专题13 阅读理解2 主旨大意题、推理判断题（复习讲义）（北京专用）2026年中考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题13 阅读理解2 主旨大意题、推理判断题（复习讲义）（北京专用） 目 录 01 析·考情目标 02 筑·专题框架 03 攻·重难考点 真题动向 核心提炼 易错警示/技巧点拨 考点一 主旨大意题 考点二 推理判断题 04 测·预测闯关 命题透视 从命题内容上看，主要考查在说明文、议论文体的主旨大意题、推理判断题。 热考角度 考点 2025年 2024年 2023年 阅读理解 B篇第26小题 C篇第27、28小题 D篇第30、32、33小题 C篇第28、29小题 D篇第30、32、33小题 C篇第29小题 D篇第30、33小题 命题预测 主要在阅读理解C、D两题中考查。 推理判断题 在理解原文表面信息的基础上，做出判断和推理。得出其隐含意义和深层意思。考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。依据文章事实，得出得出符合逻辑的结论。 陷阱： ①文章直接言明的内容，这不是推断出来的（凡是推断题一定不选原文信息的同义表述） ②注意干扰项与文章内容有细微区别。（推理判断一定要合情合理，有理有据，依据事实，切不可主观臆断） ③察言观色，依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。 主旨大意题 主旨大意题需要考生在阅读并理解全文的基础上，对文章内容或段落内容进行归纳概括，强调整体。该题型常见的设问方式和解题方法如下所示： 标题类：The best title/heading for the passage/paragraph is... 中心思想类：What’s the passage mainly about?/What does the passage mainly tell us? 段落概括类：What’s the main idea of the first paragraph? 陷阱： ①注意以偏概全不能选 ②范围太大不能选 ③注意段落大意，看清段落不要误选 考点一 主旨大意题 主旨大意题需要考生在阅读并理解全文的基础上，归纳并概括文章内容或段落内容，考查整体理解。标题归纳题实际是简化版的主旨概括。该题型常见的设题方式和解题方法如下所示： ◇标题归纳类：The best title/heading for the passage/paragraph is... ◇中心思想类：What's the passage mainly about?/What does the passage mainly tell us? ◇段落概括类：What's the main idea of the first paragraph? 关键词法/主题词法 例 [2023北京C篇节选] Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? ...What can we do to solve this food waste problem? One effective solution is balancing food production with demand（需求）. ... Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce（减少） food waste. ... One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. ... Food recycling is one of the known solutions. ... In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future. 问：What is the passage mainly about? A. Benefits of reducing food waste. B. Solutions to the food waste problem. C. The importance of fighting food waste. D. The attitude to the food waste problem. [答案]B 解题步骤 Step 1 快速阅读全文，画出每段重复出现的关键词/主题词。 几乎各段都重复出现的关键词/主题词为food waste和solution。 Step 2 对比选项，找出能包含所有关键词/主题词的选项。 B选项包含两个关键词/主题词。 关键句法/主题句法 例 [2022北京D篇节选] All the results proved our theory（假设） true.But putting it into practice can be difficult. Our fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with goals. We try to get the highest output both at work and in spare time. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. We should slow down and let life surprise us. 问：What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A. It is easier for results-driven people to achieve success. B. We often turn a blind eye to the present moment. C. A fast-paced lifestyle helps us reach our goals. D. Future life will bring us many more surprises. [答案]B 解题步骤 Step 1 找到段落关键句/主题句（一般位于段首或段尾）。 转折词but位于首句之后，说明该段主题句在后面，即在段尾。 Step 2 对比选项与主题句，找相同内容或同义转述。 B选项的turn a blind eye to the present moment是对主题句中miss what is happening right now的同义转述。 段意组合法/篇章结构法 例 [2022北京C篇节选] What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn't always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it's of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus（关注）. What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We'd better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled（回收利用）. We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible. Location（地点） matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us. Try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmers, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It's easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural”， but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don't buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces（减少） waste and keeps the planet healthy. 问：Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Buying Green B. Recycling Waste C. Keeping Healthy D. Reducing Energy Use [答案]A 解题步骤 Step 1 根据每段的主题句来总结段意。 Para. 1 每个人都可以通过购买绿色产品来保护环境； Para. 2 关注产品所用的材料是否环保； Para. 3 看产品的包装是否对环境有益； Para. 4 看产品产地和购买地的位置； Para. 5 产品并不一定如宣传的那样环保； Para. 6 最好的环保方式是少买或不买。 Step 2 归纳段落，找出篇章主旨。 本文为“总—分—总”结构，第1段引出主题——如何购买绿色产品，第2至5段具体说明做法，第6段总结升华。 Step 3 对比选项，找出与篇章主旨符合的标题。 根据上述分析，本文讲的是如何绿色购物，A选项符合。 标题反推法 例 [2020北京C篇节选] There are millions of recipes（菜谱） hidden in the boxes and hearts of grandmothers and parents. These family recipes are a special part of our family history. Some of them have been passed down from generation（一代人） to generation. ... “Those special tastes can immediately unlock a whole flood of emotions, memories and feelings of family, love, and comfort,” she says. She adds, “I am looking to the day when my kids will come to know of their grandmothers through the dishes they cooked.” ... Actually, there are simple ways to keep family recipes. ... It can become the most meaningful work you have ever done with and for your family. Keeping family recipes is saving and honoring our tradition so that future generations can continue to make family ties stronger. Every time you remember your loved ones, recreate one of the dishes from your collection and let the memories from the good old days comfort you. So why not gift your kids a family recipe book when they are starting a new life? 问：Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Family Recipes: Secrets of Cooking B. Family Recipes Are at a Crossroads C. Family Recipes: Connections to Interests D. Family Recipes Are More than Just Recipes [答案]D 解题步骤 Step 1 先看4个选项的标题，推断每个标题下应写的主要内容。 A项强调烹饪，全文应主要写家庭菜谱对烹饪的作用； B项强调家庭菜谱面临的挑战，全文应主要写挑战； C项强调家庭菜谱与兴趣的联系，全文应主要写兴趣； D项强调家庭菜谱的意义已经超出了菜谱本身的意义，全文应主要写菜谱的更多意义。 Step 2 画出全文关键词句或重复出现的同类内容。 Step 3 将这些内容与之前推测的各标题对应的文章主要内容相比对，选出标题。 通过关键句可知，本文主要讲的是家庭菜谱对传承家庭传统，增强家庭纽带的意义，超出了菜谱本身教人做饭的最基本的意义，故D选项正确。 （2025·北京东城·二模）Does this sound familiar? A workmate asks, “What are you up to this weekend?” You tell her you’re not sure. She replies with her own exciting plan. “I’m going to my lake house to have a big party.” I call this “boomerasking”. Like a boomerang, boomeraskers ask a question, let their partner answer and then immediately bring the focus of the conversation back to themselves. They try to both show interest in their partner and disclose something about themselves, but they fail to achieve either goal. We know it is good to show interest in our partners during conversations in many ways—by asking questions, supporting a different opinion, or saying something that relates to what the other person just said. However, self-centredness is tricky to outrun. As humans, we mostly think about our own viewpoint. Between 40% and 60% of what people say in conversations is about themselves—their feelings, opinions, and personal experiences. On social media, it’s even worse—80% of communication is self-related. For many people, self-disclosure simply feels great. A willingness to open up to others is an important sign of liking and closeness: it shows that you trust someone to know things about you. It’s also the primary way people shape how others think of them. By carefully choosing what to share, we try to seem kind, smart, confident and interesting in our partners’ eyes. And we show off or complain, hoping to receive admiration or understanding. Still, we recognise that social rules discourage overly self-centred behaviour and try to deal with this problem with some indirect habits. People who want others to admire them might pretend (假装) to complain while actually showing off, like saying, “I’m tired from all the interviews about my new book.” Others wanting to seem higher position might give mixed praise, like “Your ideas were pretty good, for a beginner.” But compared with these ways we try to hide our self-centredness, boomerasking may be worse because it reduces the benefits of asking questions. Asking heartfelt questions, listening to others’ answers and following up on those answers may be the easiest and most powerful pathway to shared understanding and interpersonal connection. Boomerasking breaks the magic. Failing to follow up on your partner’s answer, and answering the question yourself instead, makes others feel like you don’t care about them. So don’t boomerask! When another person shares their views, focus on them. We should all aim to be more interested in our partners before we go back to proving how interesting we are ourselves. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To guide people in building interesting conversations. B．To prove the effect of self-centredness in conversations. C．To encourage better listening and replying in conversations. D．To explore the reasons for people’s showing off in conversations. 【答案】C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文通过分析“boomerasking”现象，揭示了对话中自我中心的问题，呼吁人们通过真诚倾听和回应建立更好的人际连接。故选C。 （2025·北京房山·二模）“I’m really tired—do you have any ideas for getting a good night’s sleep?” Sleep is not only a common topic in our daily talks, but we have also spent many years trying to understand and explain it. After all, we spend about 26 years of our lives sleeping. So, what do we know? Here are the main points from the research in the last ten years. Studies have shown that getting enough sleep is good for keeping a strong immune system (免疫系统). When we sleep, our body not only rests but also works hard to strengthen our defenses against diseases. So, if you want to stay healthy and avoid getting sick easily, make sure to have a good night’s sleep. It’s not just about feeling refreshed in the morning; it’s also a powerful way to protect your body from illness. One of the most interesting findings is about lucid dreaming. It seems it’s possible to communicate with people while they’re sleeping. In a study, the researchers found the dreamers could use their thinking abilities, like short—term memory, while sleeping. This connection between the dream world and the real world has brought excitement to the sleep science community. Sleep can also help our memory and problem-solving. A 2023 review of research by Denis and Cairney noted that when we sleep, our brains go over the things that happened during the day. This is very important for keeping our memories. A 2019 study by Sanders and his team found that people were more likely to solve a difficult problem the next day if the problem was in their minds during sleep. So, if you can’t work out the problem, rest well and return to it in the morning. What if you are unlucky and don’t get enough sleep? Unfortunately, you may be at higher risk of negative moods and worse emotional controlling. But the good news is that there are lots of ways to help you sleep better. The UK’s National Health Service suggests going to bed at a fixed time, doing some quiet thinking before bed, which they call “beditation” and not drinking coffee before bed. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show different kinds of sleep disorders. B．To provide trips for improving sleep quality. C．To explain the science behind lucid dreaming. D．To discuss the importance of sleep and its effects. 【答案】D 主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文主要围绕睡眠对免疫、记忆、情绪等方面的影响展开，核心是讨论其重要性及作用。故选D。 考点二 推理判断题 推理判断题要求考生对文本内容或作者的情感、态度、目的做出合理的判断和推理，在C篇、D篇考查频率较高。根据其推断的内容，可分为三类，即细节判断类、写作目的推断类、情景推断类。 细节判断类 细节判断类需判断文章细节或作者观点、态度与原文内容是否相符，其常见设题方式如下所示： What can we learn from the passage?/What do you know about...? From this passage, we can infer/know/learn that __. The writer probably agrees that __. 细节判断题实际考查的是对文章细节的理解，选项中只有1项与原文表述一致，其他3个选项均为对原文的错误表述。该类型题目可以用判断正误法逐项判断选项是否与原文内容一致。 判断正误法 例 [2023北京C篇节选]Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce（减少） food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, （C选项对应的原文） stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality（质量）. （B选项对应的原文）Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes. （D选项对应的原文）One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family. （A选项对应的原文）Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area. 问：What can we learn from the passage? A. Food recycling has been hugely successful. B. Buyers should give up non-top quality food. C. Stores should train people to make delicious dishes. D. Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice. [答案]D 解题步骤 Step 1 画出选项关键词，根据关键词找到A、B、C、D四个选项对应的原文内容。 Step 2 比对选项及其对应的原文内容，判断选项正误。 A选项对应的原文提到食物回收的相关工作已经在进行中，并没有说已经取得了巨大成功，故A项错误； B选项对应的原文是说有时非顶级食品也很好吃，也能用来做美食，而不是说应该放弃，故B项错误； C选项对应的原文是说商店应该为顾客提供指导，告诉人们如何充分利用食物，而不是培训人们做美食，故C项错误； D选项对应的原文提到最难以实现的解决方法之一是按计划购买和准备食物，与该选项意思相符，故D项正确。 写作目的推断类 写作目的推断题分两类，一类为对段落中提及某人/某事物的目的推断，一类为对全文的写作目的推断。常见的设题方式有以下几种： Why does the writer talk about...? The writer mentions...in Paragraph 2 to show that __. The writer wants/intends to tell us that __. What's the main purpose of the passage? 写作目的题的选项一般会有以下动词：introduce （介绍）、suggest （提议）、explain （解释）、discuss （讨论）、compare （比较）、question （质疑）、stress （强调）、remind （提醒）、show （展示）等。 提及某人/某事物的目的推断 段落中提及的某人/某事物，尤其是举例子，一般是为了解释说明示例前面的观点/段落主旨/主题句/中心句；如果所提及的内容在首段，多是为了引出全文主题。这都需要借助该段语境/主旨进行推断。 语境/主旨推断 例 [2021北京D篇节选]Over the past century and a half, however, studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation（适应）. Consider, for example, hunting（打猎）. It seems to be an adaptation, which allowed humans to move into new and different areas, opening up the opportunity to change living habits. At the same time, the development of weapons（武器） is related to that adaptation—from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons. Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities, such as balancing on one foot. Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance, a key expression of human culture. It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied. 问：Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3? A. To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits. B. To stress the importance of tools in humans' struggle for life. C. To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment. D. To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons. [答案]C 解题步骤 Step 1 画出题干关键词，找到对应的原文。 Step 2 深入分析对应的原文语境，找出该段的主旨句/中心句/关键句。 该段主题句位于studies...have shown that后，意为“文化的形成是生物适应的一部分”。文中hunting为举例内容，其目的是证实上文主题句。 Step 3 对比选项，选出与主题句意思最贴近的选项。 C选项的culture develops和humans adapt to the environment分别是对原文主题句中the formation of culture和biological adaptation的同义转述。A、B、D选项只是对原文部分细节进行复现，并不是该段的写作目的。 全文写作目的推断 从篇章本身来看，作者写该篇章都是围绕主旨来写的，篇章结构一般为“是什么”——介绍某主旨内容、“为什么”——主旨内容的原因、“怎么做”——如何实现主旨内容，因此需要借助理解主旨来推断写作目的；此外，篇章最后一段会显示出篇章止于何处，彰显作者的写作目的，因此也需要细读尾段。 主旨推断+细读尾段 例 [2022北京D篇节选] A Pathway（路径） to Meaning in Life When it comes to a meaningful life... Then, what makes a meaningful life? Many researchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors（因素）: having long-term goals, believing that one's life matters, and feeling that one's life fits together and “makes sense”. But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimes life enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating（欣赏） such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation （EA）. ... It shows the discovery of and admiration for life's beauty. We recently set out to better understand EA in studies. We were interested in whether EA was also tied to general judgment of meaning in life. If so, it could be a factor for meaningfulness. In the first study, we had people rate（评估） their support for different methods of reducing stress. ... In the next study, we asked people to rate the degree to which they agreed with various statements... Our results showed that the more people reported that they were “appreciating life” and its many experiences, the more they felt their life was valuable. In the following studies, we further looked at the connection between EA and meaningfulness. ... All the results proved our theory（假设） true. But putting it into practice can be difficult. ... We should slow down and let life surprise us. 问：What is the writer's main purpose in writing this passage? A. To explain how to discover beauty in life. B. To discuss what the true meaning of life is. C. To introduce a new factor for a meaningful life. D. To compare different factors for meaningfulness. [答案]C 解题步骤 Step 1 通过主题句法和篇章结构法来分析篇章主旨大意。 Para. 1引出“什么构成有意义的生活”这一话题； Para. 2许多研究者认为的构成有意义生活的3个因素； Para. 3提出新观点——体验式欣赏（EA）; Para. 4~Para. 7开展不同研究探索体验式欣赏是不是构成有意义生活的一个因素； Para. 8得出结论并提出如何在实际生活中实践体验式欣赏。 全文主旨大意：通过多个研究验证，体验式欣赏是构成有意义生活的一个新的因素。 Step 2 细读文章尾段，推断写作目的。 根据文章尾段“All the results proved our theory true.”，可推测全文是在验证体验式欣赏是不是有意义生活的一个因素。 Step 3 对比选项，找到涉及文章主旨大意的选项。 由本文主旨大意和尾段内容可知，C项的“为了介绍有意义的生活的一个新因素”就是本文的写作目的，故C项正确。 情景推断类 情景推断题考查对文中重点论述的某个观点/概念/方法的理解，选项一般为不同的生活情景，要求选出符合该观点/概念/方法的情景。常见的设题方式如下所示： You were most probably in...condition when __. You will most probably experience...when you __. According to the writer, we can...by __. 情景推断题考查的是文中重点论述的观点/概念/方法，原文一般会使用概念解释和示例来加以论述，因此可利用原文中的解释和示例来找出选项中与之相符的情景。 原文概念示例法 例 [2023北京D篇节选]Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one's ability is enjoyable， as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn't know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. You will most probably experience enjoyment when you _ _ _ _ . A. buy expensive shoes B. order a delicious meal C. talk with friends for new ideas D. sit quietly in front of a television [答案]C 解题步骤 Step 1 画出题干关键信息。 Step 2 使用题干关键信息到文中定位，画出对该观点/概念/方法的解释和示例。 原文解释了enjoyment的特点，即带有好奇感和成就感，能使人改变和成长；示例包括打网球提升能力、读书开启新视角、交谈中被激发出未曾意识到的想法。 Step 3 比对选项场景和原文中画出的内容，找出正确选项。 C选项中的场景与原文中的having a conversation...know we had这一示例相似，且能使人获得成就感。 （2025·北京东城·二模） Still, we recognise that social rules discourage overly self-centred behaviour and try to deal with this problem with some indirect habits. People who want others to admire them might pretend (假装) to complain while actually showing off, like saying, “I’m tired from all the interviews about my new book.” Others wanting to seem higher position might give mixed praise, like “Your ideas were pretty good, for a beginner.” But compared with these ways we try to hide our self-centredness, boomerasking may be worse because it reduces the benefits of asking questions. The writer probably agrees that ________. A．boomerasking balances caring about others and opening up B．self-centredness is unwelcome even when expressed indirectly C．mixed praise is a straight and honest way to express admiration D．it’s wise to shape others’ opinions by sharing a lot about yourself 【答案】B 推理判断题。根据第五段指出，人们通过“假装抱怨式炫耀” 或 “混合式赞美” 等间接方式掩盖自我中心，但作者认为“boomerasking 比这些方式更糟糕”，暗示任何形式的自我中心行为都不受欢迎，故选B。 （2025·北京房山·二模） Sleep can also help our memory and problem-solving. A 2023 review of research by Denis and Cairney noted that when we sleep, our brains go over the things that happened during the day. This is very important for keeping our memories. A 2019 study by Sanders and his team found that people were more likely to solve a difficult problem the next day if the problem was in their minds during sleep. So, if you can’t work out the problem, rest well and return to it in the morning. What if you are unlucky and don’t get enough sleep? Unfortunately, you may be at higher risk of negative moods and worse emotional controlling. But the good news is that there are lots of ways to help you sleep better. The UK’s National Health Service suggests going to bed at a fixed time, doing some quiet thinking before bed, which they call “beditation” and not drinking coffee before bed. Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Drinking coffee before bed helps you form beditation. B．Our brains can get a good rest when we sleep in the night. C．Sleep is important for daily work and emotional controlling. D．Dreamers could use short-term memory to solve problems. 【答案】C 推理判断题。根据第四段“Sleep can also help our memory and problem-solving.”可知，睡眠帮助记忆和解决问题，对应“daily work”；又根据最后一段“What if you are unlucky and don’t get enough sleep? Unfortunately, you may be at higher risk of negative moods and worse emotional controlling.”可知，睡眠不足会导致情绪控制能力下降，反向说明睡眠对“emotional controlling”重要。故选C。 （1） （2025·北京门头沟·二模）A study published just last month, in April 2025, showed that 164 children from ages 7—10 put more trust in the search engines (引擎) all the time than in asking a person—and that trust increases as children get older. Interestingly, when kids were asked whether a person or a search engine would be better at predicting the future, they showed less trust in general, but still preferred searching for answers online. Why? Many answered that the search engine has a lot of information. Still, they didn’t consider what they’re missing: not only the chance to discuss with a real person, but more basically, the deepening of their relationships. This isn’t just about how long kids can stay focused. Pioneering research from Dr. Rachel Romeo’s team at Harvard shows that the quality of child-adult conversation directly shapes brain development, especially in areas responsible for focus, critical thinking, and emotion management. Their functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (功能性磁共振成像) studies show that kids who have more interactive (互动的) conversations show stronger brain connections between language and decision-making areas. These conversations do more than build brains, though. They’re key to strengthening (加强) the connections between children and their parents. Consider the difference between 1. sitting quietly without saying a word; 2. asking, “When are you going to finish your homework?”; and 3. asking, “Why do you think your friend is having so much trouble?” In the first two situations, kids aren’t given the chance to think through their ideas, nor do they get the chance to spend time learning how we or others think. That’s not the way to build their skill of seeing things from others’ viewpoints and their feelings of connectedness. In an increasingly separated world, that level of connectedness is key. It’s a quality we need to get back. A 2024 article by Dubinsky and Hamid found that children learn best when allowed to grapple with challenging ideas in an active learning environment. These environments give them more control and also encourage their curiosity and drive. Yet today’s “just search online” culture steals this key cognitive (认知的) exercise from them and takes away that more active, positive effort. 1．Why does the writer compare three situations in Paragraph 5? A．To stress the importance of silence in child development. B．To criticize parents for asking too many questions about homework. C．To argue that children should avoid interacting with adults altogether. D．To show how conversations influence children’s ability to understand others. 2．What does the word “grapple” in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Use search engines. B．Avoid hard tasks. C．Try hard to solve a problem. D．Accept information. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．FMRI is unnecessary for studying brain development. B．Kids should be encouraged to have more interactive talks with adults. C．Modern technology has little negative influence on children’s learning. D．Using search engines is a better way for children to learn new information. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To tell us how search engines work effectively. B．To tell us the role of fMRI in studying brain development. C．To tell us modern technology has little positive influence on learning. D．To tell us to reduce the dependence on search engines and talk to others more. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，探讨了儿童过度依赖搜索引擎而忽视人际互动对大脑发展和情感联结的负面影响。 1．推理判断题。根据“In the first two situations...nor do they get the chance to spend time learning how we or others think.”可知，前两种交流情境没有留给孩子机会花时间学习我们或他人的思维方式，这会影响他们理解其他人的能力。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据“that children learn best when allowed to grapple with challenging ideas in an active learning environment.”和“today’s ‘just search online’ culture steals this key cognitive (认知的) exercise from them”可知，在“grapple with challenging ideas”这种情况下儿童能获得最佳学习效果，但是“上网搜索就行”的文化剥夺了他们这项关键的认知训练，所以“grapple with challenging ideas”是“认知训练”，结合选项可知最可能是“努力解决问题”。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“...that kids who have more interactive (互动的) conversations show stronger brain connections between language and decision-making areas.”可知，那些进行更多互动对话的儿童，其大脑中语言区域和决策区域之间的联系更强，所以要鼓励孩子们与成年人进行更多的互动对话。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据“These conversations do more than build brains, though. They’re key to strengthening (加强) the connections between children and their parents.”可知，对话不仅仅是建立大脑，还加强孩子和父母之间的联系，所以作者鼓励多和其他人对话；根据“Yet today’s ‘just search online’ culture steals this key cognitive (认知的) exercise from them and takes away that more active, positive effort.”可知，当今“上网搜索就行”的文化不仅剥夺了儿童这项关键的认知训练，还消解了那种更为主动、积极的努力，所以要减少对搜索引擎的依赖。故选D。 （2） （2025·北京石景山·二模）Have you ever assumed (假设) something about someone, only to find out later that you were completely wrong? Making assumptions is a common habit, but it can often create effects that cloud our thinking and hurt others. We use assumptions in daily life to make quick decisions. For example, if you see dark clouds, you assume it might rain and bring an umbrella. In this case, assumptions help us act efficiently. However, when dealing with human beings, assumptions—even those made with good purposes—often lead to dangerous results and spread wrong ideas that gradually weaken real understanding. One major problem with assumptions is that they are often based on limited information. Imagine you see someone arriving late to work every day. You might assume they are irresponsible or lazy. However, what if they are taking care of a sick family member in the morning? Without knowing the full story, the assumption creates an unfair image of the person. This not only leads to incorrect judgments but also affects how we treat others. Another problem is that assumptions can lead to biases (偏见). If we assume all teenagers are careless or that people from a certain place behave in a specific way, we develop unfair biases. These assumptions not only limit our understanding of others but also prevent meaningful interactions. Over time, such fixed thinking can make us less open-minded and more judgmental. Making assumptions also affects communication. Instead of asking questions, people assume they already know what others mean. This often results in unnecessary arguments. For example, if a friend cancels plans at the last minute, you might assume they don’t value your friendship. In reality, they might have had an emergency. So why do people make assumptions? One reason is that our brains like quick explanations. It takes time and effort to study a situation, so we depend on assumptions to fill in the gaps. Another reason is past experiences. If someone had a bad experience with a certain type of situation, they might assume all similar situations will turn out the same way. This prevents personal growth and can lead to unnecessary fear or anger. The good news is that we can train ourselves to stop making harmful assumptions. Instead of believing the first thought that comes to mind, we should stop and ask questions. Putting ourselves in others’ shoes can also help us take the place of assumptions with understanding. Simple actions like listening actively, and giving people the benefit of the doubt can improve how we view others and strengthen relationships. Nobody likes being misunderstood, yet we often assume things about others without realizing it. By avoiding assumptions, we can build stronger relationships, reduce unnecessary fights, and develop a more open-minded view of the world. 1．According to the passage, making assumptions about others can . A．help people avoid arguments B．strengthen teenagers’ abilities of guessing C．form misunderstandings and unfair judgements D．help personal growth by quick decision-making 2．According to the passage, why do people often make assumptions? A．It’s easier than finding out the truth. B．They are too shy to ask questions. C．They trust their own judgements. D．It helps them avoid arguments. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．People who have bad experiences are more likely to question assumptions. B．People who make assumptions are unable to understand difficult situations. C．Assumptions should be avoided since they are based on incorrect information. D．Assumptions are useful for weather predictions but harmful in human interaction. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To prove assumptions can harm friendships. B．To explain how assumptions help solve problems. C．To describe situations when assumptions are helpful. D．To encourage people to ask questions instead of assuming. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【原文】本文探讨了 “假设” 的影响，指出对人做出假设会导致误解和偏见，分析了人们倾向于做假设的原因，并倡导通过提问和理解替代假设。 1．细节理解题。根据“ Making assumptions is a common habit, but it can often create effects that cloud our thinking and hurt others.”及“the assumption creates an unfair image of the person”可知，对他人做假设会导致误解和不公平判断。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“our brains like quick explanations. It takes time and effort to study a situation, so we depend on assumptions”可知，人们做假设是因为大脑倾向于快速解释，避免深入探究的麻烦。选项A “这比查明真相更容易”符合语境。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据“if you see dark clouds, you assume it might rain...help us act efficiently” 及 “when dealing with human beings, assumptions...lead to dangerous results”可知，作者认为假设在天气预测等场景有用，但在人际交往中有害。选项D“假设对天气预测有用，但在人际交往中有害”与作者观点一致。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据“we can train ourselves to stop making harmful assumptions. Instead...ask questions”及结尾呼吁“By avoiding assumptions...build stronger relationships”可知，作者旨在鼓励人们通过提问替代假设。故选D。 （3） （2025·北京丰台·二模） No one wants to be seen as a liar. Liars are considered untrustworthy at best and immoral at worst. And yet, we keep lying to ourselves all the time. “I’ll enjoy this sleeve of Oreos today because my diet starts tomorrow,” I might tell myself. Or even — ironically — “I am always honest with myself.” Few people are completely honest with others. Research from the University of Massachusetts on undergraduate students found that 60 percent lied at least once during a 10-minute conversation, and many lied several times. No one is completely honest with themselves, because, the truth hurts. Sometimes, people engage in (参与) self-deception to protect their ego (自尊) or gather courage. For example, if you are not good at public speaking, you might try to increase your courage before a scary presentation by talking to yourself, “I am a great public speaker!” However, to fake it till you make it is one thing; to fake it forever, even to yourself, is entirely different. Such is the case if your success at work or school is the result of cheating but you choose to chalk it up to your own merit (优秀品质). All that self-deception takes a lot of work to maintain (保持). It is costly not only because avoiding problems can make them worse but also because the procrastinator (拖延者) must do the mental work of a task over and over, without reaping (获得) the rewards of actually getting it done. Why write “Change banks” on your to-do list for months on end instead of doing it once and being free of the task? Self-deception will never lead you to the deepest kind of satisfaction. That contentment can be found only within the true version of yourself. Personal integrity (正直) is absolutely necessary for personal progress, which psychologists show is a central element of happiness. Progress requires knowing honestly where you are compared with where you have been. If you ignore your flaws (缺点), you can’t correct them. Research shows that self-deception is connected with an inability to see our own flaws, which makes self-improvement harder. Refusing to admit that I am a bit neurotic(神经质的) might make me feel better in the moment, but it also discourages me from undertaking efforts to change for the long-term good of myself and those around me. 1．Why does the author use the example of Oreos in Paragraph 1? A．To prove that eating snacks affects people’s dieting plans. B．To show a common form of self-deception in daily life. C．To stress the popularity of Oreos among dieters. D．To explain why lying to others is harmful. 2．What does the underlined phrase “chalk it up to” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Add it up to. B．Think of it as. C．Take it away from. D．Write it down as. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Making a to-do-list helps avoid lying to yourself. B．Never-ending satisfaction results in self-deception. C．Self-deception is a harmless way to protect their ego. D．Admitting our flaws is important for self-improvement. 4．What is the writer’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to stop lying to themselves. B．To introduce a new study about self-deception. C．To tell people to see and correct their flaws. D．To show the bad effects of self-deception. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，讨论了自我欺骗的现象和危害。 1．细节理解题。根据“And yet, we keep lying to ourselves all the time”可知，本段是讨论人们在生活中经常自己骗自己，因此举出吃完奥利奥再减肥的事例，是为了说明在生活中，自我欺骗的现象很常见。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据“Such is the case if your success at work or school is the result of cheating but you choose to chalk it up to your own merit”可知，如果你在工作或学习上的成功是作弊的结果，那么把作弊取得的成功记成自己的功劳，也是一种自我欺骗。chalk it up to表示“当做是，被认为是”，意思与think of it as一致。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据“Research shows that self-deception is connected with an inability to see our own flaws, which makes self-improvement harder.”可知，研究表明，自我欺骗与认识不到自己的缺点有关，这使得自我完善变得更加困难。因此，只有承认自己的缺点对于获得自我完善很重要。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文讨论了自我欺骗的现象和危害，意在劝诫人们不要继续自我欺骗，鼓励人们正视缺点，实现自我提升。故选A。 （4） （2025·北京大兴·二模）Have you ever entered a room, only to forget what you went in there to do? Scientists think that the brain considers entering a doorway as a new scene, causing you to temporarily (暂时的) erase the short-term memory of why you went there. This is just one of the brain’s many unusual memory habits. And while forgetting can be discouraging, the human body can only work with a balance of erased and consolidated (已巩固的) memories. Your memory shapes who you are, provides meaning to your surroundings and allows you to form relationships. Your memory also serves as a survival tool. By learning what’s dangerous and remembering simple information such as where to find food, you’re better able to choose what will benefit you and what to avoid using your past experiences. When you learn new information, the brain forms new connections between nerve cells called neurons. This creates a map throughout the brain that makes stored information easier to find. The more you review, the stronger that connection becomes and the easier it is to remember. It might seem like the busier this neural map is, the more intelligent you will become. But just as a smart phone slows down when its storage reaches its limit, your brain is more efficient when it has less to process. It actively forgets information that isn’t reused by weakening the connections between neurons. Stopping unimportant information from becoming active memories prevents the brain becoming overwhelmed (不堪重负). In other examples, painful mind-consuming (精神消耗) memories of traumatic events can be blocked or rewritten to cause less pain. Forgetting these painful memories keeps the emotional stability needed in the brain for effective daily work. Forgetting also builds creativity. If memories were everlasting, our brains couldn’t develop new ways of thinking. Creativity provides humans the ability to explore new ways to problems. When you feel overwhelmed or stressed, your brain is less able to form new thinking patterns and returns to more rigid (死板的) habits and thought processes. This is sometimes the reason for experiencing a mental block during creative activities. Forgetting is often considered a weakness. But our memory is ever-developing and forgetting should be considered more of a superpower. When you erase the noise consuming your memory, more energy can be led into focusing and prioritizing (优先处理) the information needed to shape your sense of self and to stay mentally healthy. 1．What can we know about our memory? A．New environment prevents the short-term memory from being erased. B．Memory protects us from dangerous situations by recalling what to avoid. C．Erasing the short-term memory sometimes gives us a sense of inability. D．Our memory rather than forgetfulness can keep our bodies working well. 2．What does the phrase “traumatic events” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Exciting and dangerous activities. B．Mysterious and awful experiences. C．Tiring and uninteresting activities. D．Painful and worrying experiences. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Forgetting unimportant information can help the brain work effectively. B．Forgetting is the ability to form new thinking patterns to solve problems. C．We will experience mental block if we take part in more creative activities. D．The more information the brain processes, the more efficient it will become. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show how forgetting benefits us. B．To encourage us to improve our memory. C．To explain how we learn new information. D．To advise us to review regularly. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文主要说明了遗忘在大脑运作中的重要作用。文章指出记忆能够帮助我们识别危险、积累经验，而适当的遗忘既能缓解大脑负担，也能保持情绪稳定，并促进创造性思维的发展，最后强调遗忘应被视为一种有益的“超能力”。 1．细节理解题。根据“Your memory also serves as a survival tool.…you’re better able to choose what will benefit you and what to avoid using your past experiences.”可知，记忆在回忆危险并让人知道应当避免什么方面起到保护作用。选项B“记忆通过回想该避免什么来保护我们远离危险”与文意相符。故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据“painful mind-consuming (精神消耗) memories of traumatic events can be blocked or rewritten to cause less pain.”可知，创伤事件的痛苦记忆可以被屏蔽或重写，以减少痛苦。这里的“traumatic events”指让人感到痛苦和担忧的经历。故选D。 1．推理判断题。根据“It actively forgets information that isn’t reused by weakening the connections between neurons. Stopping unimportant information from becoming active memories prevents the brain becoming overwhelmed (不堪重负).”可推断，遗忘不重要的信息有助于大脑的正常运作和提高效率。选项A“遗忘不重要的信息能帮助大脑更有效地工作”符合作者观点。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者通过多方面阐述遗忘对人类思维、情绪和创造力的积极作用，从而说明“遗忘是种益处”，A项“展示遗忘如何给我们带来好处”与文章主旨吻合。故选A。 （5） （2025·北京顺义·二模）David never thought of himself as a negative person. But three trips to the hospital in one month led him to reconsider his mindset towards life. Before May 2018, he was healthy. He was living in New York City, working at a company he founded and cycling daily. Yet David always felt worried. One day, his health began to suffer. He could hardly walk, could not see clearly, and his blood pressure suddenly increased greatly. At the hospital, doctors suspected (怀疑) a stroke but never found the cause. A close friend pointed out David’s negative mindset and suggested he might be burned out. David describes this friend as “one of the most optimistic (乐观的) people” he knows. After recovery, David started looking at the world very differently. He started deep, calm, purposeful breathing, taking time each morning to feel thankful to be alive, and found purpose by co-founding a nonprofit (非盈利的) organization. Since then, he hasn’t experienced similar health problems, crediting (归功于) his new positive mindset. “After there was a life-changing event,” he said. “it forced me to become optimistic. I can’t imagine living life the way I did before.” His story is similar to what many studies show about positive thinking and health. Studies have shown a link between a positive mindset and good health. “Optimism means the expectation that good things will happen, or believing the future will be favorable because we can control important outcomes,” said Hayami Koga. She is a researcher at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. She was the lead writer on a 2022 study that found optimism was linked to longer lives and a greater chance of living past the age of 90. Another study showed optimists generally stayed in better physical health as they aged. “Some people are born more optimistic. However, it can be learned,” said Sue Varma. She is a professor of psychiatry at New York University. She said that even for people who do not naturally “see the glass half full”, there are skills that you can learn. Varma suggests noticing how you deal with uncertainty. Do you worry and wait for the worst to happen? If you do, then try to re-think the situation by looking for silver linings or determining whether a problem can be solved. Imagine the best possible result and steps to get there. Finding purpose through volunteering or bringing your interests to work can help, as can learning new skills to keep your mind from thinking too much about negative situations. Though changing your mindset isn’t easy, regular practice helps. “It’s a toolset. It’s a mindset,” Varma said, adding that it’s something she practices daily. 1．Why does the writer use the example of David in the first two paragraphs? A．To focus on the importance of hard work and effort. B．To warn about sudden health problems among young people. C．To show how a negative mindset can lead to health problems. D．To explain why people can be successful even with health problems. 2．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Being optimistic is all up to chance. B．Hoping for good things happens every day. C．Seeing the glass half full avoids challenges. D．Changing one’s mindset takes practice and effort. 3．What does the phrase “silver linings” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．The hidden causes behind an unexpected event. B．The positive side in a bad situation. C．The quick decision on a situation. D．The way to deal with uncertainty. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To discuss the influence of optimism. B．To encourage people to stay optimistic. C．To compare different ways to learn optimism. D．To provide some evidence of being optimistic. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了积极心态对健康的重要性，通过大卫的个人经历和多项研究结果，论证了负面心态可能引发健康问题，而乐观心态有助于改善健康状况、延长寿命，并鼓励人们通过练习培养乐观心态。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段和第二段描述David因负面心态导致健康问题，后通过转变为积极心态恢复健康的内容可知，作者用David的例子是为了展示负面心态如何导致健康问题。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Some people are born more optimistic. However, it can be learned”以及最后一段“Though changing your mindset isn’t easy, regular practice helps”可知，作者认为改变心态需要练习和努力。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据“silver linings”所在句的上下文“re-think the situation by looking for…”和“determining whether a problem can be solved”可推断，该短语指在糟糕情境中寻找积极面。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。全文通过David的案例和科学研究强调乐观心态对健康的益处，并给出培养乐观心态的方法，主要目的是鼓励人们保持乐观。故选B。 （6） （2025·北京海淀·二模）Do we use technology, or does it use us? Do our gadgets (设备) improve our lives or just make us weak and lazy? These are old questions, maybe older than you think. Back in 370 BC, Socrates warned that writing could hurt memory. After all, if we write things down, do we still need to remember them? We’ve always greeted new technologies with a mixture of fascination and fear. In 1931, John Bakeless wrote that it was time to ask, “How far is the use of machines something calling for vigorous resistance; and how far is it a good thing, to which we may willingly give in?” The technology that alarmed him might seem, to us, laughably low-tech: printing machines. “It is a curious fact,” he wrote, “we have overlooked the machine’s deep influence on the human mind.” He was particularly worried about how technology was used by the media to control what people thought and talked about. For the first time, he believed, a world-wide public opinion was becoming possible. About 50 years later, as telephone answering machines became common, some people worried that machines, while useful, were encouraging self-centered thoughts and actions, resulting in social isolation (隔绝). In 2017, musician and thinker David Byrne said that social media allowed us to stay “connected” without meeting face-to-face. But he also stressed it would increase divisions by strengthening echo effects—people only hear ideas they already believe. Just last year, Will Douglas warned that AI tools would destroy children’s critical thinking skills. But maybe it’s time we pause and ask: do our fears about new technologies come to pass? Most of the time, no. Throughout history, we’ve shifted between “Wow, this is amazing!” and “It’s scary—this is going to change us in some negative way.” And then, something interesting happens—we get used to it and life goes on. Maybe the problem isn't technology at all; maybe it’s us. Technology doesn’t make us weak, lazy or foolish. It’s our fear of it that holds us back. The printing press, the telephone, and the Internet all seemed scary at first. Now, they’re just part of everyday life. If we are to ever create the ideal human society—one with enough time for art, music and science—it was unlikely we’d get it done without technology. We just need to make sure that technology serves us instead of the other way around. Just as Bakeless wrote back in 1931, “We must put the machine in its place.” 1．The words “vigorous resistance” in Paragraph 2 are closest in meaning to “________”. A．active attention B．strong opposition C．careful planning D．rapid spread 2．What is Bakeless’s opinion on the printing machines? A．They would cause a world-wide discussion. B．They were important tools for the news industry. C．They might help the media control people's minds. D．They encouraged self-centered thoughts and actions. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Socrates was right in warning about the effect of writing. B．Social media is sure to influence people in negative ways. C．AI tools have improved children's critical thinking ability. D．Worries about new technologies are actually unnecessary. 4．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To argue that technology is harmful to humans by nature. B．To remind people not to fear technology but to use it wisely. C．To teach us to create an ideal society with modern machines. D．To show the role of technology in the development of society. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文主要探讨了人类对新技术的恐惧与适应，通过历史案例和辩证分析，揭示技术与人类关系的本质。 1．词义猜测题。根据“We’ve always greeted new technologies with a mixture of fascination and fear.”以及“ ‘How far is the use of machines something calling for vigorous resistance; and how far is it a good thing, to which we may willingly give in?’ ”可知，我们总带着即着迷又害怕的复杂心情迎接新技术，所提出的两个问题，是对机器使用不同态度的对比，一种是需要……的；另一种是可以欣然接受的。故划线部分“vigorous resistance”意为“强烈反对”。故选B。 2．观点态度题。根据第二段“He was particularly worried about how technology was used by the media to control what people thought and talked about.”可知，Bakeless担心印刷机被媒体用来控制人们的思想。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Maybe the problem isn’t technology at all; maybe it’s us. Technology doesn’t make us weak, lazy or foolish. It’s our fear of it that holds us back.”可知，作者认为人们对技术的担忧大多未成真，问题在于人类自身而非技术。故选项D“新技术的担忧其实不必要”符合作者观点。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，全文通过多个历史案例说明人们对技术的恐惧常被夸大，最终呼吁正确使用技术。选项B“为了提醒人们不要害怕技术而是要智慧使用它。”最能准确概括这一目的。故选B。 （7） （2025·北京平谷·二模） A Grateful Mindset vs a Growth Mindset Have you ever noticed how some people seem to navigate (导航) life with quiet strength, no matter the situations? It’s not because their lives are easier or free of challenges. Their secret lies in their attitude: they live with a grateful mindset. A grateful mindset isn’t about turning a blind eye to life’s difficulties. It’s about seeing life as a series of gifts—some wrapped in beautiful paper, others hidden inside hard lessons. This way of thinking changes not just how you feel, but how you live. In many ways, a grateful mindset and a growth mindset go hand in hand. Coined by psychologist Carol Dweck, a growth mindset focuses on learning, adapting, and growing from life’s experiences. With a grateful mindset, this outlook transforms challenges into stepping stones for a meaningful and effective life. A grateful mindset is centered on appreciating the positive aspects of life, even during difficult times. It roots us in the present, helping us find value in where we are. A growth mindset, on the other hand, is the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort and persistence (坚持). It encourages us to accept challenges and work on growth. While different, these mindsets support each other. Being thankful helps you stay hopeful and strong when facing difficulties, which supports a growth mindset. For example, being grateful for small progress can motivate continued effort toward larger goals. Gratitude and growth create a positive feedback loop (反馈回路). Gratitude strengthens our sense of self-worth, while a growth mindset inspires us to move forward. Together, they encourage strength, curiosity, and openness. People who show gratitude seem to attract positive and meaningful connections. Why? Because gratitude changes how we interact with the world. For instance, when a student fails an exam, gratitude for the effort and lessons learned can motivate them to study harder and perform better next time. This combination (结合) turns setbacks into opportunities for growth. Combining gratitude and growth doesn’t require big changes. Here are some practical steps: Accept challenges by asking, “What can I learn from this?” Express gratitude for lessons by thanking yourself for the skills gained from difficulties. Celebrate progress by focusing on how far you’ve come, not just what’s left to achieve. Gratitude makes life meaningful by helping us see possibilities and accept lessons. Let’s welcome gratitude and growth, and create a strong, meaningful life moment by moment. 1．You will probably have a growth mindset when ________. A．it was a rainy day, you stayed at home and enjoyed the family time B．someone found your lost phone, you felt grateful and treated him to a meal C．you had trouble with math, you thought and practised hard instead of giving up D．you failed an English speech, you felt sorry and locked yourself in your bedroom 2．What do you know about the grateful and growth mindsets from the passage? A．A grateful mindset focuses on developing intelligence and abilities. B．A grateful mindset doesn’t need to focus on the challenges in life. C．A growth mindset regards difficulties as a meaningful experience. D．The grateful and growth mindsets lift each other up and grow together. 3．What does the word “setbacks” in Paragraph 9 most probably mean? A．failures B．lessons C．successes D．performances 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．big changes are necessary to bring gratitude and growth together B．having a growth mindset is likely to build relationship with other people C．a grateful mindset makes people reduce motivation for growth and success D．a grateful mindset helps people develop by welcoming challenges positively 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了“感恩心态”和“成长心态”的关系及其对生活的积极影响。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第5段“A growth mindset…is the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort and persistence”和第9段“gratitude for the effort and lessons learned can motivate them to study harder”可知，成长心态的核心是面对困难时不放弃并努力改进。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第6段“these mindsets support each other”和第7段“Gratitude and growth create a positive feedback loop”可知，两种心态是协同作用的。选项D（感恩与成长心态相互促进）是全文核心观点。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据第9段“failed an exam…setbacks into opportunities for growth”（考试失败→将setbacks转化为成长机会）的上下文可知，“setbacks”指失败或挫折。故选A。 4．观点态度题。根据第2段“grateful mindset…seeing life as gifts”和第9段“For instance, when a student fails an exam, gratitude for the effort and lessons learned can motivate them to study harder and perform better next time.”可知，作者认为感恩心态能帮助人们积极面对挑战。选项D（感恩心态通过积极迎接挑战促进发展）正确。故选D。 （8） （2025·北京朝阳·二模）If you’re thinking about what job you want in the future, it’s likely you’ve heard this one before: “Just do what you enjoy!” In today’s world, making money isn’t easy no matter what you do, so why not do something you truly enjoy? That may sound like a smart plan: You move somewhere with a low cost of living, and even if the thing you love doesn’t make much money, you can still live well. But in reality, things aren’t that simple. Passion (热情) alone can’t always carry you through. Doing the job you love can bring you great feelings when life is easy and you are in a cheerful state. However, things can go wrong when you feel tired, feel lonely or get sick. Passion alone may not be enough. At those times, you may begin to ask yourself: “Is this really the right life for me?” Thinking about the job opportunities you passed by, you might even wonder if giving up that better job you could have had was a smart choice. I completely understand how that feels. As a writer, I truly enjoy my work. But there are days—like today—when it’s outside, I haven’t slept well, and all I want is to stay in bed. Still, even when I don’t feel like it, I still sit down and write. Why? Because passion isn’t the only thing that drives me. I also have a sense of purpose. I know that my writing helps people, and that keeps me going—even when passion fades. Actually, I have been through it many times—when I sit at my desk, staring (盯着) at the empty screen, feeling lost or tired. Writing doesn’t always feel fun. But because I have a purpose, I get through it every time. Over time, I’ve learned that passion makes you excited at first, but purpose helps you keep going when things get hard. If you know your work helps others, even in a small way, it feels more meaningful. To find your purpose, you need to try different things. Do different jobs, talk to new people, explore new places, and see what makes you feel happy and useful. You don’t need to know all the answers right now, but you do need to keep learning and keep exploring. One day, you may find the place where your passion and your purpose come together. And when that happens, I hope you build a life and a job that you truly enjoy. 1．You will most probably enjoy your work in the long run if you ________. A．move to a place with an affordable cost of living B．choose a job that makes you feel excited every day C．enjoy your work while knowing why it matters to you D．follow your heart without caring about others’ opinions 2．What does the word “fades” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Grows slowly. B．Becomes weaker. C．Moves quickly. D．Stays the same. 3．What do you know about passion and purpose from the passage? A．Purpose usually comes before passion in jobs. B．Purpose is the key for people to lead a rich life. C．People make a smart plan with purpose and passion. D．People need purpose more than passion at hard times. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show how people can find their purpose in jobs. B．To explain why passion alone is not enough at work. C．To compare different ways of choosing jobs in modern times. D．To introduce the challenge of making good job choices in life. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．B 【导语】本文主要通过个人经历和说理，指出职业选择需平衡热情与目的，尤其在困难时期，目的感是持续的动力。 1．细节理解题。根据“I’ve learned that passion makes you excited at first, but purpose helps you keep going when things get hard.”和“One day, you may find the place where your passion and your purpose come together. And when that happens, I hope you build a life and a job that you truly enjoy.”可知，此处说明如果工作能同时满足激情和目标才能让人真正长期享受。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据“I know that my writing helps people, and that keeps me going—even when passion fades.”可知，我知道我的写作帮助了人们，这让我继续下去——即使激情消失了，故fade意为“消失”与选项B“变得更弱”意思相同。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据“Over time, I’ve learned that passion makes you excited at first, but purpose helps you keep going when things get hard.”可推知，此处强调困难时期目标更重要。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据“Passion (热情) alone can’t always carry you through.”和“Passion alone may not be enough.”及通读全文可知，全文围绕“仅凭热情不足，需结合目标感”展开，选项B“解释在工作中为何仅靠热情是不够的。”准确概括主旨。故选B。 （9） （2025·北京昌平·二模）Post-traumatic (受伤后的) growth (PTG) refers to positive changes in a person as a result of dealing with life difficulties. If you've been through something traumatic, it may have been so painful and awful that it can feel like nothing will ever be the same again. However, over time, you might find that it has changed you and helped you grow. PTG was introduced by Dr. Richard Tedeschi and Dr. Lawrence Calhoun in 1996. Tedeschi and Calhoun published a paper in which they explained that someone who has experienced traumatic events may experience positive changes in the following aspects: personal strength, thankfulness for life, relationships with others, new possibilities in life and spiritual change. They also noted that people who have experienced traumatic events are more likely to report positive changes in themselves than people who haven't lived through anything unusual. Their 2018 study noted that people below the age of 60 were more likely to experience PTG than those older than 60. Given that trauma can lead to positive change, how do we navigate hardships to achieve PTG? According to the theory, these are the ways in which PTG happens. Process the trauma: Allow yourself to fully experience it. Don't avoid your feelings or try to suppress (克制) them. This process can be painful but it's necessary for you to accept the trauma and its effects on your life. Emotional regulation: You need to control negative emotions such as anger, fear, and bitterness, as well as put failures and losses behind you. Exercise, quiet time, breathing exercises, and relaxation ways can help you. Disclosure: This step involves talking about the traumatic experience and the various ways it has affected you. Describing the experience to others—both in the past and in the present—can help you reflect on it and process it. Service: After the trauma, you can help others in your community. For example, people may help other victims (受害者) who have had similar experiences, or work with organizations that are taking steps to prevent others from experiencing the same trauma. The examples include the donating and volunteering. PTG doesn't understate how hard trauma is, but instead shows how people adapt to it. When you go through hard times, don't let them discourage you. Instead, keep moving forward and discover light even in the darkest moments. 1．What do you know about PTG according to the passage? A．Trauma risks increase with personal changes. B．PTG refers to difficulties that hardly happen in life. C．Teenagers are more likely to develop PTG than adults. D．Positive changes may result from traumatic experiences. 2．You will most probably experience PTG when you ________. A．shut yourself away for months B．actively address negative emotions C．repeatedly recreate traumatic situations D．compare trauma experiences with those of friends 3．What does the word "Disclosure" in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Sharing B．Memorizing C．Summarization D．Performance 4．What is the writer's main purpose in writing this passage? A．To describe the importance of PTG in life. B．To praise people who recover from trauma. C．To stress that trauma is necessary for growth. D．To help people build inner power through PTG. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】全文介绍 PTG的定义、研究结果及实现方法（如处理创伤、情绪调节等），核心目的是引导读者通过PTG在困境中成长，建立内在力量。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Tedeschi and Calhoun published a paper in which they explained that someone who has experienced traumatic events may experience positive changes in the following aspects: personal strength, thankfulness for life, relationships with others, new possibilities in life and spiritual change.”可知，积极的变化可能源于创伤经历。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段“Describing the experience to others—both in the past and in the present—can help you reflect on it and process it.”可知，当你向别人积极表达你的消极情绪时，你很有可能正在体验创作后成长。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据“This step involves talking about the traumatic experience and the various ways it has affected you.”可知，此处是说和别人分享自己的创伤经历以及它对你的各种影响。“Disclosure”的意思是“分享”，故选A。 4．主旨大意题。阅读全文并根据“Given that trauma can lead to positive change, how do we navigate hardships to achieve PTG?”可知，本文主要讲述通过创伤后成长帮助人们建立内在力量。故选D。 （10） （2025·北京海淀·三模）We are in the midst of (处于……之中) a battle for our attention. Our devices have affected our brains and destroyed our collective ability to concentrate. Journalist Johann Hair’s new book, Stolen Focus, has just joined the voices complaining about the great influence of the digital age. His and other recent books reflect a public idea that our focus is under attack. Indeed, in our new research, we found some clear concerns. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets (渠道). There has long been a worry about the threat to attention brought by new cultural forms, whether that’s social media or the cheap paperback sensation (煽情) novels of the 19th century. Even as far back as ancient Greece, the philosopher Socrates complained that the written words created “forgetfulness in our souls.” There has always been a tendency to fear the effects that new media and technologies will have on our minds. The reality is that we simply don’t have long-term studies that tell us whether our attention spans have actually shrunk (缩短). What we do know from our study is that people overestimate (高估) some of the problems. There’s no such thing as an average attention span. Our ability to focus varies hugely depending on the individual and the task at hand. It’s also important not to ignore the many benefits that technology brings to our life. Much of the public surveyed recognized these, so while half thought big tech and social media were ruining young people’s attention spans, roughly another half felt that being easily distracted was more to do with people’s personalities than any negative influence that technology may or may not have. Also, half of the public believed multitasking at work and switching frequently between emails, phone calls, and other tasks can create a more efficient and satisfactory work experience. 1．What can we know about some of the participants in the new research? A．They were frequently disturbed by digital devices. B．They felt it hard to acquire useful information online. C．They had shorter attention spans than average people. D．They felt challenged by fierce competition from others. 2．Why does the author mention Socrates in Paragraph 3? A．To stress new cultural forms have limitations. B．To show worry about attention is an age-old problem. C．To prove the important role he played in literary history. D．To explain cultural differences between the past and the present. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．People tend to overestimate their abilities. B．Digital distractions might have potential benefits. C．Technology’s benefits have been largely ignored. D．Switching between different tasks frequently is difficult. 4．What message does the author want to convey? A．Digital devices can benefit our work. B．We should say “No” to digital devices. C．Digital distractions really affect us so much. D．We should think highly of new cultural forms. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文主要探讨数字时代对人类注意力造成的影响。通过调查数据、历史案例和辩证分析，文章指出公众普遍担忧注意力危机，但实际缺乏长期研究数据。同时强调技术带来的益处，主张客观看待注意力问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets.”可知，一半的被调查者认为他们的注意力持续时间比以前短了，相比之下，四分之一的人不这么认为。四分之三的参与者同意，我们生活在一个各种媒体渠道和信息渠道之间无休止地争夺我们注意力的时代。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“There has long been a worry about the threat to attention brought by new cultural forms, whether that’s.”可知，人们一直担心新的文化形式会威胁到人们的注意力，作者提及苏格拉底是为了表明对注意力的担忧是古老的问题。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It’s also important not to ignore the many benefits that technology brings to our life.”可推知，该段落介绍的是数字干扰给我们生活带来的好处。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“We are in the midst of a battle for our attention.”及全文内容可知，本文主要探讨数字时代对人类注意力造成的影响。通过调查数据、历史案例和辩证分析，文章指出公众普遍担忧注意力危机，但实际缺乏长期研究数据。同时强调技术带来的益处，主张客观看待注意力问题。故选A。 （11） （2024·北京西城·三模）At the heart of psychology is understanding behavior, and understanding behavior has much to do with understanding the brain. Neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) have become more efficient at mapping the brain and have gained more understanding of how the brain develops and works. Truly, differences in behavior as we age and between genders (性别), are most likely explained by the physical state (状态) of and changes in our brains. Around the age of 12, it is believed that the areas of the brain that are used most will be strengthened and cells in the brain that are not used tend to die. What you do with your brain in your teen years probably decides how your brain will work for the rest of your life. If a teen spends endless hours watching TV, the neural (神经的) connections that help the brain process TV are what will be strengthened. It is clear, therefore, that how young people spend their time is of great importance. Surprisingly, and different from earlier beliefs, the brain is still developing even in the early twenties. Areas of the brain that are related to emotion, decision making, reasoning, and problem solving are still not fully developed. This may go some way toward explaining why car accident rates in young people are significantly higher than those among older people. Young people don’t have the necessary skills to make complex (复杂的) judgments while driving. There are also differences in the way brains develop when it comes to gender. It appears that girls are ready to process more challenging information earlier than boys, with the area of the brain responsible for this activity peaking (达到峰值) at the age of 14 to 16 in boys, a full two years later than girls. In addition, studies have shown that girls and boys process language input in different parts of their brains. Girls typically tend to do better than boys in language, which means that they have more brain matter responsible for language skills. This kind of research raises important questions about how boys and girls should be taught in school to maximize (使最大化) their learning. For example, the idea of single-sex education should perhaps be taken into consideration. Experts say that we would do well to revisit the timing of the subjects taught in school, as some parts of the brain develop before others. Additionally, what we understand about the teenage brain should perhaps be taken into consideration when laws are being made with regard to the minimum (最低的) driving age. 1．According to the passage, young people are more likely to have car accidents because ________. A．they fail to realize the importance of skills B．they don’t have the necessary skills in driving C．certain areas in their brains are not fully developed D．their brains tend to be influenced by their emotions 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Earlier beliefs show the brain is still developing in the early twenties. B．Girls are better at language because they are devoted to language learning. C．How people spend their time when they’re teenagers affects their future life. D．Gender makes no difference when it comes to the physical state of the brain. 3．The word “revisit” in Paragraph 5 probably means “________”. A．visit once more B．consider once more C．deal with again D．come up with again 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Maps of the Brain B．Genders and the Brain C．The Efficient Brain D．The Developing Brain 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了人类的大脑在不断的发展，讲述了大脑在不同年龄段的发展情况以及性别对大脑发展的影响等内容。 1．细节理解题。根据“Surprisingly, and different from earlier beliefs, the brain is still developing even in the early twenties. Areas of the brain that are related to emotion, decision making, reasoning, and problem solving are still not fully developed. This may go some way toward explaining why car accident rates in young people are significantly higher than those among older people.”可知，年轻人更容易出车祸是因为大脑中与情感、决策、推理和解决问题相关的区域还没有完全发育，故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“What you do with your brain in your teen years probably decides how your brain will work for the rest of your life.”可推知，青少年时期如何使用大脑，即如何度过时间可能决定大脑在余生中的工作方式，也就是会影响未来生活，故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据“Experts say that we would do well to revisit the timing of the subjects taught in school, as some parts of the brain develop before others.”可知，专家说我们最好重新考虑学校教授学科的时间安排，因为大脑的某些部分比其他部分发育得早，这里“revisit”是再次考虑的意思，故选B。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知文章主要介绍了人类的大脑在不断的发展，讲述了大脑在不同年龄段的发展情况以及性别对大脑发展的影响等内容，故选D。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司2 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题13 阅读理解2 主旨大意题、推理判断题（复习讲义）（北京专用） 目 录 01 析·考情目标 02 筑·专题框架 03 攻·重难考点 真题动向 核心提炼 易错警示/技巧点拨 考点一 主旨大意题 考点二 推理判断题 04 测·预测闯关 命题透视 从命题内容上看，主要考查在说明文、议论文体的主旨大意题、推理判断题。 热考角度 考点 2025年 2024年 2023年 阅读理解 B篇第26小题 C篇第27、28小题 D篇第30、32、33小题 C篇第28、29小题 D篇第30、32、33小题 C篇第29小题 D篇第30、33小题 命题预测 主要在阅读理解C、D两题中考查。 推理判断题 在理解原文表面信息的基础上，做出判断和推理。得出其隐含意义和深层意思。考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。依据文章事实，得出得出符合逻辑的结论。 陷阱： ①文章直接言明的内容，这不是推断出来的（凡是推断题一定不选原文信息的同义表述） ②注意干扰项与文章内容有细微区别。（推理判断一定要合情合理，有理有据，依据事实，切不可主观臆断） ③察言观色，依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。 主旨大意题 主旨大意题需要考生在阅读并理解全文的基础上，对文章内容或段落内容进行归纳概括，强调整体。该题型常见的设问方式和解题方法如下所示： 标题类：The best title/heading for the passage/paragraph is... 中心思想类：What’s the passage mainly about?/What does the passage mainly tell us? 段落概括类：What’s the main idea of the first paragraph? 陷阱： ①注意以偏概全不能选 ②范围太大不能选 ③注意段落大意，看清段落不要误选 考点一 主旨大意题 主旨大意题需要考生在阅读并理解全文的基础上，归纳并概括文章内容或段落内容，考查整体理解。标题归纳题实际是简化版的主旨概括。该题型常见的设题方式和解题方法如下所示： ◇标题归纳类：The best title/heading for the passage/paragraph is... ◇中心思想类：What's the passage mainly about?/What does the passage mainly tell us? ◇段落概括类：What's the main idea of the first paragraph? 关键词法/主题词法 例 [2023北京C篇节选] Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? ...What can we do to solve this food waste problem? One effective solution is balancing food production with demand（需求）. ... Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce（减少） food waste. ... One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. ... Food recycling is one of the known solutions. ... In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future. 问：What is the passage mainly about? A. Benefits of reducing food waste. B. Solutions to the food waste problem. C. The importance of fighting food waste. D. The attitude to the food waste problem. 解题步骤 Step 1 快速阅读全文，画出每段重复出现的关键词/主题词。 几乎各段都重复出现的关键词/主题词为food waste和solution。 Step 2 对比选项，找出能包含所有关键词/主题词的选项。 B选项包含两个关键词/主题词。 关键句法/主题句法 例 [2022北京D篇节选] All the results proved our theory（假设） true.But putting it into practice can be difficult. Our fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with goals. We try to get the highest output both at work and in spare time. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. We should slow down and let life surprise us. 问：What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A. It is easier for results-driven people to achieve success. B. We often turn a blind eye to the present moment. C. A fast-paced lifestyle helps us reach our goals. D. Future life will bring us many more surprises. 解题步骤 Step 1 找到段落关键句/主题句（一般位于段首或段尾）。 转折词but位于首句之后，说明该段主题句在后面，即在段尾。 Step 2 对比选项与主题句，找相同内容或同义转述。 B选项的turn a blind eye to the present moment是对主题句中miss what is happening right now的同义转述。 段意组合法/篇章结构法 例 [2022北京C篇节选] What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn't always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it's of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus（关注）. What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We'd better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled（回收利用）. We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible. Location（地点） matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us. Try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmers, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It's easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural”， but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don't buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces（减少） waste and keeps the planet healthy. 问：Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Buying Green B. Recycling Waste C. Keeping Healthy D. Reducing Energy Use 解题步骤 Step 1 根据每段的主题句来总结段意。 Para. 1 每个人都可以通过购买绿色产品来保护环境； Para. 2 关注产品所用的材料是否环保； Para. 3 看产品的包装是否对环境有益； Para. 4 看产品产地和购买地的位置； Para. 5 产品并不一定如宣传的那样环保； Para. 6 最好的环保方式是少买或不买。 Step 2 归纳段落，找出篇章主旨。 本文为“总—分—总”结构，第1段引出主题——如何购买绿色产品，第2至5段具体说明做法，第6段总结升华。 Step 3 对比选项，找出与篇章主旨符合的标题。 根据上述分析，本文讲的是如何绿色购物，A选项符合。 标题反推法 例 [2020北京C篇节选] There are millions of recipes（菜谱） hidden in the boxes and hearts of grandmothers and parents. These family recipes are a special part of our family history. Some of them have been passed down from generation（一代人） to generation. ... “Those special tastes can immediately unlock a whole flood of emotions, memories and feelings of family, love, and comfort,” she says. She adds, “I am looking to the day when my kids will come to know of their grandmothers through the dishes they cooked.” ... Actually, there are simple ways to keep family recipes. ... It can become the most meaningful work you have ever done with and for your family. Keeping family recipes is saving and honoring our tradition so that future generations can continue to make family ties stronger. Every time you remember your loved ones, recreate one of the dishes from your collection and let the memories from the good old days comfort you. So why not gift your kids a family recipe book when they are starting a new life? 问：Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Family Recipes: Secrets of Cooking B. Family Recipes Are at a Crossroads C. Family Recipes: Connections to Interests D. Family Recipes Are More than Just Recipes 解题步骤 Step 1 先看4个选项的标题，推断每个标题下应写的主要内容。 A项强调烹饪，全文应主要写家庭菜谱对烹饪的作用； B项强调家庭菜谱面临的挑战，全文应主要写挑战； C项强调家庭菜谱与兴趣的联系，全文应主要写兴趣； D项强调家庭菜谱的意义已经超出了菜谱本身的意义，全文应主要写菜谱的更多意义。 Step 2 画出全文关键词句或重复出现的同类内容。 Step 3 将这些内容与之前推测的各标题对应的文章主要内容相比对，选出标题。 通过关键句可知，本文主要讲的是家庭菜谱对传承家庭传统，增强家庭纽带的意义，超出了菜谱本身教人做饭的最基本的意义，故D选项正确。 （2025·北京东城·二模）Does this sound familiar? A workmate asks, “What are you up to this weekend?” You tell her you’re not sure. She replies with her own exciting plan. “I’m going to my lake house to have a big party.” I call this “boomerasking”. Like a boomerang, boomeraskers ask a question, let their partner answer and then immediately bring the focus of the conversation back to themselves. They try to both show interest in their partner and disclose something about themselves, but they fail to achieve either goal. We know it is good to show interest in our partners during conversations in many ways—by asking questions, supporting a different opinion, or saying something that relates to what the other person just said. However, self-centredness is tricky to outrun. As humans, we mostly think about our own viewpoint. Between 40% and 60% of what people say in conversations is about themselves—their feelings, opinions, and personal experiences. On social media, it’s even worse—80% of communication is self-related. For many people, self-disclosure simply feels great. A willingness to open up to others is an important sign of liking and closeness: it shows that you trust someone to know things about you. It’s also the primary way people shape how others think of them. By carefully choosing what to share, we try to seem kind, smart, confident and interesting in our partners’ eyes. And we show off or complain, hoping to receive admiration or understanding. Still, we recognise that social rules discourage overly self-centred behaviour and try to deal with this problem with some indirect habits. People who want others to admire them might pretend (假装) to complain while actually showing off, like saying, “I’m tired from all the interviews about my new book.” Others wanting to seem higher position might give mixed praise, like “Your ideas were pretty good, for a beginner.” But compared with these ways we try to hide our self-centredness, boomerasking may be worse because it reduces the benefits of asking questions. Asking heartfelt questions, listening to others’ answers and following up on those answers may be the easiest and most powerful pathway to shared understanding and interpersonal connection. Boomerasking breaks the magic. Failing to follow up on your partner’s answer, and answering the question yourself instead, makes others feel like you don’t care about them. So don’t boomerask! When another person shares their views, focus on them. We should all aim to be more interested in our partners before we go back to proving how interesting we are ourselves. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To guide people in building interesting conversations. B．To prove the effect of self-centredness in conversations. C．To encourage better listening and replying in conversations. D．To explore the reasons for people’s showing off in conversations. （2025·北京房山·二模）“I’m really tired—do you have any ideas for getting a good night’s sleep?” Sleep is not only a common topic in our daily talks, but we have also spent many years trying to understand and explain it. After all, we spend about 26 years of our lives sleeping. So, what do we know? Here are the main points from the research in the last ten years. Studies have shown that getting enough sleep is good for keeping a strong immune system (免疫系统). When we sleep, our body not only rests but also works hard to strengthen our defenses against diseases. So, if you want to stay healthy and avoid getting sick easily, make sure to have a good night’s sleep. It’s not just about feeling refreshed in the morning; it’s also a powerful way to protect your body from illness. One of the most interesting findings is about lucid dreaming. It seems it’s possible to communicate with people while they’re sleeping. In a study, the researchers found the dreamers could use their thinking abilities, like short—term memory, while sleeping. This connection between the dream world and the real world has brought excitement to the sleep science community. Sleep can also help our memory and problem-solving. A 2023 review of research by Denis and Cairney noted that when we sleep, our brains go over the things that happened during the day. This is very important for keeping our memories. A 2019 study by Sanders and his team found that people were more likely to solve a difficult problem the next day if the problem was in their minds during sleep. So, if you can’t work out the problem, rest well and return to it in the morning. What if you are unlucky and don’t get enough sleep? Unfortunately, you may be at higher risk of negative moods and worse emotional controlling. But the good news is that there are lots of ways to help you sleep better. The UK’s National Health Service suggests going to bed at a fixed time, doing some quiet thinking before bed, which they call “beditation” and not drinking coffee before bed. What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show different kinds of sleep disorders. B．To provide trips for improving sleep quality. C．To explain the science behind lucid dreaming. D．To discuss the importance of sleep and its effects. 考点二 推理判断题 推理判断题要求考生对文本内容或作者的情感、态度、目的做出合理的判断和推理，在C篇、D篇考查频率较高。根据其推断的内容，可分为三类，即细节判断类、写作目的推断类、情景推断类。 细节判断类 细节判断类需判断文章细节或作者观点、态度与原文内容是否相符，其常见设题方式如下所示： What can we learn from the passage?/What do you know about...? From this passage, we can infer/know/learn that __. The writer probably agrees that __. 细节判断题实际考查的是对文章细节的理解，选项中只有1项与原文表述一致，其他3个选项均为对原文的错误表述。该类型题目可以用判断正误法逐项判断选项是否与原文内容一致。 判断正误法 例 [2023北京C篇节选]Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce（减少） food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, （C选项对应的原文） stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality（质量）. （B选项对应的原文）Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes. （D选项对应的原文）One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family. （A选项对应的原文）Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area. 问：What can we learn from the passage? A. Food recycling has been hugely successful. B. Buyers should give up non-top quality food. C. Stores should train people to make delicious dishes. D. Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice. 解题步骤 Step 1 画出选项关键词，根据关键词找到A、B、C、D四个选项对应的原文内容。 Step 2 比对选项及其对应的原文内容，判断选项正误。 A选项对应的原文提到食物回收的相关工作已经在进行中，并没有说已经取得了巨大成功，故A项错误； B选项对应的原文是说有时非顶级食品也很好吃，也能用来做美食，而不是说应该放弃，故B项错误； C选项对应的原文是说商店应该为顾客提供指导，告诉人们如何充分利用食物，而不是培训人们做美食，故C项错误； D选项对应的原文提到最难以实现的解决方法之一是按计划购买和准备食物，与该选项意思相符，故D项正确。 写作目的推断类 写作目的推断题分两类，一类为对段落中提及某人/某事物的目的推断，一类为对全文的写作目的推断。常见的设题方式有以下几种： Why does the writer talk about...? The writer mentions...in Paragraph 2 to show that __. The writer wants/intends to tell us that __. What's the main purpose of the passage? 写作目的题的选项一般会有以下动词：introduce （介绍）、suggest （提议）、explain （解释）、discuss （讨论）、compare （比较）、question （质疑）、stress （强调）、remind （提醒）、show （展示）等。 提及某人/某事物的目的推断 段落中提及的某人/某事物，尤其是举例子，一般是为了解释说明示例前面的观点/段落主旨/主题句/中心句；如果所提及的内容在首段，多是为了引出全文主题。这都需要借助该段语境/主旨进行推断。 语境/主旨推断 例 [2021北京D篇节选]Over the past century and a half, however, studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation（适应）. Consider, for example, hunting（打猎）. It seems to be an adaptation, which allowed humans to move into new and different areas, opening up the opportunity to change living habits. At the same time, the development of weapons（武器） is related to that adaptation—from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons. Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities, such as balancing on one foot. Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance, a key expression of human culture. It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied. 问：Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3? A. To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits. B. To stress the importance of tools in humans' struggle for life. C. To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment. D. To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons. 解题步骤 Step 1 画出题干关键词，找到对应的原文。 Step 2 深入分析对应的原文语境，找出该段的主旨句/中心句/关键句。 该段主题句位于studies...have shown that后，意为“文化的形成是生物适应的一部分”。文中hunting为举例内容，其目的是证实上文主题句。 Step 3 对比选项，选出与主题句意思最贴近的选项。 C选项的culture develops和humans adapt to the environment分别是对原文主题句中the formation of culture和biological adaptation的同义转述。A、B、D选项只是对原文部分细节进行复现，并不是该段的写作目的。 全文写作目的推断 从篇章本身来看，作者写该篇章都是围绕主旨来写的，篇章结构一般为“是什么”——介绍某主旨内容、“为什么”——主旨内容的原因、“怎么做”——如何实现主旨内容，因此需要借助理解主旨来推断写作目的；此外，篇章最后一段会显示出篇章止于何处，彰显作者的写作目的，因此也需要细读尾段。 主旨推断+细读尾段 例 [2022北京D篇节选] A Pathway（路径） to Meaning in Life When it comes to a meaningful life... Then, what makes a meaningful life? Many researchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors（因素）: having long-term goals, believing that one's life matters, and feeling that one's life fits together and “makes sense”. But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimes life enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating（欣赏） such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation （EA）. ... It shows the discovery of and admiration for life's beauty. We recently set out to better understand EA in studies. We were interested in whether EA was also tied to general judgment of meaning in life. If so, it could be a factor for meaningfulness. In the first study, we had people rate（评估） their support for different methods of reducing stress. ... In the next study, we asked people to rate the degree to which they agreed with various statements... Our results showed that the more people reported that they were “appreciating life” and its many experiences, the more they felt their life was valuable. In the following studies, we further looked at the connection between EA and meaningfulness. ... All the results proved our theory（假设） true. But putting it into practice can be difficult. ... We should slow down and let life surprise us. 问：What is the writer's main purpose in writing this passage? A. To explain how to discover beauty in life. B. To discuss what the true meaning of life is. C. To introduce a new factor for a meaningful life. D. To compare different factors for meaningfulness. 解题步骤 Step 1 通过主题句法和篇章结构法来分析篇章主旨大意。 Para. 1引出“什么构成有意义的生活”这一话题； Para. 2许多研究者认为的构成有意义生活的3个因素； Para. 3提出新观点——体验式欣赏（EA）; Para. 4~Para. 7开展不同研究探索体验式欣赏是不是构成有意义生活的一个因素； Para. 8得出结论并提出如何在实际生活中实践体验式欣赏。 全文主旨大意：通过多个研究验证，体验式欣赏是构成有意义生活的一个新的因素。 Step 2 细读文章尾段，推断写作目的。 根据文章尾段“All the results proved our theory true.”，可推测全文是在验证体验式欣赏是不是有意义生活的一个因素。 Step 3 对比选项，找到涉及文章主旨大意的选项。 由本文主旨大意和尾段内容可知，C项的“为了介绍有意义的生活的一个新因素”就是本文的写作目的，故C项正确。 情景推断类 情景推断题考查对文中重点论述的某个观点/概念/方法的理解，选项一般为不同的生活情景，要求选出符合该观点/概念/方法的情景。常见的设题方式如下所示： You were most probably in...condition when __. You will most probably experience...when you __. According to the writer, we can...by __. 情景推断题考查的是文中重点论述的观点/概念/方法，原文一般会使用概念解释和示例来加以论述，因此可利用原文中的解释和示例来找出选项中与之相符的情景。 原文概念示例法 例 [2023北京D篇节选]Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one's ability is enjoyable， as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn't know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. You will most probably experience enjoyment when you _ _ _ _ . A. buy expensive shoes B. order a delicious meal C. talk with friends for new ideas D. sit quietly in front of a television 解题步骤 Step 1 画出题干关键信息。 Step 2 使用题干关键信息到文中定位，画出对该观点/概念/方法的解释和示例。 原文解释了enjoyment的特点，即带有好奇感和成就感，能使人改变和成长；示例包括打网球提升能力、读书开启新视角、交谈中被激发出未曾意识到的想法。 Step 3 比对选项场景和原文中画出的内容，找出正确选项。 C选项中的场景与原文中的having a conversation...know we had这一示例相似，且能使人获得成就感。 （2025·北京东城·二模） Still, we recognise that social rules discourage overly self-centred behaviour and try to deal with this problem with some indirect habits. People who want others to admire them might pretend (假装) to complain while actually showing off, like saying, “I’m tired from all the interviews about my new book.” Others wanting to seem higher position might give mixed praise, like “Your ideas were pretty good, for a beginner.” But compared with these ways we try to hide our self-centredness, boomerasking may be worse because it reduces the benefits of asking questions. The writer probably agrees that ________. A．boomerasking balances caring about others and opening up B．self-centredness is unwelcome even when expressed indirectly C．mixed praise is a straight and honest way to express admiration D．it’s wise to shape others’ opinions by sharing a lot about yourself （2025·北京房山·二模） Sleep can also help our memory and problem-solving. A 2023 review of research by Denis and Cairney noted that when we sleep, our brains go over the things that happened during the day. This is very important for keeping our memories. A 2019 study by Sanders and his team found that people were more likely to solve a difficult problem the next day if the problem was in their minds during sleep. So, if you can’t work out the problem, rest well and return to it in the morning. What if you are unlucky and don’t get enough sleep? Unfortunately, you may be at higher risk of negative moods and worse emotional controlling. But the good news is that there are lots of ways to help you sleep better. The UK’s National Health Service suggests going to bed at a fixed time, doing some quiet thinking before bed, which they call “beditation” and not drinking coffee before bed. Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Drinking coffee before bed helps you form beditation. B．Our brains can get a good rest when we sleep in the night. C．Sleep is important for daily work and emotional controlling. D．Dreamers could use short-term memory to solve problems. （1） （2025·北京门头沟·二模）A study published just last month, in April 2025, showed that 164 children from ages 7—10 put more trust in the search engines (引擎) all the time than in asking a person—and that trust increases as children get older. Interestingly, when kids were asked whether a person or a search engine would be better at predicting the future, they showed less trust in general, but still preferred searching for answers online. Why? Many answered that the search engine has a lot of information. Still, they didn’t consider what they’re missing: not only the chance to discuss with a real person, but more basically, the deepening of their relationships. This isn’t just about how long kids can stay focused. Pioneering research from Dr. Rachel Romeo’s team at Harvard shows that the quality of child-adult conversation directly shapes brain development, especially in areas responsible for focus, critical thinking, and emotion management. Their functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (功能性磁共振成像) studies show that kids who have more interactive (互动的) conversations show stronger brain connections between language and decision-making areas. These conversations do more than build brains, though. They’re key to strengthening (加强) the connections between children and their parents. Consider the difference between 1. sitting quietly without saying a word; 2. asking, “When are you going to finish your homework?”; and 3. asking, “Why do you think your friend is having so much trouble?” In the first two situations, kids aren’t given the chance to think through their ideas, nor do they get the chance to spend time learning how we or others think. That’s not the way to build their skill of seeing things from others’ viewpoints and their feelings of connectedness. In an increasingly separated world, that level of connectedness is key. It’s a quality we need to get back. A 2024 article by Dubinsky and Hamid found that children learn best when allowed to grapple with challenging ideas in an active learning environment. These environments give them more control and also encourage their curiosity and drive. Yet today’s “just search online” culture steals this key cognitive (认知的) exercise from them and takes away that more active, positive effort. 1．Why does the writer compare three situations in Paragraph 5? A．To stress the importance of silence in child development. B．To criticize parents for asking too many questions about homework. C．To argue that children should avoid interacting with adults altogether. D．To show how conversations influence children’s ability to understand others. 2．What does the word “grapple” in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Use search engines. B．Avoid hard tasks. C．Try hard to solve a problem. D．Accept information. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．FMRI is unnecessary for studying brain development. B．Kids should be encouraged to have more interactive talks with adults. C．Modern technology has little negative influence on children’s learning. D．Using search engines is a better way for children to learn new information. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To tell us how search engines work effectively. B．To tell us the role of fMRI in studying brain development. C．To tell us modern technology has little positive influence on learning. D．To tell us to reduce the dependence on search engines and talk to others more. （2） （2025·北京石景山·二模）Have you ever assumed (假设) something about someone, only to find out later that you were completely wrong? Making assumptions is a common habit, but it can often create effects that cloud our thinking and hurt others. We use assumptions in daily life to make quick decisions. For example, if you see dark clouds, you assume it might rain and bring an umbrella. In this case, assumptions help us act efficiently. However, when dealing with human beings, assumptions—even those made with good purposes—often lead to dangerous results and spread wrong ideas that gradually weaken real understanding. One major problem with assumptions is that they are often based on limited information. Imagine you see someone arriving late to work every day. You might assume they are irresponsible or lazy. However, what if they are taking care of a sick family member in the morning? Without knowing the full story, the assumption creates an unfair image of the person. This not only leads to incorrect judgments but also affects how we treat others. Another problem is that assumptions can lead to biases (偏见). If we assume all teenagers are careless or that people from a certain place behave in a specific way, we develop unfair biases. These assumptions not only limit our understanding of others but also prevent meaningful interactions. Over time, such fixed thinking can make us less open-minded and more judgmental. Making assumptions also affects communication. Instead of asking questions, people assume they already know what others mean. This often results in unnecessary arguments. For example, if a friend cancels plans at the last minute, you might assume they don’t value your friendship. In reality, they might have had an emergency. So why do people make assumptions? One reason is that our brains like quick explanations. It takes time and effort to study a situation, so we depend on assumptions to fill in the gaps. Another reason is past experiences. If someone had a bad experience with a certain type of situation, they might assume all similar situations will turn out the same way. This prevents personal growth and can lead to unnecessary fear or anger. The good news is that we can train ourselves to stop making harmful assumptions. Instead of believing the first thought that comes to mind, we should stop and ask questions. Putting ourselves in others’ shoes can also help us take the place of assumptions with understanding. Simple actions like listening actively, and giving people the benefit of the doubt can improve how we view others and strengthen relationships. Nobody likes being misunderstood, yet we often assume things about others without realizing it. By avoiding assumptions, we can build stronger relationships, reduce unnecessary fights, and develop a more open-minded view of the world. 1．According to the passage, making assumptions about others can . A．help people avoid arguments B．strengthen teenagers’ abilities of guessing C．form misunderstandings and unfair judgements D．help personal growth by quick decision-making 2．According to the passage, why do people often make assumptions? A．It’s easier than finding out the truth. B．They are too shy to ask questions. C．They trust their own judgements. D．It helps them avoid arguments. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．People who have bad experiences are more likely to question assumptions. B．People who make assumptions are unable to understand difficult situations. C．Assumptions should be avoided since they are based on incorrect information. D．Assumptions are useful for weather predictions but harmful in human interaction. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To prove assumptions can harm friendships. B．To explain how assumptions help solve problems. C．To describe situations when assumptions are helpful. D．To encourage people to ask questions instead of assuming. （3） （2025·北京丰台·二模） No one wants to be seen as a liar. Liars are considered untrustworthy at best and immoral at worst. And yet, we keep lying to ourselves all the time. “I’ll enjoy this sleeve of Oreos today because my diet starts tomorrow,” I might tell myself. Or even — ironically — “I am always honest with myself.” Few people are completely honest with others. Research from the University of Massachusetts on undergraduate students found that 60 percent lied at least once during a 10-minute conversation, and many lied several times. No one is completely honest with themselves, because, the truth hurts. Sometimes, people engage in (参与) self-deception to protect their ego (自尊) or gather courage. For example, if you are not good at public speaking, you might try to increase your courage before a scary presentation by talking to yourself, “I am a great public speaker!” However, to fake it till you make it is one thing; to fake it forever, even to yourself, is entirely different. Such is the case if your success at work or school is the result of cheating but you choose to chalk it up to your own merit (优秀品质). All that self-deception takes a lot of work to maintain (保持). It is costly not only because avoiding problems can make them worse but also because the procrastinator (拖延者) must do the mental work of a task over and over, without reaping (获得) the rewards of actually getting it done. Why write “Change banks” on your to-do list for months on end instead of doing it once and being free of the task? Self-deception will never lead you to the deepest kind of satisfaction. That contentment can be found only within the true version of yourself. Personal integrity (正直) is absolutely necessary for personal progress, which psychologists show is a central element of happiness. Progress requires knowing honestly where you are compared with where you have been. If you ignore your flaws (缺点), you can’t correct them. Research shows that self-deception is connected with an inability to see our own flaws, which makes self-improvement harder. Refusing to admit that I am a bit neurotic(神经质的) might make me feel better in the moment, but it also discourages me from undertaking efforts to change for the long-term good of myself and those around me. 1．Why does the author use the example of Oreos in Paragraph 1? A．To prove that eating snacks affects people’s dieting plans. B．To show a common form of self-deception in daily life. C．To stress the popularity of Oreos among dieters. D．To explain why lying to others is harmful. 2．What does the underlined phrase “chalk it up to” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Add it up to. B．Think of it as. C．Take it away from. D．Write it down as. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Making a to-do-list helps avoid lying to yourself. B．Never-ending satisfaction results in self-deception. C．Self-deception is a harmless way to protect their ego. D．Admitting our flaws is important for self-improvement. 4．What is the writer’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to stop lying to themselves. B．To introduce a new study about self-deception. C．To tell people to see and correct their flaws. D．To show the bad effects of self-deception. （4） （2025·北京大兴·二模）Have you ever entered a room, only to forget what you went in there to do? Scientists think that the brain considers entering a doorway as a new scene, causing you to temporarily (暂时的) erase the short-term memory of why you went there. This is just one of the brain’s many unusual memory habits. And while forgetting can be discouraging, the human body can only work with a balance of erased and consolidated (已巩固的) memories. Your memory shapes who you are, provides meaning to your surroundings and allows you to form relationships. Your memory also serves as a survival tool. By learning what’s dangerous and remembering simple information such as where to find food, you’re better able to choose what will benefit you and what to avoid using your past experiences. When you learn new information, the brain forms new connections between nerve cells called neurons. This creates a map throughout the brain that makes stored information easier to find. The more you review, the stronger that connection becomes and the easier it is to remember. It might seem like the busier this neural map is, the more intelligent you will become. But just as a smart phone slows down when its storage reaches its limit, your brain is more efficient when it has less to process. It actively forgets information that isn’t reused by weakening the connections between neurons. Stopping unimportant information from becoming active memories prevents the brain becoming overwhelmed (不堪重负). In other examples, painful mind-consuming (精神消耗) memories of traumatic events can be blocked or rewritten to cause less pain. Forgetting these painful memories keeps the emotional stability needed in the brain for effective daily work. Forgetting also builds creativity. If memories were everlasting, our brains couldn’t develop new ways of thinking. Creativity provides humans the ability to explore new ways to problems. When you feel overwhelmed or stressed, your brain is less able to form new thinking patterns and returns to more rigid (死板的) habits and thought processes. This is sometimes the reason for experiencing a mental block during creative activities. Forgetting is often considered a weakness. But our memory is ever-developing and forgetting should be considered more of a superpower. When you erase the noise consuming your memory, more energy can be led into focusing and prioritizing (优先处理) the information needed to shape your sense of self and to stay mentally healthy. 1．What can we know about our memory? A．New environment prevents the short-term memory from being erased. B．Memory protects us from dangerous situations by recalling what to avoid. C．Erasing the short-term memory sometimes gives us a sense of inability. D．Our memory rather than forgetfulness can keep our bodies working well. 2．What does the phrase “traumatic events” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Exciting and dangerous activities. B．Mysterious and awful experiences. C．Tiring and uninteresting activities. D．Painful and worrying experiences. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Forgetting unimportant information can help the brain work effectively. B．Forgetting is the ability to form new thinking patterns to solve problems. C．We will experience mental block if we take part in more creative activities. D．The more information the brain processes, the more efficient it will become. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show how forgetting benefits us. B．To encourage us to improve our memory. C．To explain how we learn new information. D．To advise us to review regularly. （5） （2025·北京顺义·二模）David never thought of himself as a negative person. But three trips to the hospital in one month led him to reconsider his mindset towards life. Before May 2018, he was healthy. He was living in New York City, working at a company he founded and cycling daily. Yet David always felt worried. One day, his health began to suffer. He could hardly walk, could not see clearly, and his blood pressure suddenly increased greatly. At the hospital, doctors suspected (怀疑) a stroke but never found the cause. A close friend pointed out David’s negative mindset and suggested he might be burned out. David describes this friend as “one of the most optimistic (乐观的) people” he knows. After recovery, David started looking at the world very differently. He started deep, calm, purposeful breathing, taking time each morning to feel thankful to be alive, and found purpose by co-founding a nonprofit (非盈利的) organization. Since then, he hasn’t experienced similar health problems, crediting (归功于) his new positive mindset. “After there was a life-changing event,” he said. “it forced me to become optimistic. I can’t imagine living life the way I did before.” His story is similar to what many studies show about positive thinking and health. Studies have shown a link between a positive mindset and good health. “Optimism means the expectation that good things will happen, or believing the future will be favorable because we can control important outcomes,” said Hayami Koga. She is a researcher at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. She was the lead writer on a 2022 study that found optimism was linked to longer lives and a greater chance of living past the age of 90. Another study showed optimists generally stayed in better physical health as they aged. “Some people are born more optimistic. However, it can be learned,” said Sue Varma. She is a professor of psychiatry at New York University. She said that even for people who do not naturally “see the glass half full”, there are skills that you can learn. Varma suggests noticing how you deal with uncertainty. Do you worry and wait for the worst to happen? If you do, then try to re-think the situation by looking for silver linings or determining whether a problem can be solved. Imagine the best possible result and steps to get there. Finding purpose through volunteering or bringing your interests to work can help, as can learning new skills to keep your mind from thinking too much about negative situations. Though changing your mindset isn’t easy, regular practice helps. “It’s a toolset. It’s a mindset,” Varma said, adding that it’s something she practices daily. 1．Why does the writer use the example of David in the first two paragraphs? A．To focus on the importance of hard work and effort. B．To warn about sudden health problems among young people. C．To show how a negative mindset can lead to health problems. D．To explain why people can be successful even with health problems. 2．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Being optimistic is all up to chance. B．Hoping for good things happens every day. C．Seeing the glass half full avoids challenges. D．Changing one’s mindset takes practice and effort. 3．What does the phrase “silver linings” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．The hidden causes behind an unexpected event. B．The positive side in a bad situation. C．The quick decision on a situation. D．The way to deal with uncertainty. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To discuss the influence of optimism. B．To encourage people to stay optimistic. C．To compare different ways to learn optimism. D．To provide some evidence of being optimistic. （6） （2025·北京海淀·二模）Do we use technology, or does it use us? Do our gadgets (设备) improve our lives or just make us weak and lazy? These are old questions, maybe older than you think. Back in 370 BC, Socrates warned that writing could hurt memory. After all, if we write things down, do we still need to remember them? We’ve always greeted new technologies with a mixture of fascination and fear. In 1931, John Bakeless wrote that it was time to ask, “How far is the use of machines something calling for vigorous resistance; and how far is it a good thing, to which we may willingly give in?” The technology that alarmed him might seem, to us, laughably low-tech: printing machines. “It is a curious fact,” he wrote, “we have overlooked the machine’s deep influence on the human mind.” He was particularly worried about how technology was used by the media to control what people thought and talked about. For the first time, he believed, a world-wide public opinion was becoming possible. About 50 years later, as telephone answering machines became common, some people worried that machines, while useful, were encouraging self-centered thoughts and actions, resulting in social isolation (隔绝). In 2017, musician and thinker David Byrne said that social media allowed us to stay “connected” without meeting face-to-face. But he also stressed it would increase divisions by strengthening echo effects—people only hear ideas they already believe. Just last year, Will Douglas warned that AI tools would destroy children’s critical thinking skills. But maybe it’s time we pause and ask: do our fears about new technologies come to pass? Most of the time, no. Throughout history, we’ve shifted between “Wow, this is amazing!” and “It’s scary—this is going to change us in some negative way.” And then, something interesting happens—we get used to it and life goes on. Maybe the problem isn't technology at all; maybe it’s us. Technology doesn’t make us weak, lazy or foolish. It’s our fear of it that holds us back. The printing press, the telephone, and the Internet all seemed scary at first. Now, they’re just part of everyday life. If we are to ever create the ideal human society—one with enough time for art, music and science—it was unlikely we’d get it done without technology. We just need to make sure that technology serves us instead of the other way around. Just as Bakeless wrote back in 1931, “We must put the machine in its place.” 1．The words “vigorous resistance” in Paragraph 2 are closest in meaning to “________”. A．active attention B．strong opposition C．careful planning D．rapid spread 2．What is Bakeless’s opinion on the printing machines? A．They would cause a world-wide discussion. B．They were important tools for the news industry. C．They might help the media control people's minds. D．They encouraged self-centered thoughts and actions. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Socrates was right in warning about the effect of writing. B．Social media is sure to influence people in negative ways. C．AI tools have improved children's critical thinking ability. D．Worries about new technologies are actually unnecessary. 4．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To argue that technology is harmful to humans by nature. B．To remind people not to fear technology but to use it wisely. C．To teach us to create an ideal society with modern machines. D．To show the role of technology in the development of society. （7） （2025·北京平谷·二模） A Grateful Mindset vs a Growth Mindset Have you ever noticed how some people seem to navigate (导航) life with quiet strength, no matter the situations? It’s not because their lives are easier or free of challenges. Their secret lies in their attitude: they live with a grateful mindset. A grateful mindset isn’t about turning a blind eye to life’s difficulties. It’s about seeing life as a series of gifts—some wrapped in beautiful paper, others hidden inside hard lessons. This way of thinking changes not just how you feel, but how you live. In many ways, a grateful mindset and a growth mindset go hand in hand. Coined by psychologist Carol Dweck, a growth mindset focuses on learning, adapting, and growing from life’s experiences. With a grateful mindset, this outlook transforms challenges into stepping stones for a meaningful and effective life. A grateful mindset is centered on appreciating the positive aspects of life, even during difficult times. It roots us in the present, helping us find value in where we are. A growth mindset, on the other hand, is the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort and persistence (坚持). It encourages us to accept challenges and work on growth. While different, these mindsets support each other. Being thankful helps you stay hopeful and strong when facing difficulties, which supports a growth mindset. For example, being grateful for small progress can motivate continued effort toward larger goals. Gratitude and growth create a positive feedback loop (反馈回路). Gratitude strengthens our sense of self-worth, while a growth mindset inspires us to move forward. Together, they encourage strength, curiosity, and openness. People who show gratitude seem to attract positive and meaningful connections. Why? Because gratitude changes how we interact with the world. For instance, when a student fails an exam, gratitude for the effort and lessons learned can motivate them to study harder and perform better next time. This combination (结合) turns setbacks into opportunities for growth. Combining gratitude and growth doesn’t require big changes. Here are some practical steps: Accept challenges by asking, “What can I learn from this?” Express gratitude for lessons by thanking yourself for the skills gained from difficulties. Celebrate progress by focusing on how far you’ve come, not just what’s left to achieve. Gratitude makes life meaningful by helping us see possibilities and accept lessons. Let’s welcome gratitude and growth, and create a strong, meaningful life moment by moment. 1．You will probably have a growth mindset when ________. A．it was a rainy day, you stayed at home and enjoyed the family time B．someone found your lost phone, you felt grateful and treated him to a meal C．you had trouble with math, you thought and practised hard instead of giving up D．you failed an English speech, you felt sorry and locked yourself in your bedroom 2．What do you know about the grateful and growth mindsets from the passage? A．A grateful mindset focuses on developing intelligence and abilities. B．A grateful mindset doesn’t need to focus on the challenges in life. C．A growth mindset regards difficulties as a meaningful experience. D．The grateful and growth mindsets lift each other up and grow together. 3．What does the word “setbacks” in Paragraph 9 most probably mean? A．failures B．lessons C．successes D．performances 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．big changes are necessary to bring gratitude and growth together B．having a growth mindset is likely to build relationship with other people C．a grateful mindset makes people reduce motivation for growth and success D．a grateful mindset helps people develop by welcoming challenges positively （8） （2025·北京朝阳·二模）If you’re thinking about what job you want in the future, it’s likely you’ve heard this one before: “Just do what you enjoy!” In today’s world, making money isn’t easy no matter what you do, so why not do something you truly enjoy? That may sound like a smart plan: You move somewhere with a low cost of living, and even if the thing you love doesn’t make much money, you can still live well. But in reality, things aren’t that simple. Passion (热情) alone can’t always carry you through. Doing the job you love can bring you great feelings when life is easy and you are in a cheerful state. However, things can go wrong when you feel tired, feel lonely or get sick. Passion alone may not be enough. At those times, you may begin to ask yourself: “Is this really the right life for me?” Thinking about the job opportunities you passed by, you might even wonder if giving up that better job you could have had was a smart choice. I completely understand how that feels. As a writer, I truly enjoy my work. But there are days—like today—when it’s outside, I haven’t slept well, and all I want is to stay in bed. Still, even when I don’t feel like it, I still sit down and write. Why? Because passion isn’t the only thing that drives me. I also have a sense of purpose. I know that my writing helps people, and that keeps me going—even when passion fades. Actually, I have been through it many times—when I sit at my desk, staring (盯着) at the empty screen, feeling lost or tired. Writing doesn’t always feel fun. But because I have a purpose, I get through it every time. Over time, I’ve learned that passion makes you excited at first, but purpose helps you keep going when things get hard. If you know your work helps others, even in a small way, it feels more meaningful. To find your purpose, you need to try different things. Do different jobs, talk to new people, explore new places, and see what makes you feel happy and useful. You don’t need to know all the answers right now, but you do need to keep learning and keep exploring. One day, you may find the place where your passion and your purpose come together. And when that happens, I hope you build a life and a job that you truly enjoy. 1．You will most probably enjoy your work in the long run if you ________. A．move to a place with an affordable cost of living B．choose a job that makes you feel excited every day C．enjoy your work while knowing why it matters to you D．follow your heart without caring about others’ opinions 2．What does the word “fades” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Grows slowly. B．Becomes weaker. C．Moves quickly. D．Stays the same. 3．What do you know about passion and purpose from the passage? A．Purpose usually comes before passion in jobs. B．Purpose is the key for people to lead a rich life. C．People make a smart plan with purpose and passion. D．People need purpose more than passion at hard times. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show how people can find their purpose in jobs. B．To explain why passion alone is not enough at work. C．To compare different ways of choosing jobs in modern times. D．To introduce the challenge of making good job choices in life. （9） （2025·北京昌平·二模）Post-traumatic (受伤后的) growth (PTG) refers to positive changes in a person as a result of dealing with life difficulties. If you've been through something traumatic, it may have been so painful and awful that it can feel like nothing will ever be the same again. However, over time, you might find that it has changed you and helped you grow. PTG was introduced by Dr. Richard Tedeschi and Dr. Lawrence Calhoun in 1996. Tedeschi and Calhoun published a paper in which they explained that someone who has experienced traumatic events may experience positive changes in the following aspects: personal strength, thankfulness for life, relationships with others, new possibilities in life and spiritual change. They also noted that people who have experienced traumatic events are more likely to report positive changes in themselves than people who haven't lived through anything unusual. Their 2018 study noted that people below the age of 60 were more likely to experience PTG than those older than 60. Given that trauma can lead to positive change, how do we navigate hardships to achieve PTG? According to the theory, these are the ways in which PTG happens. Process the trauma: Allow yourself to fully experience it. Don't avoid your feelings or try to suppress (克制) them. This process can be painful but it's necessary for you to accept the trauma and its effects on your life. Emotional regulation: You need to control negative emotions such as anger, fear, and bitterness, as well as put failures and losses behind you. Exercise, quiet time, breathing exercises, and relaxation ways can help you. Disclosure: This step involves talking about the traumatic experience and the various ways it has affected you. Describing the experience to others—both in the past and in the present—can help you reflect on it and process it. Service: After the trauma, you can help others in your community. For example, people may help other victims (受害者) who have had similar experiences, or work with organizations that are taking steps to prevent others from experiencing the same trauma. The examples include the donating and volunteering. PTG doesn't understate how hard trauma is, but instead shows how people adapt to it. When you go through hard times, don't let them discourage you. Instead, keep moving forward and discover light even in the darkest moments. 1．What do you know about PTG according to the passage? A．Trauma risks increase with personal changes. B．PTG refers to difficulties that hardly happen in life. C．Teenagers are more likely to develop PTG than adults. D．Positive changes may result from traumatic experiences. 2．You will most probably experience PTG when you ________. A．shut yourself away for months B．actively address negative emotions C．repeatedly recreate traumatic situations D．compare trauma experiences with those of friends 3．What does the word "Disclosure" in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Sharing B．Memorizing C．Summarization D．Performance 4．What is the writer's main purpose in writing this passage? A．To describe the importance of PTG in life. B．To praise people who recover from trauma. C．To stress that trauma is necessary for growth. D．To help people build inner power through PTG. （10） （2025·北京海淀·三模）We are in the midst of (处于……之中) a battle for our attention. Our devices have affected our brains and destroyed our collective ability to concentrate. Journalist Johann Hair’s new book, Stolen Focus, has just joined the voices complaining about the great influence of the digital age. His and other recent books reflect a public idea that our focus is under attack. Indeed, in our new research, we found some clear concerns. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets (渠道). There has long been a worry about the threat to attention brought by new cultural forms, whether that’s social media or the cheap paperback sensation (煽情) novels of the 19th century. Even as far back as ancient Greece, the philosopher Socrates complained that the written words created “forgetfulness in our souls.” There has always been a tendency to fear the effects that new media and technologies will have on our minds. The reality is that we simply don’t have long-term studies that tell us whether our attention spans have actually shrunk (缩短). What we do know from our study is that people overestimate (高估) some of the problems. There’s no such thing as an average attention span. Our ability to focus varies hugely depending on the individual and the task at hand. It’s also important not to ignore the many benefits that technology brings to our life. Much of the public surveyed recognized these, so while half thought big tech and social media were ruining young people’s attention spans, roughly another half felt that being easily distracted was more to do with people’s personalities than any negative influence that technology may or may not have. Also, half of the public believed multitasking at work and switching frequently between emails, phone calls, and other tasks can create a more efficient and satisfactory work experience. 1．What can we know about some of the participants in the new research? A．They were frequently disturbed by digital devices. B．They felt it hard to acquire useful information online. C．They had shorter attention spans than average people. D．They felt challenged by fierce competition from others. 2．Why does the author mention Socrates in Paragraph 3? A．To stress new cultural forms have limitations. B．To show worry about attention is an age-old problem. C．To prove the important role he played in literary history. D．To explain cultural differences between the past and the present. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．People tend to overestimate their abilities. B．Digital distractions might have potential benefits. C．Technology’s benefits have been largely ignored. D．Switching between different tasks frequently is difficult. 4．What message does the author want to convey? A．Digital devices can benefit our work. B．We should say “No” to digital devices. C．Digital distractions really affect us so much. D．We should think highly of new cultural forms. （11） （2024·北京西城·三模）At the heart of psychology is understanding behavior, and understanding behavior has much to do with understanding the brain. Neuroscientists (神经系统科学家) have become more efficient at mapping the brain and have gained more understanding of how the brain develops and works. Truly, differences in behavior as we age and between genders (性别), are most likely explained by the physical state (状态) of and changes in our brains. Around the age of 12, it is believed that the areas of the brain that are used most will be strengthened and cells in the brain that are not used tend to die. What you do with your brain in your teen years probably decides how your brain will work for the rest of your life. If a teen spends endless hours watching TV, the neural (神经的) connections that help the brain process TV are what will be strengthened. It is clear, therefore, that how young people spend their time is of great importance. Surprisingly, and different from earlier beliefs, the brain is still developing even in the early twenties. Areas of the brain that are related to emotion, decision making, reasoning, and problem solving are still not fully developed. This may go some way toward explaining why car accident rates in young people are significantly higher than those among older people. Young people don’t have the necessary skills to make complex (复杂的) judgments while driving. There are also differences in the way brains develop when it comes to gender. It appears that girls are ready to process more challenging information earlier than boys, with the area of the brain responsible for this activity peaking (达到峰值) at the age of 14 to 16 in boys, a full two years later than girls. In addition, studies have shown that girls and boys process language input in different parts of their brains. Girls typically tend to do better than boys in language, which means that they have more brain matter responsible for language skills. This kind of research raises important questions about how boys and girls should be taught in school to maximize (使最大化) their learning. For example, the idea of single-sex education should perhaps be taken into consideration. Experts say that we would do well to revisit the timing of the subjects taught in school, as some parts of the brain develop before others. Additionally, what we understand about the teenage brain should perhaps be taken into consideration when laws are being made with regard to the minimum (最低的) driving age. 1．According to the passage, young people are more likely to have car accidents because ________. A．they fail to realize the importance of skills B．they don’t have the necessary skills in driving C．certain areas in their brains are not fully developed D．their brains tend to be influenced by their emotions 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Earlier beliefs show the brain is still developing in the early twenties. B．Girls are better at language because they are devoted to language learning. C．How people spend their time when they’re teenagers affects their future life. D．Gender makes no difference when it comes to the physical state of the brain. 3．The word “revisit” in Paragraph 5 probably means “________”. A．visit once more B．consider once more C．deal with again D．come up with again 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Maps of the Brain B．Genders and the Brain C．The Efficient Brain D．The Developing Brain 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司2 / 18 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $