第03讲 阅读理解之推理判断题（复习讲义）（天津专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第03讲 阅读理解之推理判断题 目录 01 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 2 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 3 考点一 题型特征 3 知识点1 推理判断题的命题陷阱 3 知识点2 推理判断题的解题技巧 4 考点二 细节推理题 4 知识点1 考查内容 5 知识点2 设问方式 5 考向 细节推理题 5 考点三 写作意图题 6 知识点1 考查内容 6 知识点2 设问方式 6 考向 写作意图题 6 考点四 观点态度题 7 知识点1 考查内容 7 知识点2 设问方式 7 考向 观点态度题 8 考点五 文章出处题/读者对象题 8 知识点1 考查内容 8 知识点2 设问方式 8 考向 文章出处题 9 04 真题溯源·考向感知 10 考点要求 考察形式 2025年 2024年 2023年 推理判断题 选择题 非选择题 3月，B篇，3道 3月，C篇，2道 3月，D篇，1道 3月，C篇，3道 3月，D篇，3道 6月，B篇，4道 6月，C篇，1道 3月，A篇，1道 3月，B篇，1道 3月，C篇，2道 3月，D篇，1道 6月，B篇，1道 6月，C篇，1道 6月，D篇，1道 考情分析： 推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题等。 复习目标： 1. 掌握细节推理题的解题方法； 2. 掌握写作意图题的解题方法； 3. 掌握观点态度题的解题方法； 4. 掌握文章出处题或读者对象题的解题方法。 考点一 题型特征 知识点1 推理判断题的命题陷阱 主观臆断 某些选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测。 过度推断或以偏概全 有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而一些选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者一些选项仅针对原文中某一句话进行推断，而忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全。 偷换概念 某些干扰选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在易忽视的地方略微改动某个词或表达方式，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强。 逻辑颠倒 某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如因果倒置、目的与手段倒置等。 背离主题 某些选项背离了文章的主题思想，是对原文的曲解。 事实复述 某些选项仅仅是对原文事实进行简化复述，而非推断得出的结论。 知识点2 推理判断题的解题技巧 根据特定信息和逆向思维进行推断 有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维，得出正确答案。 根据作者的思想倾向和感情色彩推断观点态度 此方法适用于推断作者及文中人物的观点、态度和情感等。观点和态度一般分为三类：支持或反对、乐观或悲观、主观或客观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文中的字里行间。解答此类题目应多注意行文中的措辞，特别是具有感情色彩的形容词或副词。 利用语境中的褒贬进行信息推断 行文中的褒贬反映了文中人物的情感态度以及作者的写作意图。结合文章语境中的褒贬我们就能在把握主旨的基础上对文中人物或作者的观点态度进行准确的判断。 根据上下文逻辑关系进行推断 逻辑推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。 整合全文（段）信息进行推断 有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在理解全文（段）意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳答案。 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处 判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如家电、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。 理解文章大意、把握写作意图 做推理判断题时，学生应对文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句，对文章的引申含义进行分析。整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。 考点二 细节推理题 知识点1 考查内容 细节推理题要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断 知识点2 设问方式 注意题干中常用的五个动词：infer、 indicate、 imply、 suggest （暗示）、 conclude。 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①It can be inferred/concluded from the text that 　　　　. ②The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that 　　　　. ③What can we infer about ...？ 考向 细节推理题 例1 （2024·新课标I卷）Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 【答案】C 【详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习效率时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的语言。这表明作者认识文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 考点三 写作意图题 知识点1 考查内容 一般来说，作者在文章中不直接陈述自己的写作意图，而是通过文章中所提供的事实使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求学生在理解文章大意的基础上进行归纳总结和推理判断 知识点2 设问方式 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①What is the main purpose of the text？ ②What is the author’s purpose of/in writing this passage？ ③For what purpose did the author write the passage？ ④The writer writes this passage in order to 　　　　. 考向 写作意图题 例1 （2024·新课标I卷）Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 4. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A．To prove Farber’s point. B．To emphasize its importance. C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection. 【答案】A 【详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular within the title, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic兽医ical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.（法伯确信，随着时间的推移，综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的：自1982年以来，美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个。）”可知，法伯认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽医协会是为证明法伯的观点。故选A。 考点四 观点态度题 知识点1 考查内容 学生要通过分析文中的用词、语气和对细节的描述来体会字里行间流露的情感或态度，从而推断出作者或文中人物的言外之意 知识点2 设问方式 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①How does the author feel about ...？ ②What does the author think of ...？ ③What is the author’s attitude towards/to ...？ 考向 观点态度题 例1 （2024·全国甲卷）The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very 4. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious. 【答案】A 【详解】推断判断题。根据最后一段的“I’ll was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Duckie.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Duckie说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知, Duckie对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。 考点五 文章出处题/读者对象题 知识点1 考查内容 学生要根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象题要求根据文章内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象 知识点2 设问方式 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①Where is this text most likely from？ ②Where is this text probably taken from？ ③The passage is probably intended for 　　　　. 考向 文章出处题 例1 （2023·新课表II卷）Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. 　　In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to. 1. Where is the text most probably taken from？ A. An introduction to a book.　 B. An essay on the art of writing. C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings. 【答案】A 【详解】推理判断题。In this“book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.（在这本“书之书”中，艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系）“在绘画中象征性地用来展示智慧，主体的财富或信仰”和最后一段“From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.（从21世纪的角度来看，这本印刷书无疑是古老的，但它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性）”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍。故选A。 Passage 1 （2024·天津·高考真题）Our teacher, Miss Chevalier was a small woman, with a moon face, fatty fingers and curls that sprang straight up from her head, hence the funny name “Poodle (卷毛狗)”. She taught in our reading club. Sometimes she would look in and ask what we were reading — not to check but to know. That’s what happened the day my club was reading aloud a poem by Henry Longfellow. I guess I was better than the others, for Miss Chevalier asked a while later, “Addie, I was wondering if you would recite the whole poem to the Saturday evening’s club.” She said a famous professor was going to give a lecture about the poet, and a presentation of that poem would be a fresh way to start. She asked me to memorize it. “But that shouldn’t be a problem for a child of your ability,” she added. I’m telling you, my happy feet barely touched the ground all the way home. To me, that was the biggest thing ever and I soon learned the whole poem by heart, well prepared for our first rehearsal. I was desperately nervous when I went to her office the next day. But the good thing was she always had the smile that would make you feel like you just did something right. Halfway through the poem, Miss Chevalier stopped me and asked if I knew what “impetuous” meant. Despite her encouraging smile, I wanted to sink through the floor because I was unsure about its pronunciation as well as its meaning. Miss Chevalier pretended not to have noticed my red face and handed me a dictionary, asking me to read its definition aloud. “Impetuous has two definitions: rushing with great force or violence; acting suddenly, with little thought.” She asked me which one fitted the poem. I read both definitions over again, trying to figure it out, but Miss Chevalier must have read my mind. “There is no wrong answer,” she said, “I want to know your opinion, Addie.” Hesitantly, I said, “Maybe… both.” She liked that. “One has to be impetuous both ways or they wouldn’t dare to face up to any challenge. Would you call yourself impetuous?” I knew she was asking for an opinion. “My mother thinks being impetuous for girls is improper, anyway.” She said my mom was somewhat right about that. “But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl.” After that, I would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again. 1．Why was Addie asked to recite Longfellow’s poem to the Saturday evening’s club? A．To help with her performance. B．To get the attention of her classmates. C．To set an example for the rest of the class. D．To try a new way to warm up the coming lecture. 2．Why did Addie feel happy on her way home? A．An event was going to happen. B．She was fully ready for her first rehearsal. C．She gained recognition for her performance. D．She memorized the poem sooner than others. 3．What can be learned about Miss Chevalier’s personality from the way she treated Addie? A．Caring and considerate. B．Easygoing and carefree. C．Curious and open-minded. D．Disciplined and strong-willed. 4．How did Miss Chevalier succeed in making Addie truly understand the word “impetuous”? A．By asking Addie to define it in her own way. B．By interpreting the two definitions separately. C．By consulting the dictionary for its definitions. D．By linking its definitions to Addie’s situations. 5．What is the probable reason that Addie would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again? A．She followed her mother’s advice. B．She made up her mind to be a polite girl. C．She was touched by Miss Chevalier’s trust. D．She felt Miss Chevalier’s teaching funny. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 5．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了老师希望作者以诗歌朗诵的形式为周六晚上的演讲活动来暖场，排练时作者有一个词不懂，老师耐心引导作者理解，使作者逐渐领悟该词词义，作者很感动。 1．细节理解题。由第二段中“She said a famous professor was going to give a lecture about the poet, and a presentation of that poem would be a fresh way to start. (她说一位著名的教授要给这位诗人做讲座，而这首诗的演讲将是一个新的开始)”可知，老师谢瓦利埃小姐希望作者以诗歌朗诵的形式为周六晚上的演讲活动来暖场，D项“尝试一种新的方式来为即将到来的讲座热身”符合题意。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。由第三段中““But that shouldn’t be a problem for a child of your ability,” she added. (“但对于你这种能力的孩子来说，这应该不是问题，”她补充道)”可知，老师信任作者的朗诵能力，她感到非常高兴，C项“她的表现获得了认可”符合题意。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。由第四段中“But the good thing was she always had the smile that would make you feel like you just did something right. (但好的是，她总是面带微笑，让你觉得你做得对)”和第五段中“Despite her encouraging smile, I wanted to sink through the floor because I was unsure about its pronunciation as well as its meaning. Miss Chevalier pretended not to have noticed my red face and handed me a dictionary, asking me to read its definition aloud. (尽管她微笑着鼓励我，但我还是想沉下去，因为我不确定它的发音和含义。谢瓦利埃小姐假装没有注意到我的脸红，递给我一本词典，让我大声朗读它的定义)”可知，老师对作者很关爱和耐心指导。由此推知，老师是一个关心人和体贴的人。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。由第六段中““There is no wrong answer,” she said, “I want to know your opinion, Addie.”(“没有错误的答案，”她说，“我想知道你的意见，艾迪)”，第七段中“One has to be impetuous both ways or they wouldn’t dare to face up to any challenge. Would you call yourself impetuous? (一个人必须左右都冲动，否则他们不敢面对任何挑战。你会说自己冲动吗？)”， 第八段中“My mother thinks being impetuous for girls is improper, anyway. (不管怎样，我妈妈认为对女孩冲动是不合适的)” 和第九段“She said my mom was somewhat right about that. “But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl.”(她说我妈妈说得对。“但女孩们也应该明智地在需要时接受挑战。我相信你就是这样一个女孩。”)”可知，通过教师与作者对话的叙述，教师通过一系列问题把作者的成长背景和“impetuous”词义联系起来，使作者逐渐领悟该词词义，D项“把它的定义与艾迪的情况联系起来”符合题意。故选D项。 5．推理判断题。由第九段中“But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl. (但女孩们也应该明智地在需要时接受挑战。我相信你就是这样一个女孩)”可推知，老师的信任令作者感动，所以作者再也不会称谢瓦利埃小姐为“卷毛狗”。故选C项。 Passage 2 （2023·天津·高考真题）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. 1．What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A．Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B．Dogs prefer food from generous people. C．Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D．Friendly animals can get food more easily. 2．What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A．They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B．They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C．They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D．They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 3．How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour? A．By moving closer to the experimenter. B．By keeping wandering around. C．By ignoring the experimenter. D．By lying still on the floor 4．How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023? A．The dogs can watch the experimenter. B．The dogs can go to the other side of the screen. C．The dogs’ responses are under close observation. D．The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis. 5．What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A．Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean” B．Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C．Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D．Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一些新的研究发现，狗可能会判断他人的意图，可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.(判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，这一度被认为是人类所独有的。然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。)”可知，判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，而新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，由此可知，新研究发现狗应该也有“心智理论”。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach.(在“不情愿”的场景中，实验人员会以“戏弄”的方式在屏幕前挂一块香肠，并接近其中一个洞。但他们不是把食物从洞里递给狗，而是把食物拉到狗够不着的地方。)”可知，在不情愿场景中，实验人员不是把实物给狗吃，而是把食物拉到一个狗够不着的地方。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out.(研究人员观察到，在“无能为力”的场景结束后，狗狗们更有耐心了，他们会进行更多的眼神交流，并离屏幕更近。)”可知，在“无能为力”的场景结束后，狗会预实验人员进行眼神交流，并且离屏幕更近，由此可知，狗对“无能为力”的行为回应是更愿意接近实验者。故选A项。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour.(2021年的另一项研究以类似的方式测试了狗的“心智理论”，但狗在目睹了实验者的“不愿意”或“无能为力”行为后，能够绕着屏幕走，以获得奖励。)”可知，2021年的研究中，在狗目睹了实验者的“不愿意”或者“无能为力”后，能绕着屏幕走以获取奖励，由此可知，狗会去屏幕的另一边。故选B项。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.(然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。)”可知，新研究表明，都能够读懂人类的行为，且喜欢那些更友好或者对食物更慷慨的人，进而在下文中的对该项研究过程进行阐述，由此可知，狗在“不愿意”和“无能为力”情况下的不同反应说明了狗能分辨“友善”和“刻薄”。故选A项。 Passage 3 （2022·天津·高考真题）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives. Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, the car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life. With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness. 1．What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A．Making us simple-minded B．Making us short-sighted. C．Leading us onto a busy road. D．Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 2．According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A．Through maintaining good health. B．By going through pain and suffering. C．By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D．Through offering help much needed by others. 3．According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A．less selfish B．less annoying C．more motivated D．more responsible 4．In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A．When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B．When our love for the world is insufficient. C．When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D．When we stay blind to the reality. 5．According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________. A．inspired by love and guided by knowledge B．directed by love and pushed by knowledge C．purified by love and enriched by knowledge D．promoted by love and defined by knowledge 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。 5．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。 Passage 4 （2022·天津·高考真题）Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 1．According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A．facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B．revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C．offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D．bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 2．Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A．Their personal looks. B．Their mental needs. C．Their inner emotions. D．Their physical feelings. 3．The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A．environment impacts how we judge others B．how body temperature is related to health C．the mind and the body influence each other D．how humans interact with their surroundings 4．What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A．Human speech is alive with metaphors. B．Human senses have effects on thinking. C．Human language is shaped by visual images. D．Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B．To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C．To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D．To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC． 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。 Passage 5 （2021·天津·高考真题）When people ask me how I started writing, I find myself describing an urgent need that I felt to work with language. Having said that, I did not know for a long time what I was looking for. It was not until I followed this feeling to its source that I discovered I had a passion for writing. With some encouragement from my colleagues, I had one of my poems published. This bit of success, however, was the point where my problem began. Back in 1978, I had to travel between three different campuses in the morning, teaching freshman composition. Afternoons I spent taking my daughter to her ballet and horse-riding lessons. I composed my lectures on the way, and that was all the thinking time I had. When I returned home, there was not enough of me left for writing after a full working day. As a way out, I decided to get up two hours before my usual time. My alarm was set for 5:00 A．M. The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. The second day I set two clocks, one on my night table, and one out in the hallway. I had to jump out of bed and run to silence it before my family was awoken. This was when my morning writing began. Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing. I wrote my poems in this manner for nearly ten years before my first book was published. When I decided to write a novel, I divided my two hours: the first for poetry, the second for fiction. Well or badly, I wrote at least two pages a day. This is how my novel, The Line of the Sun. was finished. If I had waited to have the time, I would still be waiting to write my novel. What I got out of getting up in the dark to work is the feeling that I am in control. For many people, the initial sense of urgency to create easily dies away because it requires making the tough decision: taking the time to create, stealing it from yourself if ifs the only way. 1．What motivated the author to start her writing career? A．Her strong wish to share. B．Her keen interest in writing. C．Her urgent need to make a living. D．Her passionate desire for fame. 2．What problem did the author face when she decided to begin her writing? A．She was too exhausted to write after a busy day. B．She had trouble in deciding on her writing style. C．She had to take time to discipline her daughter. D．She was unsure about her writing skills. 3．Why did the author place an alarm clock in the hallway? A．In case the clock in her room broke down. B．In case she failed to hear the ringing. C．To force herself out of bed. D．To wake up her family. 4．How did the author manage to finish her novel? A．By sticking to writing every morning. B．By writing when her mind was most active. C．By drawing inspirations from classic novels. D．By reducing her teaching hours at school. 5．What can we learn from the author's success in her writing career? A．It is never too late to change your job. B．Imaginative ideas die away if not taken in time. C．A tight schedule is no excuse for lack of action. D．Daily life provides ideas for creative writing. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A 5．C 【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述的是作者喜爱写作并制定计划一直坚持下来。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“When people ask me how I started writing, I find myself describing an urgent need that I felt to work with language.”当人们问我是如何开始写作的时候，我发现自己在描述一种对语言的迫切需求。可知，促使作者开始她的写作生涯的原因是她对写作的强烈兴趣。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“When I returned home, there was not enough of me left for writing after a full working day.”当我回到家时，在工作了一整天后，我写东西的精力已经不够了。可知，当作者决定开始写作时，因为她忙碌了一天之后，她筋疲力尽，无法再写作了。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. The second day I set two clocks, one on my night table, and one out in the hallway.”第一天我把它关掉了，因为我把它放在触手可及的地方。第二天，我调了两个钟，一个放在床头柜上，一个放在走廊上。可知，作者在走廊里放了一个闹钟的原因是为了强迫自己起床。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing.”从1978年的第一个早晨开始，我一直遵循这个习惯，直到今天，不为不写作找任何借口。可知，作者能够写小说的原因是坚持每天早上写作。故选A项。 5．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“What I got out of getting up in the dark to work is the feeling that I am in control.”我从摸黑起床工作中得到的是一种掌控一切的感觉。以及文章第四段“Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing.”从1978年的第一个早晨开始，我一直遵循这个习惯，直到今天，不为不写作找任何借口。可知，紧凑的日程并不是不采取行动的借口。故选C项。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第03讲 阅读理解之推理判断题 目录 01 2 02 体系构建·思维可视 2 03 核心突破·靶向攻坚 3 考点一 题型特征 3 知识点1 推理判断题的命题陷阱 3 知识点2 推理判断题的解题技巧 4 考点二 细节推理题 4 知识点1 考查内容 5 知识点2 设问方式 5 考向 细节推理题 5 考点三 写作意图题 6 知识点1 考查内容 6 知识点2 设问方式 6 考向 写作意图题 6 考点四 观点态度题 7 知识点1 考查内容 7 知识点2 设问方式 7 考向 观点态度题 7 考点五 文章出处题/读者对象题 7 知识点1 考查内容 8 知识点2 设问方式 8 考向 文章出处题 8 04 真题溯源·考向感知 9 考点要求 考察形式 2025年 2024年 2023年 推理判断题 选择题 非选择题 3月，B篇，3道 3月，C篇，2道 3月，D篇，1道 3月，C篇，3道 3月，D篇，3道 6月，B篇，4道 6月，C篇，1道 3月，A篇，1道 3月，B篇，1道 3月，C篇，2道 3月，D篇，1道 6月，B篇，1道 6月，C篇，1道 6月，D篇，1道 考情分析： 推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括细节推理题、写作意图题、观点态度题和文章出处题或读者对象题等。 复习目标： 1. 掌握细节推理题的解题方法； 2. 掌握写作意图题的解题方法； 3. 掌握观点态度题的解题方法； 4. 掌握文章出处题或读者对象题的解题方法。 考点一 题型特征 知识点1 推理判断题的命题陷阱 主观臆断 某些选项没有基于原文进行推断，而是主观猜测想象或根据常识进行猜测。 过度推断或以偏概全 有时作者仅简单、客观地叙述事实，并未作出评论，而一些选项却扩大作者的叙述范围、进行过度推断；或者一些选项仅针对原文中某一句话进行推断，而忽略了其他信息，造成以偏概全。 偷换概念 某些干扰选项的内容与原文句子结构、词汇使用高度相似，仅在易忽视的地方略微改动某个词或表达方式，或截取部分原文中出现过的关键词，但整体意思不符合原文主旨，此类选项干扰性较强。 逻辑颠倒 某些选项颠倒原文逻辑，例如因果倒置、目的与手段倒置等。 背离主题 某些选项背离了文章的主题思想，是对原文的曲解。 事实复述 某些选项仅仅是对原文事实进行简化复述，而非推断得出的结论。 知识点2 推理判断题的解题技巧 根据特定信息和逆向思维进行推断 有些推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维，得出正确答案。 根据作者的思想倾向和感情色彩推断观点态度 此方法适用于推断作者及文中人物的观点、态度和情感等。观点和态度一般分为三类：支持或反对、乐观或悲观、主观或客观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文中的字里行间。解答此类题目应多注意行文中的措辞，特别是具有感情色彩的形容词或副词。 利用语境中的褒贬进行信息推断 行文中的褒贬反映了文中人物的情感态度以及作者的写作意图。结合文章语境中的褒贬我们就能在把握主旨的基础上对文中人物或作者的观点态度进行准确的判断。 根据上下文逻辑关系进行推断 逻辑推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。 整合全文（段）信息进行推断 有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在理解全文（段）意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳答案。 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处 判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如家电、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品的服用说明会告知服用的时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。 理解文章大意、把握写作意图 做推理判断题时，学生应对文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题，善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句，对文章的引申含义进行分析。整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。 考点二 细节推理题 知识点1 考查内容 细节推理题要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断 知识点2 设问方式 注意题干中常用的五个动词：infer、 indicate、 imply、 suggest （暗示）、 conclude。 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①It can be inferred/concluded from the text that 　　　　. ②The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that 　　　　. ③What can we infer about ...？ 考向 细节推理题 例1 （2024·新课标I卷）Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 4. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 考点三 写作意图题 知识点1 考查内容 一般来说，作者在文章中不直接陈述自己的写作意图，而是通过文章中所提供的事实使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求学生在理解文章大意的基础上进行归纳总结和推理判断 知识点2 设问方式 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①What is the main purpose of the text？ ②What is the author’s purpose of/in writing this passage？ ③For what purpose did the author write the passage？ ④The writer writes this passage in order to 　　　　. 考向 写作意图题 例1 （2024·新课标I卷）Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” 4. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A．To prove Farber’s point. B．To emphasize its importance. C．To praise veterinarians. D．To advocate animal protection. 考点四 观点态度题 知识点1 考查内容 学生要通过分析文中的用词、语气和对细节的描述来体会字里行间流露的情感或态度，从而推断出作者或文中人物的言外之意 知识点2 设问方式 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①How does the author feel about ...？ ②What does the author think of ...？ ③What is the author’s attitude towards/to ...？ 考向 观点态度题 例1 （2024·全国甲卷）The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very 4. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A．Appreciative. B．Doubtful C．Ambiguous. D．Cautious. 考点五 文章出处题/读者对象题 知识点1 考查内容 学生要根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象题要求根据文章内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象 知识点2 设问方式 该类题型常见的设题形式有： ①Where is this text most likely from？ ②Where is this text probably taken from？ ③The passage is probably intended for 　　　　. 考向 文章出处题 例1 （2023·新课表II卷）Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. 　　In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed （描绘） alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to. 1. Where is the text most probably taken from？ A. An introduction to a book.　 B. An essay on the art of writing. C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings. Passage 1 （2024·天津·高考真题）Our teacher, Miss Chevalier was a small woman, with a moon face, fatty fingers and curls that sprang straight up from her head, hence the funny name “Poodle (卷毛狗)”. She taught in our reading club. Sometimes she would look in and ask what we were reading — not to check but to know. That’s what happened the day my club was reading aloud a poem by Henry Longfellow. I guess I was better than the others, for Miss Chevalier asked a while later, “Addie, I was wondering if you would recite the whole poem to the Saturday evening’s club.” She said a famous professor was going to give a lecture about the poet, and a presentation of that poem would be a fresh way to start. She asked me to memorize it. “But that shouldn’t be a problem for a child of your ability,” she added. I’m telling you, my happy feet barely touched the ground all the way home. To me, that was the biggest thing ever and I soon learned the whole poem by heart, well prepared for our first rehearsal. I was desperately nervous when I went to her office the next day. But the good thing was she always had the smile that would make you feel like you just did something right. Halfway through the poem, Miss Chevalier stopped me and asked if I knew what “impetuous” meant. Despite her encouraging smile, I wanted to sink through the floor because I was unsure about its pronunciation as well as its meaning. Miss Chevalier pretended not to have noticed my red face and handed me a dictionary, asking me to read its definition aloud. “Impetuous has two definitions: rushing with great force or violence; acting suddenly, with little thought.” She asked me which one fitted the poem. I read both definitions over again, trying to figure it out, but Miss Chevalier must have read my mind. “There is no wrong answer,” she said, “I want to know your opinion, Addie.” Hesitantly, I said, “Maybe… both.” She liked that. “One has to be impetuous both ways or they wouldn’t dare to face up to any challenge. Would you call yourself impetuous?” I knew she was asking for an opinion. “My mother thinks being impetuous for girls is improper, anyway.” She said my mom was somewhat right about that. “But girls should also be wise to take up challenges when needed. I believe you are such a girl.” After that, I would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again. 1．Why was Addie asked to recite Longfellow’s poem to the Saturday evening’s club? A．To help with her performance. B．To get the attention of her classmates. C．To set an example for the rest of the class. D．To try a new way to warm up the coming lecture. 2．Why did Addie feel happy on her way home? A．An event was going to happen. B．She was fully ready for her first rehearsal. C．She gained recognition for her performance. D．She memorized the poem sooner than others. 3．What can be learned about Miss Chevalier’s personality from the way she treated Addie? A．Caring and considerate. B．Easygoing and carefree. C．Curious and open-minded. D．Disciplined and strong-willed. 4．How did Miss Chevalier succeed in making Addie truly understand the word “impetuous”? A．By asking Addie to define it in her own way. B．By interpreting the two definitions separately. C．By consulting the dictionary for its definitions. D．By linking its definitions to Addie’s situations. 5．What is the probable reason that Addie would never call Miss Chevalier “Poodle” again? A．She followed her mother’s advice. B．She made up her mind to be a polite girl. C．She was touched by Miss Chevalier’s trust. D．She felt Miss Chevalier’s teaching funny. Passage 2 （2023·天津·高考真题）Getting the “side-eye” look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some new studies suggest they really could be. The ability to judge others’ intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind” which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food. One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling” or “unable” to give them a treat. 96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios (情境) designed for the study. Both scenarios involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the ‘unwilling’ scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’ (戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog, they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable” scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but “accidentally” drop it before they could pass it through. The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable” scenario played out. In the “unwilling” scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently. Another study from 2021 tested for “theory of mind” in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling” or “unable” behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario. However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy (笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives. Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research. 1．What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2? A．Dogs also have “theory of mind”. B．Dogs prefer food from generous people. C．Human behaviours are mostly intentional. D．Friendly animals can get food more easily. 2．What did the experimenter do in the “unwilling” scenario in the 2023 study? A．They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog. B．They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog. C．They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen. D．They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach. 3．How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable” behaviour? A．By moving closer to the experimenter. B．By keeping wandering around. C．By ignoring the experimenter. D．By lying still on the floor 4．How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023? A．The dogs can watch the experimenter. B．The dogs can go to the other side of the screen. C．The dogs’ responses are under close observation. D．The dogs’ habitual behaviours are under analysis. 5．What do the dogs’ different responses in “unwilling” and “unable” scenarios suggest? A．Dogs can tell “being friendly” from “being mean” B．Dogs’ intelligence is gradually evolving. C．Dogs’ intentions can be easily identified. D．Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals. Passage 3 （2022·天津·高考真题）Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives. Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, the car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life. With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness. 1．What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A．Making us simple-minded B．Making us short-sighted. C．Leading us onto a busy road. D．Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 2．According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A．Through maintaining good health. B．By going through pain and suffering. C．By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D．Through offering help much needed by others. 3．According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A．less selfish B．less annoying C．more motivated D．more responsible 4．In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A．When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B．When our love for the world is insufficient. C．When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D．When we stay blind to the reality. 5．According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________. A．inspired by love and guided by knowledge B．directed by love and pushed by knowledge C．purified by love and enriched by knowledge D．promoted by love and defined by knowledge Passage 4 （2022·天津·高考真题）Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition(认知)? What about our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure. If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved. Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer, processing everything and forming your reactions. Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer. For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages. Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any interpersonal decisions. 1．According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________. A．facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology B．revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition C．offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain D．bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition 2．Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from? A．Their personal looks. B．Their mental needs. C．Their inner emotions. D．Their physical feelings. 3．The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________. A．environment impacts how we judge others B．how body temperature is related to health C．the mind and the body influence each other D．how humans interact with their surroundings 4．What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5? A．Human speech is alive with metaphors. B．Human senses have effects on thinking. C．Human language is shaped by visual images. D．Human emotions are often compared to natural materials. 5．What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph? A．To share with the reader ways to release their emotions. B．To guide the reader onto the path to career success. C．To encourage the reader to put EC into practice. D．To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC． Passage 5 （2021·天津·高考真题）When people ask me how I started writing, I find myself describing an urgent need that I felt to work with language. Having said that, I did not know for a long time what I was looking for. It was not until I followed this feeling to its source that I discovered I had a passion for writing. With some encouragement from my colleagues, I had one of my poems published. This bit of success, however, was the point where my problem began. Back in 1978, I had to travel between three different campuses in the morning, teaching freshman composition. Afternoons I spent taking my daughter to her ballet and horse-riding lessons. I composed my lectures on the way, and that was all the thinking time I had. When I returned home, there was not enough of me left for writing after a full working day. As a way out, I decided to get up two hours before my usual time. My alarm was set for 5:00 A．M. The first day I shut it off because I had placed it within arm's reach. The second day I set two clocks, one on my night table, and one out in the hallway. I had to jump out of bed and run to silence it before my family was awoken. This was when my morning writing began. Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing. I wrote my poems in this manner for nearly ten years before my first book was published. When I decided to write a novel, I divided my two hours: the first for poetry, the second for fiction. Well or badly, I wrote at least two pages a day. This is how my novel, The Line of the Sun. was finished. If I had waited to have the time, I would still be waiting to write my novel. What I got out of getting up in the dark to work is the feeling that I am in control. For many people, the initial sense of urgency to create easily dies away because it requires making the tough decision: taking the time to create, stealing it from yourself if ifs the only way. 1．What motivated the author to start her writing career? A．Her strong wish to share. B．Her keen interest in writing. C．Her urgent need to make a living. D．Her passionate desire for fame. 2．What problem did the author face when she decided to begin her writing? A．She was too exhausted to write after a busy day. B．She had trouble in deciding on her writing style. C．She had to take time to discipline her daughter. D．She was unsure about her writing skills. 3．Why did the author place an alarm clock in the hallway? A．In case the clock in her room broke down. B．In case she failed to hear the ringing. C．To force herself out of bed. D．To wake up her family. 4．How did the author manage to finish her novel? A．By sticking to writing every morning. B．By writing when her mind was most active. C．By drawing inspirations from classic novels. D．By reducing her teaching hours at school. 5．What can we learn from the author's success in her writing career? A．It is never too late to change your job. B．Imaginative ideas die away if not taken in time. C．A tight schedule is no excuse for lack of action. D．Daily life provides ideas for creative writing. 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $