Unit 4 Scientists Who Changed the World（话题阅读精练）英语译林版必修第三册

Unit 4 Scientists Who Changed the World 话题阅读精练 单元引言解读 本单元主题是学习中外优秀科学家的优秀品质2.在学习和日常生活中培养勇于探索的科研精神。 主题词汇积累 1.republic n.共和国,共和政体　　　　　  2.extract n.提取物vt.提取;选录;取出 3.herb n.药草,香草;草本 4.container n.容器;集装箱,货柜 5.data n.数据,资料,材料 6.illustrate vt.说明,解释;加插图于 7.penicillin n.青霉素,盘尼西林 8.bacteria (sing. bacterium) n.细菌 9.thunderstorm n.雷雨,雷暴 10.ribbon n.带子,丝带;带状物 11.atomic adj.原子能的;原子的 12.bomb n.炸弹;核武器 vt.轰炸 13.negate vt.取消,使无效;否认,否定 14.intellectual adj.脑力的;有才智的n.智力发达的知识分子,脑力劳动者 15.evolution n.进化;演变,发展 时文拓展阅读 Yang Chen-Ning, a world-famous physicist and Nobel Prize winner, passed away in Beijing on Oct 18 2025, at the age of 103, according to Tsinghua University. He was a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a professor at Tsinghua University. In 1957, Yang was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics with Tsung-Dao Lee for discovering parity non-conservation in weak interactions (弱相互作用中宇称不守恒). This finding changed the field of particle physics (粒子物理学) and challenged one of the most deeply held ideas about symmetry (对称性) in nature. Yang’s life reflected not only scientific brilliance but also deep philosophical insight. Physics reveals timeless beauty through symmetry, while life often shows complexity through asymmetry (不对称), noted The Paper. Yang’s own life journey showed this contrast. At 35, when he became the first Chinese Nobel Prize winner, he held a Chinese passport. As Cold War restrictions (限制) kept him away from his homeland, he could not even receive tea sent by his father. In 1971, when the US removed travel restrictions to China, Yang returned and became one of the first Chinese-American scientists to visit the country after decades of separation, according to Xinhua. For years, he traveled back and forth, giving lectures and writing to introduce China to the world. In December 2003, at 81, he moved from New York back to Beijing, where he had studied and grown up. A year later, he began teaching general physics to over 130 freshmen at Tsinghua University, starting from basics like seconds and the speed of light. In 2015, Yang gave up his US citizenship and returned to China. He called his home “Gui Gen Ju” — a poetic symbol of a life that had finally come full circle, from wandering abroad to returning home. 【译文欣赏】 据清华大学消息，世界著名物理学家、诺贝尔奖得主杨振宁于2025年10月18日在北京逝世，享年103岁。他曾任中国科学院院士、清华大学教授。1957年，杨振宁与李政道因发现弱相互作用中的宇称不守恒现象共同荣获诺贝尔物理学奖。这一发现不仅彻底改变了粒子物理学领域，更颠覆了人类对自然界对称性最根深蒂固的认知。《人民日报》指出，杨振宁的一生既彰显科学智慧，又蕴含深刻哲学洞见。物理学通过对称性展现永恒之美，而生活却常因不对称性呈现复杂性——这种对比在其人生轨迹中尤为鲜明。35岁成为首位中国诺贝尔奖得主时，他仍持有中国护照。冷战时期因美国限制令滞留海外，连父亲寄来的茶都难以取回。1971年美国解除对华旅行限制后，杨振宁成为数十年来首位重返祖国的华裔科学家。此后他频繁往返中美，通过演讲与著述向世界推介中国。2003年12月，81岁的他从纽约迁回北京，回到他求学成长的故土。一年后，他开始在清华大学为130余名大一新生讲授普通物理课程，从秒和光速等基础概念讲起。2015年，杨先生放弃美国国籍，回到祖国。他将家称为“归根居”——这个充满诗意的名字，象征着他从海外漂泊到归乡的圆满人生。 高考真题链接 (2023新课标Ⅰ,B) When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A.He was fond of traveling. B.He enjoyed being alone. C.He had an inquiring mind. D.He longed to be a doctor. 2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A.To feed the animals. B.To build an ecosystem. C.To protect the plants. D.To test the eco-machine. 3.What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A.To review John's research plans. B.To show an application of John's idea. C.To compare John's different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John's invention. 4.What is the basis for John's work? A.Nature can repair itself. B.Organisms need water to survive. C.Life on Earth is diverse. D.Most tiny creatures live in groups. 长难句 原句　When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. 分析　本句是一个主从复合句。When引导时间状语从句;if引导宾语从句,“people were making”是省略了that的定语从句,修饰messes。 译文　长大后,约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱。 派生/合成词汇 1.harm v.& n.伤害,损害→harmful adj.有害的  2.combine v.(使)结合→combination n.联合;结合  3.amaze v.使惊奇→amazed adj.惊奇的,吃惊的  4.ecology n.生态学;生态→ecological adj.生态的,生态学的  5.cancer-causing adj.致癌的 6.fiberglass n.玻璃纤维 熟词生义 7.trap v.吸收 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 内容简介 Passage1 阅读理解 记叙文 文章主要介绍了20世纪最伟大的物理学家之一、中国首批科学诺贝尔奖得主之一杨振宁的生平、学术成就以及他对中国和世界科学界的贡献。 Passage2 阅读理解 记叙文 主要讲述了英国黑猩猩专家简·古道尔的生平事迹，包括她研究黑猩猩的优势、取得的研究成果，以及她创立的相关机构，最后提及他人对她的评价及建议。 Passage3 阅读理解 记叙文 主要介绍了昆虫学家费舍尔的蚂蚁研究经历、贡献以及面临的挑战。 Passage4 阅读理解 说明文 主要介绍了计算机科学先驱艾达·洛夫莱斯的生平及其在计算领域的开创性贡献。 Passage5 阅读理解 夹叙夹议文 讲述了诺贝尔奖得主卡塔林·卡里科的科研成果及意义，引导读者关注其科学精神。 Passage6 阅读理解 记叙文 主要讲述了动物学家简·古道尔的生平，包括童年玩具带来的启发、追梦历程、家庭支持、毕生的科研与环保工作，以及她对后世的深远影响。 Passage7 阅读理解 夹叙夹议文 文章主要讲述了中国科学院动物研究所研究员陈瑞的成长经历、科研成就以及他对自然和人类关系的深刻见解。 Passage8 阅读理解 记叙文 文章主要讲述了非裔美国科学家瓦莱丽·L. 托马斯的故事。她对美国的太空研究做出了巨大贡献。 Passage9 阅读理解 说明文 主要介绍了科学家们研究深睡眠时大脑自我清洁的现象,发现深睡眠有助于清除大脑中的毒素,与记忆力和抵御痴呆症有关。 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·福建福州·期末）Chen-Ning Yang, born in 1922 in Hefei, China, is a towering figure in the world of theoretical physics. His journey began in China, where he completed his undergraduate education at the National Southwestern Associated University, a unique institution formed during the Sino-Japanese War. In 1945, he moved to the United States on a scholarship and earned his Ph. D．from the University of Chicago. Yang’s most celebrated achievement came in 1956 when he and his colleague Tsung-Dao Lee proposed that in weak nuclear interactions, parity (宇称) might not be conserved. This idea challenged a fundamental law of physics that was previously thought to be unbreakable. Their theoretical work was confirmed experimentally within a year, and in 1957, Yang and Lee were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first Chinese laureates (获奖者). This rapid recognition is rare in the history of science. Beyond the Nobel Prize, Yang’s contribution to physics is profound and lasting. Together with Robert Mills, he developed the Yang-Mills gauge theory, which became a cornerstone of the Standard Model of particle (粒子) physics. This framework is essential for understanding the fundamental forces of the universe. Yang’s life is also a story of cultural bridge-building. After retiring from Stony Brook University in the U.S., he made a significant decision to return to China in 2003, resuming his Chinese citizenship later. He settled at Tsinghua University in Beijing, dedicating his efforts to advancing scientific research and education in his homeland. He played a crucial role in establishing the Center for Advanced Study at Tsinghua, guiding a new generation of Chinese physicists. Professor Yang is not only respected for his scientific brilliance but also for his deep cultural insight. He often emphasizes the importance of basic science and the harmonious integration of Eastern and Western scientific traditions. His life and work truly serve as a bridge connecting different cultures and eras. 1．What was the significance of the theory proposed by Yang and Lee? A．It challenged a previously accepted law of physics. B．It explained the framework of the particle physics. C．It was the foundation for the Yang-Mills gauge theory. D．It was confirmed after many decades of experimentation. 2．Which of the following best describes Chen-Ning Yang’s character as described in the passage? A．A genius who preferred to cooperate with others. B．A figure who was globally visionary and patriotic. C．A scientist who used his fame for political purposes. D．A businessman who applied science to practical applications. 3．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The long and successful career of Yang in the United States. B．The life experience and contributions of Chen-Ning Yang. C．The technical details of the parity non-conservation theory. D．The fierce competition between Yang and Lee for the Nobel Prize. 4．What can we infer about Yang from his decision to return to China? A．He lost his interest in scientific research and physics. B．He wanted to enjoy a more relaxing retirement life. C．He planned to start a new business in his home country. D．He dedicated himself to China’s scientific advancement. Passage2 （25-26高三下·广东湛江·开学考试）On October 1, the world said goodbye to Jane Goodall, a British chimpanzee (黑猩猩) expert who died at the age of 91. Goodall studied chimpanzees at the Gombe Stream Game Reserve — now a national park — in Tanzania in 1960. She had not been trained as a scientist, but many believe that this was one of her greatest strengths because it meant she was not influenced by everyone else’s thoughts about chimps. Chimpanzees are humans’ closest living relatives, and Goodall’s research showed their social behaviour to be complex and highly developed. Goodall discovered that chimpanzees not only used tools but also made them. She observed chimps “fishing” for tasty insect snacks by sticking a long piece of grass into the nest. When the straw became bent at the end, the animal broke it off to keep the tool useful. Goodall also gave the chimps names and noticed that the animals had strong family bonds and emotions. “It isn’t only human beings who have personality, who are capable of logical thought and emotions like joy and sorrow,” she said in a 1996 PBS documentary. She also discovered that wild chimps hunt and kill for meat. In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute, which manages the Gombe Stream Research Centre and has become a global organization for animals, people and the environment. One of its projects is the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Centre in the Republic of the Congo, which helps chimps that have been hurt or have lost their parents. Professor Cat Hobaiter, a chimp expert from the University of St Andrews, told the BBC, “Jane would be the first person to tell us that what the world needs right now is not sadness over her loss, but to get to work.” 1．What was Goodall’s advantage in studying chimps? A．She learned from experts. B．She received systematic training. C．She had independent views on chimps. D．She analyzed others’ thoughts about chimps. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Chimpanzees’ ability to make tools. B．Goodall’s findings about chimpanzees. C．Chimpanzees’ bonds with family members. D．Goodall’s comments on chimpanzees’ behavior. 3．What does Cat Hobaiter suggest? A．Working in the wild. B．Continuing Goodall’s mission. C．Finding out the world’s needs. D．Expressing sadness over Goodall’s loss. 4．Which of the following can best describe Jane Goodall? A．Pioneering and devoted. B．Polite and talented. C．Humorous and generous. D．Modest and cautious. Passage3 （25-26高二上·河南郑州·期末）As a child, Brian Fisher dreamed of becoming a botanist. While on botany journeys, Fisher began to ask questions about the ants that he discovered on the plants he was researching Since the other botanists were unable to identify those ants, Fisher reached out to an ant scientist to gain further knowledge. Then he became an entomologist, or a scientist who studies insects. Soon, Fisher set himself the goal of identifying every species of ant in the world, and he aims to construct a tree of ant species. Fisher, along with his team, has already succeeded in identifying a complete subfamily of ants. It was his ant species tree that led Fisher to Madagascar, an island off the coast of Africa. During his research in Madagascar’s six-month rainy season — which is ideal for observing ants — he endured severe illnesses, and he and his team faced frequent rainstorms, broken bridges, rough roads, and such challenges as pushing cars free of mud. Yet his work in that region has extended far beyond the study of ants. “You cannot preserve a forest when the people living nearby are hungry,” he states, so he sought out methods to assist those individuals. He developed a new method for farming eatable insects, which he then taught to the people of Madagascar. Fisher understands what is required to build a career in the field of science. “To survive as a scientist,” he explains, “you must be motivated, driven, and fully focused.” He also emphasizes that being a good writer is essential, as it allows you to “share your story in an engaging way that will make people want to read your work.” Once Fisher’s species tree is fully completed, it may unlock an entirely new world of ant research. However, two major challenges stand in the way: climate change and human intervention. How can we study ants if their natural habitats are disappearing? Fisher hopes he can interest people in the significance of Earth’s biodiversity. 1．What initially contributed to Fisher’s changing his career? A．His childhood dream of saving ants. B．The aim of creating an ant species tree. C．His experience of studying plants. D．The ant scientist’s encouragement. 2．Which word best describes Fisher’s journey in Madagascar? A．Eventful. B．Debatable. C．Unsuccessful. D．Costly. 3．What does Fisher infer to do? A．Focus on scientific writing. B．Protect the natural ecology. C．Improve farming techniques. D．Learn about ant species’ habitats. 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A．To promote Fisher’s ant species tree. B．To explain Fisher’s research methods. C．To introduce Fisher’s career philosophy. D．To outline Fisher’s ant research and contributions. Passage4 （25-26高三上·四川成都·期末）Ada Lovelace, born on December 10th, 1815, was the daughter of the famous poet George Gordon Byron. When Lovelace was young, at her mother’s insistence, tutors taught her mathematics and science. Women of that time were seldom exposed to such intellectually demanding studies, but her mother believed engaging in these studies would prevent Lovelace from developing her father’s moody and unpredictable personality. Lovelace was also forced to lie still for extended periods of time because her mother believed it would help her develop self-control. Around the age of 17, Ada met Charles Babbage, a mathematician and inventor. They became friends, and the much older Babbage served as a mentor to Lovelace. Through Babbage, Lovelace began studying advanced mathematics with Professor Augustus de Morgan at the University of London. Known as “the father of the computer”, Babbage invented the analytical engine, an early design for a computer. Lovelace was later asked to translate an article on Babbage’s analytical engine. She not only translated the original French text into English but also added her own thoughts and ideas on the machine, which included an algorithm for calculating Bernoulli numbers — a sequence of rational numbers with applications in number theory and analysis. Her notes ended up being three times longer than the original article. Her work was published in 1843 in an English science journal. In her notes, Lovelace described how codes could be created for the device to handle letters and symbols along with numbers. She also theorized a method for the engine to repeat a series of instructions, a process that computer programs use today. Lovelace also put forward other forward-thinking ideas in the article. For her work, Lovelace is considered to be the first computer programmer. Lovelace died in 1852, and her contributions to the field of computer science weren’t discovered until the 1950s. Her notes were reintroduced to the world in 1953. Since then, Ada has received many honors for her work. In 1980, the US named a newly developed computer language “Ada”, after Lovelace. 1．What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A．Lovelace’s resistance to her strict mother. B．The unusual way Lovelace was brought up. C．Lovelace’s talent for mathematics and science. D．The relationship between Lovelace and her mother. 2．What can be inferred about Lovelace’s notes from paragraph 3? A．They were a simplified version for the public. B．They included ideas extending beyond the original article. C．They focused primarily on an algorithm for calculating Bernoulli numbers. D．They were considered a minor supplement by the contemporary scholars. 3．Why is Lovelace honored as the first computer programmer? A．Because she built Babbage’s analytical engine. B．Because she created the first working computer. C．Because she introduced key programming concepts. D．Because she made computer science a discipline. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain the origins of the first computer language. B．To describe the challenges faced by women scientists in the 19th century. C．To compare the contributions of Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage. D．To present the life and pioneering work of Ada Lovelace in computing. Passage5 （24-25高二上·云南·期末）Katalin Karikó thought the call was a joke. It was 3 a.m. on October 2, 2023. Her husband answered the phone. “As someone who maintains buildings, he quite frequently gets calls for fixing this and that,” Karikó says. But this time he handed it over. “It is for you,” he said. Only half awake, Karikó picked up the phone and heard a scientist from Sweden congratulate her on winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Karikó received her bachelor’s degree in biology in 1978 and her doctorate in biochemistry in 1982 from the University of Szeged in Hungary. After graduation, she works there and also holds a position at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. As a dedicated biochemist, she has spent much of her career studying mRNA (信使核糖核酸). This molecule carries instructions from a cell’s DNA so they can be translated into proteins. Karikó and her colleague Drew Weissman learned how to adjust that RNA．When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, their findings allowed other scientists to leap into urgent action. In less than a year, scientific teams made a vaccine using mRNA．So thanks to Karikó, you may have got a life-saving vaccine to protect yourself from COVID-19. This achievement is not just worthy of the Nobel Prize — it’s a major milestone in medical history. The Nobel Prize, the highest honor in science, comes with a gold medal carried with Alfred Nobel’s face and a generous cash prize. But its real value lies in recognizing work that changes people’s lives for the better. Karikó’s unwavering curiosity and refusal to give up on her vision turned a once untested idea into a tool that changed how we fight diseases. This proves that scientific progress often depends on people brave enough to chase dreams that seem impossible. Her win is a tribute to perseverance, teamwork, and how basic scientific research can make a huge difference in solving the world’s most urgent problems. 1．How did Karikó feel after she answered the call? A．Disappointed. B．Fascinated. C．Ashamed. D．Surprised. 2．What do we know about Karikó? A．She was born in Sweden. B．She is a devoted biochemist. C．She got her bachelor’s degree in the USA． D．She is in the same profession as her husband. 3．What is Karikó’s main contribution? A．She discovered the existence of mRNA． B．She independently developed several vaccines. C．She found the cure for diseases by using natural mRNA． D．She helped develop the core technology for COVID-19 vaccines. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Dedication to research leads to breakthroughs. B．Scientific achievements bring fame in no time. C．Curiosity is the major driver of medical progress. D．Medical challenges can be addressed by technology. Passage6 （25-26高一上·江苏常州·期末）In what would become one of her last interviews, Jane sat with a faded photograph in her hands. The image showed the baby Jane holding her first birthday gift from her father — a stuffed chimpanzee (黑猩猩) Jubilee. “My mother’s friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares,” she recalled. Instead, it led to her sense of wonder about the world and changed humankind’s understanding of animals. Her fascination with Africa began not long after she learned to read. She discovered Dr. Doolittle at eight, and Tarzan and the Apes by ten. It was then that she announced she was going to grow up, go to Africa, live with wild animals, and write books about them. This was in 1944, when World War II was raging and the idea of women as professionals “just wasn’t on the table.” London-born Jane always credited her parents — businessman Mortimer Herbert and novelist Margaret Joseph — for their support. When other children teased her unusual dream, her mother reassured her: true dreams demand tireless work, seizing opportunity, and never giving in to doubt. This firm belief became her life’s foundation. A memory from age four captures this: she had disappeared for four hours, causing considerable concern, only to be discovered sitting contentedly in the henhouse, absorbed in watching the hens and wondering where their eggs came from. Instead of scolding her, her mother saw the profound wonder in her daughter’s eyes. Her work defined her life — right up to the end. Despite her old age, Jane traveled 300 days a year, delivering talks to students, scientists, and academics. She was on a speaking tour in the U. S. when she passed away recently in her sleep at a hotel in Los Angeles. Tributes (颂词) flooded in from far and wide. “Jane’s work on primates and the importance of conservation opened the doors for generations of women in science,” Barack Obama said. Prince William praised her “infinite curiosity, compassion, and pioneering spirit. She challenged us all to make a difference and inspired me and countless others to work to protect our planet.” 1．Why is the toy Jubilee mentioned? A．It shows the fears it created in her childhood. B．It highlights its inspiring role in her life. C．It justifies her bond with family social circle. D．It functions as her first scientific subject. 2．What does “wasn’t on the table” suggest in paragraph 2? A．Wildlife study was unsuitable for women. B．Scientific practice was set under the table. C．Society could accommodate girls’ ambition. D．Female scientists were less acknowledged. 3．What quality did Jane get from her family education? A．Curiosity and persistence. B．Ambition and competitiveness. C．Creativity and imagination. D．Gentleness and care. 4．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To launch a pioneering campaign. B．To introduce a promising career. C．To remember a guardian of nature. D．To awaken a passion for wildlife. Passage7 （25-26高一上·河北衡水·期末）Nature was Chen Rui’s “childhood home”. The 37-year-old researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Zoology wasn’t able to talk until he was 4 years old. He didn’t have friends around his age, which led him to turn his attention to non-human things around him. He became extremely interested in the world of insects. “The happiest time of my childhood was in the farm fields. I squatted (蹲) there, observing the activities of insects, including ants building their homes and dragonflies flying low. I had so many questions about their activities and was full of curiosity about this world,” says Chen. The experiences in his childhood planted a seed deep in his heart. Decades later, he’s a scholar who has engaged in life-science investigations in nearly 100 countries and regions on five continents. He has found around 100 new species living and extinct. “I was ‘healed’ by nature,” he says. “I wanted to grow up to share the power of nature with more young people and to popularize understanding of animals. including insects. He has ever visited the Amazon rainforest several times, trying to discover new species. One insect variety he found was leaf-cutter ants, a species that shows powerful cooperation and farming abilities. He is impressed by their close cooperation. He observed that the ants are divided into different groups that are respectively responsible for cutting leaves, transporting harvested pieces, clearing obstacles out of the way, guarding the colony and taking care of the young. “Several million ants can live in one nest, but their activities are very orderly,” says Chen. Chen points out that leaf-cutter ants are not the only species to have magical abilities. “If we humans believe we are the smartest beings in the world, we may be limited to this preconception (成见). If we are instead humble and regard all other beings as our teachers, we can gain endless wisdom,” he says. 1．Why did Chen Rui focus his attention on insects in his childhood? A．He loved playing in the farm fields every day. B．He wanted to become a researcher in the future. C．He couldn’t talk and had no friends his own age. D．His parents asked him to observe insect activities. 2．What aspect of leaf-cutter ants’ behavior impress Chen most? A．Their skill in building large underground nests. B．Their strong and powerful defense against enemies. C．Their ability to communicate through sound signals. D．Their highly organized division of labor among groups. 3．What does Chen Rui expect people to do? A．Take inspiration from other species. B．Protect nonhuman things around us. C．Explore the world of science. D．Apply theories to our lives. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Leaf-cutter Ants: An Amazing Species B．Chen Rui’s Adventures in the Amazon C．Chen Rui: A Person Cured by Nature D．The Joys of Childhood in the Fields Passage8 (2024江苏无锡、江阴两校联考月考) Valerie L. Thomas is an African American scientist and inventor best known for her patented(专利的) illusion transmitter(幻觉发射器) and contributions to NASA research. Thomas was born in 1943 in Maryland. She was interested in science as a child. At the age of eight, her curiosity about how things worked inspired her to borrow a book called The Boy's First Book of Radio and Electronics. She took it home and hoped that her father would help her take on some projects in it. However, he didn't help her. She attended an all-girls high school that did not help her with hands-on projects either. But this changed in college, when Thomas was admitted to Morgan State University as one of the only two women in her class to major in physics. Thomas excelled in her studies. She graduated with standout results and accepted a position as a data analyst at NASA.  In the 1970s, she managed the development of the image-processing systems for Landsat, the first satellite(人造卫星) to send images to the Earth from space. In 1980, Thomas received a patent for an illusion transmitter. The device produces optical(视觉的) illusion images by means of two concave mirrors(凹面镜). Unlike flat mirrors, which produce images that appear to be inside, or behind the mirror, concave mirrors create images that appear to be real, or in front of the mirror itself. This technology was later used by NASA and has since been adapted for use in surgery(外科手术) as well as the production of television and video screens. Thomas continued to work for NASA until her retirement in 1995. Over the course of her career, Thomas contributed widely to the study of space. She helped develop computer program designs that supported research on Halley's Comet, the ozone layer, and satellite technology. As to her achievements, Thomas received a number of NASA awards including the Goddard Space Flight Center Award of Merit and the NASA Equal Opportunity Medal. 1.What do we know about Thomas' early life? A.She was talented in science.　　　 B.She liked working with her father. C.She lacked support for her interest.　　　 D.She preferred to read boys' books. 2.What does the underlined phrase “excelled in” in Paragraph 3 mean? A.Did well in.　　　B.Had confidence in.　　　 C.Was curious about.　　　D.Was concerned with. 3.What is the advantage of Thomas' invention over flat mirrors? A.It takes pictures more clearly.　　　 B.It transmits images more quickly. C.It changes the position of the image.　　　 D.It can send images to the Earth from space. 4.What does the last paragraph focus on? A.Thomas' future plans.　　　B.Thomas' retirement life. C.Thomas' research theory.　　　D.Thomas' lifetime achievements. Passage9 (2024河北衡水部分高中期中) Deep sleep doesn't just rest your body. Scientists believe it's also when the brain washes away toxins(毒素), with a new project looking at whether the brain's self-clean can be boosted. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute(SAHMRI) neuroscientist Dr Tim Sargeant has teamed up with Dr Edward Robins from SAHMRI's Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit to develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself. Studies have shown that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia(痴呆). Scientists believe our brains clean themselves out each night when we enter deep sleep. Cerebrospinal fluid(脑脊液) is thought to wash through the brain, cleaning out toxins. Studies have shown a clear link between poor memory and toxins like the build-up of the sticky plaque(黏性斑块) in the brains. Scientists believe brains that have a build-up of this plaque over time may not be cleaning themselves properly, putting people at risk of dementia. Fortunately, the hope is that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia. The brain scan will use special material to track how well the brain can keep itself clean and healthy through the process of removing and recycling its waste. “We're aiming to catch the signs of the brain struggling to keep itself clean in individuals around the age of 50 or 60, well before the onset of Alzheimer's disease(阿尔茨海默病) in most people,” Dr Sargeant said. This new scan, an exciting imaging technology, will allow scientists to form a picture of a living brain and watch how it's recycling waste in real time. “The scan takes out a lot of guesswork, by allowing scientists to see with their own eyes if they've hit the target or not,” Dr Robins said. “Without imaging, a researcher can get all the way up to the trial stage before realising they're at a dead end.” 1.What is the aim of Dr Sargeant and Dr Robins developing the brain scan? A.To help people enter deep sleep. B.To reduce the risk of memory loss and dementia. C.To research how to remove the sticky plaque. D.To study what the brain uses to clean itself. 2.What can cause dementia according to the text? A.Not enough blood in the brain.　　　 B.Too frequent cleaning of the brain. C.The increase of cerebrospinal fluid.　　　 D.The gradual increase of the sticky plaque. 3.What does the underlined word “onset” in paragraph 4 mean? A.Beginning.　　　 B.Improvement.　　　 C.Worsening.　　　 D.Disappearance. 4.What does Dr Robins think of the brain scan? A.It brings more work.　　　 B.It is just imaginary. C.It is quite effective.　　　 D.It is far from exact. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Scientists Who Changed the World 话题阅读精练 单元引言解读 本单元主题是学习中外优秀科学家的优秀品质2.在学习和日常生活中培养勇于探索的科研精神。 主题词汇积累 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 8 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1.republic n.共和国,共和政体　　　　　  2.extract n.提取物vt.提取;选录;取出 3.herb n.药草,香草;草本 4.container n.容器;集装箱,货柜 5.data n.数据,资料,材料 6.illustrate vt.说明,解释;加插图于 7.penicillin n.青霉素,盘尼西林 8.bacteria (sing. bacterium) n.细菌 9.thunderstorm n.雷雨,雷暴 10.ribbon n.带子,丝带;带状物 11.atomic adj.原子能的;原子的 12.bomb n.炸弹;核武器 vt.轰炸 13.negate vt.取消,使无效;否认,否定 14.intellectual adj.脑力的;有才智的n.智力发达的知识分子,脑力劳动者 15.evolution n.进化;演变,发展 时文拓展阅读 Yang Chen-Ning, a world-famous physicist and Nobel Prize winner, passed away in Beijing on Oct 18 2025, at the age of 103, according to Tsinghua University. He was a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a professor at Tsinghua University. In 1957, Yang was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics with Tsung-Dao Lee for discovering parity non-conservation in weak interactions (弱相互作用中宇称不守恒). This finding changed the field of particle physics (粒子物理学) and challenged one of the most deeply held ideas about symmetry (对称性) in nature. Yang’s life reflected not only scientific brilliance but also deep philosophical insight. Physics reveals timeless beauty through symmetry, while life often shows complexity through asymmetry (不对称), noted The Paper. Yang’s own life journey showed this contrast. At 35, when he became the first Chinese Nobel Prize winner, he held a Chinese passport. As Cold War restrictions (限制) kept him away from his homeland, he could not even receive tea sent by his father. In 1971, when the US removed travel restrictions to China, Yang returned and became one of the first Chinese-American scientists to visit the country after decades of separation, according to Xinhua. For years, he traveled back and forth, giving lectures and writing to introduce China to the world. In December 2003, at 81, he moved from New York back to Beijing, where he had studied and grown up. A year later, he began teaching general physics to over 130 freshmen at Tsinghua University, starting from basics like seconds and the speed of light. In 2015, Yang gave up his US citizenship and returned to China. He called his home “Gui Gen Ju” — a poetic symbol of a life that had finally come full circle, from wandering abroad to returning home. 【译文欣赏】 据清华大学消息，世界著名物理学家、诺贝尔奖得主杨振宁于2025年10月18日在北京逝世，享年103岁。他曾任中国科学院院士、清华大学教授。1957年，杨振宁与李政道因发现弱相互作用中的宇称不守恒现象共同荣获诺贝尔物理学奖。这一发现不仅彻底改变了粒子物理学领域，更颠覆了人类对自然界对称性最根深蒂固的认知。《人民日报》指出，杨振宁的一生既彰显科学智慧，又蕴含深刻哲学洞见。物理学通过对称性展现永恒之美，而生活却常因不对称性呈现复杂性——这种对比在其人生轨迹中尤为鲜明。35岁成为首位中国诺贝尔奖得主时，他仍持有中国护照。冷战时期因美国限制令滞留海外，连父亲寄来的茶都难以取回。1971年美国解除对华旅行限制后，杨振宁成为数十年来首位重返祖国的华裔科学家。此后他频繁往返中美，通过演讲与著述向世界推介中国。2003年12月，81岁的他从纽约迁回北京，回到他求学成长的故土。一年后，他开始在清华大学为130余名大一新生讲授普通物理课程，从秒和光速等基础概念讲起。2015年，杨先生放弃美国国籍，回到祖国。他将家称为“归根居”——这个充满诗意的名字，象征着他从海外漂泊到归乡的圆满人生。 高考真题链接 (2023新课标Ⅰ,B) When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? A.He was fond of traveling. B.He enjoyed being alone. C.He had an inquiring mind. D.He longed to be a doctor. 2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A.To feed the animals. B.To build an ecosystem. C.To protect the plants. D.To test the eco-machine. 3.What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A.To review John's research plans. B.To show an application of John's idea. C.To compare John's different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John's invention. 4.What is the basis for John's work? A.Nature can repair itself. B.Organisms need water to survive. C.Life on Earth is diverse. D.Most tiny creatures live in groups. ◎语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文,主要讲述了约翰·托德(John Todd)自孩童时代就对自然生态感兴趣,致力于此方面研究并应用于实践的经历。 1.C　推理判断题。根据第一段中的explore、started to wonder和第二段中的studying、went back to observing、asking questions可以推断出,约翰·托德自孩童时代就喜欢探究和质疑。故选C。inquiring意为“爱探索的,好奇的”。 2.D　推理判断题。本题问的是John把污泥放进水箱的目的。根据第二段最后一句可知,John决定建造一个生态箱(eco-machine)。第三段主要讲述了John的实验过程(把污泥放进水箱里并观察)。第四段描述实验结果——这个生态箱里的动植物把污泥当成食物吃了。由此可推断出,John把污泥放进水箱的目的是测试他研制的生态箱。故选D。 3.B　推理判断题。根据题干关键词Fuzhou可定位到第五段。根据“John has taken on many big jobs”可知,John已经承担了很多大型工作。紧接着通过他的发明应用于南伯灵顿和福州的例子来说明他的想法在实践中的应用(application)。故选B。 4.A　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”可知,John的研究依据是自然可以进行自我修复。故选A。 长难句 原句　When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. 分析　本句是一个主从复合句。When引导时间状语从句;if引导宾语从句,“people were making”是省略了that的定语从句,修饰messes。 译文　长大后,约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱。 派生/合成词汇 1.harm v.& n.伤害,损害→harmful adj.有害的  2.combine v.(使)结合→combination n.联合;结合  3.amaze v.使惊奇→amazed adj.惊奇的,吃惊的  4.ecology n.生态学;生态→ecological adj.生态的,生态学的  5.cancer-causing adj.致癌的 6.fiberglass n.玻璃纤维 熟词生义 7.trap v.吸收 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 内容简介 Passage1 阅读理解 记叙文 文章主要介绍了20世纪最伟大的物理学家之一、中国首批科学诺贝尔奖得主之一杨振宁的生平、学术成就以及他对中国和世界科学界的贡献。 Passage2 阅读理解 记叙文 主要讲述了英国黑猩猩专家简·古道尔的生平事迹，包括她研究黑猩猩的优势、取得的研究成果，以及她创立的相关机构，最后提及他人对她的评价及建议。 Passage3 阅读理解 记叙文 主要介绍了昆虫学家费舍尔的蚂蚁研究经历、贡献以及面临的挑战。 Passage4 阅读理解 说明文 主要介绍了计算机科学先驱艾达·洛夫莱斯的生平及其在计算领域的开创性贡献。 Passage5 阅读理解 夹叙夹议文 讲述了诺贝尔奖得主卡塔林·卡里科的科研成果及意义，引导读者关注其科学精神。 Passage6 阅读理解 记叙文 主要讲述了动物学家简·古道尔的生平，包括童年玩具带来的启发、追梦历程、家庭支持、毕生的科研与环保工作，以及她对后世的深远影响。 Passage7 阅读理解 夹叙夹议文 文章主要讲述了中国科学院动物研究所研究员陈瑞的成长经历、科研成就以及他对自然和人类关系的深刻见解。 Passage8 阅读理解 记叙文 文章主要讲述了非裔美国科学家瓦莱丽·L. 托马斯的故事。她对美国的太空研究做出了巨大贡献。 Passage9 阅读理解 说明文 主要介绍了科学家们研究深睡眠时大脑自我清洁的现象,发现深睡眠有助于清除大脑中的毒素,与记忆力和抵御痴呆症有关。 Passage 1 （25-26高二上·福建福州·期末）Chen-Ning Yang, born in 1922 in Hefei, China, is a towering figure in the world of theoretical physics. His journey began in China, where he completed his undergraduate education at the National Southwestern Associated University, a unique institution formed during the Sino-Japanese War. In 1945, he moved to the United States on a scholarship and earned his Ph. D．from the University of Chicago. Yang’s most celebrated achievement came in 1956 when he and his colleague Tsung-Dao Lee proposed that in weak nuclear interactions, parity (宇称) might not be conserved. This idea challenged a fundamental law of physics that was previously thought to be unbreakable. Their theoretical work was confirmed experimentally within a year, and in 1957, Yang and Lee were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first Chinese laureates (获奖者). This rapid recognition is rare in the history of science. Beyond the Nobel Prize, Yang’s contribution to physics is profound and lasting. Together with Robert Mills, he developed the Yang-Mills gauge theory, which became a cornerstone of the Standard Model of particle (粒子) physics. This framework is essential for understanding the fundamental forces of the universe. Yang’s life is also a story of cultural bridge-building. After retiring from Stony Brook University in the U.S., he made a significant decision to return to China in 2003, resuming his Chinese citizenship later. He settled at Tsinghua University in Beijing, dedicating his efforts to advancing scientific research and education in his homeland. He played a crucial role in establishing the Center for Advanced Study at Tsinghua, guiding a new generation of Chinese physicists. Professor Yang is not only respected for his scientific brilliance but also for his deep cultural insight. He often emphasizes the importance of basic science and the harmonious integration of Eastern and Western scientific traditions. His life and work truly serve as a bridge connecting different cultures and eras. 1．What was the significance of the theory proposed by Yang and Lee? A．It challenged a previously accepted law of physics. B．It explained the framework of the particle physics. C．It was the foundation for the Yang-Mills gauge theory. D．It was confirmed after many decades of experimentation. 2．Which of the following best describes Chen-Ning Yang’s character as described in the passage? A．A genius who preferred to cooperate with others. B．A figure who was globally visionary and patriotic. C．A scientist who used his fame for political purposes. D．A businessman who applied science to practical applications. 3．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The long and successful career of Yang in the United States. B．The life experience and contributions of Chen-Ning Yang. C．The technical details of the parity non-conservation theory. D．The fierce competition between Yang and Lee for the Nobel Prize. 4．What can we infer about Yang from his decision to return to China? A．He lost his interest in scientific research and physics. B．He wanted to enjoy a more relaxing retirement life. C．He planned to start a new business in his home country. D．He dedicated himself to China’s scientific advancement. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了20世纪最伟大的物理学家之一、中国首批科学诺贝尔奖得主之一杨振宁的生平、学术成就以及他对中国和世界科学界的贡献。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Yang’s most celebrated achievement came in 1956 when he and his colleague Tsung-Dao Lee proposed that in weak nuclear interactions, parity (宇称) might not be conserved. This idea challenged a fundamental law of physics that was previously thought to be unbreakable.(杨振宁最负盛名的成就出现在1956年，他与同事李政道提出，在弱相互作用中宇称可能不守恒。这一观点挑战了此前被认为不可撼动的一条物理学基本定律。)”可知，杨、李二人提出的理论的意义在于挑战了此前公认的物理定律。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“After retiring from Stony Brook University in the U.S., he made a significant decision to return to China in 2003, resuming his Chinese citizenship later. He settled at Tsinghua University in Beijing, dedicating his efforts to advancing scientific research and education in his homeland.(从美国石溪大学退休后，他于2003年做出重大决定回到中国，并随后恢复了中国国籍。他在北京清华大学定居，致力于推动祖国的科研与教育事业发展。)”以及最后一段“He often emphasizes the importance of basic science and the harmonious integration of Eastern and Western scientific traditions.(他常强调基础科学的重要性以及东西方科学传统的和谐融合。)”可知，杨振宁是一位兼具国际视野、心怀家国责任感的科学家。故选B项。 3．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Chen-Ning Yang, born in 1922 in Hefei, China, is a towering figure in the world of theoretical physics. His journey began in China, where he completed his undergraduate education at the National Southwestern Associated University, a unique institution formed during the Sino-Japanese War. In 1945, he moved to the United States on a scholarship and earned his Ph. D. from the University of Chicago.(1922年出生于中国合肥的杨振宁，是理论物理学界的一位泰斗级人物。他的求学之路始于中国，曾在抗日战争时期成立的国立西南联合大学完成本科学业。1945年，他凭借奖学金前往美国深造，并在芝加哥大学获得博士学位。)”以及下文内容可知，文章依次介绍了杨振宁的求学经历、物理学领域的重大贡献、归国助力祖国科研教育发展的事迹，以及他在文化融合方面的理念。核心是展现杨振宁的生平与多方面贡献。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“He settled at Tsinghua University in Beijing, dedicating his efforts to advancing scientific research and education in his homeland. He played a crucial role in establishing the Center for Advanced Study at Tsinghua, guiding a new generation of Chinese physicists.(他在北京清华大学定居，全身心致力于推动祖国的科学研究与教育事业。他在筹建清华大学高等研究中心的过程中发挥了关键作用，培养指导了新一代中国物理学家。)”可知，杨振宁回国目的是为中国科学进步做贡献，他献身于中国的科学进步事业。故选D项。 Passage2 （25-26高三下·广东湛江·开学考试）On October 1, the world said goodbye to Jane Goodall, a British chimpanzee (黑猩猩) expert who died at the age of 91. Goodall studied chimpanzees at the Gombe Stream Game Reserve — now a national park — in Tanzania in 1960. She had not been trained as a scientist, but many believe that this was one of her greatest strengths because it meant she was not influenced by everyone else’s thoughts about chimps. Chimpanzees are humans’ closest living relatives, and Goodall’s research showed their social behaviour to be complex and highly developed. Goodall discovered that chimpanzees not only used tools but also made them. She observed chimps “fishing” for tasty insect snacks by sticking a long piece of grass into the nest. When the straw became bent at the end, the animal broke it off to keep the tool useful. Goodall also gave the chimps names and noticed that the animals had strong family bonds and emotions. “It isn’t only human beings who have personality, who are capable of logical thought and emotions like joy and sorrow,” she said in a 1996 PBS documentary. She also discovered that wild chimps hunt and kill for meat. In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute, which manages the Gombe Stream Research Centre and has become a global organization for animals, people and the environment. One of its projects is the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Centre in the Republic of the Congo, which helps chimps that have been hurt or have lost their parents. Professor Cat Hobaiter, a chimp expert from the University of St Andrews, told the BBC, “Jane would be the first person to tell us that what the world needs right now is not sadness over her loss, but to get to work.” 1．What was Goodall’s advantage in studying chimps? A．She learned from experts. B．She received systematic training. C．She had independent views on chimps. D．She analyzed others’ thoughts about chimps. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．Chimpanzees’ ability to make tools. B．Goodall’s findings about chimpanzees. C．Chimpanzees’ bonds with family members. D．Goodall’s comments on chimpanzees’ behavior. 3．What does Cat Hobaiter suggest? A．Working in the wild. B．Continuing Goodall’s mission. C．Finding out the world’s needs. D．Expressing sadness over Goodall’s loss. 4．Which of the following can best describe Jane Goodall? A．Pioneering and devoted. B．Polite and talented. C．Humorous and generous. D．Modest and cautious. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了英国黑猩猩专家简·古道尔的生平事迹，包括她研究黑猩猩的优势、取得的研究成果，以及她创立的相关机构，最后提及他人对她的评价及建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“She had not been trained as a scientist, but many believe that this was one of her greatest strengths because it meant she was not influenced by everyone else’s thoughts about chimps.(她没有接受过科学家的专业训练，但许多人认为这是她最大的优势之一，因为这意味着她不受其他人对黑猩猩看法的影响)”可知，古道尔在研究黑猩猩方面的优势是她对黑猩猩有独立的见解，故选C项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Chimpanzees are humans’ closest living relatives, and Goodall’s research showed their social behaviour to be complex and highly developed. Goodall discovered that chimpanzees not only used tools but also made them. She observed chimps “fishing” for tasty insect snacks by sticking a long piece of grass into the nest. When the straw became bent at the end, the animal broke it off to keep the tool useful. Goodall also gave the chimps names and noticed that the animals had strong family bonds and emotions.(黑猩猩是人类现存亲缘关系最近的动物，古道尔的研究表明，它们的社会行为复杂且高度发达。古道尔发现，黑猩猩不仅会使用工具，还会制造工具。她观察到黑猩猩会把一根长长的草伸进蚁穴，去“钓”美味的昆虫小吃。当草秆末端变弯时，黑猩猩就把弯掉的部分折断，让工具继续好用。古道尔还会给黑猩猩取名，并发现这些动物有着牢固的家庭纽带和丰富的情感)”可知，第二段主要讲的是古道尔关于黑猩猩的发现，故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Professor Cat Hobaiter, a chimp expert from the University of St Andrews, told the BBC, “Jane would be the first person to tell us that what the world needs right now is not sadness over her loss, but to get to work.”(圣安德鲁斯大学的黑猩猩专家卡特·霍比特教授告诉BBC：“简会是第一个告诉我们，如今世界需要的不是为她的离去而悲伤，而是要付诸行动的人”)”可知，卡特·霍比特暗示要继续简·古道尔的使命，故选B项。 4．推理判断题。从第一段 “She had not been trained as a scientist, but many believe that this was one of her greatest strengths because it meant she was not influenced by everyone else’s thoughts about chimps.(她没有接受过科学家的专业训练，但许多人认为这是她最大的优势之一，因为这意味着她不受其他人对黑猩猩看法的影响)” 可以看出，她以非专业科学家身份开启黑猩猩研究，具有开创性；再根据第三段 “In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall Institute, which manages the Gombe Stream Research Centre and has become a global organization for animals, people and the environment.(1977 年，她创立了简・古道尔研究所，该研究所管理着贡贝溪研究中心，并已成为一个致力于动物、人类与环境的全球性组织)” 可知，她一生致力于黑猩猩研究及相关保护工作，极具奉献精神。所以“Pioneering and devoted (开拓性且有奉献精神的)”最能描述她，选A项。 Passage3 （25-26高二上·河南郑州·期末）As a child, Brian Fisher dreamed of becoming a botanist. While on botany journeys, Fisher began to ask questions about the ants that he discovered on the plants he was researching Since the other botanists were unable to identify those ants, Fisher reached out to an ant scientist to gain further knowledge. Then he became an entomologist, or a scientist who studies insects. Soon, Fisher set himself the goal of identifying every species of ant in the world, and he aims to construct a tree of ant species. Fisher, along with his team, has already succeeded in identifying a complete subfamily of ants. It was his ant species tree that led Fisher to Madagascar, an island off the coast of Africa. During his research in Madagascar’s six-month rainy season — which is ideal for observing ants — he endured severe illnesses, and he and his team faced frequent rainstorms, broken bridges, rough roads, and such challenges as pushing cars free of mud. Yet his work in that region has extended far beyond the study of ants. “You cannot preserve a forest when the people living nearby are hungry,” he states, so he sought out methods to assist those individuals. He developed a new method for farming eatable insects, which he then taught to the people of Madagascar. Fisher understands what is required to build a career in the field of science. “To survive as a scientist,” he explains, “you must be motivated, driven, and fully focused.” He also emphasizes that being a good writer is essential, as it allows you to “share your story in an engaging way that will make people want to read your work.” Once Fisher’s species tree is fully completed, it may unlock an entirely new world of ant research. However, two major challenges stand in the way: climate change and human intervention. How can we study ants if their natural habitats are disappearing? Fisher hopes he can interest people in the significance of Earth’s biodiversity. 1．What initially contributed to Fisher’s changing his career? A．His childhood dream of saving ants. B．The aim of creating an ant species tree. C．His experience of studying plants. D．The ant scientist’s encouragement. 2．Which word best describes Fisher’s journey in Madagascar? A．Eventful. B．Debatable. C．Unsuccessful. D．Costly. 3．What does Fisher infer to do? A．Focus on scientific writing. B．Protect the natural ecology. C．Improve farming techniques. D．Learn about ant species’ habitats. 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the text? A．To promote Fisher’s ant species tree. B．To explain Fisher’s research methods. C．To introduce Fisher’s career philosophy. D．To outline Fisher’s ant research and contributions. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了昆虫学家费舍尔的蚂蚁研究经历、贡献以及面临的挑战。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“While on botany journeys, Fisher began to ask questions about the ants that he discovered on the plants he was researching Since the other botanists were unable to identify those ants, Fisher reached out to an ant scientist to gain further knowledge. Then he became an entomologist, or a scientist who studies insects. (在植物学之旅中，费舍尔开始询问他在研究的植物上发现的蚂蚁的问题。由于其他植物学家无法识别这些蚂蚁，费舍尔联系了一位蚂蚁科学家以获取更多知识。然后他成为了一名昆虫学家，或者是一名研究昆虫的科学家。)”可知，费希尔在植物学研究过程中对蚂蚁产生疑问并寻求专业知识，进而改变职业成为昆虫学家，因此研究植物的经历是他职业转变的最初诱因。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“During his research in Madagascar’s six-month rainy season — which is ideal for observing ants — he endured severe illnesses, and he and his team faced frequent rainstorms, broken bridges, rough roads, and such challenges as pushing cars free of mud. (在马达加斯加为期六个月的雨季进行研究期间——这是观察蚂蚁的理想时期——他忍受了严重的疾病，他和他的团队面临着频繁的暴雨、断桥、崎岖的道路以及将汽车从泥泞中推出等挑战。)”可知，费舍尔在马达加斯加的研究之旅充满了事件和挑战，可以用“多事的”来形容。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, two major challenges stand in the way: climate change and human intervention. How can we study ants if their natural habitats are disappearing? Fisher hopes he can interest people in the significance of Earth’s biodiversity. (然而，有两个主要挑战：气候变化和人类干预。如果蚂蚁的自然栖息地正在消失，我们如何研究它们？费舍尔希望他能激发人们对地球生物多样性重要性的兴趣。)”可知，费舍尔暗示要保护自然生态，因为蚂蚁的自然栖息地正在消失，这对研究蚂蚁构成了挑战。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据全文内容，特别是第一段和最后一段，文章主要介绍了费舍尔的蚂蚁研究经历、贡献以及面临的挑战。文章详细描述了费舍尔如何从植物学家转变为昆虫学家，他在马达加斯加的研究之旅，以及他如何通过教授当地人养殖可食用昆虫来帮助他们。最后，文章还提到了费舍尔对未来蚂蚁研究的期望和面临的挑战。因此，作者的主要目的是概述费舍尔的蚂蚁研究和贡献。故选D项。 Passage4 （25-26高三上·四川成都·期末）Ada Lovelace, born on December 10th, 1815, was the daughter of the famous poet George Gordon Byron. When Lovelace was young, at her mother’s insistence, tutors taught her mathematics and science. Women of that time were seldom exposed to such intellectually demanding studies, but her mother believed engaging in these studies would prevent Lovelace from developing her father’s moody and unpredictable personality. Lovelace was also forced to lie still for extended periods of time because her mother believed it would help her develop self-control. Around the age of 17, Ada met Charles Babbage, a mathematician and inventor. They became friends, and the much older Babbage served as a mentor to Lovelace. Through Babbage, Lovelace began studying advanced mathematics with Professor Augustus de Morgan at the University of London. Known as “the father of the computer”, Babbage invented the analytical engine, an early design for a computer. Lovelace was later asked to translate an article on Babbage’s analytical engine. She not only translated the original French text into English but also added her own thoughts and ideas on the machine, which included an algorithm for calculating Bernoulli numbers — a sequence of rational numbers with applications in number theory and analysis. Her notes ended up being three times longer than the original article. Her work was published in 1843 in an English science journal. In her notes, Lovelace described how codes could be created for the device to handle letters and symbols along with numbers. She also theorized a method for the engine to repeat a series of instructions, a process that computer programs use today. Lovelace also put forward other forward-thinking ideas in the article. For her work, Lovelace is considered to be the first computer programmer. Lovelace died in 1852, and her contributions to the field of computer science weren’t discovered until the 1950s. Her notes were reintroduced to the world in 1953. Since then, Ada has received many honors for her work. In 1980, the US named a newly developed computer language “Ada”, after Lovelace. 1．What is paragraph 1 mainly about? A．Lovelace’s resistance to her strict mother. B．The unusual way Lovelace was brought up. C．Lovelace’s talent for mathematics and science. D．The relationship between Lovelace and her mother. 2．What can be inferred about Lovelace’s notes from paragraph 3? A．They were a simplified version for the public. B．They included ideas extending beyond the original article. C．They focused primarily on an algorithm for calculating Bernoulli numbers. D．They were considered a minor supplement by the contemporary scholars. 3．Why is Lovelace honored as the first computer programmer? A．Because she built Babbage’s analytical engine. B．Because she created the first working computer. C．Because she introduced key programming concepts. D．Because she made computer science a discipline. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain the origins of the first computer language. B．To describe the challenges faced by women scientists in the 19th century. C．To compare the contributions of Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage. D．To present the life and pioneering work of Ada Lovelace in computing. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了计算机科学先驱艾达·洛夫莱斯的生平及其在计算领域的开创性贡献。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When Lovelace was young, at her mother’s insistence, tutors taught her mathematics and science. Women of that time were seldom exposed to such intellectually demanding studies, but her mother believed engaging in these studies would prevent Lovelace from developing her father’s moody and unpredictable personality. Lovelace was also forced to lie still for extended periods of time because her mother believed it would help her develop self-control. (洛夫莱斯年轻时，在母亲的坚持下，家庭教师教她数学和科学。当时的女性很少接触到如此高难度的智力研究，但她的母亲认为参与这些研究可以防止洛夫莱斯养成她父亲喜怒无常、难以捉摸的性格。洛夫莱斯还被强迫长时间静止不动，因为她母亲认为这有助于她培养自控力)”可知，第一段主要讲述了洛夫莱斯不同寻常的成长方式。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“She not only translated the original French text into English but also added her own thoughts and ideas on the machine, which included an algorithm for calculating Bernoulli numbers — a sequence of rational numbers with applications in number theory and analysis. Her notes ended up being three times longer than the original article. (她不仅将原文从法文翻译成英文，还添加了自己对这台机器的想法和见解，其中包括一个计算伯努利数的算法——伯努利数是一系列在数论和分析中有应用的有理数。她的笔记最终比原文长了三倍)”可知，洛夫莱斯的笔记包含了超出原文的想法。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“In her notes, Lovelace described how codes could be created for the device to handle letters and symbols along with numbers. She also theorized a method for the engine to repeat a series of instructions, a process that computer programs use today. Lovelace also put forward other forward-thinking ideas in the article. For her work, Lovelace is considered to be the first computer programmer. (在她的笔记中，洛夫莱斯描述了如何为这台设备创建代码，以处理字母、符号和数字。她还提出了一种让引擎重复一系列指令的方法，这是计算机程序今天使用的过程。洛夫莱斯还在文章中提出了其他有远见的想法。由于她的工作，洛夫莱斯被认为是第一位计算机程序员)”可知，洛夫莱斯被认为是第一位计算机程序员是因为她引入了关键的编程概念。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据全文内容，尤其是最后一段“Lovelace died in 1852, and her contributions to the field of computer science weren’t discovered until the 1950s. Her notes were reintroduced to the world in 1953. Since then, Ada has received many honors for her work. In 1980, the US named a newly developed computer language “Ada”, after Lovelace. (洛夫莱斯于1852年去世，直到20世纪50年代，她在计算机科学领域的贡献才被发现。1953年，她的笔记再次被介绍给世界。从那时起，艾达因其工作获得了许多荣誉。1980年，美国以洛夫莱斯的名字命名了一种新开发的计算机语言“Ada”)”可知，本文主要介绍了计算机科学先驱艾达·洛夫莱斯的生平及其在计算领域的开创性贡献，主要目的是介绍Ada Lovelace在计算机领域的生活和开创性工作。故选D项。 Passage5 （24-25高二上·云南·期末）Katalin Karikó thought the call was a joke. It was 3 a.m. on October 2, 2023. Her husband answered the phone. “As someone who maintains buildings, he quite frequently gets calls for fixing this and that,” Karikó says. But this time he handed it over. “It is for you,” he said. Only half awake, Karikó picked up the phone and heard a scientist from Sweden congratulate her on winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Karikó received her bachelor’s degree in biology in 1978 and her doctorate in biochemistry in 1982 from the University of Szeged in Hungary. After graduation, she works there and also holds a position at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. As a dedicated biochemist, she has spent much of her career studying mRNA (信使核糖核酸). This molecule carries instructions from a cell’s DNA so they can be translated into proteins. Karikó and her colleague Drew Weissman learned how to adjust that RNA．When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, their findings allowed other scientists to leap into urgent action. In less than a year, scientific teams made a vaccine using mRNA．So thanks to Karikó, you may have got a life-saving vaccine to protect yourself from COVID-19. This achievement is not just worthy of the Nobel Prize — it’s a major milestone in medical history. The Nobel Prize, the highest honor in science, comes with a gold medal carried with Alfred Nobel’s face and a generous cash prize. But its real value lies in recognizing work that changes people’s lives for the better. Karikó’s unwavering curiosity and refusal to give up on her vision turned a once untested idea into a tool that changed how we fight diseases. This proves that scientific progress often depends on people brave enough to chase dreams that seem impossible. Her win is a tribute to perseverance, teamwork, and how basic scientific research can make a huge difference in solving the world’s most urgent problems. 1．How did Karikó feel after she answered the call? A．Disappointed. B．Fascinated. C．Ashamed. D．Surprised. 2．What do we know about Karikó? A．She was born in Sweden. B．She is a devoted biochemist. C．She got her bachelor’s degree in the USA． D．She is in the same profession as her husband. 3．What is Karikó’s main contribution? A．She discovered the existence of mRNA． B．She independently developed several vaccines. C．She found the cure for diseases by using natural mRNA． D．She helped develop the core technology for COVID-19 vaccines. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Dedication to research leads to breakthroughs. B．Scientific achievements bring fame in no time. C．Curiosity is the major driver of medical progress. D．Medical challenges can be addressed by technology. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是夹叙夹议文。讲述了诺贝尔奖得主卡塔林·卡里科的科研成果及意义，引导读者关注其科学精神。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Katalin Karikó thought the call was a joke. It was 3 a.m. on October 2, 2023. Her husband answered the phone. “As someone who maintains buildings, he quite frequently gets calls for fixing this and that,” Karikó says. But this time he handed it over. “It is for you,” he said. Only half awake, Karikó picked up the phone and heard a scientist from Sweden congratulate her on winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.( 卡塔琳·卡里科原本以为这是个玩笑。那是2023年10月2日凌晨3点。她的丈夫接听了电话。“作为负责建筑维护的人，他经常会接到各种维修请求的电话，”卡里科说道。但这次他却把电话转给了她。“这是给你打来的。”他说道。卡里科半睡半醒地拿起电话，听到一位来自瑞典的科学家向她祝贺她获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖)”可知，卡里科在接到电话时是半睡半醒的状态，对于获奖的消息应该是感到惊讶的，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“As a dedicated biochemist, she has spent much of her career studying mRNA (信使核糖核酸).(作为一名专注投入的生物化学家，她职业生涯的大部分时间都在研究信使核糖核酸（mRNA）)”可知，卡里科是一位专注、敬业的生物化学家，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Karikó and her colleague Drew Weissman learned how to adjust that RNA. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, their findings allowed other scientists to leap into urgent action. In less than a year, scientific teams made a vaccine using mRNA. So thanks to Karikó, you may have got a life-saving vaccine to protect yourself from COVID-19.(卡里科和她的同事德鲁·韦斯曼学会了如何调整这种RNA。当新冠疫情爆发时，他们的研究成果使其他科学家能够迅速采取行动。在不到一年的时间里，科研团队就利用 mRNA 制成了疫苗。因此，多亏了卡里科，你或许已经获得了能够拯救生命的疫苗，从而能够保护自己免受新冠病毒的侵害)”可知，卡里科与同事掌握了mRNA的调整方法，其研究成果助力科学家在疫情期间不到一年就研发出了mRNA疫苗，因此卡里科的主要贡献是帮助研发了制造新冠疫苗的核心技术，故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“This proves that scientific progress often depends on people brave enough to chase dreams that seem impossible.(这证明，科学的进步往往取决于那些敢于追逐看似不可能实现的梦想的人)”可知，科学进步往往取决于那些勇于追逐看似不可能实现的梦想的人，说明对研究的全力投入才能取得突破，故选A。 Passage6 （25-26高一上·江苏常州·期末）In what would become one of her last interviews, Jane sat with a faded photograph in her hands. The image showed the baby Jane holding her first birthday gift from her father — a stuffed chimpanzee (黑猩猩) Jubilee. “My mother’s friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares,” she recalled. Instead, it led to her sense of wonder about the world and changed humankind’s understanding of animals. Her fascination with Africa began not long after she learned to read. She discovered Dr. Doolittle at eight, and Tarzan and the Apes by ten. It was then that she announced she was going to grow up, go to Africa, live with wild animals, and write books about them. This was in 1944, when World War II was raging and the idea of women as professionals “just wasn’t on the table.” London-born Jane always credited her parents — businessman Mortimer Herbert and novelist Margaret Joseph — for their support. When other children teased her unusual dream, her mother reassured her: true dreams demand tireless work, seizing opportunity, and never giving in to doubt. This firm belief became her life’s foundation. A memory from age four captures this: she had disappeared for four hours, causing considerable concern, only to be discovered sitting contentedly in the henhouse, absorbed in watching the hens and wondering where their eggs came from. Instead of scolding her, her mother saw the profound wonder in her daughter’s eyes. Her work defined her life — right up to the end. Despite her old age, Jane traveled 300 days a year, delivering talks to students, scientists, and academics. She was on a speaking tour in the U. S. when she passed away recently in her sleep at a hotel in Los Angeles. Tributes (颂词) flooded in from far and wide. “Jane’s work on primates and the importance of conservation opened the doors for generations of women in science,” Barack Obama said. Prince William praised her “infinite curiosity, compassion, and pioneering spirit. She challenged us all to make a difference and inspired me and countless others to work to protect our planet.” 1．Why is the toy Jubilee mentioned? A．It shows the fears it created in her childhood. B．It highlights its inspiring role in her life. C．It justifies her bond with family social circle. D．It functions as her first scientific subject. 2．What does “wasn’t on the table” suggest in paragraph 2? A．Wildlife study was unsuitable for women. B．Scientific practice was set under the table. C．Society could accommodate girls’ ambition. D．Female scientists were less acknowledged. 3．What quality did Jane get from her family education? A．Curiosity and persistence. B．Ambition and competitiveness. C．Creativity and imagination. D．Gentleness and care. 4．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To launch a pioneering campaign. B．To introduce a promising career. C．To remember a guardian of nature. D．To awaken a passion for wildlife. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了动物学家简·古道尔的生平，包括童年玩具带来的启发、追梦历程、家庭支持、毕生的科研与环保工作，以及她对后世的深远影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The image showed the baby Jane holding her first birthday gift from her father — a stuffed chimpanzee (黑猩猩) Jubilee. “My mother’s friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares,” she recalled. Instead, it led to her sense of wonder about the world and changed humankind’s understanding of animals.(这张照片里，幼时的珍抱着父亲送她的一岁生日礼物 —— 一只名为朱比利的毛绒黑猩猩玩偶。她回忆道：“母亲的朋友们看到这个玩具都吓坏了，觉得它会吓到我，还会让我做噩梦。”可恰恰是这个玩偶，唤起了她对世界的好奇之心，也改变了人类对动物的认知。)”以及上文可知，玩具Jubilee对她的人生起到了启发和激励的作用。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“It was then that she announced she was going to grow up, go to Africa, live with wild animals, and write books about them. This was in 1944, when World War II was raging and the idea of women as professionals “just wasn’t on the table.”(就在那时，她许下心愿：长大后要去非洲，与野生动物相伴，还会写下关于它们的书。那是在1944年，二战正激烈，女性成为专业人士的想法在当时“wasn’t on the table”。)”可知，简在1944年提出要从事野生动物研究的职业理想，而当时的社会背景下，女性成为专业人士的想法不被接受，即“野生动物研究不适合女性”。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“London-born Jane always credited her parents — businessman Mortimer Herbert and novelist Margaret Joseph — for their support. When other children teased her unusual dream, her mother reassured her: true dreams demand tireless work, seizing opportunity, and never giving in to doubt.(生于伦敦的珍始终将自己的成就归功于父母 —— 商人莫蒂默・赫伯特与小说家玛格丽特・约瑟夫 —— 正是他们给予了自己莫大的支持。当其他孩子嘲笑她这份与众不同的梦想时，母亲总会宽慰她说：真正的梦想，需要付出不懈的努力、抓住机遇，且永远不向疑虑低头。)”以及母亲支持她观察母鸡的好奇心可知，简从家庭教育中获得了好奇心和坚持不懈的品质。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Her work defined her life — right up to the end. Despite her old age, Jane traveled 300 days a year, delivering talks to students, scientists, and academics. She was on a speaking tour in the U. S. when she passed away recently in her sleep at a hotel in Los Angeles.(她的工作定义了她的一生——直到生命的尽头。尽管年事已高，简每年仍旅行300天，向学生、科学家和学者们发表演讲。最近，她在美国进行巡回演讲时，在洛杉矶的一家酒店睡觉时与世长辞。)”以及第五段中的“Tributes (颂词) flooded in from far and wide. “Jane’s work on primates and the importance of conservation opened the doors for generations of women in science,” Barack Obama said. Prince William praised her “infinite curiosity, compassion, and pioneering spirit. She challenged us all to make a difference and inspired me and countless others to work to protect our planet.”(来自四面八方的颂词如潮水般涌来。巴拉克·奥巴马说：“简在灵长类动物研究和环境保护重要性方面的工作，为一代又一代的女性科学家打开了大门。”威廉王子称赞她“拥有无限的好奇心、同情心和开拓精神。她激励我们所有人做出改变，也鼓舞着我和无数人致力于保护我们的星球。”)”可知，文章详细回顾了简·古道尔毕生致力于灵长类动物研究与环保事业的事迹，以及她去世后获得的广泛赞誉，所以本文的目的是缅怀这位伟大的自然守护者。故选C项。 Passage7 （25-26高一上·河北衡水·期末）Nature was Chen Rui’s “childhood home”. The 37-year-old researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Zoology wasn’t able to talk until he was 4 years old. He didn’t have friends around his age, which led him to turn his attention to non-human things around him. He became extremely interested in the world of insects. “The happiest time of my childhood was in the farm fields. I squatted (蹲) there, observing the activities of insects, including ants building their homes and dragonflies flying low. I had so many questions about their activities and was full of curiosity about this world,” says Chen. The experiences in his childhood planted a seed deep in his heart. Decades later, he’s a scholar who has engaged in life-science investigations in nearly 100 countries and regions on five continents. He has found around 100 new species living and extinct. “I was ‘healed’ by nature,” he says. “I wanted to grow up to share the power of nature with more young people and to popularize understanding of animals. including insects. He has ever visited the Amazon rainforest several times, trying to discover new species. One insect variety he found was leaf-cutter ants, a species that shows powerful cooperation and farming abilities. He is impressed by their close cooperation. He observed that the ants are divided into different groups that are respectively responsible for cutting leaves, transporting harvested pieces, clearing obstacles out of the way, guarding the colony and taking care of the young. “Several million ants can live in one nest, but their activities are very orderly,” says Chen. Chen points out that leaf-cutter ants are not the only species to have magical abilities. “If we humans believe we are the smartest beings in the world, we may be limited to this preconception (成见). If we are instead humble and regard all other beings as our teachers, we can gain endless wisdom,” he says. 1．Why did Chen Rui focus his attention on insects in his childhood? A．He loved playing in the farm fields every day. B．He wanted to become a researcher in the future. C．He couldn’t talk and had no friends his own age. D．His parents asked him to observe insect activities. 2．What aspect of leaf-cutter ants’ behavior impress Chen most? A．Their skill in building large underground nests. B．Their strong and powerful defense against enemies. C．Their ability to communicate through sound signals. D．Their highly organized division of labor among groups. 3．What does Chen Rui expect people to do? A．Take inspiration from other species. B．Protect nonhuman things around us. C．Explore the world of science. D．Apply theories to our lives. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Leaf-cutter Ants: An Amazing Species B．Chen Rui’s Adventures in the Amazon C．Chen Rui: A Person Cured by Nature D．The Joys of Childhood in the Fields 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了中国科学院动物研究所研究员陈瑞的成长经历、科研成就以及他对自然和人类关系的深刻见解。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The 37-year-old researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Zoology wasn’t able to talk until he was 4 years old. He didn’t have friends around his age, which led him to turn his attention to non-human things around him. He became extremely interested in the world of insects.(这位37岁的中国科学院动物研究所研究员直到4岁才会说话。他身边没有同龄的朋友，这让他把注意力转向了身边的非人类事物。他对昆虫世界产生了极大的兴趣)”可知，陈瑞在童年时期因为不会说话且没有同龄朋友，所以将注意力转向了昆虫。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“One insect variety he found was leaf-cutter ants, a species that shows powerful cooperation and farming abilities. He is impressed by their close cooperation. He observed that the ants are divided into different groups that are respectively responsible for cutting leaves, transporting harvested pieces, clearing obstacles out of the way, guarding the colony and taking care of the young.(他发现的一种昆虫是切叶蚁，这种昆虫具有强大的合作和耕作能力。他们的紧密合作给他留下了深刻的印象。他观察到，蚂蚁被分成不同的小组，分别负责切割叶子、运输收获的碎片、清除障碍物、保卫蚁群和照顾幼蚁)”可知，切叶蚁的群体间高度有序的分工合作给陈瑞留下了深刻印象。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“If we are instead humble and regard all other beings as our teachers, we can gain endless wisdom.(相反，如果我们谦逊并把所有其他生物视为我们的老师，我们就能获得无尽的智慧)”可知，陈瑞期望人们能从其他物种中汲取灵感，谦逊地向它们学习。故选A项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Nature was Chen Rui’s “childhood home”.(大自然是陈瑞的“童年家园”)”讲述陈睿如何因童年经历与自然结缘、第二段中“I was ‘healed’ by nature.(我被大自然‘治愈’了)”讲述如何被自然“治愈”并投身科学研究和最后一段中“If we are instead humble and regard all other beings as our teachers, we can gain endless wisdom.(相反，如果我们谦逊并把所有其他生物视为我们的老师，我们就能获得无尽的智慧)”讲述他通过研究发现(如切叶蚁)并倡导人类应向自然学习的故事可知，全文围绕陈睿与自然的关系及其理念展开，故C选项“Chen Rui: A Person Cured by Nature (陈睿：一位被大自然治愈的人)”最能概括文章的核心内容和主旨，最适合作文章标题。故选C项。 Passage8 (2024江苏无锡、江阴两校联考月考) Valerie L. Thomas is an African American scientist and inventor best known for her patented(专利的) illusion transmitter(幻觉发射器) and contributions to NASA research. Thomas was born in 1943 in Maryland. She was interested in science as a child. At the age of eight, her curiosity about how things worked inspired her to borrow a book called The Boy's First Book of Radio and Electronics. She took it home and hoped that her father would help her take on some projects in it. However, he didn't help her. She attended an all-girls high school that did not help her with hands-on projects either. But this changed in college, when Thomas was admitted to Morgan State University as one of the only two women in her class to major in physics. Thomas excelled in her studies. She graduated with standout results and accepted a position as a data analyst at NASA.  In the 1970s, she managed the development of the image-processing systems for Landsat, the first satellite(人造卫星) to send images to the Earth from space. In 1980, Thomas received a patent for an illusion transmitter. The device produces optical(视觉的) illusion images by means of two concave mirrors(凹面镜). Unlike flat mirrors, which produce images that appear to be inside, or behind the mirror, concave mirrors create images that appear to be real, or in front of the mirror itself. This technology was later used by NASA and has since been adapted for use in surgery(外科手术) as well as the production of television and video screens. Thomas continued to work for NASA until her retirement in 1995. Over the course of her career, Thomas contributed widely to the study of space. She helped develop computer program designs that supported research on Halley's Comet, the ozone layer, and satellite technology. As to her achievements, Thomas received a number of NASA awards including the Goddard Space Flight Center Award of Merit and the NASA Equal Opportunity Medal. 1.What do we know about Thomas' early life? A.She was talented in science.　　　 B.She liked working with her father. C.She lacked support for her interest.　　　 D.She preferred to read boys' books. 2.What does the underlined phrase “excelled in” in Paragraph 3 mean? A.Did well in.　　　B.Had confidence in.　　　 C.Was curious about.　　　D.Was concerned with. 3.What is the advantage of Thomas' invention over flat mirrors? A.It takes pictures more clearly.　　　 B.It transmits images more quickly. C.It changes the position of the image.　　　 D.It can send images to the Earth from space. 4.What does the last paragraph focus on? A.Thomas' future plans.　　　B.Thomas' retirement life. C.Thomas' research theory.　　　D.Thomas' lifetime achievements. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了非裔美国科学家瓦莱丽·L. 托马斯的故事。她对美国的太空研究做出了巨大贡献。 1.C　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“her curiosity about how things worked inspired her to borrow a book...took it home and hoped that her father would help her take on some projects in it. However, he didn't help her.”可知,托马斯把一本书带回家,希望父亲能帮助她完成其中的一些项目,但他没有帮助她;根据第三段中的“She attended an all-girls high school that did not help her with hands-on projects either.”可知,她就读的女子高中也没有帮助她。由此可知,托马斯在早期生活中缺乏别人对她的兴趣的支持,故选C。 2.A　词义猜测题。根据下文“She graduated with standout results and accepted a position as a data analyst at NASA.”可知,她以优异的成绩毕业,并接受了美国国家航空和航天局数据分析师的职位。由此推知,她在学业上“表现良好”。故选A。 3.C　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Unlike flat mirrors...concave mirrors create images that appear to be real, or in front of the mirror itself.”可知,平面镜产生的图像看起来像是在镜子的内部或后面,凹面镜产生的图像看起来像是真实的,或在镜子本身的前面,所以托马斯的发明相对于平面镜的优点是它改变了图像的位置。故选C。 4.D　主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the course of her career, Thomas contributed widely to...She helped develop...As to her achievements, Thomas received a number of NASA awards”可知,托马斯做出了许多贡献,因为她的贡献,她获得了美国国家航空和航天局的多项奖项。由此可知,最后一段主要讲的是托马斯一生的成就。故选D。 Passage9 (2024河北衡水部分高中期中) Deep sleep doesn't just rest your body. Scientists believe it's also when the brain washes away toxins(毒素), with a new project looking at whether the brain's self-clean can be boosted. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute(SAHMRI) neuroscientist Dr Tim Sargeant has teamed up with Dr Edward Robins from SAHMRI's Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit to develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself. Studies have shown that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia(痴呆). Scientists believe our brains clean themselves out each night when we enter deep sleep. Cerebrospinal fluid(脑脊液) is thought to wash through the brain, cleaning out toxins. Studies have shown a clear link between poor memory and toxins like the build-up of the sticky plaque(黏性斑块) in the brains. Scientists believe brains that have a build-up of this plaque over time may not be cleaning themselves properly, putting people at risk of dementia. Fortunately, the hope is that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia. The brain scan will use special material to track how well the brain can keep itself clean and healthy through the process of removing and recycling its waste. “We're aiming to catch the signs of the brain struggling to keep itself clean in individuals around the age of 50 or 60, well before the onset of Alzheimer's disease(阿尔茨海默病) in most people,” Dr Sargeant said. This new scan, an exciting imaging technology, will allow scientists to form a picture of a living brain and watch how it's recycling waste in real time. “The scan takes out a lot of guesswork, by allowing scientists to see with their own eyes if they've hit the target or not,” Dr Robins said. “Without imaging, a researcher can get all the way up to the trial stage before realising they're at a dead end.” 1.What is the aim of Dr Sargeant and Dr Robins developing the brain scan? A.To help people enter deep sleep. B.To reduce the risk of memory loss and dementia. C.To research how to remove the sticky plaque. D.To study what the brain uses to clean itself. 2.What can cause dementia according to the text? A.Not enough blood in the brain.　　　 B.Too frequent cleaning of the brain. C.The increase of cerebrospinal fluid.　　　 D.The gradual increase of the sticky plaque. 3.What does the underlined word “onset” in paragraph 4 mean? A.Beginning.　　　 B.Improvement.　　　 C.Worsening.　　　 D.Disappearance. 4.What does Dr Robins think of the brain scan? A.It brings more work.　　　 B.It is just imaginary. C.It is quite effective.　　　 D.It is far from exact. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了科学家们研究深睡眠时大脑自我清洁的现象,发现深睡眠有助于清除大脑中的毒素,与记忆力和抵御痴呆症有关。 1.D　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself”可知,Tim Sargeant博士与Edward Robins博士开发大脑扫描的目的是研究大脑如何自我清洁。故选D。 2.D　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知,科学家认为,斑块积聚的大脑可能无法正确清洁自己,使人们面临痴呆的风险,所以黏性斑块的增加可能导致痴呆。故选D。 3.A　词义猜测题。根据第三段最后一句可知,随着时间推移形成黏性斑块的大脑不能合理清洁自己,使人有痴呆的风险。结合画线词所在句可知,他们的目标是在五六十岁的人中发现大脑努力去保持清洁的迹象。结合常识可知患阿尔茨海默病的人的记忆功能退化,所以推知,此处是指患阿尔茨海默病之前,onset的意思是“开始,发作”。故选A。 4.C　推理判断题。根据最后一段Robins博士所说的话可知,扫描排除了很多猜测,让科学家亲眼看到他们是否击中了目标,在没有成像的情况下,研究人员可能一路走到了试验阶段才意识到他们处于死胡同。所以推知Robins博士认为大脑扫描非常有效,故选C。 $