专题03阅读理解推理判断题：找准依据，合理推断（题型专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题03阅读理解推理判断题 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01事实/细节推理 考向02 写作目的推理 考向03 观点态度推理 考向04 预测发展推理【重难】 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 高考英语阅读理解推理判断题是考查逻辑推理能力的核心题型，要求考生基于文本显性信息，推断隐含意义、作者态度、主旨倾向或因果关系等。该题型不直接照搬原文，需通过归纳、演绎等思维加工得出结论，侧重考查 “透过现象看本质” 的能力，是区分高分段考生的关键题型，占阅读理解题量的 30% 左右，难度中等偏上。 设题类型 主要分为四类：一是态度推断，判断作者对话题的褒贬、客观等态度；二是细节推理，由具体细节推断隐含逻辑（如因果、对比）；三是主旨推断，概括段落或全文隐含主旨；四是身份 / 对象推断，推测作者身份、读者对象或文本出处。各类题型均围绕 “隐含信息” 设题，避免原文直接信息的简单考查。 命题方式 题干常含标志性词汇，如 infer（推断）、suggest（暗示）、imply（暗示）、conclude（得出结论）、attitude（态度）、probably（可能）等。常见表述如 “It can be inferred from the passage that...”“What does the author imply about...?”。命题人多选取文本中具有隐晦逻辑的段落，设置干扰项（如过度推断、偷换概念、曲解原意），误导考生仅凭表面信息作答。 解题思路 第一步定位原文相关信息，锁定设题段落的关键词句；第二步排除 “原文原句”“过度推断”“无中生有” 等干扰项；第三步结合文本主旨、作者语气及上下文逻辑，进行合理推导；第四步验证结论是否与全文基调一致，确保推理不偏离文本核心。核心原则：“有据可依，不主观臆断”，始终以原文信息为推理基石。 考向01事实/细节推理 【例1-1】（2025 年上海浦东新区高三上学期期中联考） Paragraph 4: The city launched a new public transportation system last year, combining electric buses and shared bikes with intelligent route planning. According to the latest traffic report, the average speed of vehicles in the city center has increased by 20% compared with last year, and the number of private cars on the road during peak hours has decreased by 15%. Many residents have reported that they now spend less time commuting to work or school. What can we infer about the new public transportation system from Paragraph 4? A. It has completely replaced traditional buses. B. It has reduced traffic jams in the city center. C. It is more expensive than private cars. D. It is mainly used by young people. 答案：B 解析步骤：划题干关键信息：infer about the new public transportation system（推断新公共交通系统的情况）、Paragraph 4（第四段），明确推断对象和范围。 定位原文细节依据： 新交通系统包含 “电动巴士 + 共享单车 + 智能路线规划”； 数据细节：市中心车辆平均速度提升 20%，高峰时段私家车数量减少 15%； 居民反馈：通勤时间缩短。 逻辑推导： 车辆平均速度提升、私家车数量减少、通勤时间缩短，这些细节共同指向 “交通拥堵得到缓解”（交通拥堵时车辆速度慢、通勤时间长，反之则拥堵减轻）； 推导过程：新交通系统→私家车减少 + 车速提升→交通拥堵减少（一步推导，符合 “适度推断” 原则）。 选项排除： 选项 A：“完全取代传统巴士”（completely replaced），原文未提及 “取代传统巴士”，仅说 “结合电动巴士”，属于 “无依据推理 + 绝对化表述”，排除； 选项 B：“减少了市中心的交通拥堵”，与原文 “车速提升 20%、私家车减少 15%、通勤时间缩短” 逻辑一致，推导合理，锁定； 选项 C：“比私家车更贵”，原文未涉及费用对比，无依据，排除； 选项 D：“主要由年轻人使用”，原文未提及使用人群年龄特征，无依据，排除。 错因分析： 易错点 1：过度推理，如看到 “私家车减少” 就推 “新系统完全取代传统巴士”（选项 A），忽略 “completely” 的绝对化表述和原文无相关细节支撑； 易错点 2：无依据猜测，如主观认为 “公共交通比私家车贵”（选项 C）或 “年轻人更爱用公共交通”（选项 D），脱离原文细节； 易错点 3：忽略数据推导逻辑，未将 “车速提升”“私家车减少” 与 “交通拥堵” 建立关联，导致无法锁定正确答案。 事实 / 细节推理题是上海高考英语阅读理解的高频题型，核心考查考生在精准捕捉原文显性细节的基础上，通过逻辑分析、语义推导得出隐含信息的能力。这类题目答案并非原文直接呈现，需基于原文细节进行 “合理推断”（不夸大、不缩小、不脱离原文），解题关键在于 “定位细节依据 + 分析逻辑关系 + 排除过度推理”，避免主观臆断和无依据猜测。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海徐汇区高三第一次模拟） After using the online learning platform for three months, I found that it offers a variety of courses taught by professional teachers. The flexible learning time allows me to study whenever and wherever I want, and the interactive exercises help me better understand the knowledge. I have already improved my English score by 15 points since I started using it. What can be inferred about the author’s attitude towards the online learning platform? A. Doubtful B. Supportive C. Critical D. Neutral 答案：B 解析：1. 题干关键信息：infer the author’s attitude（推断作者态度）、online learning platform（在线学习平台）。2. 定位原文细节依据：①提供多种专业教师授课课程；②学习时间灵活；③互动练习帮助理解知识；④英语成绩提升 15 分。3. 逻辑推导：作者列举平台的三大优势（课程丰富、时间灵活、效果显著），且提及成绩提升的正面结果，可推断作者对平台持 “支持态度”。4. 选项排除：A（怀疑的）、C（批评的）与原文正面描述矛盾；D（中立的）不符合作者明确表达的积极反馈，排除。 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海闵行区高三联考） The new farming technology introduced this year uses automated equipment to plant seeds and water crops, which has greatly reduced the labor required. Compared with the traditional farming method, farmers now spend only half the time on field work and can manage a larger area of farmland with the same number of people. What can we infer about the traditional farming method mentioned in the passage? A. It was more time-consuming. B. It produced more crops. C. It was more environmentally friendly. D. It required fewer workers. 答案：A 解析：1. 题干关键信息：infer about the traditional farming method（推断传统耕作方式）、compared with the new technology（与新技术对比）。2. 定位原文细节依据：①新技术用自动化设备，减少劳动力；②与传统方式相比，农民田间工作时间减半；③相同人数可管理更大农田。3. 逻辑推导：新技术 “时间减半”→反向推导传统方式 “时间更长”（更耗时）；新技术 “减少劳动力”→传统方式 “需要更多劳动力”（排除 D）。4. 选项排除：B（产出更多作物）原文未提及产量对比；C（更环保）原文无环境相关描述；D（需要更少工人）与原文 “新技术减少劳动力” 矛盾，排除。 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海杨浦区高三期中） Paragraph 5: According to a survey on reading habits conducted in 2024, the number of people reading e-books has increased by 30% compared with 2022. However, the percentage of people who choose to read paper books remains at around 45%, and there is no significant decline in the past three years. What can be inferred from the data in Paragraph 5? A. The number of readers has dropped sharply. B. E-books are more popular than paper books. C. Paper books still have a stable readership. D. Young people prefer e-books to paper books. 答案：C 解析：1. 题干关键信息：infer from the data（根据数据推断）、Paragraph 5（第五段）。2. 定位原文数据细节：①电子书读者数量增长 30%；②纸质书读者比例稳定在 45% 左右，近三年无显著下降。3. 逻辑推导：“比例稳定 + 无显著下降”→纸质书仍有稳定的读者群体（选项 C）。4. 选项排除：A（读者数量急剧下降）与 “纸质书比例稳定” 矛盾；B（电子书比纸质书更受欢迎），原文未对比两者总读者数（仅电子书增长，纸质书比例稳定，无法判断 “更受欢迎”）；D（年轻人更喜欢电子书）原文未提及年龄分层数据，无依据，排除。 考向02 写作目的推理 【例2-1】（2025 年上海黄浦区高三上学期期中联考） Paragraph 1: Endangered animals are facing a serious threat of extinction due to habitat loss and illegal hunting. Traditional protection methods such as establishing nature reserves have achieved limited results in recent years. Paragraph 2: However, a new technology called “species tracking and protection system” has emerged as a promising solution. This system uses GPS and AI to monitor animal movements, identify illegal hunting activities, and help researchers better understand the living habits of endangered species. Paragraph 3: A case study in Africa shows that after using this system, the survival rate of African elephants has increased by 25% in one year, and the number of illegal hunting incidents has dropped by 40%. Paragraph 4: Experts believe that this new technology can be widely applied to protect various endangered species, and it is hoped that more countries will adopt this method to jointly safeguard biodiversity. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A. To introduce a new way to protect endangered animals. B. To criticize the government’s lack of environmental protection. C. To share personal experience of saving wild animals. D. To warn people of the danger of animal extinction. 答案：A 解析步骤：判断体裁与核心话题：文章为说明文，核心话题围绕 “species tracking and protection system”（物种追踪保护系统）展开，首段提出传统保护方法效果有限，第二段引入新技术，第三段用案例证明效果，第四段呼吁推广。 分析写作目的逻辑：作者先指出问题（濒危动物保护困境），再介绍新技术（核心内容），接着用数据证明其有效性，最后呼吁推广 —— 全程围绕 “介绍这项新技术” 展开，目的是让读者了解这种保护濒危动物的新方式。 选项排除： 选项 B（批评政府缺乏环保意识）：原文未提及 “政府” 或 “批评” 相关内容，属于无中生有，排除； 选项 C（分享拯救野生动物的个人经历）：文章无第一人称 “我” 的经历描述，核心是 “新技术” 而非 “个人经验”，排除； 选项 D（警示人们动物灭绝的危险）：首段仅为 “引出问题”，并非全文核心目的，全文重点是 “介绍解决方案”，而非 “警示危险”，属于细节干扰，排除； 选项 A（介绍一种保护濒危动物的新方式）：与文章核心话题 “新技术” 及行文逻辑（提出问题→介绍方案→证明效果→呼吁推广）完全一致，锁定答案。 错因分析： 易错点 1：混淆 “引出话题” 与 “核心目的”，误将首段 “动物灭绝危险”（细节）当作全文目的（选项 D），忽略后文重点在 “新技术”； 易错点 2：主观臆断，看到 “保护动物” 就联想到 “批评政府”（选项 B），但原文无任何相关线索，属于无依据推理； 易错点 3：误解体裁，将说明文误判为记叙文，误选 “分享个人经历”（选项 C），忽略文章客观介绍技术的特征。 写作目的推理题是上海高考英语阅读理解的核心题型之一，核心考查考生对文章主旨、段落功能及作者意图的深层把握能力。这类题目要求考生跳出具体细节，结合文章体裁、行文结构、逻辑关系及隐含线索，推断作者 “为何写这篇文章 / 这个段落 / 这个例子”，解题关键在于 “定位核心信息 + 分析功能逻辑 + 匹配目的类型”，避免混淆 “主旨” 与 “目的”、“事实” 与 “意图”。 【变式2-1】（2025 年上海静安区高三第一次模拟） Paragraph 2: While online shopping has brought great convenience to people’s lives, it also has some obvious drawbacks. Paragraph 3: For example, many consumers have complained about receiving fake products or items that do not match the descriptions on the website. In addition, the process of returning or exchanging goods is often complicated and time-consuming, which has caused a lot of trouble for buyers. Paragraph 4: To solve these problems, e-commerce platforms should strengthen supervision and improve after-sales service. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 3? A. To explain why online shopping is popular. B. To illustrate the disadvantages of online shopping. C. To provide solutions to online shopping problems. D. To compare online shopping with offline shopping. 答案：B 解析：1. 定位段落逻辑：Paragraph 2 提出 “网购有明显缺点”（主题句），Paragraph 3 以 “For example” 引出具体案例（收到假货、退换货复杂），Paragraph 4 给出解决方案。2. 分析段落功能：Paragraph 3 的例子是为了支撑 Paragraph 2 的核心观点 “网购有缺点”，即 “阐明网购的劣势”。3. 选项排除：A（解释网购流行的原因）与 “缺点” 主题矛盾；C（提供解决方案）是 Paragraph 4 的目的，并非 Paragraph 3；D（对比网购与线下购物）原文未提及 “线下购物”，排除。故选 B。 【变式2-2】（2025 年上海普陀区高三联考） Paragraph 1: Smart watches have evolved significantly over the past decade. From simple timekeeping devices, they have become multi-functional tools that integrate health monitoring, communication, and entertainment. Paragraph 2: Early smart watches could only connect to mobile phones to receive calls and messages. However, modern smart watches can track heart rate, sleep quality, and even detect potential health risks. Some high-end models also support offline payment and voice assistants. Paragraph 3: With continuous technological innovation, smart watches are expected to become more intelligent and personalized in the future, playing a more important role in people’s daily lives. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To advertise a new type of smart watch. B. To inform readers about the development of smart watches. C. To persuade readers to buy smart watches. D. To discuss the impact of smart watches on daily life. 答案：B 解析：1. 判断体裁与核心话题：文章为说明文，核心围绕 “智能手表的发展” 展开，首段总述 “十年间显著进化”，第二段对比早期与现代产品的功能变化，第三段展望未来发展。2. 分析写作目的：作者客观描述智能手表从简单到复杂的功能演变及未来趋势，目的是 “告知读者智能手表的发展情况”。3. 选项排除：A（为新型智能手表打广告）原文未提及具体产品或推广信息；C（说服读者购买）无任何 “推荐、呼吁购买” 的表述，仅客观介绍；D（讨论对日常生活的影响）原文重点是 “发展历程与功能变化”，而非 “影响”，排除。故选 B。 【变式2-3】（2025 年上海杨浦区高三期中） Paragraph 1: An old fisherman who has fished in the coastal area for 40 years often tells his grandchildren: “When I was young, the sea was full of fish, and I could catch a boatload in half a day. But now, even if I fish from dawn to dusk, I can barely get enough to feed my family.” Paragraph 2: The fisherman’s story is not an exception. Overfishing and marine pollution have led to a sharp decline in fish stocks in many coastal areas, threatening the ecological balance of the ocean. Paragraph 3: It is urgent for governments and individuals to take action to protect marine resources. Why does the author mention the story of the old fisherman in the first paragraph? A. To introduce the theme of environmental protection. B. To show the fisherman’s love for the sea. C. To describe the beauty of the coastal area. D. To warn readers of the dangers of overfishing. 答案：A 解析：1. 定位例子逻辑：第一段讲述老渔夫 “过去捕鱼容易，现在捕鱼难” 的故事，第二段承接指出 “这并非个例，过度捕捞和污染导致鱼类减少”，第三段呼吁 “保护海洋资源”。2. 分析例子目的：老渔夫的故事是为了 “引出下文的环保主题”（海洋资源保护），为核心观点做铺垫。3. 选项排除：B（体现渔夫对大海的爱）原文未提及 “爱” 的情感表达，仅陈述捕鱼现状；C（描述沿海地区美景）与 “捕鱼难度变化” 无关，无美景描述；D（警示过度捕捞的危险）是第二段的观点，而非第一段例子的目的（例子是引出观点，而非直接警示），排除。故选 A。 考向03 观点态度推理 【例3-1】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三一模） Back in her twenties, Linda Park was all about fashion. But she also started noticing something disturbing: the fashion industry was seriously hurting the environment. As she worked as a designer, she was shocked by the mountains of unsold clothes, fabrics that would hang around for decades, and the harmful dyes dumping into rivers... In September 2020, Park launched GreenThread—her sustainable fashion dream came true. The store's special touch? It sold upcycled clothing and fabric made from waste materials... When the pandemic hit, it wasn't smooth sailing. But Park wasn't ready to call it quits. She switched to an online model and started offering virtual style consultations. The response was awesome, and GreenThread's fanbase grew as more people realized the benefits of shopping sustainably. What attitude does the author hold towards Linda Park’s GreenThread? A. Critical B. Favorable C. Doubtful D. Neutral 答案B 详解：第一步确定态度对象为 Linda Park 创办的可持续时尚店铺 GreenThread。第二步抓取关键信息，作者先铺垫时尚行业污染环境的问题，凸显 Park 创业的现实意义；接着介绍店铺售卖再生服装的环保特色，这是对项目的正向描述；后续提到疫情冲击时，Park 及时转型线上并提供虚拟时尚咨询，作者用 “the response was awesome”“fanbase grew” 等积极表述说明转型成效。全文无负面评价，始终围绕店铺的环保价值和良好发展展开，由此可推断作者持支持态度，答案选 B。 锁定情感词汇：重点关注形容词、副词、动词等具有感情色彩的词。如褒义词 “remarkable”“beneficial” 体现肯定态度，贬义词 “disturbing”“harmful” 表达否定态度，以此快速判断作者倾向。 分析论据倾向：作者的态度常藏在举例、数据等论据中。若论据多为正面案例、积极数据，态度多为支持；若论据聚焦问题、危害等，态度可能偏批判或担忧。 把握转折递进逻辑：“but”“however”“instead” 等转折词后往往是作者真实态度；“furthermore”“more importantly” 等递进词后会强化核心立场，需重点研读这些逻辑词后的内容。 结合主旨定方向：作者的观点态度不会脱离文章主旨。先通过首尾段、中心句明确文章核心议题，再判断态度是否与主旨同向，避免孤立解读某句话而误判。 【变式3-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三一模） Padlet is a valuable education tool specifically created for teachers to upload, organize, and share content, keeping it all in one place with virtual boards called “padkts”. Teachers can categorize teaching materials by subjects, arrange them in chronological order, and set access permissions for different classes. What’s more, students can leave comments under the materials, and teachers can give timely feedback, which greatly promotes interaction between teachers and students. Many schools in Shanghai have applied Padlet in daily teaching, and both teachers and students have spoken highly of its convenience and practicality. What is the author’s attitude towards Padlet? A. Disapproving B. Praiseful C. Unconcerned D. Cautious 答案B 详解： 先明确态度指向的是教学工具 Padlet。原文开篇就用 “valuable” 这一褒义词对其定性，随后列举上传整理教学内容、设置权限、促进师生互动等实用功能，最后提及上海多所学校应用且师生对其便利性和实用性评价很高。这些表述均为正面反馈，无任何质疑或批判的内容，因此作者态度是赞扬的，答案选 B。 【变式3-2】（2025 年上海市徐汇区高三二模） Noise-cancelling headphones have become a popular choice for many, offering a way to block out background noise and letting us enjoy music at lower volumes. However, some experts are worried that using these headphones too much might make it harder for our brains to process sounds properly. She explains that our brains are used to dealing with thousands of different sounds at the same time and deciding which ones are worth paying attention to... noise-cancelling headphones limit the brain to a single source of sound, such as music or a podcast, potentially weakening its ability to process various sounds. What is the author’s attitude towards excessive use of noise-cancelling headphones? A. Worried B. Supportive C. Indifferent D. Enthusiastic 答案A 详解：第一步锁定态度对象是过度使用降噪耳机这一行为。作者先客观说明降噪耳机受欢迎及其能隔绝噪音、低音量听音乐的优点，接着用 “however” 转折引出核心态度，提到专家担忧过度使用会影响大脑处理声音的能力，还进一步解释大脑本应适应多种声音处理，而降噪耳机限制声音来源可能削弱该能力。转折后是作者着重传递的观点，整体倾向于表达担忧，所以答案选 A。 【变式3-3】（2025 年上海市高东中学等六校高三第一次联考） Is ballet dead? Has the art form evolved to depression? Jennifer Homans’s conclusion to her fascinating history of ballet, Apollo’s Angels, is worrying. It appears that ballet’s pulse continues to beat strongly, however... Many contemporary choreographers all embrace classical form and principles, then manipulate the rules. The line between contemporary dance and ballet is vague... Bourne believes what has changed is that the dance forms are coming closer together. Not dying, but merging. Reinventing... Alastair Macaulay says ballet has died again and again over the centuries, and yet, phoenix-like, rose again from its ashes. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of ballet? A. Pessimistic B. Confident C. Doubtful D. Confused 答案B 详解：先确定态度对象为芭蕾的未来发展。作者开篇先抛出芭蕾是否即将消亡的疑问，随即用 “however” 转折，指出芭蕾仍充满活力；后续通过当代编舞家融合古典与现代元素、芭蕾与现代舞逐渐融合创新等内容，再引用评论家认为芭蕾能像凤凰一样涅槃重生的观点，层层递进地传递出芭蕾并未衰退的信号。整体论述围绕芭蕾的生命力展开，无消极判断，可见作者对芭蕾的未来充满信心，答案选 B。 考向04 预测发展推理 【例4-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区一模） In a new paper, researchers describe how a male orangutan, known as Rakus, chewed the leaves of a plant used in traditional medicine and applied them to a wound on his cheek. He repeated this behavior for seven minutes and then continued feeding on the plant for 30 minutes. Over the following days, there were no signs of infection. The wound closed within five days. “What is interesting is that this behavior seems to be intentional and goal-oriented.” says study lead author Isabelle Laumer... Self-medication has been documented in multiple wild primate species, but not applying them to recent wounds. There is only one other study of active wound treatment by great apes. What will likely happen to the research on great apes' wound treatment? A. It will stop due to lack of follow-up cases. B. It will be expanded to more primate species. C. It will focus more on this intentional treatment behavior. D. It will turn to studying traditional medicinal plants only. 答案C 详解： 第一步，梳理文本关键信息：红毛猩猩 Rakus 有意识地用药用植物处理伤口，且效果良好，研究负责人强调该行为具有目的性，同时指出目前灵长类动物自我用药有相关记录，但主动处理新鲜伤口的研究极少，仅有另一项关于类人猿主动处理伤口的研究。第二步，分析预测依据：该案例中猩猩的行为具有独特性和研究价值，研究人员也对其 “目的性” 表现出浓厚兴趣。第三步，排除错误选项：A 项 “停止研究” 无依据，文本未提及缺乏后续案例；B 项 “扩展到更多灵长类物种”，原文重点是类人猿的伤口处理行为，而非拓展研究物种；D 项 “仅研究药用植物” 偏离核心，研究核心是类人猿的伤口处理行为，而非植物本身。综上，后续研究大概率会聚焦这类具有目的性的伤口处理行为，答案选 C。 依托现状找趋势：文本常提及事物当前的发展状态、规模或特点，这是预测的基础。若现状呈增长、优化等积极态势，且无明显阻碍因素，未来大概率延续向好趋势；若现状存在诸多问题且未提及改善措施，可能预测其面临困境。 结合举措推结果：重点关注文中提到的政策、行动、技术革新等举措。这些举措的目的和预期效果是关键，合理推断举措实施后会带来的直接或间接影响，就能得出事物后续的发展走向。 分析矛盾定走向：当文本中出现事物发展的矛盾点，如需求与供给的冲突、传统与创新的碰撞等，要判断矛盾的主要方面及是否有化解办法。若矛盾可通过现有手段解决，未来可能向协调方向发展；若矛盾突出且无解，可能出现衰退或变革。 参考专家观点或案例：文中若有专家评论、类似案例的发展历程，可作为预测的重要依据。专家的正向预判、成功案例的复制，往往指向积极的未来；反之，负面预警、失败案例的警示，则可能预示事物需调整方向。 【变式4-1】（2025 年上海市崇明区高三二模） The UN’s second sustainability goal, “Zero Hunger,” aims to end hunger in the world by 2030. Yet 828 million people suffer from food insecurity. Armed conflict, extreme weather and food waste are the main causes. Despite this, solutions are being promoted. In Africa, the Hunger Project encourages sustainable farming like crop diversification. The UN World Food Programme helps farmers connect to local economies and reduce crop losses. It also provides nutrient-rich foods for children and the weak. Individuals can also help by reducing food waste and spreading awareness. What will probably happen to global food security in the future if the current solutions continue? A. The “Zero Hunger” goal will be abandoned completely. B. Food insecurity will worsen due to extreme weather. C. The situation will gradually improve towards the set goal. D. Food waste will become the only cause of food insecurity. 答案C 详解： 先明确文本核心：全球粮食安全面临困境，但已有多项改善举措。非洲推广可持续农业、联合国粮食计划署助力农民优化生产并提供营养食品，个人也能通过减少浪费等方式助力。接着分析走向：这些举措均针对性解决粮食不安全的核心问题，且无信息表明举措会失效。最后排除错误选项：A 项 “放弃目标” 与文本中积极推进解决方案相悖；B 项 “状况恶化” 忽略了文中的改善措施，不符合逻辑；D 项 “粮食浪费成唯一原因” 无依据，原文未提及其他原因会消失。由此可预测粮食安全状况将逐步改善，向 “零饥饿” 目标推进，答案选 C。 【变式4-2】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三二模） The rock dove, ancestor of urban pigeons, was introduced to North America by settlers. For years, urban pigeons have been viewed as pests. They leave droppings that damage buildings and spread diseases. However, recent studies have found that pigeons play a role in urban ecosystems. They eat leftover food, reducing waste. Some cities have started to change their attitude. Instead of culling pigeons, they set up feeding stations to guide the birds to specific areas. Meanwhile, researchers are studying how to use pigeon droppings as organic fertilizer, turning a problem into a resource. What is the likely future relationship between urban pigeons and humans? A. It will become more tense due to pigeon diseases. B. It will turn more harmonious with effective management. C. Humans will stop all interactions with urban pigeons. D. Pigeons will disappear from cities because of culling. 答案B 详解：第一步梳理文本逻辑：城市鸽子曾因粪便问题被视为害虫，但如今发现其能减少食物浪费，且部分城市已停止捕杀，转而设置投喂点引导鸽子，研究人员还在探索粪便的资源化利用。第二步分析发展趋势：这些举措均在化解鸽子与人类的矛盾，将鸽子带来的问题转化为可利用的价值。第三步排除错误选项：A 项 “关系紧张” 与城市和研究人员的积极行动不符；C 项 “停止所有互动” 过于绝对，文中无相关依据；D 项 “鸽子消失” 与 “不再捕杀” 的举措相悖。综上，未来人与鸽子的关系会因科学管理变得更和谐，答案选 B。 【变式4-3】（2025 年上海市徐汇区高三一模） Independent bookstores in Shanghai have been struggling in recent years. The rise of online book platforms with lower prices and wider selections has led to a sharp decline in their sales. But many independent bookstores are fighting back. They have transformed into cultural spaces by adding cafes, holding book signings and literary salons. Some cooperate with local writers to launch limited-edition books. Young people are increasingly drawn to these unique experiences that online stores can’t provide. Many communities have also offered rent reductions to support these small businesses. What will the future of Shanghai’s independent bookstores probably be? A. They will be replaced entirely by online book platforms. B. They will thrive by continuing their cultural transformation. C. They will stop selling books and only run cafes. D. They will move out of communities due to high rent. 答案B 详解：先提取文本关键信息：上海独立书店虽受线上平台冲击，但通过转型文化空间、举办特色活动、与作家合作等方式吸引年轻人，还获得社区减租支持。接着推断走向：这些转型举措弥补了线下书店的劣势，且有外部政策支持，符合当下年轻人对沉浸式文化体验的需求。最后排除错误选项：A 项 “被完全取代” 与书店的积极转型成果不符；C 项 “仅经营咖啡馆” 偏离书店核心功能，文本仅提及增加咖啡馆元素；D 项 “因高租金搬迁” 与社区提供减租支持的内容相悖。因此，独立书店大概率会通过持续的文化转型实现良好发展，答案选 B。 1（25-26高三上·上海·期中）A friend recently shared a post from the satirical (嘲讽的) site Reductress. It depicted a woman, arms held triumphantly high, beneath the headline:“ She Did It! This Woman Was Able To Confirm That Everyone Was Not Mad At Her!” I sometimes feel the same heart-sinking insecurity. If I haven’t heard from a friend in a while, or their most recent message seemed a bit a little too direct, my mind throws up the question: did I do something wrong? In many ways it’s a senseless reaction — I’ve no real reason to believe I’ve offended or upset them; they’re probably just busy. Yet I can’t shake the feeling. Why are we so quick to assume that our friends are mad at us — or even ready to drop us? “When we fear that our friends are mad at us, it feels really convincing,” says psychotherapist Meg Josephson. “ We’re trying to relieve this anxiety, so we seek reassurance —’ Was I annoying? Was I weird?’ — but it’s not getting to the actual feeling that’s underneath it. ” In her new book Are You Mad At Me?, Josephson says this impulse is driven by a desire to please and be affirmed. The so-called“ fawn response” is one way we respond to threats, whether real (physical danger) or perceived (your friend taking longer than usual to text you back). “The fawn response is about lessening the threat, so that you can feel safe, ” says Josephson. “ Your immediate instinct is to be ‘Are we OK?’ — or to compliment them, or be helpful to them, so that you can ease the perceived tension. ” Less well known than the fight or flight response, it is often developed in childhood in response to critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or a volatile home environment, Josephson says. Women are especially susceptible (受影响的), being socialized to put others at ease. The attempted mind-reading and “anxious rumination” can become exhausting, says Josephson. It also doesn’t actually protect you against conflict. The key is understanding that it is not the end of the world — or a friendship. “Especially if we grew up in more volatile homes, where conflict was brushed under the rug or we didn’t witness disagreement handled in a safe way, we learn to fear conflict as terminal,” Josephson says. “Actually, in healthy relationships, a little bit of friction is really good because it means both people can have differing opinions.” Conflict is not only inevitable; it can even be healing, she adds, demonstrating that disagreement or discomfort doesn’t have to come at the cost of intimacy. “Repair is what leads to closeness.” 1．The author mentions her own experience (Paragraphs 2-3) primarily to ________. A．justify her initial suspicion of her friends’ intentions B．demonstrate a personal instance of offensive friends C．introduce the discussion of the fawn response D．highlight the necessity of addressing digital miscommunication 2．The underlined word “volatile” in paragraph 10 most probably means ________. A．harmonious B．unstable C．desperate D．unsupportive 3．Based on Josephson’s views as presented in the passage, what can be inferred about healthy relationships? A．They are characterized by the absence of disagreement or friction. B．They depend on constant communication to prevent misunderstandings. C．They can be strengthened by successfully navigating occasional conflicts. D．They are best maintained by consistently using the fawn response. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The cause and nature of the fawn response. B．The negative impact of digital communication. C．Strategies for friendship repair after conflicts. D．Differences between fight, flight and fawn responses. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，以作者自身对朋友态度的不安经历为切入点，引入心理治疗师Meg Josephson提出的“讨好反应”这一概念，阐述了其产生的原因、群体特征、负面影响，并结合健康人际关系的特点，说明冲突并非友谊的终结，反而能通过修复增进亲密感。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“I sometimes feel the same heart-sinking insecurity. If I haven’t heard from a friend in a while, or their most recent message seemed a bit a little too direct, my mind throws up the question: did I do something wrong? (我有时也会有同样的不安全感。如果我有一段时间没有收到朋友的消息，或者他们最近的消息看起来有点太直接了，我的脑海里就会出现这样的问题：我做错了什么吗？)”，以及后文第五段“In her new book Are You Mad At Me?, Josephson says this impulse is driven by a desire to please and be affirmed. The so-called“ fawn response” is one way we respond to threats, whether real (physical danger) or perceived (your friend taking longer than usual to text you back)(在她的新书《你在生我的气吗？》Josephson说，这种冲动是由取悦和被肯定的欲望驱动的。所谓的“讨好反应”是我们对威胁的一种反应，无论是真实的（身体上的危险）还是感知的（你的朋友比平时更晚才回复你的短信）)”可知，作者提及自身经历是为了引出“讨好反应”这一核心讨论话题。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第八段“Less well known than the fight or flight response, it is often developed in childhood in response to critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or a volatile home environment(与战斗或逃跑反应相比，它鲜为人知，通常是在童年时期形成的，源于挑剔或情感忽视的父母，或是不稳定的家庭环境)”可知，“讨好反应”的形成与负面家庭环境相关，与“critical or emotionally neglectful parents”并列的“volatile home environment”应是消极含义的短语。结合选项，B“不稳定的”符合“可能引发孩子产生讨好反应”的负面家庭环境特征，且与“critical”、“emotionally neglectful”表意一致。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第十段“Actually, in healthy relationships, a little bit of friction is really good because it means both people can have differing opinions(事实上，在健康的关系中，一点点摩擦其实是好事，因为这意味着双方可以有不同的观点)”以及第十一段“Conflict is not only inevitable; it can even be healing, she adds, demonstrating that disagreement or discomfort doesn’t have to come at the cost of intimacy. “Repair is what leads to closeness.”(冲突不仅不可避免；她补充说，这甚至可以治愈，表明分歧或不适不一定以亲密为代价。“修复是导致亲密的原因。”)”可知，Josephson认为健康的人际关系中，冲突是有益的，通过成功应对偶尔的冲突，关系可以得到巩固。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。文章开篇以作者自身经历引入，随后通过心理治疗师的观点，详细解释了“讨好反应”的定义、产生原因（童年经历、取悦他人的渴望）、群体特征（女性更易受影响）、负面影响（令人疲惫、无法避免冲突），最后结合健康人际关系说明冲突的积极意义。核心围绕“讨好反应”的本质和成因展开。故选A。 2.There are still many things that Peter Cooke would like to try his hand at--paper-making and feather-work are on his list. For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. “Tell me if I am boring you,” he says, as he leads me round his apartment showing me his work. There is a fine line between being a bore and being an enthusiast, but Cooke need not worry: he fits into the latter category, helped both by his charm and by the beauty of the things he makes. He points to a pair of shell-covered ornaments (装饰品) above a fireplace. “I shan’t be at all bothered if people don’t buy them because I have got so used to them, and to me they’re adorable. I never meant to sell my work commercially. Some friends came to see me about five years ago and said, ‘You must have an exhibition--people ought to see these. We’ll talk to a man who owns an art gallery’”. The result was an exhibition in London, at which 70 per cent of the objects were sold. His second exhibition opened at the gallery yesterday. Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. There are 86 pieces in the exhibition, with prices starting at £225 for a shell--flower in a crystal vase. Cooke insists that he has nothing to do with the prices and is cheerily open about their level: he claims there is nobody else in the world who produces work like his, and, as the gallery-owner told him, “Well, you’re going to stop one day and everybody will want your pieces because there won’t be any more.” Cooke has created his own method and uses materials as and when he finds them. He uses the cardboard sent back with laundered shirts for his flower bases, a nameless glue bought from a sail-maker (‘If it runs out, I don’t know what I will do!’) and washing-up liquid to wash the shells. “I have an idea of what I want to do and it just does itself,” he says of his working method, yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. 1．What can be learned about Peter Cooke from the first paragraph? A．He has produced objects with different materials. B．He was praised for his shell objects many years ago. C．He hopes to work with other materials in the future. D．He has written about his love for shell objects. 2．When looking round his apartment, the writer ________. A．is attracted by Cooke’s personality B．realizes he finds Cooke’s work boring C．feels uncertain about giving Cooke his opinion D．senses that Cooke wants his products to be admired 3．The “small sacrifice” in paragraph 3 refers to________. A．the loss of Cooke’s ornaments B．the display of Cooke’s ornaments C．the cost of keeping Cooke’s ornaments D．the space required to store Cooke’s ornaments 4．When talking about the artist’s working method, the writer implies that Cooke ________. A．is unaware of the unique quality his work has B．accepts that he sometimes makes mistakes C．undervalues the materials that he uses D．underrates his creative contribution 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文,作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了Peter Cooke一直希望将来能使用其他材料，但他的画廊损失严重，他后悔自己的工作不再那么熟练了。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. (不过，就目前而言，他将坚持他在过去十年中一直乐于完善的技能：用贝壳制作精致而不寻常的物体。)”可知，Peter Cooke希望将来能使用其他材料，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Tell me if I am boring you (如果我让你无聊，就告诉我)”可知，当环顾他的公寓时作者意识到他觉得库克的作品很无聊，故选B。 3．词义猜测题。根据文章第三段“Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. (考虑到这些装饰品的高昂价格—大约2000美元—在壁炉上方腾出一块空地对库克来说似乎是一个小小的牺牲。)”可知，以大约2000美元的价格把Cooke的饰品卖掉对他来说是一个损失。可知划线词组的意思是“库克的饰品损失”。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. (然而，他对细节、色调和对称性的关注看起来绝非偶然。)”可知，在谈到艺术家的工作方法时，作者想表明的是库克低估了他的创造性贡献，故选D。 3（2025·上海杨浦·模拟预测）In recent months, the coronavirus pandemic has sent the world into a state of confusion. Opinions on how to deal with this deadly new virus are as numerous as the stars in the sky. However, there’s at least one thing that most people seem to agree on that washing one’s hands is an effective way of staying safe and healthy. Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nurses, and medical students. Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted. Sadly, his health began to worsen in the 1860s and Semmelweis died in mental institution before he could see his idea recognized. Around the 1870s, Scottish surgeons under the guidance of Dr. Joseph Lister began the practice of cleaning their hands and surgical instruments thoroughly before surgery. Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis. University of Budapest changed its name to Semmelweis University, in honor of his devotion to improving healthcare by way of cleanliness. 1．This passage is most likely to be found in a________. A．science-fiction book set in Hungary B．journal on the history of medicine C．biography of Dr. Joseph Lister D．report on how to treat coronavirus 2．What was the initial result of Dr. Semmelweis’ practice? A．Childbed fever disappeared. B．Far more babies survived. C．Fewer women died after childbirth. D．Surgeons stopped touching dead bodies. 3．Which of the following orders is correct about the history of handwashing theory? A．Acceptance→Publication→Approval→Award. B．Proposal→Approval→Publication→Application. C．Publication→Acceptance→Application→Doubt. D．Application→Rejection→Publication→Recognition. 4．Which of the statements is FALSE about Semmelweis? A．He didn’t see his theory widely accepted in his life time. B．His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized. C．A university was named after him in honor of his devotion to medicine. D．It took about 30 years for his theory to gain acceptance in medical community. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了洗手理论的历史发展及其在医学界的认可过程。 1．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nursed, and medical students.(大多数人可能会惊讶地发现，洗手这一理念曾颇具争议。曾几何时，新妈妈们常常在产后不久就死于一种名为“产褥热”的疾病。19世纪40年代，在维也纳综合医院工作的匈牙利医生伊格纳茨・塞梅尔维斯对这一问题产生了兴趣，并开始寻找解决办法。当意识到医生和医学生在接生婴儿前曾接触过尸体后，塞梅尔维斯开始让所有医生、护士和医学生执行一套洗手流程)”可知，本文主要讲述了洗手理论的历史发展，这篇文章最有可能出现在医学历史杂志上。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice.(尽管塞梅尔维斯医生的这套流程大幅减少了产褥热导致的死亡人数，但其他医生却反对他的理论，甚至他所在的医院最终也放弃了这一做法)”可知，塞梅尔维斯医生的做法的初步结果是减少了产后因产褥热死亡的女性数量。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nursed, and medical students.(当意识到医生和医学生在接生婴儿前曾接触过尸体后，塞梅尔维斯开始让所有医生、护士和医学生执行一套洗手流程)”、第三段中“Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted.(尽管塞梅尔维斯医生的这套流程大幅减少了产褥热导致的死亡人数，但其他医生却反对他的理论，甚至他所在的医院最终也放弃了这一做法。然而，塞梅尔维斯依然坚信洗手的重要性，并出版了一本相关主题的书籍，可他的理念始终未被完全认可)”以及最后一段中“Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis.(不久之后，医学界的许多人开始认可塞梅尔维斯的早期工作)”可知，关于洗手理论的历史，正确的顺序是应用→拒绝→出版→认可。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted.(然而，塞梅尔维斯依然坚信洗手的重要性，并出版了一本相关主题的书籍，可他的理念始终未被完全认可)”可知，塞梅尔维斯的书并没有使他的工作得到认可，他的想法从未被完全接受，因此选项B“His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized.(他的书在使他的工作得到认可方面起到了决定性的作用)”是错误的。故选B。 4（2025高三·全国·专题练习）Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to deeper truths and a richer appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward.Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle “He possesses two out of the three qualities necessary for the ideal detective. He has the power of observation and that of deduction. He is only wanting in knowledge.” There is little doubt that Sherlock Holmes is the most famous detective in literature. Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories now exist in over 70 languages, and Holmes is the most portrayed literary character in film and television history. As a detective, Holmes often takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s loyal friend and companion. There are many advantages to this. First, Holmes is odd and tends to focus on minor details. Telling a short story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson translates Holmes’s oddity into something less tiring for the reader. On a literary level, having the story told by the companion helps keep the reader in suspense. If we had access to everything Holmes knew, the game would be over before it was happening. By seeing the Victorian world through Watson’s eyes, not only are we provided a picture that non-detectives can comprehend, but we get to enjoy Sherlock’s exciting adventures spoiler-free.The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald “Yet high over the city, our line of yellow windows must have contributed their share of human secrecy to the casual watcher in the darkening streets, and I was him too, looking up and wondering. I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s best-known work is a meditation on class in the supposedly egalitarian (平等主义) United States, the excesses of the 1920s, and how horrible it can be when the American Dream comes true. The story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a young man who has moved to Long Island in hopes of becoming a stockbroker and cashing in on the 1920s boom. As the title suggests, the real hero of the story is his mysterious neighbor, Jay Gatsby. The difficulty of the story centers on Gatsby’s attempts to pursue Nick’s married cousin Daisy, his dreams of reliving the past, and his efforts to climb into the upper-class of American society. Nick, who is an unreliable narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers himself an observer rather than a driver of those events. This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely fit into the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do. The resulting commentary on the life of the American upper crust (症结) has been debated for a century. 1．If written from the perspective of Sherlock Holmes instead of Dr. John Watson, the book Sherlock Holmes would be ________. A．short and to the point B．incomprehensible and long C．full of spoiler and suspense D．interesting but too professional 2．What can be inferred from The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald? A．Nick Carraway is not just as observer but a driver of the story events. B．The real mysterious hero behind the title of the novel is Nick Garraway. C．Readers will know more about the American upper class from the perspective of  Jay Gatsby. D．The unreliable narrator prevents the reader from grasping the harms of pursuing the American Dream. 3．Quotes from Sherlock Holmes and The Great Gatsby given below the title respectively in order to ________. A．stick to the traditional pattern of a famous novel B．indicate the side character’s role as the narrator C．remind readers of the theme and plot of the novels D．explain the main character’s neglect of deep truths 4．What’s the message the author of the passage wants to convey through the two books mentioned? A．Classical novels must have quotes that have enduring power among readers. B．Stories told from the most important character’s perspective are still the mainstream. C．Individual, or historical eras can be deeply explored from a unique sideline perspective. D．Side characters in novels are usually dismissed as unimportant and can’t get their name in the title. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨文学作品中配角视角的价值，以《福尔摩斯》和《了不起的盖茨比》为例说明其能揭示更深层的人性真相。 1．推理判断题。根据Sherlock Holmes部分第五段中的“First, Holmes is odd and tends to focus on minor details. Telling a short story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson translates Holmes’s oddity into something less tiring for the reader.(首先，福尔摩斯性格古怪，倾向于关注细节。从他的视角讲述一个短篇故事只会让故事变得冗长。华生医生将福尔摩斯的古怪之处转化为让读者不那么疲惫的内容)”及第六段“If we had access to everything Holmes knew, the game would be over before it was happening.(如果我们能知道福尔摩斯所知的一切，故事的悬念将荡然无存)”可知，若以福尔摩斯为叙事视角，故事可能因细节堆砌而冗长，且缺乏悬念（充满剧透）。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据The Great Gatsby部分倒数第二段中的“ Nick, who is an unreliable narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers himself an observer rather than a driver of those events.(尼克是一个不可靠的叙述者，在故事中的许多主要事件中都出现了。然而，正如上面引用的暗示，他认为自己是一个观察者，而不是这些事件的驱动者)”可知，Nick Garraway在故事中的很多主要事件中都出现了。结合尾段中的“This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely fit into the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do.(这使我们能够从一个人那里获得对局势的外部视角 —— 这个人承认自己并不完全融入他所参与的世界，但同时仍是那些真正融入其中的人的亲密伙伴)由此推测，他不仅仅是观察者，同时也是故事事件的驱动者。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据Sherlock Holmes 部分的第三段中的“As a detective, Holmes often takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s loyal friend and companion.(作为一名侦探，福尔摩斯常常在解开谜团的过程中起主导作用，但故事却是从他的忠实朋友兼同伴约翰・H・华生医生的视角来讲述的)”以及The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald部分中的第二段中的“The story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a young man who has moved to Long Island in hopes of becoming a stockbroker and cashing in on the 1920s boom.(这个故事是从尼克・卡拉威的视角来讲述的。他是一个搬到长岛的年轻人，希望成为股票经纪人，并在 20 世纪 20 年代的经济繁荣中获利)”可知，文中引用两段话分别对应配角（华生和尼克）的叙述视角。Sherlock Holmes的引用体现华生对福尔摩斯的观察评价，The Great Gatsby的引用通过尼克的内心独白展现其“既融入又疏离”的旁观者身份，两段引用均旨在表明配角作为叙述者的角色特点。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to deeper truths and a richer appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward.(一些著名小说表明，相较于那些忙于推动故事发展的主角，作为配角反而能让我们触及更深刻的真相，并对人性有更丰富的认知)”可知，首段点明“配角视角比主角更能揭示深层人性”，随后以两部小说为例，说明通过配角的旁观视角可深入探讨时代背景与人性本质，选项C“从独特的旁观者视角可深入探索个人或历史时代”最能概括作者观点。故选C项。 5（24-25高三上·上海·月考）This year, my two oldest sons asked me to sign them up for piano lessons. For certain reasons, I decided it would also be a good time for me to take up the piano again, after 30 years. As a child, I learned not just the piano, but the cello. I played in two orchestras and sang in the school choir. No one forced me to do any of it, but it wasn’t quite a free choice either. When you are the approval-addicted daughter of an over-invested mother, no one needs to apply force. My mom and I were well matched partners in the dance of unspoken expectation and approval-seeking. I did her forcing for her. For my mother, my musical industriousness wasn’t so much about achievement as identity. She was American by birth, and after marrying my university professor father and moving to London, she spent a decade working to be accepted into the impatient, fraught world of British intellectual society. In this environment, a diligent daughter lugging a giant cello was a tiny amount of cultural capital, a ticket to belonging. As much as anything could, music made me into the person my mother needed me to be, so that she could be the person she needed to be, in order to escape who she actually was. And for my part, although I never truly believed that my mother’s love was conditional, I did have the suspicion that there was a performance-related bonus in there. It was foolish to think that taking up the piano at the same time as my own children would be emotionally uncomplicated. Or perhaps the complication was exactly why I sought it out. Somehow, the piano lessons turn me into both my childhood self, seeking my mother’s approval, and into my mother herself, putting the same high expectations on my own children. My mother was lucky in that I was temperamentally (性情地) suited to the role she assigned me. My sons are not so much so. They are rambunctious and restless, not wired for lengthy sessions of sitting still and reflecting well on me. Unconditional love may be at the defining heart of parenthood, but sometimes it can feel impossible to accommodate unconditional love to the worldly practices of day-to-day parenting. The whole job seems set up for conditionality: It would be dishonest to pretend that we have no stake in wanting our children to reflect our own values and preferences. I’m disappointed when my sons won’t play their role in the script I have written for them, but deep down, I’m also a little thrilled. They are maddeningly, gloriously resistant to the pressure. A secret part of me is delighted by their raging demands for full personhood — beyond my projections and hopes and fears. By the life they claim. 1．The underlined sentence in paragraph two means ______. A．the author demanded to learn musical instruments out of pure love B．the author forced her mum to sign her up for piano lessons against her will C．the author’s mom pushed her to learn musical instruments for her own sake D．the author offered to learn musical instruments to obtain her mom’s approval 2．The author’s mother think of the author’s musical industriousness as ______. A．a symbol more of family achievement than of social identity B．a way for her to fit into the British intellectual society at that time C．proof of her ability to be a qualified mother in front of her husband D．a result of her selfless cultivation more than the author’s own diligence 3．Which of the following is TRUE from the author’s perspective? A．She doesn’t care about her sons’ levels of playing musical instruments. B．She has a mixed feeling towards her sons’ reluctance to practise musical instruments. C．She feels sorrowful because her sons are unlikely skilled at playing musical instruments. D．She is still convinced that her sons could be as talented on musical instruments as she was. 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Can Musical Talents Really be Inherited? B．Can We Really Force Our Children to Love Music? C．Can We Really Love Our Children Unconditionally? D．Can Playing Instruments Help Us Fit into Intellectual Society? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者从自己的经历讲述了对于父母无条件的爱的看法。 1．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段划线处上句“When you are the approval-addicted daughter of an over-invested mother, no one needs to apply force. My mom and I were well matched partners in the dance of unspoken expectation and approval-seeking. (如果你是过度投入的母亲的女儿，那么没有人需要使用武力。在无言的期待和寻求认同的舞蹈中，我和妈妈是非常般配的一对。)”可知，作者主动提出学习乐器以获得母亲的认可。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“For my mother, my musical industriousness wasn’t so much about achievement as identity. She was American by birth, and after marrying my university professor father and moving to London, she spent a decade working to be accepted into the impatient, fraught world of British intellectual society. (对我母亲来说，我在音乐上的勤奋与其说是成就，不如说是身份。她出生在美国，在嫁给我的大学教授父亲并搬到伦敦后，她花了10年的时间努力工作，以便被英国知识分子社会这个不耐烦、充满忧虑的世界所接受。)”可知，作者的母亲认为作者在音乐上的勤奋是她融入当时英国知识界的一种方式。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“I’m disappointed when my sons won’t play their role in the script I have written for them, but deep down, I’m also a little thrilled. (当我的儿子们不能在我为他们写的剧本中扮演他们的角色时，我很失望，但在内心深处，我也有点激动。)”可知，作者对于儿子们不愿练习乐器，一方面是失望，另一方面是激动，作者的心里感受是复杂的。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“And for my part, although I never truly believed that my mother’s love was conditional, I did have the suspicion that there was a performance- related bonus in there. (对我来说，虽然我从来没有真正相信我母亲的爱是有条件的，但我确实怀疑其中有与表现相关的好处。)”可知，作者从自己的学习乐器的经历讲述了对于父母无条件的爱的看法。C项：Can We Really Love Our Children Unconditionally? (我们真的能无条件地爱我们的孩子吗？)合乎题意。故选C。 6（2025·上海·三模）Scientists have created a full map of an adult brain for the first time. The 3D model of all of the neurons (神经元) of a fruit fly, and the 50 million connections between them, is the first time that scientists have been able to see the full brain of an adult that can walk and fly. It represents a major breakthrough compared to previous efforts, which for instance recorded the early growth stage of a fruit fly and its much smaller 3,016 neurons. Researchers hope that the work can be a step towards producing similar studies of larger brains — including, eventually, those of humans. It might also help us gain a better understanding of how brains actually function. Already, it suggests that brains might be more similar than we might think. By comparing the newly mapped brain to previous, smaller studies, researchers saw that the pictures had significant similarities — and that brains themselves are not necessarily a unique structure. “If we want to understand how the brain works, we need a systematic understanding of how all the neurons fit together and let you think. For most brains we have no idea how these networks function,” said Gregory Jefferis, from the University of Cambridge. “Flies can do all kinds of complicated things like walk and fly, and the males sing to the females. Brain wiring diagrams are a first step towards understanding everything we’re interested in — how we control our movement, answer the telephone, or recognize a friend.” The map was produced by taking the brain of a fly, itself less than 1 millimeter (微米) wide, and cutting it into 7,000 thin sections and then scanning them. Researchers used AI to scan those images to build up a map of the 140,000 neurons and 50 million connections. Researchers have made the full database open and free to all researchers, in the hope of better understanding all brains. By understanding how a healthy brain works, we might be better able to see what happens when brains function differently, as in the case of mental health conditions. 1．What have researchers found by comparing studies of fruit fly brains? A．Brains are unique and complex. B．Brains may be structurally similar. C．Brains need to function through neurons. D．Brains have different stages of development. 2．According to Gregory Jefferis, why have researchers chosen to study fruit flies? A．Their ability to perform complex tasks. B．Their excellent communication skills. C．Their ability to control their movement. D．Their complicated problem-solving skills. 3．The 3D model of the fruit fly brain was created by ________. A．scanning the brain as a whole B．drawing pictures of the neurons C．taking images of thinly cut pieces D．recording the brain activity over time 4．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．researchers need to study more kinds of animals B．a comprehensive database is needed for research C．medical treatment will need better technologies D．more studies are needed to understand the brain 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了科学家首次绘制出成年果蝇全脑图谱，含14万神经元和5000万连接，该成果或助理解大脑功能及人类大脑。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Already, it suggests that brains might be more similar than we might think.(目前，它表明大脑可能比我们想象的要更相似)”可知，研究人员通过比较果蝇大脑的研究结果发现大脑的结构可能相似。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Flies can do all kinds of complicated things like walk and fly, and the males sing to the females.(苍蝇能够完成各种复杂的行为，比如行走和飞行，而且雄蝇还会向雌蝇发出求爱的叫声)”可知，研究人员会选择研究果蝇是因为它们具备执行复杂任务的能力。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The map was produced by taking the brain of a fly, itself less than 1 millimeter (微米) wide, and cutting it into 7,000 thin sections and then scanning them. Researchers used AI to scan those images to build up a map of the 140,000 neurons and 50 million connections.(这张地图是通过以下方式绘制而成的：先取下一只苍蝇的脑部（其直径不足 1 微米），然后将其切成7000个薄片，再进行扫描。研究人员利用人工智能对这些图像进行扫描，从而构建出包含14万个神经元和5000万连接的苍蝇大脑图谱)”可知，通过拍摄薄切片的图像，构建出了果蝇大脑的三维模型。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Researchers have made the full database open and free to all researchers, in the hope of better understanding all brains. By understanding how a healthy brain works, we might be better able to see what happens when brains function differently, as in the case of mental health conditions.(研究人员已将完整的数据库向所有研究人员开放并免费提供，旨在更好地了解所有大脑。通过了解健康大脑的运作方式，我们或许能够更好地理解大脑在功能异常时（例如在精神健康状况方面）会发生什么情况)”可知，还需要进行更多的研究来了解大脑。故选D。 7（2025·上海·模拟预测）The Power of Habit We like to think we’re in control of our choices, but the truth is, nearly half of what we do each day unfolds without conscious thought. That first sip of coffee in the morning, the way we instinctively reach for our phones during downtime, even the routes we take to work—all of these follow invisible scripts written by habit. In The Power of Habit, Charles Duhigg masterfully uncovers the invisible patterns that shape our lives, blending cutting-edge science with impressive stories that resonate with young readers seeking self-improvement.   At the core of habit formation lies a simple but powerful habit loop: —a simple yet profound three-step cycle: cue prompts routine, which delivers reward. This neurological blueprint explains why stress sends us straight to the snack cupboard or why boredom leads to mindless scrolling. But once we recognize the loop, we can rewrite it. Duhigg makes this science tangible(有形的) through vivid examples: how call centers train new employees to handle angry customers by rewiring their instinctive reactions into calm, solution-focused responses, or how Olympic swimmers like Michael Phelps use ritualized warm-ups to enter peak performance states. The same principle applies to everyday life. Small, deliberate adjustments—like exchanging social media for a short walk during breaks —can reprogram autopilot behaviors over time.    The work systematically explores the phenomenon of “keystone habits ”—small changes that create ripple effects. Someone who starts exercising regularly might, without even trying, eat healthier or sleep better. A student who commits to organizing their study space may find their focus sharpening in other areas, too. So there is no need to change everything all at once. Identify one habit, nurture it, and let the rest follow.   Habits don’t just shape individuals—they drive communities and movements. Consider how social change happens. Often, it’s not just about big speeches or dramatic moments; it’s about repeated, collective actions that become second nature. When a group of people consistently shows up, speaks out, or supports a cause, those repeated behaviors, sustained over time, have the power to redefine cultures. Of course, reconditioning deeply rooted habits—like procrastination or unhealthy coping mechanisms—isn’t as simple as pressing a switch. Knowledge alone isn’t enough; it takes practice, support, and sometimes even professional guidance. What works is replacing rather than resisting: substituting the unhealthy reward for a healthier one, or anchoring a new routine to an existing cue; in this way we stop being prisoners of routine and start becoming its authors. The process is gradual, but the payoff comes when you feel equipped to rewrite your own life scripts. 1．The term “autopilot behaviors” in paragraph 2 probably refers to __________. A．temporary impulsive reaction. B．mindless habitual action. C．conscious voluntary options. D．random instinctive responses. 2．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Habit loops progresses in a circle: cue, reward and routine. B．Phelps is mentioned to argue that willpower serves as the driver of habit change. C．The book suggests that knowledge is irrelevant to habit changes. D．Social transformation emerges through sustained repetition of collective habits. 3．Which of these habits is a keystone habit? A．Emma checks social media first thing, which sometimes makes her late for class but keeps her updated. B．Tom prepares his school outfit the night before, and finds mornings less stressful with more time for breakfast. C．Sophia watches TV during dinner, often finishing meals faster than when eating mindfully. D．Noah organizes his desk every Friday, though it doesn’t affect his weekly productivity. 4．The primary purpose of this passage is to __________. A．discuss how to minimize the influence of habits. B．analyze how habits come into being. C．introduce and recommend a book on habit science. D．instruct feasible habit-training methods. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了 Charles Duhigg 所著的《习惯的力量》这本书。书中揭示了习惯塑造生活的无形模式，介绍了习惯循环的原理、关键习惯的作用，以及习惯对个人、群体和社会变革的影响，还提到改变习惯的方法，目的在于向读者介绍并推荐这本书。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“nearly half of what we do each day unfolds without conscious thought. That first sip of coffee in the morning, the way we instinctively reach for our phones during downtime, even the routes we take to work—all of these follow invisible scripts written by habit.(我们每天近一半的行为是在无意识的情况下进行的。早上的第一口咖啡，休息时本能地伸手去拿手机的动作，甚至上班的路线 —— 所有这些都遵循着习惯写下的无形脚本)” 以及第二段 “Small, deliberate adjustments—like exchanging social media for a short walk during breaks —can reprogram autopilot behaviors over time.(随着时间的推移，一些小的、有意识的调整 —— 比如在休息时间用散步代替刷社交媒体 —— 可以重新设定 autopilot behaviors)” 可知，重新设定的这些行为是无意识的、习惯性的。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Consider how social change happens. Often, it’s not just about big speeches or dramatic moments; it’s about repeated, collective actions that become second nature.(想想社会变革是如何发生的。通常，它不仅仅关乎宏大的演讲或戏剧性的时刻；它关乎那些不断重复的集体行动，这些行动最终会成为人们的下意识行为)” 可知，社会变革是通过集体习惯的持续重复出现的。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“The work systematically explores the phenomenon of ‘keystone habits.’—small changes that create ripple effects. Someone who starts exercising regularly might, without even trying, eat healthier or sleep better. A student who commits to organizing their study space may find their focus sharpening in other areas, too.(这部作品系统地探究了 “关键习惯” 这一现象，即一些能产生连锁反应的微小改变。一个开始经常锻炼的人，可能不经意间就会饮食更健康，睡眠质量也更好。一个致力于整理自己学习空间的学生，可能会发现自己在其他方面的注意力也变得更加集中)” 可知，关键习惯能带来连锁积极影响。B项“汤姆在前一天晚上准备好上学的衣服，他发现早上有更多的时间吃早餐，压力会小一些。”正确。故选B。 4．推理判断题。本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了 Charles Duhigg 所著的《习惯的力量》这本书。书中揭示了习惯塑造生活的无形模式，介绍了习惯循环的原理、关键习惯的作用，以及习惯对个人、群体和社会变革的影响，还提到改变习惯的方法，目的在于向读者介绍并推荐这本书。所以文章的目的是介绍并推荐一本关于习惯科学的书。故选C。 8（2024·北京·高考真题）When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open: I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice.      One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. 1．How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A．Scared. B．Worried. C．Discouraged. D．Wronged. 2．In her 30s, the author _________. A．avoided oil painting practice B．sought for a painting career C．fancied abstract painting D．exhibited child paintings 3．Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A．Confusing. B．Empowering. C．Disturbing. D．Entertaining. 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Actions speak louder than words. B．Hard work is the mother of success. C．Dreams are the reflections of realities. D．Creative activities involve being confident. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知，作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art.(在我30多岁时，我结交了画家朋友们，学到了看待艺术的新方法)”和“Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice. (虽然这些新朋友是使用油画颜料的抽象画师，或者是版画家或雕塑家，但我把油画作为禁忌的高级形式，不允许我练习)”可知，作者在30多岁时回避练习油画。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. (这个梦给我的感觉是如此的权威，它震撼了我。它是能量的一种形式，让我回我失去了的东西)”可知，作者的梦赋予作者练习油画的力量。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much.  (成为一名成功的画家需要有决心。我意识到我总是害怕想要得太多)”及文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了作者一直喜欢绘画，但中学时由于油画测试成绩较低，作者对绘画失去了信心。在40岁出头时，一个梦让作者重拾画油画的信心并接受了自身局限性的故事。由此可推知，我们能从文章中学到创作活动需要自信，故选D。 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题03阅读理解推理判断题 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01事实/细节推理 考向02 写作目的推理 考向03 观点态度推理 考向04 预测发展推理【重难】 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 高考英语阅读理解推理判断题是考查逻辑推理能力的核心题型，要求考生基于文本显性信息，推断隐含意义、作者态度、主旨倾向或因果关系等。该题型不直接照搬原文，需通过归纳、演绎等思维加工得出结论，侧重考查 “透过现象看本质” 的能力，是区分高分段考生的关键题型，占阅读理解题量的 30% 左右，难度中等偏上。 设题类型 主要分为四类：一是态度推断，判断作者对话题的褒贬、客观等态度；二是细节推理，由具体细节推断隐含逻辑（如因果、对比）；三是主旨推断，概括段落或全文隐含主旨；四是身份 / 对象推断，推测作者身份、读者对象或文本出处。各类题型均围绕 “隐含信息” 设题，避免原文直接信息的简单考查。 命题方式 题干常含标志性词汇，如 infer（推断）、suggest（暗示）、imply（暗示）、conclude（得出结论）、attitude（态度）、probably（可能）等。常见表述如 “It can be inferred from the passage that...”“What does the author imply about...?”。命题人多选取文本中具有隐晦逻辑的段落，设置干扰项（如过度推断、偷换概念、曲解原意），误导考生仅凭表面信息作答。 解题思路 第一步定位原文相关信息，锁定设题段落的关键词句；第二步排除 “原文原句”“过度推断”“无中生有” 等干扰项；第三步结合文本主旨、作者语气及上下文逻辑，进行合理推导；第四步验证结论是否与全文基调一致，确保推理不偏离文本核心。核心原则：“有据可依，不主观臆断”，始终以原文信息为推理基石。 考向01事实/细节推理 【例1-1】（2025 年上海浦东新区高三上学期期中联考） Paragraph 4: The city launched a new public transportation system last year, combining electric buses and shared bikes with intelligent route planning. According to the latest traffic report, the average speed of vehicles in the city center has increased by 20% compared with last year, and the number of private cars on the road during peak hours has decreased by 15%. Many residents have reported that they now spend less time commuting to work or school. What can we infer about the new public transportation system from Paragraph 4? A. It has completely replaced traditional buses. B. It has reduced traffic jams in the city center. C. It is more expensive than private cars. D. It is mainly used by young people. 事实 / 细节推理题是上海高考英语阅读理解的高频题型，核心考查考生在精准捕捉原文显性细节的基础上，通过逻辑分析、语义推导得出隐含信息的能力。这类题目答案并非原文直接呈现，需基于原文细节进行 “合理推断”（不夸大、不缩小、不脱离原文），解题关键在于 “定位细节依据 + 分析逻辑关系 + 排除过度推理”，避免主观臆断和无依据猜测。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海徐汇区高三第一次模拟） After using the online learning platform for three months, I found that it offers a variety of courses taught by professional teachers. The flexible learning time allows me to study whenever and wherever I want, and the interactive exercises help me better understand the knowledge. I have already improved my English score by 15 points since I started using it. What can be inferred about the author’s attitude towards the online learning platform? A. Doubtful B. Supportive C. Critical D. Neutral 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海闵行区高三联考） The new farming technology introduced this year uses automated equipment to plant seeds and water crops, which has greatly reduced the labor required. Compared with the traditional farming method, farmers now spend only half the time on field work and can manage a larger area of farmland with the same number of people. What can we infer about the traditional farming method mentioned in the passage? A. It was more time-consuming. B. It produced more crops. C. It was more environmentally friendly. D. It required fewer workers. 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海杨浦区高三期中） Paragraph 5: According to a survey on reading habits conducted in 2024, the number of people reading e-books has increased by 30% compared with 2022. However, the percentage of people who choose to read paper books remains at around 45%, and there is no significant decline in the past three years. What can be inferred from the data in Paragraph 5? A. The number of readers has dropped sharply. B. E-books are more popular than paper books. C. Paper books still have a stable readership. D. Young people prefer e-books to paper books. 考向02 写作目的推理 【例2-1】（2025 年上海黄浦区高三上学期期中联考） Paragraph 1: Endangered animals are facing a serious threat of extinction due to habitat loss and illegal hunting. Traditional protection methods such as establishing nature reserves have achieved limited results in recent years. Paragraph 2: However, a new technology called “species tracking and protection system” has emerged as a promising solution. This system uses GPS and AI to monitor animal movements, identify illegal hunting activities, and help researchers better understand the living habits of endangered species. Paragraph 3: A case study in Africa shows that after using this system, the survival rate of African elephants has increased by 25% in one year, and the number of illegal hunting incidents has dropped by 40%. Paragraph 4: Experts believe that this new technology can be widely applied to protect various endangered species, and it is hoped that more countries will adopt this method to jointly safeguard biodiversity. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A. To introduce a new way to protect endangered animals. B. To criticize the government’s lack of environmental protection. C. To share personal experience of saving wild animals. D. To warn people of the danger of animal extinction. 写作目的推理题是上海高考英语阅读理解的核心题型之一，核心考查考生对文章主旨、段落功能及作者意图的深层把握能力。这类题目要求考生跳出具体细节，结合文章体裁、行文结构、逻辑关系及隐含线索，推断作者 “为何写这篇文章 / 这个段落 / 这个例子”，解题关键在于 “定位核心信息 + 分析功能逻辑 + 匹配目的类型”，避免混淆 “主旨” 与 “目的”、“事实” 与 “意图”。 【变式2-1】（2025 年上海静安区高三第一次模拟） Paragraph 2: While online shopping has brought great convenience to people’s lives, it also has some obvious drawbacks. Paragraph 3: For example, many consumers have complained about receiving fake products or items that do not match the descriptions on the website. In addition, the process of returning or exchanging goods is often complicated and time-consuming, which has caused a lot of trouble for buyers. Paragraph 4: To solve these problems, e-commerce platforms should strengthen supervision and improve after-sales service. What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 3? A. To explain why online shopping is popular. B. To illustrate the disadvantages of online shopping. C. To provide solutions to online shopping problems. D. To compare online shopping with offline shopping. 【变式2-2】（2025 年上海普陀区高三联考） Paragraph 1: Smart watches have evolved significantly over the past decade. From simple timekeeping devices, they have become multi-functional tools that integrate health monitoring, communication, and entertainment. Paragraph 2: Early smart watches could only connect to mobile phones to receive calls and messages. However, modern smart watches can track heart rate, sleep quality, and even detect potential health risks. Some high-end models also support offline payment and voice assistants. Paragraph 3: With continuous technological innovation, smart watches are expected to become more intelligent and personalized in the future, playing a more important role in people’s daily lives. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To advertise a new type of smart watch. B. To inform readers about the development of smart watches. C. To persuade readers to buy smart watches. D. To discuss the impact of smart watches on daily life. 【变式2-3】（2025 年上海杨浦区高三期中） Paragraph 1: An old fisherman who has fished in the coastal area for 40 years often tells his grandchildren: “When I was young, the sea was full of fish, and I could catch a boatload in half a day. But now, even if I fish from dawn to dusk, I can barely get enough to feed my family.” Paragraph 2: The fisherman’s story is not an exception. Overfishing and marine pollution have led to a sharp decline in fish stocks in many coastal areas, threatening the ecological balance of the ocean. Paragraph 3: It is urgent for governments and individuals to take action to protect marine resources. Why does the author mention the story of the old fisherman in the first paragraph? A. To introduce the theme of environmental protection. B. To show the fisherman’s love for the sea. C. To describe the beauty of the coastal area. D. To warn readers of the dangers of overfishing. 考向03 观点态度推理 【例3-1】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三一模） Back in her twenties, Linda Park was all about fashion. But she also started noticing something disturbing: the fashion industry was seriously hurting the environment. As she worked as a designer, she was shocked by the mountains of unsold clothes, fabrics that would hang around for decades, and the harmful dyes dumping into rivers... In September 2020, Park launched GreenThread—her sustainable fashion dream came true. The store's special touch? It sold upcycled clothing and fabric made from waste materials... When the pandemic hit, it wasn't smooth sailing. But Park wasn't ready to call it quits. She switched to an online model and started offering virtual style consultations. The response was awesome, and GreenThread's fanbase grew as more people realized the benefits of shopping sustainably. What attitude does the author hold towards Linda Park’s GreenThread? A. Critical B. Favorable C. Doubtful D. Neutral 锁定情感词汇：重点关注形容词、副词、动词等具有感情色彩的词。如褒义词 “remarkable”“beneficial” 体现肯定态度，贬义词 “disturbing”“harmful” 表达否定态度，以此快速判断作者倾向。 分析论据倾向：作者的态度常藏在举例、数据等论据中。若论据多为正面案例、积极数据，态度多为支持；若论据聚焦问题、危害等，态度可能偏批判或担忧。 把握转折递进逻辑：“but”“however”“instead” 等转折词后往往是作者真实态度；“furthermore”“more importantly” 等递进词后会强化核心立场，需重点研读这些逻辑词后的内容。 结合主旨定方向：作者的观点态度不会脱离文章主旨。先通过首尾段、中心句明确文章核心议题，再判断态度是否与主旨同向，避免孤立解读某句话而误判。 【变式3-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三一模） Padlet is a valuable education tool specifically created for teachers to upload, organize, and share content, keeping it all in one place with virtual boards called “padkts”. Teachers can categorize teaching materials by subjects, arrange them in chronological order, and set access permissions for different classes. What’s more, students can leave comments under the materials, and teachers can give timely feedback, which greatly promotes interaction between teachers and students. Many schools in Shanghai have applied Padlet in daily teaching, and both teachers and students have spoken highly of its convenience and practicality. What is the author’s attitude towards Padlet? A. Disapproving B. Praiseful C. Unconcerned D. Cautious 【变式3-2】（2025 年上海市徐汇区高三二模） Noise-cancelling headphones have become a popular choice for many, offering a way to block out background noise and letting us enjoy music at lower volumes. However, some experts are worried that using these headphones too much might make it harder for our brains to process sounds properly. She explains that our brains are used to dealing with thousands of different sounds at the same time and deciding which ones are worth paying attention to... noise-cancelling headphones limit the brain to a single source of sound, such as music or a podcast, potentially weakening its ability to process various sounds. What is the author’s attitude towards excessive use of noise-cancelling headphones? A. Worried B. Supportive C. Indifferent D. Enthusiastic 【变式3-3】（2025 年上海市高东中学等六校高三第一次联考） Is ballet dead? Has the art form evolved to depression? Jennifer Homans’s conclusion to her fascinating history of ballet, Apollo’s Angels, is worrying. It appears that ballet’s pulse continues to beat strongly, however... Many contemporary choreographers all embrace classical form and principles, then manipulate the rules. The line between contemporary dance and ballet is vague... Bourne believes what has changed is that the dance forms are coming closer together. Not dying, but merging. Reinventing... Alastair Macaulay says ballet has died again and again over the centuries, and yet, phoenix-like, rose again from its ashes. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of ballet? A. Pessimistic B. Confident C. Doubtful D. Confused 考向04 预测发展推理 【例4-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区一模） In a new paper, researchers describe how a male orangutan, known as Rakus, chewed the leaves of a plant used in traditional medicine and applied them to a wound on his cheek. He repeated this behavior for seven minutes and then continued feeding on the plant for 30 minutes. Over the following days, there were no signs of infection. The wound closed within five days. “What is interesting is that this behavior seems to be intentional and goal-oriented.” says study lead author Isabelle Laumer... Self-medication has been documented in multiple wild primate species, but not applying them to recent wounds. There is only one other study of active wound treatment by great apes. What will likely happen to the research on great apes' wound treatment? A. It will stop due to lack of follow-up cases. B. It will be expanded to more primate species. C. It will focus more on this intentional treatment behavior. D. It will turn to studying traditional medicinal plants only. 依托现状找趋势：文本常提及事物当前的发展状态、规模或特点，这是预测的基础。若现状呈增长、优化等积极态势，且无明显阻碍因素，未来大概率延续向好趋势；若现状存在诸多问题且未提及改善措施，可能预测其面临困境。 结合举措推结果：重点关注文中提到的政策、行动、技术革新等举措。这些举措的目的和预期效果是关键，合理推断举措实施后会带来的直接或间接影响，就能得出事物后续的发展走向。 分析矛盾定走向：当文本中出现事物发展的矛盾点，如需求与供给的冲突、传统与创新的碰撞等，要判断矛盾的主要方面及是否有化解办法。若矛盾可通过现有手段解决，未来可能向协调方向发展；若矛盾突出且无解，可能出现衰退或变革。 参考专家观点或案例：文中若有专家评论、类似案例的发展历程，可作为预测的重要依据。专家的正向预判、成功案例的复制，往往指向积极的未来；反之，负面预警、失败案例的警示，则可能预示事物需调整方向。 【变式4-1】（2025 年上海市崇明区高三二模） The UN’s second sustainability goal, “Zero Hunger,” aims to end hunger in the world by 2030. Yet 828 million people suffer from food insecurity. Armed conflict, extreme weather and food waste are the main causes. Despite this, solutions are being promoted. In Africa, the Hunger Project encourages sustainable farming like crop diversification. The UN World Food Programme helps farmers connect to local economies and reduce crop losses. It also provides nutrient-rich foods for children and the weak. Individuals can also help by reducing food waste and spreading awareness. What will probably happen to global food security in the future if the current solutions continue? A. The “Zero Hunger” goal will be abandoned completely. B. Food insecurity will worsen due to extreme weather. C. The situation will gradually improve towards the set goal. D. Food waste will become the only cause of food insecurity. 【变式4-2】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三二模） The rock dove, ancestor of urban pigeons, was introduced to North America by settlers. For years, urban pigeons have been viewed as pests. They leave droppings that damage buildings and spread diseases. However, recent studies have found that pigeons play a role in urban ecosystems. They eat leftover food, reducing waste. Some cities have started to change their attitude. Instead of culling pigeons, they set up feeding stations to guide the birds to specific areas. Meanwhile, researchers are studying how to use pigeon droppings as organic fertilizer, turning a problem into a resource. What is the likely future relationship between urban pigeons and humans? A. It will become more tense due to pigeon diseases. B. It will turn more harmonious with effective management. C. Humans will stop all interactions with urban pigeons. D. Pigeons will disappear from cities because of culling. 【变式4-3】（2025 年上海市徐汇区高三一模） Independent bookstores in Shanghai have been struggling in recent years. The rise of online book platforms with lower prices and wider selections has led to a sharp decline in their sales. But many independent bookstores are fighting back. They have transformed into cultural spaces by adding cafes, holding book signings and literary salons. Some cooperate with local writers to launch limited-edition books. Young people are increasingly drawn to these unique experiences that online stores can’t provide. Many communities have also offered rent reductions to support these small businesses. What will the future of Shanghai’s independent bookstores probably be? A. They will be replaced entirely by online book platforms. B. They will thrive by continuing their cultural transformation. C. They will stop selling books and only run cafes. D. They will move out of communities due to high rent. 1（25-26高三上·上海·期中）A friend recently shared a post from the satirical (嘲讽的) site Reductress. It depicted a woman, arms held triumphantly high, beneath the headline:“ She Did It! This Woman Was Able To Confirm That Everyone Was Not Mad At Her!” I sometimes feel the same heart-sinking insecurity. If I haven’t heard from a friend in a while, or their most recent message seemed a bit a little too direct, my mind throws up the question: did I do something wrong? In many ways it’s a senseless reaction — I’ve no real reason to believe I’ve offended or upset them; they’re probably just busy. Yet I can’t shake the feeling. Why are we so quick to assume that our friends are mad at us — or even ready to drop us? “When we fear that our friends are mad at us, it feels really convincing,” says psychotherapist Meg Josephson. “ We’re trying to relieve this anxiety, so we seek reassurance —’ Was I annoying? Was I weird?’ — but it’s not getting to the actual feeling that’s underneath it. ” In her new book Are You Mad At Me?, Josephson says this impulse is driven by a desire to please and be affirmed. The so-called“ fawn response” is one way we respond to threats, whether real (physical danger) or perceived (your friend taking longer than usual to text you back). “The fawn response is about lessening the threat, so that you can feel safe, ” says Josephson. “ Your immediate instinct is to be ‘Are we OK?’ — or to compliment them, or be helpful to them, so that you can ease the perceived tension. ” Less well known than the fight or flight response, it is often developed in childhood in response to critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or a volatile home environment, Josephson says. Women are especially susceptible (受影响的), being socialized to put others at ease. The attempted mind-reading and “anxious rumination” can become exhausting, says Josephson. It also doesn’t actually protect you against conflict. The key is understanding that it is not the end of the world — or a friendship. “Especially if we grew up in more volatile homes, where conflict was brushed under the rug or we didn’t witness disagreement handled in a safe way, we learn to fear conflict as terminal,” Josephson says. “Actually, in healthy relationships, a little bit of friction is really good because it means both people can have differing opinions.” Conflict is not only inevitable; it can even be healing, she adds, demonstrating that disagreement or discomfort doesn’t have to come at the cost of intimacy. “Repair is what leads to closeness.” 1．The author mentions her own experience (Paragraphs 2-3) primarily to ________. A．justify her initial suspicion of her friends’ intentions B．demonstrate a personal instance of offensive friends C．introduce the discussion of the fawn response D．highlight the necessity of addressing digital miscommunication 2．The underlined word “volatile” in paragraph 10 most probably means ________. A．harmonious B．unstable C．desperate D．unsupportive 3．Based on Josephson’s views as presented in the passage, what can be inferred about healthy relationships? A．They are characterized by the absence of disagreement or friction. B．They depend on constant communication to prevent misunderstandings. C．They can be strengthened by successfully navigating occasional conflicts. D．They are best maintained by consistently using the fawn response. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．The cause and nature of the fawn response. B．The negative impact of digital communication. C．Strategies for friendship repair after conflicts. D．Differences between fight, flight and fawn responses. 2.There are still many things that Peter Cooke would like to try his hand at--paper-making and feather-work are on his list. For the moment though, he will stick to the skill that he has been delighted to perfect over the past ten years: making delicate and unusual objects out of shells. “Tell me if I am boring you,” he says, as he leads me round his apartment showing me his work. There is a fine line between being a bore and being an enthusiast, but Cooke need not worry: he fits into the latter category, helped both by his charm and by the beauty of the things he makes. He points to a pair of shell-covered ornaments (装饰品) above a fireplace. “I shan’t be at all bothered if people don’t buy them because I have got so used to them, and to me they’re adorable. I never meant to sell my work commercially. Some friends came to see me about five years ago and said, ‘You must have an exhibition--people ought to see these. We’ll talk to a man who owns an art gallery’”. The result was an exhibition in London, at which 70 per cent of the objects were sold. His second exhibition opened at the gallery yesterday. Considering the enormous prices that the pieces command—around $2,000 for the ornament—an empty space above the fireplace would seem a small sacrifice for Cooke to make. There are 86 pieces in the exhibition, with prices starting at £225 for a shell--flower in a crystal vase. Cooke insists that he has nothing to do with the prices and is cheerily open about their level: he claims there is nobody else in the world who produces work like his, and, as the gallery-owner told him, “Well, you’re going to stop one day and everybody will want your pieces because there won’t be any more.” Cooke has created his own method and uses materials as and when he finds them. He uses the cardboard sent back with laundered shirts for his flower bases, a nameless glue bought from a sail-maker (‘If it runs out, I don’t know what I will do!’) and washing-up liquid to wash the shells. “I have an idea of what I want to do and it just does itself,” he says of his working method, yet the attention to detail, colour gradations and symmetry (对称) he achieves look far from accidental. 1．What can be learned about Peter Cooke from the first paragraph? A．He has produced objects with different materials. B．He was praised for his shell objects many years ago. C．He hopes to work with other materials in the future. D．He has written about his love for shell objects. 2．When looking round his apartment, the writer ________. A．is attracted by Cooke’s personality B．realizes he finds Cooke’s work boring C．feels uncertain about giving Cooke his opinion D．senses that Cooke wants his products to be admired 3．The “small sacrifice” in paragraph 3 refers to________. A．the loss of Cooke’s ornaments B．the display of Cooke’s ornaments C．the cost of keeping Cooke’s ornaments D．the space required to store Cooke’s ornaments 4．When talking about the artist’s working method, the writer implies that Cooke ________. A．is unaware of the unique quality his work has B．accepts that he sometimes makes mistakes C．undervalues the materials that he uses D．underrates his creative contribution 3（2025·上海杨浦·模拟预测）In recent months, the coronavirus pandemic has sent the world into a state of confusion. Opinions on how to deal with this deadly new virus are as numerous as the stars in the sky. However, there’s at least one thing that most people seem to agree on that washing one’s hands is an effective way of staying safe and healthy. Most people would be so surprised to learn that the idea of handwashing was once fairly controversial (有争议的). At one time, new mothers used to die of a disease known as childbed fever shortly after giving birth. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor working at the Vienna General Hospital, became interested in this problem and began looking for a solution. After realizing that doctors and medical students had been handling dead bodies before delivering babies, Semmelweis put into practice a handwashing procedure for all doctors, nurses, and medical students. Though Dr. Semmelweis’ procedure greatly reduced the number of deaths by childbed fever, other doctors rejected his theory and even his own hospital eventually abandoned the practice. Semmelweis, however, still firmly believed in handwashing and published a book on the subject, but his ideas were never fully accepted. Sadly, his health began to worsen in the 1860s and Semmelweis died in mental institution before he could see his idea recognized. Around the 1870s, Scottish surgeons under the guidance of Dr. Joseph Lister began the practice of cleaning their hands and surgical instruments thoroughly before surgery. Not long after, many in the medical community began to recognize the earlier work of Semmelweis. University of Budapest changed its name to Semmelweis University, in honor of his devotion to improving healthcare by way of cleanliness. 1．This passage is most likely to be found in a________. A．science-fiction book set in Hungary B．journal on the history of medicine C．biography of Dr. Joseph Lister D．report on how to treat coronavirus 2．What was the initial result of Dr. Semmelweis’ practice? A．Childbed fever disappeared. B．Far more babies survived. C．Fewer women died after childbirth. D．Surgeons stopped touching dead bodies. 3．Which of the following orders is correct about the history of handwashing theory? A．Acceptance→Publication→Approval→Award. B．Proposal→Approval→Publication→Application. C．Publication→Acceptance→Application→Doubt. D．Application→Rejection→Publication→Recognition. 4．Which of the statements is FALSE about Semmelweis? A．He didn’t see his theory widely accepted in his life time. B．His book played a decisive role in making his work recognized. C．A university was named after him in honor of his devotion to medicine. D．It took about 30 years for his theory to gain acceptance in medical community. 4（2025高三·全国·专题练习）Some famous novels show that being the side character can give us access to deeper truths and a richer appreciation of the human condition than those too busy propelling the story forward.Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle “He possesses two out of the three qualities necessary for the ideal detective. He has the power of observation and that of deduction. He is only wanting in knowledge.” There is little doubt that Sherlock Holmes is the most famous detective in literature. Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories now exist in over 70 languages, and Holmes is the most portrayed literary character in film and television history. As a detective, Holmes often takes the lead in solving mysteries, but the story is told from the perspective of Dr. John H. Watson, Holmes’s loyal friend and companion. There are many advantages to this. First, Holmes is odd and tends to focus on minor details. Telling a short story from his perspective would make it anything but short. Dr. Watson translates Holmes’s oddity into something less tiring for the reader. On a literary level, having the story told by the companion helps keep the reader in suspense. If we had access to everything Holmes knew, the game would be over before it was happening. By seeing the Victorian world through Watson’s eyes, not only are we provided a picture that non-detectives can comprehend, but we get to enjoy Sherlock’s exciting adventures spoiler-free.The Great Gatsby by E. Scot Fitzgerald “Yet high over the city, our line of yellow windows must have contributed their share of human secrecy to the casual watcher in the darkening streets, and I was him too, looking up and wondering. I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s best-known work is a meditation on class in the supposedly egalitarian (平等主义) United States, the excesses of the 1920s, and how horrible it can be when the American Dream comes true. The story is told from the perspective of Nick Carraway, a young man who has moved to Long Island in hopes of becoming a stockbroker and cashing in on the 1920s boom. As the title suggests, the real hero of the story is his mysterious neighbor, Jay Gatsby. The difficulty of the story centers on Gatsby’s attempts to pursue Nick’s married cousin Daisy, his dreams of reliving the past, and his efforts to climb into the upper-class of American society. Nick, who is an unreliable narrator, is present for many of the main events in the story. However, as hinted at in the above quote, he considers himself an observer rather than a driver of those events. This allows us to get an outside view of the situation from somebody who admits he doesn’t entirely fit into the world he’s participating in while still being an intimate companion of those who do. The resulting commentary on the life of the American upper crust (症结) has been debated for a century. 1．If written from the perspective of Sherlock Holmes instead of Dr. John Watson, the book Sherlock Holmes would be ________. A．short and to the point B．incomprehensible and long C．full of spoiler and suspense D．interesting but too professional 2．What can be inferred from The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald? A．Nick Carraway is not just as observer but a driver of the story events. B．The real mysterious hero behind the title of the novel is Nick Garraway. C．Readers will know more about the American upper class from the perspective of  Jay Gatsby. D．The unreliable narrator prevents the reader from grasping the harms of pursuing the American Dream. 3．Quotes from Sherlock Holmes and The Great Gatsby given below the title respectively in order to ________. A．stick to the traditional pattern of a famous novel B．indicate the side character’s role as the narrator C．remind readers of the theme and plot of the novels D．explain the main character’s neglect of deep truths 4．What’s the message the author of the passage wants to convey through the two books mentioned? A．Classical novels must have quotes that have enduring power among readers. B．Stories told from the most important character’s perspective are still the mainstream. C．Individual, or historical eras can be deeply explored from a unique sideline perspective. D．Side characters in novels are usually dismissed as unimportant and can’t get their name in the title. 5（24-25高三上·上海·月考）This year, my two oldest sons asked me to sign them up for piano lessons. For certain reasons, I decided it would also be a good time for me to take up the piano again, after 30 years. As a child, I learned not just the piano, but the cello. I played in two orchestras and sang in the school choir. No one forced me to do any of it, but it wasn’t quite a free choice either. When you are the approval-addicted daughter of an over-invested mother, no one needs to apply force. My mom and I were well matched partners in the dance of unspoken expectation and approval-seeking. I did her forcing for her. For my mother, my musical industriousness wasn’t so much about achievement as identity. She was American by birth, and after marrying my university professor father and moving to London, she spent a decade working to be accepted into the impatient, fraught world of British intellectual society. In this environment, a diligent daughter lugging a giant cello was a tiny amount of cultural capital, a ticket to belonging. As much as anything could, music made me into the person my mother needed me to be, so that she could be the person she needed to be, in order to escape who she actually was. And for my part, although I never truly believed that my mother’s love was conditional, I did have the suspicion that there was a performance-related bonus in there. It was foolish to think that taking up the piano at the same time as my own children would be emotionally uncomplicated. Or perhaps the complication was exactly why I sought it out. Somehow, the piano lessons turn me into both my childhood self, seeking my mother’s approval, and into my mother herself, putting the same high expectations on my own children. My mother was lucky in that I was temperamentally (性情地) suited to the role she assigned me. My sons are not so much so. They are rambunctious and restless, not wired for lengthy sessions of sitting still and reflecting well on me. Unconditional love may be at the defining heart of parenthood, but sometimes it can feel impossible to accommodate unconditional love to the worldly practices of day-to-day parenting. The whole job seems set up for conditionality: It would be dishonest to pretend that we have no stake in wanting our children to reflect our own values and preferences. I’m disappointed when my sons won’t play their role in the script I have written for them, but deep down, I’m also a little thrilled. They are maddeningly, gloriously resistant to the pressure. A secret part of me is delighted by their raging demands for full personhood — beyond my projections and hopes and fears. By the life they claim. 1．The underlined sentence in paragraph two means ______. A．the author demanded to learn musical instruments out of pure love B．the author forced her mum to sign her up for piano lessons against her will C．the author’s mom pushed her to learn musical instruments for her own sake D．the author offered to learn musical instruments to obtain her mom’s approval 2．The author’s mother think of the author’s musical industriousness as ______. A．a symbol more of family achievement than of social identity B．a way for her to fit into the British intellectual society at that time C．proof of her ability to be a qualified mother in front of her husband D．a result of her selfless cultivation more than the author’s own diligence 3．Which of the following is TRUE from the author’s perspective? A．She doesn’t care about her sons’ levels of playing musical instruments. B．She has a mixed feeling towards her sons’ reluctance to practise musical instruments. C．She feels sorrowful because her sons are unlikely skilled at playing musical instruments. D．She is still convinced that her sons could be as talented on musical instruments as she was. 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Can Musical Talents Really be Inherited? B．Can We Really Force Our Children to Love Music? C．Can We Really Love Our Children Unconditionally? D．Can Playing Instruments Help Us Fit into Intellectual Society? 6（2025·上海·三模）Scientists have created a full map of an adult brain for the first time. The 3D model of all of the neurons (神经元) of a fruit fly, and the 50 million connections between them, is the first time that scientists have been able to see the full brain of an adult that can walk and fly. It represents a major breakthrough compared to previous efforts, which for instance recorded the early growth stage of a fruit fly and its much smaller 3,016 neurons. Researchers hope that the work can be a step towards producing similar studies of larger brains — including, eventually, those of humans. It might also help us gain a better understanding of how brains actually function. Already, it suggests that brains might be more similar than we might think. By comparing the newly mapped brain to previous, smaller studies, researchers saw that the pictures had significant similarities — and that brains themselves are not necessarily a unique structure. “If we want to understand how the brain works, we need a systematic understanding of how all the neurons fit together and let you think. For most brains we have no idea how these networks function,” said Gregory Jefferis, from the University of Cambridge. “Flies can do all kinds of complicated things like walk and fly, and the males sing to the females. Brain wiring diagrams are a first step towards understanding everything we’re interested in — how we control our movement, answer the telephone, or recognize a friend.” The map was produced by taking the brain of a fly, itself less than 1 millimeter (微米) wide, and cutting it into 7,000 thin sections and then scanning them. Researchers used AI to scan those images to build up a map of the 140,000 neurons and 50 million connections. Researchers have made the full database open and free to all researchers, in the hope of better understanding all brains. By understanding how a healthy brain works, we might be better able to see what happens when brains function differently, as in the case of mental health conditions. 1．What have researchers found by comparing studies of fruit fly brains? A．Brains are unique and complex. B．Brains may be structurally similar. C．Brains need to function through neurons. D．Brains have different stages of development. 2．According to Gregory Jefferis, why have researchers chosen to study fruit flies? A．Their ability to perform complex tasks. B．Their excellent communication skills. C．Their ability to control their movement. D．Their complicated problem-solving skills. 3．The 3D model of the fruit fly brain was created by ________. A．scanning the brain as a whole B．drawing pictures of the neurons C．taking images of thinly cut pieces D．recording the brain activity over time 4．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．researchers need to study more kinds of animals B．a comprehensive database is needed for research C．medical treatment will need better technologies D．more studies are needed to understand the brain 7（2025·上海·模拟预测）The Power of Habit We like to think we’re in control of our choices, but the truth is, nearly half of what we do each day unfolds without conscious thought. That first sip of coffee in the morning, the way we instinctively reach for our phones during downtime, even the routes we take to work—all of these follow invisible scripts written by habit. In The Power of Habit, Charles Duhigg masterfully uncovers the invisible patterns that shape our lives, blending cutting-edge science with impressive stories that resonate with young readers seeking self-improvement.   At the core of habit formation lies a simple but powerful habit loop: —a simple yet profound three-step cycle: cue prompts routine, which delivers reward. This neurological blueprint explains why stress sends us straight to the snack cupboard or why boredom leads to mindless scrolling. But once we recognize the loop, we can rewrite it. Duhigg makes this science tangible(有形的) through vivid examples: how call centers train new employees to handle angry customers by rewiring their instinctive reactions into calm, solution-focused responses, or how Olympic swimmers like Michael Phelps use ritualized warm-ups to enter peak performance states. The same principle applies to everyday life. Small, deliberate adjustments—like exchanging social media for a short walk during breaks —can reprogram autopilot behaviors over time.    The work systematically explores the phenomenon of “keystone habits ”—small changes that create ripple effects. Someone who starts exercising regularly might, without even trying, eat healthier or sleep better. A student who commits to organizing their study space may find their focus sharpening in other areas, too. So there is no need to change everything all at once. Identify one habit, nurture it, and let the rest follow.   Habits don’t just shape individuals—they drive communities and movements. Consider how social change happens. Often, it’s not just about big speeches or dramatic moments; it’s about repeated, collective actions that become second nature. When a group of people consistently shows up, speaks out, or supports a cause, those repeated behaviors, sustained over time, have the power to redefine cultures. Of course, reconditioning deeply rooted habits—like procrastination or unhealthy coping mechanisms—isn’t as simple as pressing a switch. Knowledge alone isn’t enough; it takes practice, support, and sometimes even professional guidance. What works is replacing rather than resisting: substituting the unhealthy reward for a healthier one, or anchoring a new routine to an existing cue; in this way we stop being prisoners of routine and start becoming its authors. The process is gradual, but the payoff comes when you feel equipped to rewrite your own life scripts. 1．The term “autopilot behaviors” in paragraph 2 probably refers to __________. A．temporary impulsive reaction. B．mindless habitual action. C．conscious voluntary options. D．random instinctive responses. 2．Which of the following is TRUE? A．Habit loops progresses in a circle: cue, reward and routine. B．Phelps is mentioned to argue that willpower serves as the driver of habit change. C．The book suggests that knowledge is irrelevant to habit changes. D．Social transformation emerges through sustained repetition of collective habits. 3．Which of these habits is a keystone habit? A．Emma checks social media first thing, which sometimes makes her late for class but keeps her updated. B．Tom prepares his school outfit the night before, and finds mornings less stressful with more time for breakfast. C．Sophia watches TV during dinner, often finishing meals faster than when eating mindfully. D．Noah organizes his desk every Friday, though it doesn’t affect his weekly productivity. 4．The primary purpose of this passage is to __________. A．discuss how to minimize the influence of habits. B．analyze how habits come into being. C．introduce and recommend a book on habit science. D．instruct feasible habit-training methods. 8（2024·北京·高考真题）When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns. In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. But other channels of creativity stayed open: I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). In my 30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn’t let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo (禁忌) high form I wasn’t allowed to practice.      One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going. Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments. 1．How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A．Scared. B．Worried. C．Discouraged. D．Wronged. 2．In her 30s, the author _________. A．avoided oil painting practice B．sought for a painting career C．fancied abstract painting D．exhibited child paintings 3．Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A．Confusing. B．Empowering. C．Disturbing. D．Entertaining. 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Actions speak louder than words. B．Hard work is the mother of success. C．Dreams are the reflections of realities. D．Creative activities involve being confident. 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $