2024 二考 2023 首考 2023 二考 2022 首考 2022 二考 2021 首考 2021 二考 A篇 40 B篇 43 44 43，45 43 43 45 C篇 47 50 50 50 47 49 48 50 D篇 54 50 54 54 55 54 55 54 53 2026命题预测 结合近年天津高考真题，此类题目常围绕 “具体信息查询”“是非判断”“因果关系”“数字计算” 等核心考点展开。 02 构·构 03 破·考点攻坚 推理判断题的正确选项特征 1. 同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行替换，成为正确选项 2. 正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 3. 语言简化：把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。 4. 词性或语态的变化：改变原文重点词性或语态，给考生制造了某些障碍。 推理判断题的干扰选项特征 1.张冠李戴：为原文内容，但与题目文不对题，不符合题目要求。 2.偷梁换柱：在意思上与原文非常相似但在某个细节上有变动。 3.正误参半：选项内容 部分正确，部分错误。 4.颠倒是非：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。 5.无中生有：符合常识但与原文不符或原文并未提及。 6.扩缩范围：以偏概全或以全概偏。 考点一 隐含推断题 implied question （2023·天津·高考真题）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. 1．What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A．Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B．Dogs prefer food from generous people. C．Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D．Friendly animals can get food more easily. 2．What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A．They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B．They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C．They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D．They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 3．How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour? A．By moving closer to the experimenter. B．By keeping wandering around. C．By ignoring the experimenter. D．By lying still on the floor 4．How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023? A．The dogs can watch the experimenter. B．The dogs can go to the other side of the screen. C．The dogs’ responses are under close observation. D．The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis. 5．What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A．Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean” B．Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C．Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D．Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取狗狗是否具备判断人类意图能力的动物行为科学研究情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的日常故事、科普说明或简单说理场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “聚焦前沿科研、关注动物认知、渗透科学探究精神” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与动物行为实验、心理认知、对比研究等科研话题结合，要求考生在理解实验设计、过程与结果的基础上精准提取信息，体现语言学习与科学素养、理性思维的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研语境中考查阅读理解与逻辑分析能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解、实验过程识别、实验结果比对、实验设计差异、主旨推断综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息定位与查找的浅层考查模式。题干围绕科研类说明文核心考点设题：研究发现、实验操作、动物反应、对照差异、结论推导。考生需通过梳理两组实验的异同、辨析行为差异背后的逻辑、归纳研究核心结论解题，而非机械翻译原文。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、对比分析能力与实验文本解读能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重实证” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从提出猜想 — 理论背景 —2023 实验设计与结果 —2021 实验对比 — 研究质疑 — 结论展望的科研说明文结构角度设题，五道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、细节混淆、实验差异干扰、结论过度推断等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础研究发现提取，到实验过程识别、反应比对，再到实验设计差异与核心结论推导，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂实验 — 读懂结论” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学研究、培养实证思维、以文育人” 的命题思路。 （2018·天津·高考真题）With a satisfied smile, Keisha finished the last sentence of her English essay about one of her heroes, Rosa Parks, an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement. “Keisha,” her mother shouted from downstairs. “It’s almost 4:15.” “Don’t worry. I won’t be late. ” Keisha pulled down a storybook from her bookshelf， as she always read to the nursing home’s residents. And on an impulse（一时心血来潮）, she added her English notebook as well. As Keisha came running in the door, the manager told her, “We have a new resident this week, Mrs. Ruby Watson. She’s still adjusting to her new surroundings. You’ll find her in Room 28. And by the way, Keisha, good luck.” Keisha walked down the hallway at a quick pace. As she entered Room 28, she met two sharp brown eyes staring at her doubtfully. “I’m Keisha Jackson, a volunteer,” Keisha explained. “I come here to help pass the time with residents, or read to them, or, . . .” Keisha started stammering（结巴）as Mrs. Watson continued to stare at her. “I didn’t request anyone to keep me company,” Mrs. Watson interrupted. “I’m alone most of the time, and that’s how I prefer it.” “I brought along some funny stories,” Keisha said hesitantly. “I’m not in the mood for funny stories,” Mrs. Watson replied angrily. “What else do you have?” Nervously, Keisha opened her notebook to her essay. She read the title aloud, “Rosa Parks: A Woman of Courage and Conviction（信念）.” She glanced at Mrs. Watson to see how she might react, but to her surprise, Mrs. Watson’s face relaxed and her eyes shone. “Read to me about Rosa,” Mrs. Watson said. Keisha read how Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in 1955 inspired the protest that became a turning point in the struggle for civil rights. “I walked with Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King,” Mrs. Watson said with pride. “That was the greatest moment of my life because…” She paused. “Because… you were a woman of courage and conviction too.” Sitting up straighter, Mrs. Watson said, “Yes, I was and I still am. Thank you for reminding me, Keisha. Next Thursday, I will tell you my story.” 6．Why did Keisha take her English notebook along? A．Her mother asked her to take it. B．She would hand it in on her way. C．She might read her essay to someone. D．The manager wanted to read her essay. 7．Why did the manager wish Keisha good luck before she visited Mrs. Watson? A．Mrs. Watson could be difficult. B．Mrs. Watson was in poor health. C．Keisha was feeling nervous. D．Keisha was a shy person. 8．Mrs. Watson’s eyes (Para. 10) suggested that she was ______. A．amused B．puzzled C．annoyed D．interested 9．What effect did Keisha’s essay have on Mrs. Watson? A．It aroused her curiosity in volunteer work. B．It built up her expectation for more visitors. C．It awoke her pride in her struggle for civil rights. D．It changed her attitude to the Civil Rights Movement. 10．Readers may find this story inspiring because ______. A．a girl enjoys learning about her heroes B．a girl helps someone feel appreciated C．a woman overcomes hardship by herself D．a woman gathers the courage for life 锁定关键词： 一般包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，assume(假定，设想)和conclude(推断，做出结论)。 常有can, could, probably, likely等 常见的设问方式有： What can we infer from paragragh 3? What can we infer from the passage? What can be inferred from the last paragraph? （2025·天津南开·三模）Summer Camp Rules Whether it’s your child’s first year at camp, or they are a seasoned camper and need a little refresher, it’s a good idea to go over summer camp rules and guidelines before leaving for camp. Camp rules are in place to keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay. 1．Keep Your Personal Space Clean Since your child will be in close quarters with many other campers, it’s important that they understand the necessity of keeping their sleeping and living areas organized. Go over ways for your child to stay organized and tidy before they leave for camp. When packing, make sure to provide a laundry bag to keep clean and dirty clothing separate. Utilize under bed space or put clothes on your shelves or cubbies rather than living out of your suitcase or camp trunk. It also helps to not over pack. Follow packing list guidelines closely so your child can find what they need without having to dig through piles of clothing that were not recommended. This also helps you child know what they have in their luggage so they pull out the sweatshirt when it gets cold, instead of thinking there wasn’t one in their bag. Remind your child of their camp account so they can purchase items from the camp store if necessary. 2．Valuables at Camp As a best practice, we recommend leaving all valuables at home. Even if your child has a bracelet or necklace that they never take off, there is still the chance that it could be lost while swimming or participating in camp activities. If you are thinking about bringing an expensive item of clothing, be prepared for it to get lost or damaged. You may be better off buying a new, less expensive version. To be on the safe side, don’t let your child bring anything irreplaceable or emotionally valuable to camp. 3．Play Nice Name calling, fighting, bullying, and arguing are strictly prohibited at summer camp. Camp is a place to make friends, so aggressive behavior is not tolerated. Remind your child that they don’t have to be everybody’s best friend, but they do have to be friendly to everyone. Encourage your child to go into camp with the mindset of making a few new friends, and chances are they will leave camp having made more than a few. 4．Have Fun and Try New Things At the end of the day, summer camp is about getting out of your comfort zone, trying new things, and having a blast. Before your child leaves for camp, congratulate them for being brave enough to try sleepaway camp in the first place. Let them know that they’ve already won just by trying, and the fun part is just about to begin. Remind them again that summer camp rules exist only to improve the overall camp experience and to create a community of fun. 1．What advice does the article give if a camper forgets an essential item? A．Borrow from friends with permission. B．Ask camp staff to mail items from home. C．Purchase replacements from the camp store. D．Go without the item to learn responsibility. 2．What does the article imply about bringing valuables to summer camp? A．It is completely forbidden under all circumstances. B．It is acceptable if the child promises to take good care of them. C．It is not recommended because of the risk of loss or damage. D．It is only allowed for expensive clothing items. 3．Which of the following behaviors is advocated by the summer camp? A．Forming exclusive groups with similar interests. B．Engaging in at guments to resolve disagreements. C．Avoiding participating in adventurous activities. D．Keeping personal camping supplies in order. 4．What does the article suggest about trying new things at camp? A．It is optional but highly encouraged for personal growth. B．The main goal of camp is to challenge and achieve success. C．Stepping out of one’s comfort zone is part of the experience. D．Only experienced campers should try challenging activities. 5．What is the purpose of clarifying the rules of summer camp? A．To ensure safety and maintain a well-organized camp environment. B．To help children adapt quickly and enjoy their camp experience fully. C．To restrict campers’ freedom and enforce strict discipline at all times. D．To prepare parents for potential issues and reduce their concerns. （2025·天津河西·一模）Life is often compared to a journey, filled with twists and turns, highs and lows. This metaphor, while clichéd (老生常谈), holds a profound truth: the path we take is rarely straight, and the lessons we learn along the way shape who we become. I was reminded of this during a recent trip to the mountains, where the physical challenges of the hike mirrored the emotional and intellectual struggles I had been facing. The trail was steep and tough, with sections that seemed almost insurmountable (不可逾越的). As I climbed, my legs burned, and my breath grew short. There were moments when I wanted to turn back, to retreat to the comfort of the familiar. But something inside me urged me to press on, to see what lay beyond the next bend. It was in these moments of doubt and exhaustion that I began to reflect on the nature of perseverance. Perseverance, I realized, is not just about pushing through physical pain or mental exhaust. It is about maintaining a sense of purpose, even when the destination is unclear. It is about trusting that the effort we put in will eventually yield results, even if those results are not immediately visible. This lesson was not new to me, but experiencing it in such a real way brought it into sharper focus. As I continued my climbing, I noticed how the landscape changed with each step. The dense forest gave way to open meadows, and the air grew cooler. The higher I climbed, the more expansive the view became. It was a powerful reminder that perspective is everything. What seems like an insurmountable obstacle from one point can appear entirely different from another. This shift in perspective can be transformative, allowing us to see challenges not as roadblocks but as opportunities for growth. By the time I reached the summit, I was exhausted but excited. The view from the top was breathtaking, a reward for the effort it had taken to get there. But more than the view, it was the journey itself that left a lasting impression. The climb had taught me valuable lessons about resilience (适应力), perspective, and the importance of staying the course, even when the path is difficult. Life, like the mountain trail, is full of challenges that test our limits and push us to grow. It is through these challenges that we discover our strength and resilience. And while the journey may be difficult, the lessons we learn and the perspectives we gain make it all worthwhile. 6．What is the main theme of the passage? A．The physical challenges of hiking. B．The importance of perseverance and perspective in life. C．The beauty of mountain landscapes. D．The rewards of reaching the summit. 7．What does the narrator realize about perseverance during the hike? A．It is only about physical endurance. B．It requires avoiding all obstacles. C．It is unnecessary when the destination is clear. D．It involves maintaining a sense of purpose and trusting the process. 8．How does the narrator’s perspective change during the climb? A．He sees challenges as opportunities for growth. B．He realizes the journey is not worth the effort. C．He becomes more focused on the destination. D．He decides to turn back and give up. 9．What does the narrator find most rewarding about reaching the summit? A．The physical view from the top. B．The lessons learned during the journey. C．The opportunity to rest and relax. D．The chance to take photographs. 10．What does the passage suggest about life’s challenges? A．They should be avoided at all costs. B．They are best faced with the help of others. C．They are opportunities for growth and self-discovery. D．They are easier to overcome with a clear destination. 考点二 写作意图题 intention （2025·天津·高考真题）There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. 1．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? A．To present a misunderstanding. B．To support a commonly held view. C．To share a personal experience. D．To criticize a certain group of people. 2．What did researchers find about the human sense of smell a decade ago? A．Humans are very sensitive to natural gas. B．Humans can smell extremely weak odours. C．Humans excel in identifying chemicals in the air. D．Humans do worse in detecting smells than animals. 3．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Overusing the sense of smell may weaken other senses. B．Hunger has little connection with the sense of smell. C．The colour of food may help bring out its smell. D．Sharpening the senses boosts memory capacity. 4．When predicting a smell, the brain may make a re-evaluation if________. A．an unpleasant smell is quickly detected B．cross-sensory influences are maximized C．the sense of smell is frequently disturbed D．the perceived smell goes against the expectation 5．According to Paragraph 5, the evolution of the sense of smell has much to do with________. A．easy access to food sources B．human curiosity about nature C．sensory knowledge about food D．dangers in natural environments 6．What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取人类嗅觉的科学原理与跨感官协同作用的科普研究情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的简单叙事、日常应用等常见场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “立足科学探究、普及生命科学知识、引导理性认知” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与嗅觉机制、感官联动、专业品鉴背后的科学逻辑等前沿内容结合，要求考生在理解嗅觉工作方式与科学研究结论的基础上精准把握语篇信息，体现语言学习与科学素养、生命认知的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研语境中考查阅读理解与逻辑思维能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用写作意图、细节理解、推理判断、条件定位、原因关联、主旨概括综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖科普议论文核心考点：段落作用、研究发现、逻辑推理、过程条件、进化原因、全文主旨。考生需通过梳理文章结构、辨析感官互动原理、归纳文章中心解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的语篇分析能力、深层推理能力与科普文本解读能力，契合高考 “重逻辑、重思辨、重主旨” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从现象引入 — 纠正偏见 — 科学事实 — 机制分析 — 专业解读 — 价值升华的科普议论文结构角度设题，六道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置观点曲解、细节混淆、逻辑错位、主旨片面化等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础段落意图识别，到研究结果提取、推理判断、条件定位，再到进化关联与全文主旨概括，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂原理 — 读懂主旨” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学研究、培养理性思维、以文育人” 的命题思路。 （2024·天津·高考真题）Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 7．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Some people are born physically weaker than others. B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 8．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing. 9．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition. C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point. 10．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C．Humans care more about immediate rewards. D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 11．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. 写作意图题要求考生根据文章的内容揣测作者的写作意图，具体包括文章整体的写作意图或者某一细节的写作意图。 锁定关键词：purpose（目的），intend to（打算），want to tell us ...（想要告诉我们），write this passage to（写这篇文章为了） 常见的设问方式有： Why does the author discuss/mention... in paragraph...? What is the (author’s) purpose of this text? What does the author want to say by mentioning...? 根据文体的特点和用途来推断作者的写作目的： 1.记叙文，特别是个人的有趣经历或幽默故事类的文章——娱乐读者； (to make people laugh; to tell an interesting experience; to tell us a funny story; to describe an unusual experience; to show sb’s dislike for sth) 2. 夹叙夹议文——让读者得到某种启示或教育； (to introduce the readers some information; to share a lesson sb learned; to give a brief introduction of sth; to report sth) 3. 广告和议论文——说服读者接受某种产品、服务或接受某种观点； ( to sell, to attract, to persuade, to promote...) 4. 科普说明文或新闻报道——告知读者某些信息 (to introduce, to explain, to inform, to make comparisons...) （2026·全国·一模）This winter, the city council is working with local cultural groups to offer a range of public activities. Information about these events is available through official notices, online booking platforms and community feedback. While most programs are open to the public, participation depends on age limits, prior experience and registration requirements. Source 1: Official Event Notice    Orienteering (定向越野) for All When: Sundays in June and July Where: Bush and farm locations within 90 minutes of the CBD Participants complete a course using a compass and a map rather than marked paths. The activity is suitable for people aged 7-70．Children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult. Equipment is provided, but participants are advised to bring appropriate clothing. Source 2: Registration Information    Adventure Race Australia Date: 4 July Location: Forest retreat This race combines biking, trekking, kayaking and climbing. Due to safety concerns, only experienced racers are eligible(有资格). First-time competitors will not be accepted. Registration closes seven days before the event, places are limited, and late applications won’t be allowed. Source 3: Community Announcement    Memorable Movies in Midland Dates: 21 June & 19 July Venue: Town Hall The June screening features Roman Holiday (1953). The July screening of The World’s Fastest Indian takes place during the school holidays. Tickets are sold at the door, but advance booking is advised for the July session because of high demand. Source 4: Audience Guidelines    A Tribute to Louis Armstrong Dates: 29-30 July Venue: Concert Hall The concert celebrates Louis Armstrong’s contribution to jazz. Late entry will not be permitted once the performance begins, in order to avoid disrupting the musicians and audience. 1．Which activity requires participants to meet more than one condition before taking part? A．Orienteering for All B．Adventure Race Australia C．Memorable Movies in Midland D．A Tribute to Louis Armstrong 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the information provided? A．All activities require advance registration. B．Children may attend all activities without restrictions. C．The July movie screening is expected to attract more people. D．Participants must bring their own equipment for orienteering. 3．Which is the most suitable activity for a family with a 10-year-old child and no prior racing experience should choose? A．Orienteering for All B．Adventure Race Australia C．A Tribute to Louis Armstrong D．None of the listed activities 4．What is the main purpose of presenting the information from multiple sources? A．To compare cultural and sports activities B．To emphasize the popularity of winter events C．To show how rules vary across locations D．To help readers make informed choices （25-26高二上·天津南开·期末）Feelings of worry or fear characterize anxiety. People often feel anxious about things that are about to happen, or situations that could happen in the future. People feel anxious before giving presentations or before moving to a new place. The feeling of anxiety can help us prepare for what is to come. Unfortunately, anxiety can become a problem. It can make it difficult to live life the way you want. Sometimes feelings of anxiety can be too strong or last longer than they should or longer than is helpful. These feelings can cause people to avoid situations or make it hard to do things they enjoy. Some types of anxiety can also lead to panic attacks. There are many types of anxiety. Climate change anxiety, also sometimes called eco-anxiety, is the extreme worry about current and future harm to the environment because of human activities. The dangers of climate change include natural disasters, such as flooding, wildfires, and stronger hurricanes. People also worry about the loss of plants and animals. People who have climate change anxiety may worry about the well-being of: individuals, future generations, life on Earth, and the planet. Scientists measure climate change anxiety using the Climate Change Anxiety Scale (CCAS). The CCAS has a list of statements about feelings and behaviors related to climate change. Most researchers use scores on the CCAS to tell if a person has symptoms of climate change anxiety. But they do not have a specific score to diagnose a person with climate change anxiety. We wanted to use data to determine cut-off scores (临界值) for the CCAS. These cut-off scores could be important for future health care professionals to properly assess and help people with climate change anxiety. We used an online survey to collect data from 877 people in Australia. All the people who participated were between the ages of 16 and 25. The survey questions included background information and the CCAS statements. There were 13 climate change statements. People gave a score about how often the statement was true. They used a five-point scale from 1 (never) to 5 (almost always). Then we calculated their total score by adding up the scores from all statements. A higher score means a person has greater anxiety. We also had participants take a test related to anxiety, stress, and depression. Then we connected the scores on the CCAS with the scores on this test. First, we determined the sensitivity of the CCAS. The sensitivity is the ability of the test to correctly identify a person with anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms. Then, we determined the specificity of the CCAS. The specificity is the test’s ability to correctly identify a person without anxiety. We analyzed the data to find two cut-off scores. One score identifies people with mild to medium symptoms of climate change anxiety. The second score identifies people with severe climate change anxiety. The cut-off scores were the total scores when the sensitivity and the specificity were the closest together. We found that a total CCAS score of 21 means a person has mild to moderate symptoms of climate change anxiety. A score of 23 or above means a person has severe symptoms of climate change anxiety. Using these scores, about 50 percent of the people surveyed had mild to moderate symptoms. About 44 percent had severe symptoms of climate change anxiety. 5．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Anxiety just occurs before big events like moving. B．Normal anxiety brings no benefits to people. C．Too much anxiety can mess up daily life. D．All anxiety results in panic attacks. 6．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 3? A．To introduce a new research method. B．To present different types of anxiety. C．To give a definition of climate change anxiety. D．To list the causes of climate change anxiety. 7．What was the main goal of this research study? A．To find score cut-offs for different anxiety levels. B．To prove that climate change is not a real problem. C．To improve the effectiveness of the CCAS. D．To increase the number of people taking the CCAS. 8．How were the cut-off scores for climate change anxiety determined? A．By randomly selecting two scores from the total scores. B．By choosing the scores when sensitivity and specificity are the farthest apart. C．By taking the average of all the participants’ scores. D．By finding the total scores when sensitivity and specificity are the closest together. 9．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Climate Anxiety Cut-offs Identified in Youth Study B．Most Young Australians Have Climate Anxiety C．Youth Report Feelings on Climate Change D．New Climate Anxiety Disorder defined 考点三 观点态度题 attitude （2020·天津·高考真题）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine. Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored. The transition （过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing. It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years. 1．According to Para. l, what is happening in air transport? A．New explorations of the sky are being launched. B．Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled. C．Efforts are being made to make air travel greener. D．Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively. 2．Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights? A．It runs short route B．It has a strong partner. C．Its planes can land on the sea. D．It has planes with powerful engines. 3．The expression "added bonus" refers to the fact that electric planes___________. A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional ones 4．What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying? A．To improve the ground service for e-planes. B．To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry. C．To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes. D．To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes. 5．What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight? A．To produce new electric components. B．To increase battery consumption. C．To use mixed-power technology. D．To expand the landing field. 6．What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying? A．Short-sighted. B．Wait-and-see. C．Optimistic. D．Skeptical. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取电动飞机与绿色航空发展的前沿科技环保情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的普通叙事、人物故事或基础科普场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “关注生态保护、聚焦科技创新、倡导绿色发展” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与航空减排、新能源技术、可持续交通等时代热点结合，要求考生在理解技术优势、现存挑战与未来前景的基础上精准把握语篇信息，体现语言学习与科技素养、生态意识的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实前沿科技语境中考查阅读理解与思辨能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解、原因分析、词义指代、细节推断、过渡方案、态度判断综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖科技说明文高频考点：事实细节、指代猜测、难题定位、过渡措施、作者态度。考生需通过梳理技术优势、辨析核心矛盾、把握行文情感、归纳全文主旨解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、逻辑推理能力与态度判断能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重态度” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从提出问题 — 案例介绍 — 优势分析 — 技术挑战 — 过渡方案 — 未来展望的科技说明文结构角度设题，六道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、概念偷换、望文生义、态度混淆等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础信息提取，到细节比对、词义推断，再到难题识别、过渡方案理解与态度判断，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂逻辑 — 读懂态度” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨态度” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科技创新、聚焦生态环保、以文育人” 的命题思路。 推理判断之观点态度考点是高考中的常考点。 观点态度题要求考生推断文中人物对某事所持的观点或态度；推断作者对某事物所持的观点与态度。 常见的设问方式有： 推断人(事)物品质 Which of the following words best describe...? 推断态度观点 What’s the writer's attitude towards...? Which of the following best describes...? What’s XX’s attitude towards America's future ? 注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。 褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。 贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失望的)等。 中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。 注意熟悉一些描写人物事物特征的形容词词语。 generous慷慨的；brave勇敢的；demanding要求高的; 苛求的; 需要高技能(或耐性等)的; 费力的; 要求极严的; 难满足的；impatient不耐烦的； outgoing外向的；easy-going随和的；organized有条理的；modest谦虚的；optimistic乐观的；cautious小心，谨慎的；caring乐于助人的; 关心他人的; 体贴人的； skillful熟练的; 灵巧的; 擅长于 (at; in); 制作精巧的；responsible负责任的； determined有决心的；modest谦虚的；creative有创造力的；ambitious有雄心的；adventurous冒险的；cooperative 有合作意识的；honest诚实的；capable adj. 有能力的,有才能的;cooperative 有合作意识的；honest诚实的；capable adj. 有能力的,有才能的； confident adj.自信的；diligent adj.勤奋的；voluntary adj.自愿的,主动的；energetic adj. 精力旺盛的；humorous adj.幽默的；enthusiastic adj.热情的；experienced adj.有经验的；intelligent聪明的; 智能的; 有才智的; 悟性强的; 有智力的; 有理解和学习能力的；grateful感激的；helpful有帮助的；talkative健谈的；athletic运动型; 体育运动的; 健壮的；patient有耐心的；innovative创新的；tolerant忍受的；positive 积极的；committed坚信的; 尽心尽力的; 坚定的；considerate 体贴的；ashamed惭愧的; regretful后悔的；disappointed失望的；amazed吃惊的；satisfied满意的；disappointed失望的；shocked震惊的；overjoyed过度高兴的；pleased满意的；indifferent冷漠的；sorrowful悲伤的；sympathetic同情的；hardworking勤劳的；embarrassed尴尬的；proud自豪的；energetic充满活力的；courageous勇敢的; 无畏的；independent独立的；sensitive敏感的。 （25-26高三下·黑龙江哈尔滨·开学考试）Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery (餐具) in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked. If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it. During the second world war, some statisticians wanted to determine how many tanks the German army was producing. Captured tanks couldn’t be re-released, but, as tank components are marked with serial numbers (序列号), another approach allowed them to make an estimate. They logged (记录) the serial numbers of all captured tanks, working on the assumption that they were numbered in a fixed order and randomly distributed. If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n. This is known as the German tank problem in statistics. One of my favourite population estimation stories was told to me by a teacher friend, who tasked her students with estimating the number of forks in the school canteen — impossible to count as, at any given time, a number will be in use and others will be in the wash. Her class “captured” a set of forks and marked each one with a drop of nail polish, then released them back into the population. A week later, they recaptured another sample population and used it to make an estimate of the total number of forks. Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. 1．Which of the following graph best illustrates the capture-recapture method? (marked) A． B． C． D． 2．How did statisticians estimate the number of German tanks? A．By marking and recapturing tanks. B．By analyzing serial numbers of captured tanks. C．By counting all tanks on the battlefield. D．By using the capture-recapture method directly. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the mark-recapture method? A．Skeptical. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Neutral. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The history of the capture-recapture method. B．Different ways to estimate population sizes. C．How to count moving objects accurately. D．The use of statistics in World War II. （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Over breakfast this morning, I enjoyed a short chat with Mia, my new Spanish study buddy. I explained what I had learned about the psychology of happiness from a Spanish-language podcast. By the end of the ten-minute conversation, I felt that I had mastered more of the language than if I’d done an hour of textbook exercises. Mia, however, does not exist in real life. It is an AI that I created to take advantage of a phenomenon called the “protege effect” (门徒效应). According to research, we learn more effectively when we teach someone else about the topic we’ve just explored — even if that person doesn’t really exist. The effect has its roots in the principle of “learning by teaching,” pioneered in the early 1980s by Jean-Pol Martin, a French teacher working in Germany. To improve his students’ language learning, he had them research and present different parts of the curriculum to their classmates. The technique boosted their motivation, self-confidence, and communicative abilities, and it soon spread to many other schools in the country. Later, a group of Stanford scientists tested the idea. In a pioneering experiment, Catherine Chase asked 62 eighth-graders to use a computer program to study how fever affects the body. Over two lessons, the students had to read a text and then create a flowchart. Half the teens did the exercise as a form of self-study, while the others were told that their diagram would help to teach a virtual character. At the end, those in the teaching role had learned considerably more of the material, with much stronger performance on tests. Chase named this the protege effect, and it has since been replicated (复制) many times. These later studies suggest that learning by teaching is more powerful than other memory techniques. The brain boost appears to arise as much from the expectation of teaching as the act itself. If we know that others are going to learn from us, we feel a sense of responsibility to provide the right information. As a result, we make a greater effort to fill in the gaps in our understanding and correct any mistaken assumptions before passing our knowledge on to others. This process then helps to enhance what we have learned. To put the protege effect into practice, a face-to-face conversation with a human partner is ideal, but it can be hard to find one. Fortunately, there are other ways. You might choose to present your progress as a blog or video aimed at other learners. Or you might, like me, choose to chat with an AI. I prompt (instruct) ChatGPT to act as a curious Spanish student, Mia, who listens to what I’ve been learning and asks suitable questions and follow-ups. With voice features, I can practice speaking as well. Though it felt awkward to talk to my computer at first, I became more confident in real-life interactions after just a few weeks. 5．Jean-Pol Martin’s teaching method is mentioned in the text to ______. A．highlight the role of student competition in learning B．contrast Eastern and Western educational philosophies C．provide historical context for the concept’s development D．demonstrate the inefficiency of teacher-centered instruction 6．The author mentions Catherine Chase’s study to show that ______. A．flowcharts are useful tools to learn science B．self-study is more effective than group learning C．virtual characters cannot replace human teachers D．learning by teaching is supported by scientific evidence 7．What does Paragraph 4 imply about the protege effect? A．It encourages learners to avoid uncertain topics entirely. B．It motivates deeper learning by creating a sense of duty. C．It promotes systematic review of previously mastered material. D．It relies on external feedback to correct errors in comprehension. 8．With regard to applying the “protege effect,” the author would most agree that ______. A．teaching real people is best but not always possible B．chatting with AI is as effective as real-life interactions C．overcoming the initial discomfort of teaching is the key D．presenting learning progress publicly offers greater benefits 9．The author’s personal experience with Mia is introduced primarily to ______. A．criticize the limitations of traditional language learning methods B．illustrate the practical application of a psychological phenomenon C．emphasize the superiority of AI over human interaction in education D．showcase the technical complexities of creating virtual study partners 10．The author’s attitude to using AI for the protege effect can be described as ______. A．overly enthusiastic without practical support B．entirely unconcerned about non-human interactions C．cautiously optimistic despite initial discomfort D．strongly skeptical due to technological limitations 考点四 写作方法题 method （2025·天津·高考真题）Ask most people what “the good life” involves, and they will likely draw up a rapid list of goods — money, friendship, a rewarding career, etc. Even Aristotle, who believed that the key to happiness is the cultivation (培养) and exercise of virtue, still thought certain goods were either necessary conditions for happiness or were goods that came to virtuous people. If we’re comparing how happy various people’s lives are, it seems natural to look for certain goods, and compare who has more of them. Let’s imagine the lives of two actors, Toby and Ybot. Toby struggles to get work for many years, suffering all sorts of difficulties. He becomes a famous and wealthy actor, and wins an Oscar for his final movie before retiring. Ybot, however, wins an Oscar for his very first film role. But over time he becomes less famous and less well paid, and he begins to suffer difficulties. In the end, he retires as a nobody. These two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images. Toby and Ybot both seem to lead lives of equal net worth. Yet most of us would think that the ordering of these goods does make a decisive difference to how we compare Toby and Ybot’s careers. Someone who climbs a mountain will experience more struggle than someone who gets carried to the peak by bus, but the climber will also have a sense of accomplishment the other person may well envy. In that sense, we might think Toby’s life is better because his highs seem more well-earned than Ybot’s do. But that’s not the whole story. The narrative (叙述) itself seems to make a difference. A life of early success followed by decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day. Where the story ends seems to matter in itself. We value happy endings, not just happy moments. This immediate judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis (假说). On this view, living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order. The hypothesis suggests that our lives are not simply bags into which we stuff good things and bad things. The type of life — the narrative of that life-story — matters too. Without the right shape, even a life full of wondrous things can end up as a tale we’d prefer not to live out. 1．What can be learned about Aristotle’s view on happiness? A．Goods contribute to happiness. B．Virtuous people may not be happy. C．Too many goods reduce happiness. D．Happy people care less about goods. 2．According to the author, what do both Toby and Ybot experience? A．They start from a humble beginning. B．They reach the same height in career. C．They recover from the same sufferings. D．They retire with honour from the film industry. 3．What does the author try to convey with the example of mountain climbing? A．Easy success is often envied. B．There are various paths to success. C．Fierce struggle is vital to success. D．Hard-earned success is treasured more. 4．In writing Paragraph 4, the author tries to________. A．introduce another topic B．draw a conclusion C．further an argument D．provide new evidence 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．To Shape Your Life with Good Deeds. B．Defining the Shape of a Good Life. C．The Essential Components of Good Life. D．How We Can Have a Good Shape of Life. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取人生叙事结构与幸福生活关系的哲学思辨类情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的人物故事、科普说明、应用文信息查找等常见场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “聚焦人文素养、引导价值思考、关注人生成长” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与幸福本质、人生轨迹、叙事意义等深度哲理话题结合，要求考生结合逻辑论证与价值思辨理解语篇主旨，体现语言学习与精神成长、思维品质提升的深度关联，符合高考 “在人文思辨语境中考查深度理解与逻辑思维能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解 + 观点判断 + 例证意图 + 段落功能 + 主旨标题的综合考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖议论文阅读核心考点：人物观点、事实对比、例证作用、段落意图、全文主旨。考生需通过梳理论证结构、把握作者核心观点、辨析选项与原文逻辑差异来解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的逻辑思辨能力、深层理解能力与观点提炼能力，契合高考 “重逻辑、重思辨、重主旨” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从普遍认知引入 — 对比案例呈现 — 观点论证 — 段落递进深化 — 假说总结升华的议论文结构角度设题，五道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置概念偷换、逻辑颠倒、片面理解、主旨偏离等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础细节定位，到段落意图推理，再到核心观点概括与全文主旨标题选择，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂逻辑 — 读懂主旨” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 逻辑推理 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “以文育人、引导理性思考人生价值” 的命题思路。 （2021·天津·高考真题）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 6．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 7．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 8．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 9．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 10．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist （2020·天津·高考真题）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts ofUncle Tom’s Cabinwhile cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 11．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 12．What does the example of Galileo tell us? A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 13．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 14．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 15．What could be the best title or the passage? A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B．Reflections on Human Nature C．The Keys to Achievement D．Never Too Late to Learn 通过阅读理解中，推断文章写作方法考查考生的基本的写作技能，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章写作方法的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：常见文章文体的写作方法。 常见的设问方式： （1）How is the passage organized? （2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________. （3）The first paragraph serves as a（n）  __________. （4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________. 了解文章的修辞手法 从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。 作对比 By making comparisons. 举例子 By giving examples. 分析原因 By analyzing causes. 列数字 By listing figures. 下定义 By providing definitions （22-23高二下·天津·期中）From now on, never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings. Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow. The seeds, and the power to grow them, are contained in the most awesome (令人惊叹的) machine ever created: the human mind. Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success if only you make the right choice. You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem (自尊). Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are leaves tossed(摇摆)by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather. You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life. Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance. Successful people realize that they are responsible. Everything happens as a result of something. If we can identify the cause, we can control the effect. We are responsible for what we choose to think and believe. One generally rises to the level that one expects. We are responsible for setting our expectations. Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence. If you associate with positive-thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. On the contrary, the opposite happens. We are responsible for finding, planting, and nurturing (养育) the seeds that contain future victory, born from setbacks (挫折). In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success. 1．People with low self-esteem are compared to leaves because they ______. A．are ready to change their minds B．don’t have the ability to control themselves C．can’t be successful with self-control D．are easily affected by windy weather 2．Losers would think that ______. A．their failure is accidental B．working hard will lead to success C．they are responsible for success D．they should make efforts to succeed 3．It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that ______. A．our success results from our attitudes B．one can rise to the level that one expects C．we should be responsible for our thoughts and beliefs D．setting our expectations is essential before taking action 4．The last paragraph serves as ______. A．the proof of the author’s points B．an introduction to another topic C．the conclusion of the argument D．a comparison between two views 5．Which is the best title for the text? A．The secrets of success. B．How to achieve success. C．Develop our confidence. D．Success depends on you. （2023·天津·模拟预测）From now on, never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings. Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow. The seeds, and the power to grow them, are contained in the most awesome machine ever created: the human mind. Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success if only you make the right choice. You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem. Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are the perennial (长期的) victims and martyrs. They are leaves tossed (摇摆) by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather. You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life. Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance. Successful people realize that they are responsible. Everything happens as a result of something. If we can identify the cause, we can control the effect. We are responsible for what we choose to think and believe. One generally rises to the level that one expects. We are responsible for setting our expectations. Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence. If you associate with positive-thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. On the contrary, the opposite happens. We are responsible for finding, planting, and nurturing the seeds that contain future victory, born from setbacks. In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success. 6．People with low self-esteem are compared to leaves because they ______. A．are ready to change their minds B．are easily affected by windy weather C．have the power to face their fate D．can’t exercise control over themselves 7．Losers would think that ______. A．success is the result of hard work B．working hard will lead to success C．their failure is only because of bad luck D．they don’t make efforts to succeed 8．Which statement is NOT true according to the passage? ______ A．Whether we will succeed depends on our attitudes. B．Confidence can contribute to success. C．Thoughts and beliefs are the result of creative mind. D．Setting our expectations is essential. 9．The last paragraph serves as ______. A．the proof of the author’s points B．the conclusion of the argument C．an introduction to another topic D．a comparison between two views 10．Which is the best title for the text? ______ A．Success Is a Choice B．Be Responsible for Our Future C．Develop Our Confidence D．Success and Self-esteem 考点五 预测推断题 prediction （2025·天津·高考真题）All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO₂ from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO₂ in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood, and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO₂ to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out in free-diving. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO₂ levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO₂ tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO₂ levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. 1．What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath? A．The growing amount of CO₂ in their blood. B．The rising level of oxygen in their lungs. C．The intensity of their physical activity. D．The blood supply to body tissues. 2．When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A．When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B．When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C．When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D．When the CO₂ level in the chamber was raised. 3．What results in humans’ inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood? A．The unstable CO₂ levels in the air. B．Their lack of attention to breathing. C．The constant oxygen levels on land. D．Their functionally changeable heart rate. 4．Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving? A．Their breath cannot be held long enough. B．They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen. C．They may fail to notice rising CO₂ levels soon enough. D．Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater. 5．Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research? A．Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen environments. B．Seals are quick to sense oxygen levels and act accordingly. C．Seals can maintain their heart rate even with low blood oxygen levels. D．Seals are more sensitive to changes in the environment than other mammals. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取海豹感知血氧水平并调整潜水行为的动物生理与海洋生物科研情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的日常故事、人文话题或基础科普场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “立足前沿科学研究、关注动物特殊能力、渗透生命科学素养” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与动物适应机制、人类呼吸生理、潜水安全等科学内容结合，要求考生在理解实验逻辑、生理差异与进化原因的基础上精准提取信息，体现语言学习与科学探究、生命认知的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研语境中考查阅读理解与逻辑思维能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节定位、实验结果、原因推断、事故分析、研究结论综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干围绕科研说明文核心考点设题：生理常识、实验现象、进化原因、安全风险、研究观点。考生需通过梳理实验目的、辨析数据结果、理解生理差异、归纳核心结论解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、逻辑推理能力与科研文本解读能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重实证” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从普遍现象引入 — 提出新发现 — 实验设计与过程 — 实验结论 — 人类对比与应用的科研说明文结构角度设题，五道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、概念混淆、因果颠倒、结论过度推断等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础生理知识提取，到实验结果定位、原因推理、风险分析，再到研究观点总结，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂实验 — 读懂结论” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学研究、培养理性思维、以文育人” 的命题思路。 （2024·天津·高考真题）Our teacher, Miss Chevalier was a small woman, with a moon face, fatty fingers and curls that sprang straight up from her head, hence the funny name “Poodle (卷毛狗)”. She taught in our reading club. Sometimes she would look in and ask what we were reading — not to check but to know. That’s what happened the day my club was reading aloud a poem by Henry Longfellow. I guess I was better than the others, for Miss Chevalier asked a while later, “Addie, I was wondering if you would recite the whole poem to the Saturday evening’s club.” She said a famous professor was going to give a lecture about the poet, and a presentation of that poem would be a fresh way to start. She asked me to memorize it. “But that shouldn’t be a problem for a child of your ability,” she added. I’m telling you, my happy feet barely touched the ground all the way home. To me, that was the biggest thing ever and I soon learned the whole poem by heart, well prepared for our first rehearsal. I was desperately nervous when I went to her office the next day. But the good thing was she always had the smile that would make you feel like you just did something right. Halfway through the poem, Miss Chevalier stopped me and asked if I knew what “impetuous” meant. Despite her encouraging smile, I wanted to sink through the floor because I was unsure about its pronunciation as well as its meaning. Miss Chevalier pretended not to have noticed my red face and handed me a dictionary, asking me to read its definition aloud. “Impetuous has two definitions: rushing with great force or violence; acting suddenly, with little thought. ” She asked me which one fitted the poem. I read both definitions over again, trying to figure it out, but Miss Chevalier must have read my mind. “There is no wrong answer,” she said, “I want to know your opinion, Addie.” Hesitantly, I said, “Maybe… both.” She liked that. “One has to be impetuous both ways or they wouldn’t dare to face up to any challenge. Would you call yourself impetuous?” I knew she was asking for an opinion. “My mother thinks being impetuous for girls is improper, anyway.” She said my mom was somewhat right about that. “But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl.” After that, I would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again. 6．Why was Addie asked to recite Longfellow’s poem to the Saturday evening’s club? A．To help with her performance. B．To get the attention of her classmates. C．To set an example for the rest of the class. D．To try a new way to warm up the coming lecture. 7．Why did Addie feel happy on her way home? A．An event was going to happen. B．She was fully ready for her first rehearsal. C．She gained recognition for her performance. D．She memorized the poem sooner than others. 8．What can be learned about Miss Chevalier’s personality from the way she treated Addie? A．Caring and considerate. B．Easygoing and carefree. C．Curious and open-minded. D．Disciplined and strong-willed. 9．How did Miss Chevalier succeed in making Addie truly understand the word “impetuous”? A．By asking Addie to define it in her own way. B．By interpreting the two definitions separately. C．By consulting the dictionary for its definitions. D．By linking its definitions to Addie’s situations. 10．What is the probable reason that Addie would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again? A．She followed her mother’s advice. B．She made up her mind to be a polite girl. C．She was touched by Miss Chevalier’s trust. D．She felt Miss Chevalier’s teaching funny. （2023·天津·高考真题）Storytelling is an ancient art form that has been used to hand down legends, tales and factual stories. Perhaps the first thing that springs to mind when you think of storytelling is the fantasy land that took shape in your mind while Mom or Dad told you stories about princes, castles and monsters, with a unique voice for each character. Storytelling does not just take place at bedtime or round a campfire, however. It can take some other forms, either via the books we read or the films we watch. But they usually have some elements in common: rather than a list of dry facts, stories have plots and they introduce characters. We respond to stories, particularly when there is emotional detail. And unlike what we suppose, storytelling is not just a form of entertainment, but a form of learning as well. Long before reading and writing became widely spread and available, oral storytelling had already been a form that the wisdom and knowledge of the people were passed down from elders to children. A good story engages our curiosity, emotions and imagination. Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. Research has found that learning obtained from a well-told story is remembered more accurately, and for far longer, than from facts and figures. And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. Stories are an entry point to understanding a different experience of the world. This aspect of storytelling-presenting a different perspective of the world—is important when it comes to connecting with each other. It gives us an opportunity to learn from another person’s experience and it can shape, strengthen or challenge our opinions and values. So, when someone tells us their own personal story, we catch a glimpse (瞥见) of a view of the world that may be slightly or significantly different from our own. When we see the world as they see it, or walk in their shoes, the experience can inspire empathy (共情；同理心) with them. 11．What occurs to us the moment we think of “storytelling”? A．A child's imaginary world. B．Voices of Mom or Dad. C．An ancient art form. D．Factual stories. 12．What are the common elements in all forms of storytelling according to the author? A．Form and style. B．Facts and figures. C．Emotional and physical details. D．A series of events and characters. 13．Why does storytelling work better than mere statement of facts in promoting learning? A．It carries more wisdom and knowledge. B．It is more widely available to young learners. C．It satisfies our imagination and releases our emotions. D．It makes what is learned more precise and longer lasting. 14．How can other people’s personal stories probably benefit us? A．By offering us more opportunities to know people. B．By helping us stay connected with the contemporary world. C．By allowing us to understand the world the way they see it. D．By enabling us to tell reality from imagination. 15．What makes the best title for the passage? A．The History of Storytelling B．The Power of Storytelling C．The Forms of Storytelling D．The Art of Storytelling 推理判断之推断文章走势考点是高考中可能考的考点。在当今高考的新改革时代，考查学生的预测推断是新课标中的要求，很有可能在高考中出现。预测在2024高考中，推断文章走势有可能在高考阅读理解中呈现。 常见的设问方式有： 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2. What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3. What would the author most probably discuss next? 4.Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? （22-23高三上·天津·期中）How often one hears children wishing they were grown up, and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets. Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after and loved, whatever he may do. It is impossible that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In addition, life is always presenting new things to the child — things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well-known. But a child has his parents, he is not so free to do what he wishes to do; he is continually being told not to do things or being punished for what he has done wrong. When the young man starts to earn his own living, he can no longer expect others to pay for his food, his clothes, and his room, but has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If, however, he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health, he can have the great happiness of building up for himself his own position in society. 1．According to the second paragraph, the writer thinks that _______. A．only children are interested in life B．life for a child is comparatively easy C．a child is always loved whatever he does D．if much is given to a child, he must do something in return 2．After a child grows up, he ________. A．will have little time playing B．has to be successful in finding a job C．can still ask for help in time of trouble D．should be able to take care of himself 3．Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A．People are often satisfied with their life. B．Life is less interesting for old people. C．Adults are freer to do what they want to do. D．Adults should no longer rely on others. 4．The main idea of the passage is _________. A．life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains B．young men can have the greatest happiness if they work hard C．childhood is the more enjoyable time in one’s life D．one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age in his life 5．The paragraph following this passage will most probably discuss _________. A．examples of successful young men B．how to build up one’s position in society C．pleasures and pains of old people D．what to do when one has problems in life （2025·天津河北·二模）The Researchers from the Neuro Mind Institute have created a new way to study how young fish learn quickly in real-life situations. They use special robots that act like predators to chase larval zebrafish (斑马鱼的幼体) in an open water. This innovative approach is helping the researchers study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are valuable models for neuroscientists (神经科学家) because their transparent (透明) bodies direct observation of brain activity and behavior. However, research on learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) has been challenging for scientists, despite its importance in understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体) with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the interactions: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish, after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just 1% or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that distinct regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain (后脑), a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula (缰核), another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 6．What motivated the researchers to create a new way using larval zebrafish? A．To observe their hunting behaviours. B．To identify their simple associations. C．To examine their brain characteristics. D．To uncover their learning in natural settings. 7．Larval zebrafish are considered valuable for neuroscientists because . A．they can live on common lab meals B．they can learn faster than adult zebrafish C．their neuron counts are simpler to analyze than adults D．their see-through bodies simplify study of the brain and behavior 8．What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A．They can distinguish between robots and fish. B．They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C．They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D．They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 9．What surprising discovery was made about zebrafish learning? A．The effectiveness of robots as predators compared to real predators. B．The ability of newborn zebrafish to quickly learn to avoid threats. C．The quantity of neurons in adult zebrafish brains. D．The capacity to recognize different colors. 10．What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B．Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C．Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D．Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. 考点六 文章来源题 source （2023·天津·高考真题）STUDENT EMPLOYMENT ON CAMPUS All students may apply to work on campus. Getting started Before starting any position, all students need to complete required taforms and show identification. International students also need: *Social Security card        *Bank  account *Valid  passport          *Official work permit *Letter of support from the office of International Student Life Looking for a job on Handshake Handshake is an online job search platform for college students. With a Handshake account, students can receive information about career events and personalized job recommendations. To use Handshake, just follow these steps: *Log in to Handshake using your email address already provided by the college. *Complete personalization of your profile. *Start your job search by clicking “Jobs” button. *Fill out desired information:location, job type, etc. *Apply directly by clicking “Apply Now” button. You can also make appointments to meet with a career coach, access career resources, and explore careers that interest you. On-campus jobs available for students *Academic department assistant (Flexible working hours on Monday/Thursday) *Dining services (Lunchtime on weekdays) *Library assistant (Flexible working hours on Monday/Wednesday/Friday) *Bookstore/mailroom(9:00-12:00 at weekends) *Athletic department (18:00-22:00 on weekdays) Maximum working hours *During the semester (学期), domestic students can work a maximum of 10 hours a week; international students can work a maximum of 20 hours a week. *During the summer break,a student may not work more than 30 hours a week. *The total number of hours may not exceed (超过) the maximum hours allowed even if a student has more than one job. For more information, find us at Career Development Office, 211Hughes Hall; careerdevelopment@dreamcollege.edu, 555-520-1314 1．What documents are necessary for an international student to seek employment? A．Passport and Insurance Certificate. B．Work permit and Academic report. C．Bank account and Letter of support. D．Health Certificate and Social Security card. 2．Before searching for a job on Handshake, you need to_________. A．consult a career coach B．personalize your profile C．attend job training D．set up a new email account 3．Where could you work on Tuesday evenings? A．In the athletic department. B．In the dining hall. C．In the library. D．In the bookstore. 4．Which working arrangement is allowed for a domestic student? A．40 hours per week during the summer break. B．20 hours per week during the semester. C．2 jobs, each with 16 hours per week. D．3 jobs, each with 2 hours per week. 5．Where is the passage probably taken from? A．A university website. B．A course guide. C．A summer camp notice. D．A business magazine. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取大学校园学生勤工助学的实用校园服务情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的记叙文故事、科普说明、哲理议论等常见场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “立足校园真实生活、强化实用信息获取、服务学生未来发展” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与海外大学兼职申请、线上求职平台、工作时间规定等国际校园生活内容结合，要求考生在快速定位、精准比对信息的基础上完成解题，体现语言学习的工具性与实用性，符合高考 “在真实校园应用语境中考查信息处理能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节定位 + 流程步骤 + 时间匹配 + 数字计算 + 文章出处综合考查的考法，是高考应用文阅读最典型的考法组合。题目全部基于原文信息，强调快速定位、关键词比对、排除干扰，不考查深层推理与主旨思辨。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息检索速度、细节辨别能力和数字理解能力，契合高考应用文阅读 “重速度、重准确、重规范” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从申请要求 — 求职平台 — 岗位信息 — 时间规定 — 联系方式的标准校园通知结构角度设题，五道题目全部围绕 “实用信息提取” 设计。命题人通过设置证件混淆、步骤颠倒、时间错位、数字超标、出处干扰等典型陷阱，强化对精准审题与细心比对的考查；从基础信息查找，到流程理解、时间匹配、数字判断，再到文体来源推断，全面考查 “快速读 — 精准找 — 稳得分” 的应用文阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “信息定位 + 细节比对 + 简单逻辑” 的三重要求，体现 “立足实用、服务生活” 的命题思路。 （2022·天津·高考真题）Getting into college is a big step for high school graduates, and it comes with a lot of changes. For most students, it’s the first time they’re living away from home and managing their own life. Not surprisingly, adapting to this new lifestyle can be challenging. The following four tips will make high school graduates better prepared for college life. Goal setting When setting goals, whether they’re academic, career, or personal, re-member they should be attainable but not too easy, so that you really have to push yourself to achieve them, and feel rewarded when you do. Writing down your goals and breaking down each huge, long-term goal into smaller more practical ones can help make it feel more real, and writing out a plan for achieving it can give you a roadmap to success. Interpersonal skills At college, you will interact with fellow students, professors, librarians, and many others. Strong interpersonal skills will help you build relationships during this time, and get more out of them. If you feel that your interpersonal skills need some work, practice asking thoughtful questions and listening closely, develop your understanding by putting yourself in someone else’s shoes, and enhance your self-confidence. Studying With fewer in-class hours and more on-your-own learning, you’re required to really digest learning material rather than simply memorize facts. To be successful in college you’ll need to learn how to integrate large amounts of information obtained through reading, do research, and write papers. Organization is the key, so if you are not someone who is naturally organized, set up your study schedule. Budgeting Managing money is a critical life skill, and for many, it is at college that they develop it for the first time. Start by estimating your financial balance. Then give high priority to the expenses on basic needs and determine how much money to set aside every month to cover those costs. Don’t forget about savings…and the fun stuff(movies, dinners out), too. 6．Who is this passage most probably written for? A．College teachers. B．University graduates. C．High school teachers. D．Would-be college students. 7．What is the author’s suggestion for reaching a huge goal? A．Divide it into smaller, more achievable ones. B．Reward oneself for each goal one has set. C．Purchase a clear, updated roadmap. D．Push oneself to an upper level. 8．One of the suggested ways to enhance your interpersonal skills is to ________. A．prepare complicated questions B．try on someone else’s shoes C．listen to others carefully D．take advantage of others 9．What is the key to successful college study according to the author? A．Being well-organized. B．Being well-informed. C．Effective reading skills. D．Reliable research methods. 10．To learn how to manage money, the first thing to do is________. A．save money for financial investment B．estimate one’s income and expenses C．set aside money for fun activities D．open a personal bank account 文章来源题要求考生推断文章出处，即通过阅读材料，感知内容，从而推断材料的来源。 推断文章来源的方法：1.要求考生广泛阅读，了解各种文体的特点，清楚各种文体的常用格式，这样才能对号入座；2.通读文章内容，了解文章的体裁，清楚文章内容的方向。 常见的设问方式有： 1. What is the text? 2. Who is the text intended for? 3. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? 4. Where is this text probably taken from? 5.Where can the text be found? 6. Where is this text most likely from? 7. From which is the text probably taken? 应用文类 guidebook(旅游指南); advertisement(广告); announcement(公告); a travel brochure(旅游手册); academic article(学术文章) 记叙文类 autobiography(自传); science fiction(科幻小说); novel(小说); diary(日记); children’s literature(儿童文学); 说明文类 a book review(书评); a biology textbook(生物书); a science report(科学报道); a science magazine(科学杂志); a health magazine(健康杂志); （2026·云南昆明·一模）For several years now, the countryside has no longer functioned merely as a picturesque counterpoint (对应物) to the city but has become an active laboratory for new relationships between landscape and people. Trace of Land, designed by ELSE Design Studio, is one of the examples. ELSE reinterprets the hay bale (干草捆) as a spatial installation (装置) that unfolds across the fields of Val Badia in the Italian Dolomites. Presented as part of the international open-air art event — SMACH 2025, the project transforms an agricultural object into a canopy-like (类顶棚的) structure that follows the landscape, offering places for shade, rest, and gathering. The land art installation is a continuous path made of unfolded hay bales. It moves with the outline of the Alpine landscape. Removed from its functional role in farming, the hay bale becomes both sculptural and architectural, drawing attention to the relationship between human labor, tools, and the land. Often seen as typical parts of farm life, hay bales are in fact products of industrialized processes, stored and transported by machinery. In Trace of Land, this industrial form is loosened and reshaped, creating a structure that switches between lying on the ground and lifting lightly to form shaded passages. The result is a temporary canopy that strikes a balance between agricultural efficiency and natural setting. In line with this year’s SMACH theme, hay bales represent the reciprocal relationship between human and the land, enhancing the dialogue between people and the environment. Visitors are invited to walk along and beneath the structure, using box-shaped bales arranged as seating to pause and reflect. As time passes, the hay will naturally break down, returning to the soil and completing a cycle of use and renewal. 1．What role does ELSE give to the hay bale? A．A farming tool. B．A storage device. C．A cultural platform. D．A relaxation zone. 2．What does the underlined word “reciprocal” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Formal. B．Casual. C．Mutual. D．Distant. 3．Which can best describe the installation based on the last paragraph? A．Natural and traditional. B．Sustainable and eco-friendly. C．Advanced and modern. D．Intelligent and energy-efficient. 4．Which column of a website might the text be taken from? A．Reimaging the Countryside. B．Advocating Farming Techniques. C．Redesigning Urban Landscape. D．Conversing with Agriculturalists. （25-26高三下·安徽滁州·开学考试） Welcome to our school’s online community! Whether you’re hoping to explore the East Coast or are just making your way around campus, there are several transportation service options that University of Pennsylvania Penn) students can take advantage of. Penn Walking Escorts (护送) Penn’s Division of Public Safety offers free walking escorts 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Penn students can request an escort to walk them to their destinations whether that is a campus building, a dorm, or the school hospital. To request a walking escort, students can ask any Public Safety Officer or call 215-898-WALK (9255) . Penn Accessible Transit The Penn Accessible Transit service offers on campus transportation during term time for individuals with visual disabilities and those with limitations from other conditions. To obtain access to P AT, students must email the Office of Student Disabilities Services. For teachers or staff, they can obtain approval by contacting the Office of Affirmative Action. SEPTA SEPTA offers convenient transportation options for students around Philadelphia and connects to five counties in the Philadelphia suburbs, as well as transit systems in Delaware and New Jersey. Penn students can get discounts on galleries and museums on the SEPTA app if they have SEPTA Key Card with them. By downloading the SEPTA app, users can see their balance, add funds and view schedules. Indego Indego is the bike share system in Penn. Through downloading the In de go app, students can access real-time bike availability at any station, while earning discounts for renting bikes. Bike Share locations on campus include stations at 34th and Chestnut streets, 34th and Spruce streets, 36th and Sansom streets, and 40th and Spruce streets. 5．What do Penn Walking Escorts and Penn Accessible Transit have in common? A．They have hotline support. B．They are meant for Penn staff. C．They offer thoughtful services. D．They are available all year round. 6．Which enables Penn students to get cheaper exhibition tickets? A．Penn Walking Escorts. B．Penn Accessible Transit. C．SEPTA． D．Indego. 7．Where is this text probably taken from? A．A school website. B．A travel plan. C．A transportation guide. D．A poster board. （25-26高三上·上海·开学考试） Modern Services When you’re working a full-time job, studying or on the hunt for work, life can feel exhausting. The good news is that modern technology has made life easier in many ways, and with the following services, you’ll find you have more time and energy for the things that matter. Meal kit delivery services Meal kit delivery services are one of the most underestimated innovations of the 21st century. How they work is simple. At the beginning you choose how many people need to eat in your household. Then, what your dietary requirements are, and any other preferences. Finally, you get to choose which meal kits will be delivered to your door. No matter your diet, you can have an appropriate meal kit delivered. For example, check out these low carb meal delivery options. The kit comes complete with all the ingredients you need, already prepared. All you have to do is to follow the simple recipe to put them together and pop your meal in the oven. With meal kit delivery, you don’t have to worry about cooking or spending money on takeout. Your trips to the grocery store will become easier and you’ll waste less money and food. Task Rabbit One of the most frustrating aspects of having a place you call your own is that you have to take care of the maintenance. Even if you are renting, there are certain tasks that your landlord will expect you to see to, whether a leaky tap or a problematic electrical appliance. For this, Task Rabbit connects you with freelancers who are willing to take on just about any task for you. You can hire someone to take care of your leaky tap rather than spending your own time and energy doing it. You’re giving someone work while enjoying your time off. Postmates Finally, one of the most convenient and useful services is, of course, Postmates. With Postmates, you can get just about anything delivered or deliver something yourself. You can get someone to do your groceries for you — simply make a list of what you need and choose whether the shopper should call you if something is out or if they can decide on replacements themselves. You can also use it for takeout, to send or receive documents, and any other delivery needs you have. We live in an age of convenience, and we should take advantage of it. Start using the above services and you’ll see your stress levels drop. 8．What will people first do to enjoy Meal kit delivery services? A．To check out some options. B．To pop your meal in the oven. C．To confirm the exact number of people. D．To follow the simple recipe to put them together. 9．Which of the following is TRUE about the three modern services? A．Task Rabbit connects your landlord with freelances who are willing to take care of maintenance. B．With your permission on Postmates, the delivery man can decide on replacements themselves. C．The three services can make people easily enjoy their lives and help them save money. D．The three services can help people feel less stressful and appeal to young people. 10．Where is the passage most likely to be taken from? A．A magazine B．A book review C．A novel D．An instruction manual. 考点七 文章结构题 structure （2026·全国·一模）Exams are coming, and many students are worried about remembering all the knowledge they’ve learned. Fortunately, there are simple and effective ways to improve your memory. First, practice active recall. Instead of just reading your notes repeatedly, try to remember and write down what you’ve learned without looking. For example, after studying a chapter, close the book and list the key points. This forces your brain to retrieve information, which strengthens memory. Second, use spaced repetition. Our brains forget information quickly, so it’s important to review regularly. Study a topic for the first time, then review it after 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days. This method helps move information from short-term memory to long-term memory. Third, connect new information to what you already know. If you’re learning a new English word, link it to a familiar word or a personal experience. For example, if you’re learning “delicious”, think of your favorite food. This makes the new information easier to remember. Fourth, get enough sleep. Sleep is crucial for memory consolidation. When you sleep, your brain organizes and stores the information you’ve learned during the day. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep every night, especially before exams. Finally, stay relaxed. Stress and anxiety can affect your memory. Try deep breathing, meditation, or taking short walks to reduce stress. A calm mind is better at remembering information. By following these methods, you can improve your memory and perform better in exams. Remember, consistency is key — start practicing these techniques early and stick to them. 1．What does the underlined word “retrieve” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Forget B．Store C．Recall D．Analyze 2．Which method involves reviewing information at different time intervals? A．Active recall B．Spaced repetition C．Connecting new information D．Staying relaxed 3．What is the function of the example in Paragraph 4? A．To compare familiar words with new words B．To show the difficulty of learning new English words C．To prove that personal experiences are more important D．To explain ho$ 专题02 推理判断题 01 析·考点精解 1 02 构·知能架构 2 03 破·考点攻坚 2 考点一 隐含推断题 implied question 3 考点二 写作意图题 intention 14 考点三 观点态度题 attitude 26 考点四 写作方法题 method 36 考点五 预测推断题 prediction 50 考点六 文章来源题 source 63 考点七 文章结构题 structure 74 01 析·考点精解 命题轨迹透视 推理判断题是天津高考英语阅读理解的核心题型，难度较高，主要考查考生对文章中具体事实、数据、逻辑关系有效推理，避免主观臆断。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 首考 2025 二考 2024 首考 2024 二考 2023 首考 2023 二考 2022 首考 2022 二考 2021 首考 2021 二考 A篇 40 B篇 43 44 43，45 43 43 45 C篇 47 50 50 50 47 49 48 50 D篇 54 50 54 54 55 54 55 54 53 2026命题预测 结合近年天津高考真题，此类题目常围绕 “具体信息查询”“是非判断”“因果关系”“数字计算” 等核心考点展开。 02 构·构 03 破·考点攻坚 推理判断题的正确选项特征 1. 同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行替换，成为正确选项 2. 正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 3. 语言简化：把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。 4. 词性或语态的变化：改变原文重点词性或语态，给考生制造了某些障碍。 推理判断题的干扰选项特征 1.张冠李戴：为原文内容，但与题目文不对题，不符合题目要求。 2.偷梁换柱：在意思上与原文非常相似但在某个细节上有变动。 3.正误参半：选项内容 部分正确，部分错误。 4.颠倒是非：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。 5.无中生有：符合常识但与原文不符或原文并未提及。 6.扩缩范围：以偏概全或以全概偏。 考点一 隐含推断题 implied question （2023·天津·高考真题）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. 1．What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A．Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B．Dogs prefer food from generous people. C．Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D．Friendly animals can get food more easily. 2．What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A．They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B．They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C．They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D．They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 3．How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour? A．By moving closer to the experimenter. B．By keeping wandering around. C．By ignoring the experimenter. D．By lying still on the floor 4．How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023? A．The dogs can watch the experimenter. B．The dogs can go to the other side of the screen. C．The dogs’ responses are under close observation. D．The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis. 5．What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A．Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean” B．Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C．Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D．Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取狗狗是否具备判断人类意图能力的动物行为科学研究情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的日常故事、科普说明或简单说理场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “聚焦前沿科研、关注动物认知、渗透科学探究精神” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与动物行为实验、心理认知、对比研究等科研话题结合，要求考生在理解实验设计、过程与结果的基础上精准提取信息，体现语言学习与科学素养、理性思维的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研语境中考查阅读理解与逻辑分析能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解、实验过程识别、实验结果比对、实验设计差异、主旨推断综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息定位与查找的浅层考查模式。题干围绕科研类说明文核心考点设题：研究发现、实验操作、动物反应、对照差异、结论推导。考生需通过梳理两组实验的异同、辨析行为差异背后的逻辑、归纳研究核心结论解题，而非机械翻译原文。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、对比分析能力与实验文本解读能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重实证” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从提出猜想 — 理论背景 —2023 实验设计与结果 —2021 实验对比 — 研究质疑 — 结论展望的科研说明文结构角度设题，五道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、细节混淆、实验差异干扰、结论过度推断等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础研究发现提取，到实验过程识别、反应比对，再到实验设计差异与核心结论推导，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂实验 — 读懂结论” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学研究、培养实证思维、以文育人” 的命题思路。 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一些新的研究发现，狗可能会判断他人的意图，可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.(判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，这一度被认为是人类所独有的。然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。)”可知，判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，而新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，由此可知，新研究发现狗应该也有“心智理论”。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach.(在“不情愿”的场景中，实验人员会以“戏弄”的方式在屏幕前挂一块香肠，并接近其中一个洞。但他们不是把食物从洞里递给狗，而是把食物拉到狗够不着的地方。)”可知，在不情愿场景中，实验人员不是把实物给狗吃，而是把食物拉到一个狗够不着的地方。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out.(研究人员观察到，在“无能为力”的场景结束后，狗狗们更有耐心了，他们会进行更多的眼神交流，并离屏幕更近。)”可知，在“无能为力”的场景结束后，狗会预实验人员进行眼神交流，并且离屏幕更近，由此可知，狗对“无能为力”的行为回应是更愿意接近实验者。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour.(2021年的另一项研究以类似的方式测试了狗的“心智理论”，但狗在目睹了实验者的“不愿意”或“无能为力”行为后，能够绕着屏幕走，以获得奖励。)”可知，2021年的研究中，在狗目睹了实验者的“不愿意”或者“无能为力”后，能绕着屏幕走以获取奖励，由此可知，狗会去屏幕的另一边。故选B项。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.(然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。)”可知，新研究表明，都能够读懂人类的行为，且喜欢那些更友好或者对食物更慷慨的人，进而在下文中的对该项研究过程进行阐述，由此可知，狗在“不愿意”和“无能为力”情况下的不同反应说明了狗能分辨“友善”和“刻薄”。故选A项。 （2018·天津·高考真题）With a satisfied smile, Keisha finished the last sentence of her English essay about one of her heroes, Rosa Parks, an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement. “Keisha,” her mother shouted from downstairs. “It’s almost 4:15.” “Don’t worry. I won’t be late. ” Keisha pulled down a storybook from her bookshelf， as she always read to the nursing home’s residents. And on an impulse（一时心血来潮）, she added her English notebook as well. As Keisha came running in the door, the manager told her, “We have a new resident this week, Mrs. Ruby Watson. She’s still adjusting to her new surroundings. You’ll find her in Room 28. And by the way, Keisha, good luck.” Keisha walked down the hallway at a quick pace. As she entered Room 28, she met two sharp brown eyes staring at her doubtfully. “I’m Keisha Jackson, a volunteer,” Keisha explained. “I come here to help pass the time with residents, or read to them, or, . . .” Keisha started stammering（结巴）as Mrs. Watson continued to stare at her. “I didn’t request anyone to keep me company,” Mrs. Watson interrupted. “I’m alone most of the time, and that’s how I prefer it.” “I brought along some funny stories,” Keisha said hesitantly. “I’m not in the mood for funny stories,” Mrs. Watson replied angrily. “What else do you have?” Nervously, Keisha opened her notebook to her essay. She read the title aloud, “Rosa Parks: A Woman of Courage and Conviction（信念）.” She glanced at Mrs. Watson to see how she might react, but to her surprise, Mrs. Watson’s face relaxed and her eyes shone. “Read to me about Rosa,” Mrs. Watson said. Keisha read how Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in 1955 inspired the protest that became a turning point in the struggle for civil rights. “I walked with Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King,” Mrs. Watson said with pride. “That was the greatest moment of my life because…” She paused. “Because… you were a woman of courage and conviction too.” Sitting up straighter, Mrs. Watson said, “Yes, I was and I still am. Thank you for reminding me, Keisha. Next Thursday, I will tell you my story.” 6．Why did Keisha take her English notebook along? A．Her mother asked her to take it. B．She would hand it in on her way. C．She might read her essay to someone. D．The manager wanted to read her essay. 7．Why did the manager wish Keisha good luck before she visited Mrs. Watson? A．Mrs. Watson could be difficult. B．Mrs. Watson was in poor health. C．Keisha was feeling nervous. D．Keisha was a shy person. 8．Mrs. Watson’s eyes (Para. 10) suggested that she was ______. A．amused B．puzzled C．annoyed D．interested 9．What effect did Keisha’s essay have on Mrs. Watson? A．It aroused her curiosity in volunteer work. B．It built up her expectation for more visitors. C．It awoke her pride in her struggle for civil rights. D．It changed her attitude to the Civil Rights Movement. 10．Readers may find this story inspiring because ______. A．a girl enjoys learning about her heroes B．a girl helps someone feel appreciated C．a woman overcomes hardship by herself D．a woman gathers the courage for life 【答案】6．C 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．B 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。短文讲述了Keisha 与Mrs. Watson 之间的故事。 6．细节理解题，由第一段“ And on an impulse（一时心血来潮）, she added her English notebook as well.”一时心血来潮，她拿上了英语笔记本。以及第十段“Nervously, Keisha opened her notebook to her essay. She read the title aloud.”可知， Keisha紧张地把笔记翻到她写的文章。她大声地朗读着标题。所以为什么凯莎带着她的英语笔记本是因为她可能会把她的文章读给别人听。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。由第三段“She’s still adjusting to her new surroundings.”她还在适应新环境。以及第九段“I didn’t request anyone to keep me company,” Mrs. Watson interrupted. “I’m alone most of the time, and that’s how I prefer it.”我没有要求任何人陪我，” Mrs. Watson打断了她的话。“我大部分时间都是一个人，这就是我喜欢的方式。由此判断出为什么经理在Keisha拜访Mrs. Watson之前祝她好运是因为 Mrs. Watson 可能很难相处。故选A项。 8．推理判断题。由第十段“She glanced at Mrs. Watson to see how she might react, but to her surprise, Mrs. Watson’s face relaxed and her eyes shone. Read to me about Rosa,” Mrs. Watson said.”她瞥了Mrs. Watson一眼，想看看她会有什么反应，但出乎意料的是，Mrs. Watson的脸放松了，眼睛闪闪发光。“给我讲讲罗莎，” Mrs. Watson说。由此判断出Mrs. Watson的眼睛表明她很感兴趣。故选D项。 9．细节理解题。由第十二段“I walked with Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King,” Mrs. Watson said with pride. “That was the greatest moment of my life because…” She paused.”可知，我和罗莎·帕克斯和马丁·路德·金博士一起散步,Mrs. Watson骄傲地说。“那是我一生中最伟大的时刻因为......”她停顿了一会。所以Keisha的文章唤起了Mrs. Watson为争取公民权利而斗争的自豪感。故选C项。 10．推理判断题。由第三段“She’s still adjusting to her new surroundings.”她还在适应新环境。以及第九段“I didn’t request anyone to keep me company,” Mrs. Watson interrupted. “I’m alone most of the time, and that’s how I prefer it.”我没有要求任何人陪我，”Mrs. Watson打断了她的话。“我大部分时间都是一个人，这就是我喜欢的方式。可知，Mrs. Watson 是个很难相处的人，再由第十二段“I walked with Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King,” Mrs. Watson said with pride. “That was the greatest moment of my life because…” She paused.”可知，我和罗莎·帕克斯和马丁·路德·金博士一起散步”Mrs. Watson骄傲地说。“那是我一生中最伟大的时刻因为......”她停顿了一会。可知，Keisha的文章这唤起了Mrs. Watson为争取公民权利而斗争的自豪感。所以判断出读者可能会觉得这个故事很鼓舞人心，是因为一个女孩能帮助别人感到被重视。故选B项。 【点睛】根据文章中人物所说的话的内容是解决推理判断题的重要方法，因为通过所说的内容，我们可以判断出，作者所要想表达的观点是积极的还是消极的，是中立的还是支持或者否定某一方，对事情是关心的还是冷漠的。是在提出建议还是在提出具体的解决措施。 由第三段“She’s still adjusting to her new surroundings.”她还在适应新环境。以及第九段“I didn’t request anyone to keep me company,” Mrs. Watson interrupted. “I’m alone most of the time, and that’s how I prefer it.”我没有要求任何人陪我，” Mrs. Watson打断了她的话。“我大部分时间都是一个人，这就是我喜欢的方式。由此判断出为什么经理在Keisha拜访 Mrs. Watson之前祝她好运是因为 Mrs. Watson 可能很难相处。故选A项。 锁定关键词： 一般包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，assume(假定，设想)和conclude(推断，做出结论)。 常有can, could, probably, likely等 常见的设问方式有： What can we infer from paragragh 3? What can we infer from the passage? What can be inferred from the last paragraph? （2025·天津南开·三模）Summer Camp Rules Whether it’s your child’s first year at camp, or they are a seasoned camper and need a little refresher, it’s a good idea to go over summer camp rules and guidelines before leaving for camp. Camp rules are in place to keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay. 1．Keep Your Personal Space Clean Since your child will be in close quarters with many other campers, it’s important that they understand the necessity of keeping their sleeping and living areas organized. Go over ways for your child to stay organized and tidy before they leave for camp. When packing, make sure to provide a laundry bag to keep clean and dirty clothing separate. Utilize under bed space or put clothes on your shelves or cubbies rather than living out of your suitcase or camp trunk. It also helps to not over pack. Follow packing list guidelines closely so your child can find what they need without having to dig through piles of clothing that were not recommended. This also helps you child know what they have in their luggage so they pull out the sweatshirt when it gets cold, instead of thinking there wasn’t one in their bag. Remind your child of their camp account so they can purchase items from the camp store if necessary. 2．Valuables at Camp As a best practice, we recommend leaving all valuables at home. Even if your child has a bracelet or necklace that they never take off, there is still the chance that it could be lost while swimming or participating in camp activities. If you are thinking about bringing an expensive item of clothing, be prepared for it to get lost or damaged. You may be better off buying a new, less expensive version. To be on the safe side, don’t let your child bring anything irreplaceable or emotionally valuable to camp. 3．Play Nice Name calling, fighting, bullying, and arguing are strictly prohibited at summer camp. Camp is a place to make friends, so aggressive behavior is not tolerated. Remind your child that they don’t have to be everybody’s best friend, but they do have to be friendly to everyone. Encourage your child to go into camp with the mindset of making a few new friends, and chances are they will leave camp having made more than a few. 4．Have Fun and Try New Things At the end of the day, summer camp is about getting out of your comfort zone, trying new things, and having a blast. Before your child leaves for camp, congratulate them for being brave enough to try sleepaway camp in the first place. Let them know that they’ve already won just by trying, and the fun part is just about to begin. Remind them again that summer camp rules exist only to improve the overall camp experience and to create a community of fun. 1．What advice does the article give if a camper forgets an essential item? A．Borrow from friends with permission. B．Ask camp staff to mail items from home. C．Purchase replacements from the camp store. D．Go without the item to learn responsibility. 2．What does the article imply about bringing valuables to summer camp? A．It is completely forbidden under all circumstances. B．It is acceptable if the child promises to take good care of them. C．It is not recommended because of the risk of loss or damage. D．It is only allowed for expensive clothing items. 3．Which of the following behaviors is advocated by the summer camp? A．Forming exclusive groups with similar interests. B．Engaging in at guments to resolve disagreements. C．Avoiding participating in adventurous activities. D．Keeping personal camping supplies in order. 4．What does the article suggest about trying new things at camp? A．It is optional but highly encouraged for personal growth. B．The main goal of camp is to challenge and achieve success. C．Stepping out of one’s comfort zone is part of the experience. D．Only experienced campers should try challenging activities. 5．What is the purpose of clarifying the rules of summer camp? A．To ensure safety and maintain a well-organized camp environment. B．To help children adapt quickly and enjoy their camp experience fully. C．To restrict campers’ freedom and enforce strict discipline at all times. D．To prepare parents for potential issues and reduce their concerns. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D 4．C 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了夏令营规则及其相关内容，旨在帮助孩子们更好地适应夏令营生活。 1．细节理解题。根据Keep Your Personal Space Clean部分最后一句“Remind your child of their camp account so they can purchase items from the camp store if necessary.(提醒你的孩子他们的营地账户，以便必要时可以从营地商店购买物品。)”可知，若忘记必需品，建议从营地商店购买。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据Valuables at Camp部分前两句“As a best practice, we recommend leaving all valuables at home.(作为最佳做法，我们建议将所有贵重物品留在家中。)”和“Even if your child has a bracelet or necklace that they never take off, there is still the chance that it could be lost while swimming or participating in camp activities.(即使你的孩子有一个手镯或项链，他们永远不会摘下，仍然有可能在游泳或参加露营活动时丢失。)”可知，文章不建议携带贵重物品，因其有丢失或损坏风险。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据Keep Your Personal Space Clean部分中第一段强调“Since your child will be in close quarters with many other campers, it’s important that they understand the necessity of keeping their sleeping and living areas organized.(由于您的孩子将与许多其他露营者近距离接触，因此他们了解保持睡眠和生活区域有序的必要性非常重要。)”及后文具体整理建议可知，“保持个人露营用品井然有序”是营地提倡的行为。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据Have Fun and Try New Things部分首句“At the end of the day, summer camp is about getting out of your comfort zone, trying new things, and having a blast.(在一天结束的时候，夏令营就是走出你的舒适区，尝试新事物，尽情享受。)”可知，走出舒适区是夏令营体验的一部分。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Camp rules are in place to keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay.(制定营地规则是为了确保营地社区的安全，并使营地运营在整个停留期间顺利进行。)”可知，明确夏令营规则的目的是确保安全和维持有序的营地环境。故选A。 （2025·天津河西·一模）Life is often compared to a journey, filled with twists and turns, highs and lows. This metaphor, while clichéd (老生常谈), holds a profound truth: the path we take is rarely straight, and the lessons we learn along the way shape who we become. I was reminded of this during a recent trip to the mountains, where the physical challenges of the hike mirrored the emotional and intellectual struggles I had been facing. The trail was steep and tough, with sections that seemed almost insurmountable (不可逾越的). As I climbed, my legs burned, and my breath grew short. There were moments when I wanted to turn back, to retreat to the comfort of the familiar. But something inside me urged me to press on, to see what lay beyond the next bend. It was in these moments of doubt and exhaustion that I began to reflect on the nature of perseverance. Perseverance, I realized, is not just about pushing through physical pain or mental exhaust. It is about maintaining a sense of purpose, even when the destination is unclear. It is about trusting that the effort we put in will eventually yield results, even if those results are not immediately visible. This lesson was not new to me, but experiencing it in such a real way brought it into sharper focus. As I continued my climbing, I noticed how the landscape changed with each step. The dense forest gave way to open meadows, and the air grew cooler. The higher I climbed, the more expansive the view became. It was a powerful reminder that perspective is everything. What seems like an insurmountable obstacle from one point can appear entirely different from another. This shift in perspective can be transformative, allowing us to see challenges not as roadblocks but as opportunities for growth. By the time I reached the summit, I was exhausted but excited. The view from the top was breathtaking, a reward for the effort it had taken to get there. But more than the view, it was the journey itself that left a lasting impression. The climb had taught me valuable lessons about resilience (适应力), perspective, and the importance of staying the course, even when the path is difficult. Life, like the mountain trail, is full of challenges that test our limits and push us to grow. It is through these challenges that we discover our strength and resilience. And while the journey may be difficult, the lessons we learn and the perspectives we gain make it all worthwhile. 6．What is the main theme of the passage? A．The physical challenges of hiking. B．The importance of perseverance and perspective in life. C．The beauty of mountain landscapes. D．The rewards of reaching the summit. 7．What does the narrator realize about perseverance during the hike? A．It is only about physical endurance. B．It requires avoiding all obstacles. C．It is unnecessary when the destination is clear. D．It involves maintaining a sense of purpose and trusting the process. 8．How does the narrator’s perspective change during the climb? A．He sees challenges as opportunities for growth. B．He realizes the journey is not worth the effort. C．He becomes more focused on the destination. D．He decides to turn back and give up. 9．What does the narrator find most rewarding about reaching the summit? A．The physical view from the top. B．The lessons learned during the journey. C．The opportunity to rest and relax. D．The chance to take photographs. 10．What does the passage suggest about life’s challenges? A．They should be avoided at all costs. B．They are best faced with the help of others. C．They are opportunities for growth and self-discovery. D．They are easier to overcome with a clear destination. 【答案】6．B 7．D 8．A 9．B 10．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者通过一次爬山经历，领悟到生活中坚持和转变视角的重要性，以及挑战对于成长和自我发现的价值。 6．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Life is often compared to a journey, filled with twists and turns, highs and lows.(人生常常被比作一场旅程，充满了曲折、起伏。)”和最后一段“Life, like the mountain trail, is full of challenges that test our limits and push us to grow. It is through these challenges that we discover our strength and resilience.(生活就像山路一样，充满了挑战，考验着我们的极限，推动着我们成长。正是通过这些挑战，我们发现了自己的力量和韧性。)”可知，文章把生活比作旅程，讲述了坚持和转变视角在生活中的重要性。故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Perseverance, I realized, is not just about pushing through physical pain or mental exhaust. It is about maintaining a sense of purpose, even when the destination is unclear. It is about trusting that the effort we put in will eventually yield results, even if those results are not immediately visible.(我意识到，毅力不仅仅是克服身体疼痛或精神疲惫。它关乎保持一种目标感，即使目的地不明确。它是相信我们付出的努力最终会产生结果，即使这些结果不是立即可见的。)”可知，在徒步旅行中，叙述者意识到毅力不仅仅是身体上的坚持，更是保持目标感和相信过程。故选D。 8．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“This shift in perspective can be transformative, allowing us to see challenges not as roadblocks but as opportunities for growth.(这种视角的转变可以是变革性的，让我们把挑战看作不是路障，而是成长的机会。)”可知，在攀登过程中，叙述者的视角发生了变化，他开始把挑战视为成长的机会。故选A。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“But more than the view, it was the journey itself that left a lasting impression. The climb had taught me valuable lessons about resilience (适应力), perspective, and the importance of staying the course, even when the path is difficult.(但比景色更重要的是，旅程本身留下了深刻的印象。这次攀登给我上了关于韧性、视角以及即使在困难时期也要坚持下去的宝贵一课。)”可知，叙述者认为登顶最有价值的是旅途中学到的教训。故选B。 10．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“It is through these challenges that we discover our strength and resilience.(正是通过这些挑战，我们发现了自己的力量和韧性。)”可知，文章认为生活中的挑战是成长和自我发现的机会。故选C。 考点二 写作意图题 intention （2025·天津·高考真题）There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. 1．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning wine experts in Paragraph 1? A．To present a misunderstanding. B．To support a commonly held view. C．To share a personal experience. D．To criticize a certain group of people. 2．What did researchers find about the human sense of smell a decade ago? A．Humans are very sensitive to natural gas. B．Humans can smell extremely weak odours. C．Humans excel in identifying chemicals in the air. D．Humans do worse in detecting smells than animals. 3．What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A．Overusing the sense of smell may weaken other senses. B．Hunger has little connection with the sense of smell. C．The colour of food may help bring out its smell. D．Sharpening the senses boosts memory capacity. 4．When predicting a smell, the brain may make a re-evaluation if________. A．an unpleasant smell is quickly detected B．cross-sensory influences are maximized C．the sense of smell is frequently disturbed D．the perceived smell goes against the expectation 5．According to Paragraph 5, the evolution of the sense of smell has much to do with________. A．easy access to food sources B．human curiosity about nature C．sensory knowledge about food D．dangers in natural environments 6．What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取人类嗅觉的科学原理与跨感官协同作用的科普研究情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的简单叙事、日常应用等常见场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “立足科学探究、普及生命科学知识、引导理性认知” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与嗅觉机制、感官联动、专业品鉴背后的科学逻辑等前沿内容结合，要求考生在理解嗅觉工作方式与科学研究结论的基础上精准把握语篇信息，体现语言学习与科学素养、生命认知的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实科研语境中考查阅读理解与逻辑思维能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用写作意图、细节理解、推理判断、条件定位、原因关联、主旨概括综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖科普议论文核心考点：段落作用、研究发现、逻辑推理、过程条件、进化原因、全文主旨。考生需通过梳理文章结构、辨析感官互动原理、归纳文章中心解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的语篇分析能力、深层推理能力与科普文本解读能力，契合高考 “重逻辑、重思辨、重主旨” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从现象引入 — 纠正偏见 — 科学事实 — 机制分析 — 专业解读 — 价值升华的科普议论文结构角度设题，六道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置观点曲解、细节混淆、逻辑错位、主旨片面化等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础段落意图识别，到研究结果提取、推理判断、条件定位，再到进化关联与全文主旨概括，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂原理 — 读懂主旨” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科学研究、培养理性思维、以文育人” 的命题思路。 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．C 6．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人们对葡萄酒专家的看法存在误导，实则人类嗅觉十分灵敏，且会结合多种感官与自身状态运作，嗅觉进化与食物感官知识相关，能让生活更鲜活。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell.(对于葡萄酒专家，人们总会有些反感的地方。品酒活动已成为特权阶层的典型代表，这些人整天都沉浸在一杯上等葡萄酒之中。这种对葡萄酒专家的负面看法不仅不正确，而且也是对我们的嗅觉能力普遍贬低的一部分)”可推知，作者提及葡萄酒专家的目的是指出一种误解。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs.(十年前，研究人员发现，人类往往能在比动物更低浓度的情况下察觉到气味，其嗅觉能力甚至超过了除狗之外的大多数其他动物)”可知，十年前研究人员发现人类能够闻到极其微弱的气味。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel.(尽管我们的大脑在进行视觉分析方面表现出色，但人类的嗅觉却能对周围环境形成整体印象，这种印象是综合了我们所有感官所获取的信息。当我们闻到一种气味时，我们会根据所看到的、听到的、想到的以及所感受到的来对其进行解读)”可知，嗅觉会结合视觉、听觉等其他感官进行解读。由此推知，食物的颜色可能有助于增强其气味。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling.(大脑尤其会致力于对未来气味进行预测，而当这些预测被一种令人意外的气味所打破时，大脑的多个区域会做出反应，试图重新评估我们实际所闻到的气味)”可知，嗅觉的进化与对食物的感官认知有着密切关系。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据第五段“Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences.(葡萄酒专家在嗅觉预测方面非常出色。浅宝石红色的色泽可能会引导专家从一款优质葡萄酒中嗅出苹果或草莓的香气。嗅觉的进化是在自然环境中发生的，当时感官需要协同工作以寻找潜在的食物来源并记住食用它们的后果。葡萄酒品鉴师的出色能力得益于他们对感官对应关系的了解)”可知，在预测一种气味时，如果所感知到的气味与预期不符，大脑可能会重新进行评估。故选C。 6．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers.(事实上，人类是敏感的嗅觉动物)”结合文章围绕嗅觉展开，核心论述嗅觉并非独立运作，而是结合视觉、听觉、情绪等其他感官，通过预测、评估等过程发挥作用。由此可知，这篇文章的重点是嗅觉是如何通过与其他感官的相互作用而发挥作用的。故选B。 （2024·天津·高考真题）Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame. Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts, like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries. The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward. Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly. So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several “selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your “actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourage it. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former. 7．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Some people are born physically weaker than others. B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically. C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise. D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure. 8．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3? A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing. 9．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4? A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition. C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point. 10．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species? A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future. B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences. C．Humans care more about immediate rewards. D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers. 11．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self? A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star. B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV. C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre. D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal. 【答案】7．B 8．C 9．D 10．A 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了并非人人都喜欢体育锻炼的原因，指出这是因为人脑对无谓的努力很抵触且锻炼本身的回报不确定，不过大脑能形成长期目标、处理动机，我们能学会延时满足，为目标不懈努力。 7．推理判断题。根据第一段中“But why doesn’t everyone enjoy exercising? (但是为什么不是每个人都喜欢锻炼呢？)”和第二段中“While physical exercise isn’t that bad, it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant discomfort. (虽然体育锻炼并没有那么糟糕，但它通常还是令人不愉快的。这是必然的：你正在把你的身体推向它的身体极限，这导致了明显的不适)”可知，有些人不喜欢锻炼是身体被迫达到体能极限时会感到明显不适。由此可知，有些人不喜欢对自己的身体施加太大的压力。故选B项。 8．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it calculates the effort required for actions (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感。研究表明，它可以计算出行动所需的努力)”可知，人脑对无谓的努力很抵触。由此可知，此处指“它会阻止我们将重要资源浪费在无效的努力上”，画线词意思应该是“浪费，滥用”，与Misusing意思相近。故选C项。 9．推理判断题。第三段中的“Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. (另一个问题是，人类的大脑对浪费精力非常敏感)”指出人脑对无谓的努力很抵触，第四段“The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward (问题是，有规律的锻炼来保持“身材”需要持续和相当大的努力——所有这些都是渐进的，回报是不确定的。所以，你的大脑问“这值得吗？”问题的倾向将很难平息。这个特殊的特征也意味着我们通常更喜欢那些付出最少努力却获得最大回报的东西)”用规律锻炼以保持身材的例子具体说明人脑的这种工作机制。由此可知，作者写第四段的目的是进一步解释上文的观点。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第五段中“While many species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that. Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况), figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. (虽然许多物种的思维过程仅限于“食物，吃它！”、“危险，快跑！”、“痛苦，躲避！”，我们已经超越了这一点。我们的大脑可以形成多个长期目标和抱负。我们可以想象一个理想的未来场景，弄清楚我们如何实现它，然后去做)”可知，人类与许多其他物种的不同之处在于，人类能够想象一个美好的未来。故选A项。 11．推理判断题。根据第六段中“And your “ought” self is the self that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and getting better at football. (你的“应该”自我就是做你应该做的事情来成为你的“理想”自我的那个自我。所以，如果你的“理想”自我是一名职业足球运动员，而你的“实际”自我不是，那么你的“应该”自我就是花大量时间训练、锻炼，并在足球方面做得更好的那个人)”可知，“自我差异”理论认为“应该”自我会使人为奋斗目标持续努力。由此可知，为赢得奥运奖牌而训练的游泳运动员表现出最活跃的“应该”自我。故选D项。 写作意图题要求考生根据文章的内容揣测作者的写作意图，具体包括文章整体的写作意图或者某一细节的写作意图。 锁定关键词：purpose（目的），intend to（打算），want to tell us ...（想要告诉我们），write this passage to（写这篇文章为了） 常见的设问方式有： Why does the author discuss/mention... in paragraph...? What is the (author’s) purpose of this text? What does the author want to say by mentioning...? 根据文体的特点和用途来推断作者的写作目的： 1.记叙文，特别是个人的有趣经历或幽默故事类的文章——娱乐读者； (to make people laugh; to tell an interesting experience; to tell us a funny story; to describe an unusual experience; to show sb’s dislike for sth) 2. 夹叙夹议文——让读者得到某种启示或教育； (to introduce the readers some information; to share a lesson sb learned; to give a brief introduction of sth; to report sth) 3. 广告和议论文——说服读者接受某种产品、服务或接受某种观点； ( to sell, to attract, to persuade, to promote...) 4. 科普说明文或新闻报道——告知读者某些信息 (to introduce, to explain, to inform, to make comparisons...) （2026·全国·一模）This winter, the city council is working with local cultural groups to offer a range of public activities. Information about these events is available through official notices, online booking platforms and community feedback. While most programs are open to the public, participation depends on age limits, prior experience and registration requirements. Source 1: Official Event Notice    Orienteering (定向越野) for All When: Sundays in June and July Where: Bush and farm locations within 90 minutes of the CBD Participants complete a course using a compass and a map rather than marked paths. The activity is suitable for people aged 7-70．Children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult. Equipment is provided, but participants are advised to bring appropriate clothing. Source 2: Registration Information    Adventure Race Australia Date: 4 July Location: Forest retreat This race combines biking, trekking, kayaking and climbing. Due to safety concerns, only experienced racers are eligible(有资格). First-time competitors will not be accepted. Registration closes seven days before the event, places are limited, and late applications won’t be allowed. Source 3: Community Announcement    Memorable Movies in Midland Dates: 21 June & 19 July Venue: Town Hall The June screening features Roman Holiday (1953). The July screening of The World’s Fastest Indian takes place during the school holidays. Tickets are sold at the door, but advance booking is advised for the July session because of high demand. Source 4: Audience Guidelines    A Tribute to Louis Armstrong Dates: 29-30 July Venue: Concert Hall The concert celebrates Louis Armstrong’s contribution to jazz. Late entry will not be permitted once the performance begins, in order to avoid disrupting the musicians and audience. 1．Which activity requires participants to meet more than one condition before taking part? A．Orienteering for All B．Adventure Race Australia C．Memorable Movies in Midland D．A Tribute to Louis Armstrong 2．Which of the following statements is true according to the information provided? A．All activities require advance registration. B．Children may attend all activities without restrictions. C．The July movie screening is expected to attract more people. D．Participants must bring their own equipment for orienteering. 3．Which is the most suitable activity for a family with a 10-year-old child and no prior racing experience should choose? A．Orienteering for All B．Adventure Race Australia C．A Tribute to Louis Armstrong D．None of the listed activities 4．What is the main purpose of presenting the information from multiple sources? A．To compare cultural and sports activities B．To emphasize the popularity of winter events C．To show how rules vary across locations D．To help readers make informed choices 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍该市冬季推出的四项公共活动的官方通知、报名及参与规则等信息。 1．细节理解题。根据Source 2中的“Due to safety concerns, only experienced racers are eligible. First-time competitors will not be accepted. Registration closes seven days before the event, places are limited, and late applications won’t be allowed.(出于安全考虑，只有有经验的参赛者才有资格参加。首次参赛者将不被接受。报名在活动前七天截止，名额有限，逾期申请将不被允许。)”可知，Adventure Race Australia要求参赛者有相关经验且按时完成报名，是多项参与条件；其他活动均无多项硬性参与条件。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据Source 3中的“The July screening of The World’s Fastest Indian takes place during the school holidays. Tickets are sold at the door, but advance booking is advised for the July session because of high demand.(7 月份放映的《世上最快的印第安摩托》恰逢学校假期。本场影票可现场购买，但由于需求火爆，建议提前预订 7 月场次的门票。)”可知，7月的电影放映因需求高，预计会吸引更多观众，故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据Source 1中的“The activity is suitable for people aged 7-70．Children under 12 must be accompanied by an adult.(该活动适合7至70岁的人群。12岁以下儿童必须由成人陪同。)”可知，Orienteering for All适合10岁儿童（成人陪同即可），且无相关经验要求。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，文章整合了官方通知、报名信息、社区公告、观众须知等多渠道内容，清晰列明四项活动的时间、地点、参与条件、规则等关键信息，目的是让读者全面了解各项活动的细节，从而做出符合自身需求的选择。故选D项。 （25-26高二上·天津南开·期末）Feelings of worry or fear characterize anxiety. People often feel anxious about things that are about to happen, or situations that could happen in the future. People feel anxious before giving presentations or before moving to a new place. The feeling of anxiety can help us prepare for what is to come. Unfortunately, anxiety can become a problem. It can make it difficult to live life the way you want. Sometimes feelings of anxiety can be too strong or last longer than they should or longer than is helpful. These feelings can cause people to avoid situations or make it hard to do things they enjoy. Some types of anxiety can also lead to panic attacks. There are many types of anxiety. Climate change anxiety, also sometimes called eco-anxiety, is the extreme worry about current and future harm to the environment because of human activities. The dangers of climate change include natural disasters, such as flooding, wildfires, and stronger hurricanes. People also worry about the loss of plants and animals. People who have climate change anxiety may worry about the well-being of: individuals, future generations, life on Earth, and the planet. Scientists measure climate change anxiety using the Climate Change Anxiety Scale (CCAS). The CCAS has a list of statements about feelings and behaviors related to climate change. Most researchers use scores on the CCAS to tell if a person has symptoms of climate change anxiety. But they do not have a specific score to diagnose a person with climate change anxiety. We wanted to use data to determine cut-off scores (临界值) for the CCAS. These cut-off scores could be important for future health care professionals to properly assess and help people with climate change anxiety. We used an online survey to collect data from 877 people in Australia. All the people who participated were between the ages of 16 and 25. The survey questions included background information and the CCAS statements. There were 13 climate change statements. People gave a score about how often the statement was true. They used a five-point scale from 1 (never) to 5 (almost always). Then we calculated their total score by adding up the scores from all statements. A higher score means a person has greater anxiety. We also had participants take a test related to anxiety, stress, and depression. Then we connected the scores on the CCAS with the scores on this test. First, we determined the sensitivity of the CCAS. The sensitivity is the ability of the test to correctly identify a person with anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms. Then, we determined the specificity of the CCAS. The specificity is the test’s ability to correctly identify a person without anxiety. We analyzed the data to find two cut-off scores. One score identifies people with mild to medium symptoms of climate change anxiety. The second score identifies people with severe climate change anxiety. The cut-off scores were the total scores when the sensitivity and the specificity were the closest together. We found that a total CCAS score of 21 means a person has mild to moderate symptoms of climate change anxiety. A score of 23 or above means a person has severe symptoms of climate change anxiety. Using these scores, about 50 percent of the people surveyed had mild to moderate symptoms. About 44 percent had severe symptoms of climate change anxiety. 5．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs? A．Anxiety just occurs before big events like moving. B．Normal anxiety brings no benefits to people. C．Too much anxiety can mess up daily life. D．All anxiety results in panic attacks. 6．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 3? A．To introduce a new research method. B．To present different types of anxiety. C．To give a definition of climate change anxiety. D．To list the causes of climate change anxiety. 7．What was the main goal of this research study? A．To find score cut-offs for different anxiety levels. B．To prove that climate change is not a real problem. C．To improve the effectiveness of the CCAS. D．To increase the number of people taking the CCAS. 8．How were the cut-off scores for climate change anxiety determined? A．By randomly selecting two scores from the total scores. B．By choosing the scores when sensitivity and specificity are the farthest apart. C．By taking the average of all the participants’ scores. D．By finding the total scores when sensitivity and specificity are the closest together. 9．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Climate Anxiety Cut-offs Identified in Youth Study B．Most Young Australians Have Climate Anxiety C．Youth Report Feelings on Climate Change D．New Climate Anxiety Disorder defined 【答案】5．C 6．C 7．A 8．D 9．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了焦虑的基本概念，重点阐述了气候变化焦虑（生态焦虑）的定义、影响，并详细说明了一项针对澳大利亚青年的研究，该研究旨在确定气候变化焦虑量表（CCAS）的临界值，以区分不同程度的焦虑症状。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“It can make it difficult to live life the way you want. Sometimes feelings of anxiety can be too strong or last longer than they should or longer than is helpful. These feelings can cause people to avoid situations or make it hard to do things they enjoy.(它会让你难以按照自己想要的方式生活。有时焦虑感可能过于强烈，或持续时间超出必要或有益的范围。这些情绪会导致人们逃避某些情境，或难以做自己喜欢的事情。)”可知，过度的焦虑会扰乱人们的日常生活。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据第三段“Climate change anxiety, also sometimes called eco-anxiety, is the extreme worry about current and future harm to the environment because of human activities.(气候变化焦虑，有时也被称为生态焦虑，是对人类活动对环境造成的当前和未来伤害的极度担忧。)”可知，作者在第三段的主要目的是对气候变化焦虑进行定义和介绍。故选C。 7．细节理解题。根据第四段“We wanted to use data to determine cut-off scores (临界值) for the CCAS. These cut-off scores could be important for future health care professionals to properly assess and help people with climate change anxiety.(我们希望利用数据来确定CCAS的临界值。这些临界值对于未来的医疗保健专业人员正确评估和帮助气候变化焦虑患者可能很重要。)”可知，这项研究的主要目标是确定不同焦虑程度的分数临界值。故选A。 8．细节理解题。根据第六段“The cut-off scores were the total scores when the sensitivity and the specificity were the closest together.(临界值是当敏感性和特异性最接近时的总分。)”可知，气候变化焦虑的临界值是通过找到敏感性和特异性最接近时的总分来确定的。故选D。 9．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Climate change anxiety, also sometimes called eco-anxiety, is the extreme worry about current and future harm to the environment because of human activities.(气候变化焦虑，有时也被称为生态焦虑，是对人类活动对环境造成的当前和未来伤害的极度担忧。)”、第四段“We wanted to use data to determine cut-off scores (临界值) for the CCAS.(我们希望利用数据来确定CCAS的临界值。)”以及第七段“We found that a total CCAS score of 21 means a person has mild to moderate symptoms of climate change anxiety. A score of 23 or above means a person has severe symptoms of climate change anxiety.(我们发现，CCAS总分21分意味着一个人有轻度到中度的气候变化焦虑症状。23分及以上则意味着有严重的气候变化焦虑症状。)”可知，文章首先介绍了气候变化焦虑，然后重点描述了一项研究，该研究的核心成果是确定了用于区分气候变化焦虑严重程度的临界值。A选项“Climate Anxiety Cut-offs Identified in Youth Study(青年研究中确定的气候焦虑临界值)”最能概括全文。故选A。 考点三 观点态度题 attitude （2020·天津·高考真题）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet. While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase massively by 2050. If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries. Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying 30, 000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less than 30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines. “As an airline, we're currently in the process of turning all our planes into electric airplanes. says CEO Greg Mc Dougall. To make this happen, the airline has partnered up with MagniX to create the worlds first commercial flight with an electric engine. Making the skies electric isn't just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $8-12 for the same distance, and that's before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There's also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet. While there has been real progress in the e-plane industry, the technical challenges that remain are keeping everyone's feet firmly on the ground. A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram. Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft, where every bit of weight counts, this can't just be ignored. The transition （过渡） from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity. Many believe the same pattern could be followed in the air. Fuel consumption could be reduced as the electric component is switched on at key parts of the journey, especially on take-off and landing. It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies like Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to become a reality in the next few years. 1．According to Para. l, what is happening in air transport? A．New explorations of the sky are being launched. B．Pollution caused by batteries is being controlled. C．Efforts are being made to make air travel greener. D．Demand for short-haul flights is increasing massively. 2．Why is Harbour Air fit for electric flights? A．It runs short route B．It has a strong partner. C．Its planes can land on the sea. D．It has planes with powerful engines. 3．The expression "added bonus" refers to the fact that electric planes___________. A．give passengers more pleasant views B．bring airlines more financial benefits C．offer more enjoyable flying experiences D．cost less in maintenance than traditional ones 4．What might be the biggest challenge of electric flying? A．To improve the ground service for e-planes. B．To find qualified technicians for e-plane industry. C．To calculate the energy needed to power e-planes. D．To balance power and weight of batteries in e-planes. 5．What could be done during the transition from gas to electric in air flight? A．To produce new electric components. B．To increase battery consumption. C．To use mixed-power technology. D．To expand the landing field. 6．What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of electric flying? A．Short-sighted. B．Wait-and-see. C．Optimistic. D．Skeptical. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取电动飞机与绿色航空发展的前沿科技环保情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的普通叙事、人物故事或基础科普场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “关注生态保护、聚焦科技创新、倡导绿色发展” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与航空减排、新能源技术、可持续交通等时代热点结合，要求考生在理解技术优势、现存挑战与未来前景的基础上精准把握语篇信息，体现语言学习与科技素养、生态意识的深度融合，符合高考 “在真实前沿科技语境中考查阅读理解与思辨能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解、原因分析、词义指代、细节推断、过渡方案、态度判断综合考查的考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖科技说明文高频考点：事实细节、指代猜测、难题定位、过渡措施、作者态度。考生需通过梳理技术优势、辨析核心矛盾、把握行文情感、归纳全文主旨解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的信息辨析能力、逻辑推理能力与态度判断能力，契合高考 “重语篇、重逻辑、重态度” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从提出问题 — 案例介绍 — 优势分析 — 技术挑战 — 过渡方案 — 未来展望的科技说明文结构角度设题，六道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置信息错位、概念偷换、望文生义、态度混淆等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础信息提取，到细节比对、词义推断，再到难题识别、过渡方案理解与态度判断，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂逻辑 — 读懂态度” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 推理判断 + 主旨态度” 的三重要求，体现 “立足科技创新、聚焦生态环保、以文育人” 的命题思路。 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C 6．C 【分析】本文是说明文。为了使航空旅行更环保,出现了电动飞行。文章介绍了电动飞行的特点、优点、面临的挑战、解决措施和前景。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中 If we want big green sky solutions, we need blue sky thinking. Fortunately, there's plenty of that happening right now, particularly the short-haul flights powered by batteries(如果我们想要大的绿色天空解决方案，就需要蓝天思维。幸运的是，现在有很多这样的情况发生，尤其是靠电池供电的短途飞行)由此判断出，人们正在努力使航空旅行更加环保。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段Harbour Air is the largest seaplane airline in North America, flying30000 commercial flights in 40 seaplanes each year. Significantly, all Harbour Air routes last less uan30 minutes, making it perfectly fit for electric engines.可知，Harbour Air是北美最大的水上飞机航空公司，每年有40架水上飞机搭载3万次商业航班。值得注意的是，所有港口航线的飞行时间都不到30分钟，这使得它完全适合于电动引擎。也就是说 Harbour Air的飞行航线短使电动飞行成了可能。故选A。 3．猜测词义题。根据下文that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.可知，电动飞机没有发动机的噪音，没有燃油的味道，只有环保的宁静等优点，因此为乘坐电动飞机的乘客提供更愉快的飞行体验。所以added bonus指的是乘客获得的更愉快飞行体验的额外收获。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段 A battery, even a lithium one, only provides 250 watt-hours per kilogram; compare this to liquid fuel, which has a specific energy of 11, 890 watt-hours per kilogram Carrying adequate batteries, however, would make the plane too heavy to get off the ground. In aircraft., where every bit of weight counts, this can' t just be ignored.可知电池不能提供足够的燃料, 而携带足够的电池会使飞机太重而无法起飞。在飞机上，每一点重量都很重要，不能忽视。由此推知平衡电动飞机电池的功率和重量是电动飞机面临的最大挑战。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The transition(过渡) from gas to electric in the automobile industry has been made easier by hybrids-vehicles powered by both fuel and electricity.可知从燃料飞行到电动飞行过渡过程中，可以使用燃料和电力混合动力技术。故选C。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段It's certainly an exciting time for electric flying. With companies Harbour Air taking the lead, battery-powered planes, especially on short-haul journeys, are set to come a reality in the next few years.可知电动飞行无疑是激动人心的，电动飞行短途旅行将在 未来几年内成为现实。由此判断出作者对电动飞行的前景是乐观的。故选C。 推理判断之观点态度考点是高考中的常考点。 观点态度题要求考生推断文中人物对某事所持的观点或态度；推断作者对某事物所持的观点与态度。 常见的设问方式有： 推断人(事)物品质 Which of the following words best describe...? 推断态度观点 What’s the writer's attitude towards...? Which of the following best describes...? What’s XX’s attitude towards America's future ? 注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。 褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。 贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失望的)等。 中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。 注意熟悉一些描写人物事物特征的形容词词语。 generous慷慨的；brave勇敢的；demanding要求高的; 苛求的; 需要高技能(或耐性等)的; 费力的; 要求极严的; 难满足的；impatient不耐烦的； outgoing外向的；easy-going随和的；organized有条理的；modest谦虚的；optimistic乐观的；cautious小心，谨慎的；caring乐于助人的; 关心他人的; 体贴人的； skillful熟练的; 灵巧的; 擅长于 (at; in); 制作精巧的；responsible负责任的； determined有决心的；modest谦虚的；creative有创造力的；ambitious有雄心的；adventurous冒险的；cooperative 有合作意识的；honest诚实的；capable adj. 有能力的,有才能的;cooperative 有合作意识的；honest诚实的；capable adj. 有能力的,有才能的； confident adj.自信的；diligent adj.勤奋的；voluntary adj.自愿的,主动的；energetic adj. 精力旺盛的；humorous adj.幽默的；enthusiastic adj.热情的；experienced adj.有经验的；intelligent聪明的; 智能的; 有才智的; 悟性强的; 有智力的; 有理解和学习能力的；grateful感激的；helpful有帮助的；talkative健谈的；athletic运动型; 体育运动的; 健壮的；patient有耐心的；innovative创新的；tolerant忍受的；positive 积极的；committed坚信的; 尽心尽力的; 坚定的；considerate 体贴的；ashamed惭愧的; regretful后悔的；disappointed失望的；amazed吃惊的；satisfied满意的；disappointed失望的；shocked震惊的；overjoyed过度高兴的；pleased满意的；indifferent冷漠的；sorrowful悲伤的；sympathetic同情的；hardworking勤劳的；embarrassed尴尬的；proud自豪的；energetic充满活力的；courageous勇敢的; 无畏的；independent独立的；sensitive敏感的。 （25-26高三下·黑龙江哈尔滨·开学考试）Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery (餐具) in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked. If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it. During the second world war, some statisticians wanted to determine how many tanks the German army was producing. Captured tanks couldn’t be re-released, but, as tank components are marked with serial numbers (序列号), another approach allowed them to make an estimate. They logged (记录) the serial numbers of all captured tanks, working on the assumption that they were numbered in a fixed order and randomly distributed. If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n. This is known as the German tank problem in statistics. One of my favourite population estimation stories was told to me by a teacher friend, who tasked her students with estimating the number of forks in the school canteen — impossible to count as, at any given time, a number will be in use and others will be in the wash. Her class “captured” a set of forks and marked each one with a drop of nail polish, then released them back into the population. A week later, they recaptured another sample population and used it to make an estimate of the total number of forks. Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. 1．Which of the following graph best illustrates the capture-recapture method? (marked) A． B． C． D． 2．How did statisticians estimate the number of German tanks? A．By marking and recapturing tanks. B．By analyzing serial numbers of captured tanks. C．By counting all tanks on the battlefield. D．By using the capture-recapture method directly. 3．What is the author’s attitude towards the mark-recapture method? A．Skeptical. B．Critical. C．Supportive. D．Neutral. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The history of the capture-recapture method. B．Different ways to estimate population sizes. C．How to count moving objects accurately. D．The use of statistics in World War II. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是估算移动物体或难以直接计数物体数量的方法，重点介绍了标记重捕法及其在不同场景下的应用。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population. After some time has passed, you repeat the process to pick another group of animals and count how many of them are already marked.(“重捕法”是指这样的操作流程：先选取一个样本——比如，等待一些动物经过，然后收集一些样本——对个体进行明显标记，然后将它们放回原群体中。过一段时间后，重复上述过程，再次捕获一组动物，并统计其中已被标记的个体数量。)”和第三段“If you captured, say, 50 animals initially and marked them all, then on your recapture step you found half the animals you saw were marked, this tells you something about the whole population. Since half the sample is marked, this implies that half of the whole population is marked — so there must be about 100 individuals. This can give a reasonably accurate estimate of a population, without having to find and count every single member of it.(假设你最初捕获并标记了50只动物，在重捕时发现，你所看到的动物中有一半是被标记过的，这就能让你对整个种群的数量有所了解。由于样本中有一半是被标记的，这就意味着整个种群中也有一半是被标记的——因此，种群数量大约为100只。这种方法无需找到并统计种群中的每一个个体，就能对种群数量给出相当准确的估算。)”可知，“捕获——重捕法”的核心流程是：①捕捉并标记一定数量的个体（如50只动物）→②放回原种群使其混合→③再次捕捉一定数量的个体→④统计其中被标记的个体比例→⑤根据比例估算总数量。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“They logged the serial numbers of all captured tanks, working on the assumption that they were numbered in a fixed order and randomly distributed. If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n.(他们记录下所有被俘获坦克的序列号，并基于这些序列号是按固定顺序编号且随机分布的假设展开分析。若你掌握的数据中最大的序列号为L，且被俘获坦克的数量为n，那么对坦克总数的一个估算值为L + L/n。)”可知，估算德军坦克产量需要两个关键数据：捕获坦克的最大序列号L和捕获坦克的总数n，所以统计学家是通过分析缴获坦克的序列号来估算德国坦克数量。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one.(幸运的是，有一种技术可以估算出某物的数量，而无需逐一计数。)”可知，作者对这种方法的态度是支持的，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“The capture-recapture method involves getting a sample — waiting for some animals to wander by, for instance, then collecting some — marking the individuals distinctively, then releasing them back into the population.(“重捕法”是指这样的操作流程：先选取一个样本——比如，等待一些动物经过，然后收集一些样本——对个体进行明显标记，然后将它们放回原群体中。)”和第四段“During the second world war, some statisticians wanted to determine how many tanks the German army was producing. Captured tanks couldn’t be re-released, but, as tank components are marked with serial numbers (序列号), another approach allowed them to make an estimate. They logged (记录) the serial numbers of all captured tanks, working on the assumption that they were numbered in a fixed order and randomly distributed. If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n. This is known as the German tank problem in statistics.(二战期间，一些统计学家想要弄清德军正在生产多少辆坦克。由于被俘获的坦克无法放回重捕，但鉴于坦克部件上都标有序列号，他们得以采用另一种方法进行估算。他们记录下所有被俘获坦克的序列号，并基于这些序列号是按固定顺序编号且随机分布的假设展开分析。若你掌握的数据中最大的序列号为L，且被俘获坦克的数量为n，那么对坦克总数的一个估算值为L + L/n。这在统计学中被称为“德国坦克问题”。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是估算移动物体或难以直接计数物体数量的方法，重点介绍了标记重捕法及其在不同场景下的应用，因此本文的主旨是B选项“Different ways to estimate population sizes.(估算种群数量的不同方法。)”。故选B。 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Over breakfast this morning, I enjoyed a short chat with Mia, my new Spanish study buddy. I explained what I had learned about the psychology of happiness from a Spanish-language podcast. By the end of the ten-minute conversation, I felt that I had mastered more of the language than if I’d done an hour of textbook exercises. Mia, however, does not exist in real life. It is an AI that I created to take advantage of a phenomenon called the “protege effect” (门徒效应). According to research, we learn more effectively when we teach someone else about the topic we’ve just explored — even if that person doesn’t really exist. The effect has its roots in the principle of “learning by teaching,” pioneered in the early 1980s by Jean-Pol Martin, a French teacher working in Germany. To improve his students’ language learning, he had them research and present different parts of the curriculum to their classmates. The technique boosted their motivation, self-confidence, and communicative abilities, and it soon spread to many other schools in the country. Later, a group of Stanford scientists tested the idea. In a pioneering experiment, Catherine Chase asked 62 eighth-graders to use a computer program to study how fever affects the body. Over two lessons, the students had to read a text and then create a flowchart. Half the teens did the exercise as a form of self-study, while the others were told that their diagram would help to teach a virtual character. At the end, those in the teaching role had learned considerably more of the material, with much stronger performance on tests. Chase named this the protege effect, and it has since been replicated (复制) many times. These later studies suggest that learning by teaching is more powerful than other memory techniques. The brain boost appears to arise as much from the expectation of teaching as the act itself. If we know that others are going to learn from us, we feel a sense of responsibility to provide the right information. As a result, we make a greater effort to fill in the gaps in our understanding and correct any mistaken assumptions before passing our knowledge on to others. This process then helps to enhance what we have learned. To put the protege effect into practice, a face-to-face conversation with a human partner is ideal, but it can be hard to find one. Fortunately, there are other ways. You might choose to present your progress as a blog or video aimed at other learners. Or you might, like me, choose to chat with an AI. I prompt (instruct) ChatGPT to act as a curious Spanish student, Mia, who listens to what I’ve been learning and asks suitable questions and follow-ups. With voice features, I can practice speaking as well. Though it felt awkward to talk to my computer at first, I became more confident in real-life interactions after just a few weeks. 5．Jean-Pol Martin’s teaching method is mentioned in the text to ______. A．highlight the role of student competition in learning B．contrast Eastern and Western educational philosophies C．provide historical context for the concept’s development D．demonstrate the inefficiency of teacher-centered instruction 6．The author mentions Catherine Chase’s study to show that ______. A．flowcharts are useful tools to learn science B．self-study is more effective than group learning C．virtual characters cannot replace human teachers D．learning by teaching is supported by scientific evidence 7．What does Paragraph 4 imply about the protege effect? A．It encourages learners to avoid uncertain topics entirely. B．It motivates deeper learning by creating a sense of duty. C．It promotes systematic review of previously mastered material. D．It relies on external feedback to correct errors in comprehension. 8．With regard to applying the “protege effect,” the author would most agree that ______. A．teaching real people is best but not always possible B．chatting with AI is as effective as real-life interactions C．overcoming the initial discomfort of teaching is the key D．presenting learning progress publicly offers greater benefits 9．The author’s personal experience with Mia is introduced primarily to ______. A．criticize the limitations of traditional language learning methods B．illustrate the practical application of a psychological phenomenon C．emphasize the superiority of AI over human interaction in education D．showcase the technical complexities of creating virtual study partners 10．The author’s attitude to using AI for the protege effect can be described as ______. A．overly enthusiastic without practical support B．entirely unconcerned about non-human interactions C．cautiously optimistic despite initial discomfort D．strongly skeptical due to technological limitations 【答案】5．C 6．D 7．B 8．A 9．B 10．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“门徒效应”这一心理学现象，阐述了其起源、相关科学研究，以及该效应在学习(如语言学习)中的实际应用方式。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“The effect has its roots in the principle of “learning by teaching,” pioneered in the early 1980s by Jean-Pol Martin, a French teacher working in Germany. To improve his students’ language learning, he had them research and present different parts of the curriculum to their classmates. The technique boosted their motivation, self-confidence, and communicative abilities, and it soon spread to many other schools in the country. (这种效应的根源在于“教中学习”的原则，该原则是由在德国工作的法语教师让-波尔·马丁在20世纪80年代初首创的。为了提高学生的语言学习，他让他们研究并向同学展示课程的不同部分。这种方法提高了他们的积极性、自信心和交际能力，并很快推广到该国的许多其他学校)”可知，文中提到让-波尔・马丁的教学方法是为了给“门徒效应”这一概念的发展提供历史背景。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“At the end, those in the teaching role had learned considerably more of the material, with much stronger performance on tests. (最后，那些扮演教学角色的学生对材料掌握得更多，在测试中的表现也更好)”可知，作者提到凯瑟琳・蔡斯的研究是为了表明“以教促学”有科学证据支持。故选D项。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段“If we know that others are going to learn from us, we feel a sense of responsibility to provide the right information. As a result, we make a greater effort to fill in the gaps in our understanding and correct any mistaken assumptions before passing our knowledge on to others. (如果我们知道别人要向我们学习，我们就会有提供正确信息的责任感。因此，在把我们的知识传授给别人之前，我们会更加努力地填补我们理解上的空白，纠正任何错误的假设)”可推知，“门徒效应”通过产生一种责任感来促进更深入的学习。故选B项。 8．细节理解题。根据第五段首句“To put the protege effect into practice, a face-to-face conversation with a human partner is ideal, but it can be hard to find one. (要将“门徒效应”付诸实践，与真人进行面对面的交流是最理想的，但很难找到这样的人)”可知，关于应用“门徒效应”，作者最认同的是教真人是最好的，但并不总是可行。故选A项。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段“Over breakfast this morning, I enjoyed a short chat with Mia, my new Spanish study buddy. I explained what I had learned about the psychology of happiness from a Spanish-language podcast. By the end of the ten-minute conversation, I felt that I had mastered more of the language than if I’d done an hour of textbook exercises. (今天早上吃早餐的时候，我和我的新西班牙语学习伙伴米娅聊了一会儿。我解释了我从一个西班牙语播客中学到的关于幸福心理学的知识。在十分钟的对话结束时，我觉得我掌握的语言比做一个小时的课本练习还要多)”以及后文对“门徒效应”的阐述可知，作者介绍与米娅的个人经历主要是为了说明一种心理现象的实际应用。故选B项。 10．推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“Though it felt awkward to talk to my computer at first, I became more confident in real-life interactions after just a few weeks. (虽然一开始和我的电脑说话感觉很尴尬，但仅仅几周后，我在现实生活中的交流就变得更加自信了)”可知，作者对使用人工智能来实现“门徒效应”的态度是尽管一开始不舒服，但持谨慎乐观的态度。故选C项。 考点四 写作方法题 method （2025·天津·高考真题）Ask most people what “the good life” involves, and they will likely draw up a rapid list of goods — money, friendship, a rewarding career, etc. Even Aristotle, who believed that the key to happiness is the cultivation (培养) and exercise of virtue, still thought certain goods were either necessary conditions for happiness or were goods that came to virtuous people. If we’re comparing how happy various people’s lives are, it seems natural to look for certain goods, and compare who has more of them. Let’s imagine the lives of two actors, Toby and Ybot. Toby struggles to get work for many years, suffering all sorts of difficulties. He becomes a famous and wealthy actor, and wins an Oscar for his final movie before retiring. Ybot, however, wins an Oscar for his very first film role. But over time he becomes less famous and less well paid, and he begins to suffer difficulties. In the end, he retires as a nobody. These two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images. Toby and Ybot both seem to lead lives of equal net worth. Yet most of us would think that the ordering of these goods does make a decisive difference to how we compare Toby and Ybot’s careers. Someone who climbs a mountain will experience more struggle than someone who gets carried to the peak by bus, but the climber will also have a sense of accomplishment the other person may well envy. In that sense, we might think Toby’s life is better because his highs seem more well-earned than Ybot’s do. But that’s not the whole story. The narrative (叙述) itself seems to make a difference. A life of early success followed by decline seems like a less overall successful life than one where success comes later in the day. Where the story ends seems to matter in itself. We value happy endings, not just happy moments. This immediate judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis (假说). On this view, living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order. The hypothesis suggests that our lives are not simply bags into which we stuff good things and bad things. The type of life — the narrative of that life-story — matters too. Without the right shape, even a life full of wondrous things can end up as a tale we’d prefer not to live out. 1．What can be learned about Aristotle’s view on happiness? A．Goods contribute to happiness. B．Virtuous people may not be happy. C．Too many goods reduce happiness. D．Happy people care less about goods. 2．According to the author, what do both Toby and Ybot experience? A．They start from a humble beginning. B．They reach the same height in career. C．They recover from the same sufferings. D．They retire with honour from the film industry. 3．What does the author try to convey with the example of mountain climbing? A．Easy success is often envied. B．There are various paths to success. C．Fierce struggle is vital to success. D．Hard-earned success is treasured more. 4．In writing Paragraph 4, the author tries to________. A．introduce another topic B．draw a conclusion C．further an argument D．provide new evidence 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．To Shape Your Life with Good Deeds. B．Defining the Shape of a Good Life. C．The Essential Components of Good Life. D．How We Can Have a Good Shape of Life. 命题解读 新情境：本题选取人生叙事结构与幸福生活关系的哲学思辨类情境作为命题载体，区别于传统阅读的人物故事、科普说明、应用文信息查找等常见场景。该情境贴合高考英语 “聚焦人文素养、引导价值思考、关注人生成长” 的命题趋势，将阅读理解考查与幸福本质、人生轨迹、叙事意义等深度哲理话题结合，要求考生结合逻辑论证与价值思辨理解语篇主旨，体现语言学习与精神成长、思维品质提升的深度关联，符合高考 “在人文思辨语境中考查深度理解与逻辑思维能力” 的改革方向。 新考法：本题采用细节理解 + 观点判断 + 例证意图 + 段落功能 + 主旨标题的综合考法，打破了单纯信息查找的浅层考查模式。题干覆盖议论文阅读核心考点：人物观点、事实对比、例证作用、段落意图、全文主旨。考生需通过梳理论证结构、把握作者核心观点、辨析选项与原文逻辑差异来解题，而非仅依赖字面翻译。这种考法侧重考查考生的逻辑思辨能力、深层理解能力与观点提炼能力，契合高考 “重逻辑、重思辨、重主旨” 的命题改革方向。 新角度：本题从普遍认知引入 — 对比案例呈现 — 观点论证 — 段落递进深化 — 假说总结升华的议论文结构角度设题，五道题目由浅入深、层层递进。命题人通过设置概念偷换、逻辑颠倒、片面理解、主旨偏离等多层干扰项，强化对精准理解与逻辑判断的考查；从基础细节定位，到段落意图推理，再到核心观点概括与全文主旨标题选择，全面考查 “读懂信息 — 读懂逻辑 — 读懂主旨” 的高阶阅读能力。这种设题角度突出了高考对 “细节理解 + 逻辑推理 + 主旨概括” 的三重要求，体现 “以文育人、引导理性思考人生价值” 的命题思路。 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了何为“美好生活”，指出美好生活不仅关乎经历的内容，还关乎经历的顺序（即生活的“形态”）。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Even Aristotle, who believed that the key to happiness is the cultivation (培养) and exercise of virtue, still thought certain goods were either necessary conditions for happiness or were goods that came to virtuous people.(即使是亚里士多德，他也认为幸福的关键在于美德的培养和锻炼，但他仍然认为某些物品要么是幸福的必要条件，要么是美德之人所能获得的物品)”可知，亚里士多德认为某些物品对幸福是必要的，或者美德之人会获得这些物品，即物品有助于幸福。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Toby struggles to get work for many years, suffering all sorts of difficulties. He becomes a famous and wealthy actor, and wins an Oscar for his final movie before retiring. Ybot, however, wins an Oscar for his very first film role.(托比多年来一直在努力找工作，经历了各种各样的困难。他成为了一名著名而富有的演员，并在退休前的最后一部电影中获得了奥斯卡奖。然而，伊博特凭借他的第一部电影角色赢得了奥斯卡奖)”以及第三段“These two actors’ lives, like their names, are mirror-images. Toby and Ybot both seem to lead lives of equal net worth.(这两位演员的人生，就像他们的名字一样，是互为镜像的存在。托比和伊博特的人生净值似乎不相上下)”可知，两人都获得了奥斯卡奖，达到了职业生涯的顶峰，即他们在事业上达到了相同的高度。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Someone who climbs a mountain will experience more struggle than someone who gets carried to the peak by bus, but the climber will also have a sense of accomplishment the other person may well envy. In that sense, we might think Toby’s life is better because his highs seem more well-earned than Ybot’s do.(爬山的人比坐公交车到山顶的人会经历更多的挣扎，但爬山的人也会有一种成就感，这是另一个人可能会羡慕的。从这个意义上说，我们可能会认为托比的生活更好，因为他的高峰似乎比伊博特的更值得)”可知，作者通过爬山的例子试图传达的是：辛苦得来的成功更受珍视。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“But that’s not the whole story. The narrative (叙述) itself seems to make a difference.(但这并不是全部。叙述本身似乎也有影响)”以及“Where the story ends seems to matter in itself.(故事的结局本身很重要)”并结合后文对生活叙述顺序的讨论可知，作者在写第四段是试图进一步论证前文提出的“生活形态”假说，即生活的叙述顺序也很重要。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是最后一段中“This immediate judgment finds expression in what’s been called the “shape of life” hypothesis (假说). On this view, living a good life is not simply about having the right kind of experiences or life-events, but of having them in the right order.(这种直接的判断体现在所谓的“生活形态”假说中。从这个观点来看，过上美好的生活不仅仅是拥有正确的经历或生活事件，而是以正确的顺序拥有它们)”可知，文章主要讨论了何为“美好生活”的形态，即美好生活不仅关乎经历的内容，还关乎经历的顺序。因此，B选项“Defining the Shape of a Good Life(定义美好生活的形态)”最符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选B。 （2021·天津·高考真题）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 6．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 7．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 8．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 9．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 10．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist 【答案】6．A 7．C 8．D 9．D 10．A 【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。 6．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“know … about less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。 7．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. …These specialists could work at the office until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。 8．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。 9．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Toni的例子“My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。 10．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。 （2020·天津·高考真题）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts ofUncle Tom’s Cabinwhile cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 11．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 12．What does the example of Galileo tell us? A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 13．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 14．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 15．What could be the best title or the passage? A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B．Reflections on Human Nature C．The Keys to Achievement D．Never Too Late to Learn 【答案】11．D 12．D 13．B 14．C 15．C 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。 11．推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。 12．推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。 14．推理判断题。根据第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys to Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。 通过阅读理解中，推断文章写作方法考查考生的基本的写作技能，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章写作方法的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：常见文章文体的写作方法。 常见的设问方式： （1）How is the passage organized? （2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________. （3）The first paragraph serves as a（n）  __________. （4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________. 了解文章的修辞手法 从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。 作对比 By making comparisons. 举例子 By giving examples. 分析原因 By analyzing causes. 列数字 By listing figures. 下定义 By providing definitions （22-23高二下·天津·期中）From now on, never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings. Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow. The seeds, and the power to grow them, are contained in the most awesome (令人惊叹的) machine ever created: the human mind. Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success if only you make the right choice. You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem (自尊). Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are leaves tossed(摇摆)by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather. You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life. Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance. Successful people realize that they are responsible. Everything happens as a result of something. If we can identify the cause, we can control the effect. We are responsible for what we choose to think and believe. One generally rises to the level that one expects. We are responsible for setting our expectations. Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence. If you associate with positive-thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. On the contrary, the opposite happens. We are responsible for finding, planting, and nurturing (养育) the seeds that contain future victory, born from setbacks (挫折). In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success. 1．People with low self-esteem are compared to leaves because they ______. A．are ready to change their minds B．don’t have the ability to control themselves C．can’t be successful with self-control D．are easily affected by windy weather 2．Losers would think that ______. A．their failure is accidental B．working hard will lead to success C．they are responsible for success D．they should make efforts to succeed 3．It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that ______. A．our success results from our attitudes B．one can rise to the level that one expects C．we should be responsible for our thoughts and beliefs D．setting our expectations is essential before taking action 4．The last paragraph serves as ______. A．the proof of the author’s points B．an introduction to another topic C．the conclusion of the argument D．a comparison between two views 5．Which is the best title for the text? A．The secrets of success. B．How to achieve success. C．Develop our confidence. D．Success depends on you. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 5．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了成功取决于我们自己。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are leaves tossed(摇摆)by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.(你的自尊水平总是基于你能够控制自己的程度，从而控制你的生活。自卑的人是那些不相信自己拥有任何权力或对自己的生活负责的人。他们是随着天气的突然变化而随风飘荡的树叶)”可知，自卑的人被比作落叶，因为他们没有控制自己的能力。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance.(失败者认为一切都是偶然发生的)”可知，失败者认为他们的失败是偶然发生的。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence.(我们的成功取决于我们的自信程度)”可知，自信属于态度。由此推知，我们的成功源于我们的态度。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success.(简而言之，在你生活的所有领域，无论是金钱、身体、情感还是精神，你都有责任。一旦你认识到这一点，接受它，并坚定地相信它，你就在通往成功的道路上)”可推知，最后一段是对文章论点——成功取决于自己的总结。故选C。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.(相反，要意识到成功的种子在你出生的时候就已经在你体内种下了。只有你有能力让种子生长)”和第二段中“You can be a success if only you make the right choice.(只要你做出正确的选择，你就能成功)”可知，文章主要讨论了成功取决于自己。由此可知，项“成功取决于你”适合做文章标题。故选D。 （2023·天津·模拟预测）From now on, never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings. Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow. The seeds, and the power to grow them, are contained in the most awesome machine ever created: the human mind. Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success if only you make the right choice. You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem. Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are the perennial (长期的) victims and martyrs. They are leaves tossed (摇摆) by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather. You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life. Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance. Successful people realize that they are responsible. Everything happens as a result of something. If we can identify the cause, we can control the effect. We are responsible for what we choose to think and believe. One generally rises to the level that one expects. We are responsible for setting our expectations. Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence. If you associate with positive-thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. On the contrary, the opposite happens. We are responsible for finding, planting, and nurturing the seeds that contain future victory, born from setbacks. In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success. 6．People with low self-esteem are compared to leaves because they ______. A．are ready to change their minds B．are easily affected by windy weather C．have the power to face their fate D．can’t exercise control over themselves 7．Losers would think that ______. A．success is the result of hard work B．working hard will lead to success C．their failure is only because of bad luck D．they don’t make efforts to succeed 8．Which statement is NOT true according to the passage? ______ A．Whether we will succeed depends on our attitudes. B．Confidence can contribute to success. C．Thoughts and beliefs are the result of creative mind. D．Setting our expectations is essential. 9．The last paragraph serves as ______. A．the proof of the author’s points B．the conclusion of the argument C．an introduction to another topic D．a comparison between two views 10．Which is the best title for the text? ______ A．Success Is a Choice B．Be Responsible for Our Future C．Develop Our Confidence D．Success and Self-esteem 【答案】6．D 7．C 8．C 9．B 10．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为成功是一种选择，而不是单纯靠机遇，我们要对自己思考后做出的选择负责，也要对自己生活的方方面面负责任。这样，我们才会离成功更进一步。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are leaves tossed by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.”（低自尊的人是那些不相信自己有任何能力或对自己的生活负责的人。它们是随风飘动的树叶，随着天气的突然变化而随风飘动）可知，把低自尊的人比作树叶是因为他们不相信自己有能力和责任控制自己的人生，就像树叶一样随着机会的改变而随风摇摆。故选D。 7．细节理解题。根据第四段“Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance.”（失败者认为一切都是偶然发生的）可知，失败者认为每件事的发生都是偶然和随机的，因此他们把失败归结于运气不好。故选C。 8．细节理解题。第一段提到“Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born.  Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.”（相反，要意识到成功的种子在你出生的时候就已经种在你的体内了。只有你有能力让这些种子成长。）和第二段提到“Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success if only you make the right choice.”（成功是一种选择，而不是一种机会。你天生就是个赢家。你生而富有。只要你做出正确的选择，你就能成功。）根据这两句可以得出：成功与否是基于人自身的态度，成功的种子已经种植于心，只有自己才能让成功长出果实，A项正确。第五段提到“Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence.”（我们的成功取决于我们的自信程度。）自信也能引导成功，B项正确。倒数第三段提到“We are responsible for setting our expectations.”（我们有责任设定我们的期望。）设置我们的期望也是很有必要的。D项正确。文章中并没有提到想法和信仰与创造性思维之间的关系。C项不正确。故选C。 9．推理判断题。最后一段“In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible.”（简而言之，在你生活的方方面面，无论是经济上、身体上、情感上还是精神上，你都有责任）是作者对论点的总结，说明我们要取得成功，就要对生活的各个方面负责。也可从关键词“In short”（总而言之）看出，这一段的作用是总结观点。故选B。 10．主旨大意题。通过第一段“Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.”（相反，要意识到成功的种子在你出生的时候就已经在你内心埋下了。只有你有能力让这些种子生长）可以看出，作者认为我们有能力去把握成功。第二段“Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success if only you make the right choice.”（成功是一种选择，而不是一种机会。你是天生的赢家。你生而富有。只要你做出正确的选择，你就能成功）表明作者的观点：成功是一种选择而不是机会，只要做出正确的选择，就可以成功。而下文都是围绕要想成功就要把握机会做出正确的选择而展开。文章结尾也是对这一中心论点的总结。因此标题也要按照“成功是一种选择”这一论点来确定。A项“Success Is a Choice.”（成功是一个选择）该项符合文意。故选A。 考点五 预测推断题 prediction （2025·天津·高考真题）All animals take in oxygen from the air they breathe in, and release CO₂ from their blood when breathing out. Most mammals (哺乳动物) can’t directly detect oxygen levels in the blood supplied to their tissues. Instead, they rely on the rising level of CO₂ in their blood to signal that they might need to take a breath. But a recent study published in Science suggests seals (海豹) can sense the amount of oxygen in the blood, and change their diving behavior in response. To find out if oxygen levels affected seal behavior, Professor McKnight at the University of St. Andrews and his colleagues created a special section in a pool where young seals were held. In one corner, there was a breathing chamber (呼吸室), where they were sheltered from the rain and the wind. The breathing chamber was surrounded by panels that prevented surface swimming, yet swimming below the surface for about 200 feet would give the seals access to a feeder where they could eat as much fish as they liked. Once the seals got familiar with the setup, the researchers started to gradually change the composition of the air in the breathing chamber, increasing or reducing the levels of oxygen and CO₂ to see an effect on their behavior. Sure enough: the higher the level of oxygen, the longer the seals stayed at the feeder. The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. This ability would put seals in a class beyond any land mammals that have been tested. Since oxygen levels on land remain stable, humans don’t seem to have evolved (演化) to notice low blood oxygen levels, sometimes not even when they’re about to pass out in free-diving. Therefore, in free-diving without oxygen tanks, accidents are quite common. Our reliance on sensing CO₂ levels in our blood instead of oxygen may be to blame. Actually, this is a perfectly reasonable strategy on land, where growing CO₂ tends to signal breathing issues. But when holding our breath during diving, relying on CO₂ levels is risky, especially on repeated dives. Because every time we surface and breathe in, our sensitivity to CO₂ is decreased, even if its levels are already high, and this increases the chance that a person will, without awareness, pass out before they get to the surface. 1．What do most mammals rely on to determine when to take a breath? A．The growing amount of CO₂ in their blood. B．The rising level of oxygen in their lungs. C．The intensity of their physical activity. D．The blood supply to body tissues. 2．When would the seals stay at the feeder for a longer period of time? A．When they needed to take in more food at the feeder. B．When the oxygen level in the chamber grew higher. C．When they familiarized themselves with the setup. D．When the CO₂ level in the chamber was raised. 3．What results in humans’ inability to notice low oxygen levels in their blood? A．The unstable CO₂ levels in the air. B．Their lack of attention to breathing. C．The constant oxygen levels on land. D．Their functionally changeable heart rate. 4．Why do accidents often occur when divers go free-diving? A．Their breath cannot be held long enough. B．They cannot adjust the consumption of oxygen. C．They may fail to notice rising CO₂ levels soon enough. D．Their breathing organs stop working properly underwater. 5．Which statement is probably supported by McKnight’s seal research? A．Seals have evolved to survive in low oxygen envi$