Unit 2 Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage-【金版新学案】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册同步课堂高效讲义配套课件（译林版）

该高中英语课件聚焦定语从句语法，涵盖关系代词/副词用法、限制性与非限制性从句区别及“介词+关系代词”结构，通过教材原句分析引导学生自主发现语法特征，搭建从具体例句到规则总结的学习支架。 其亮点在于融合语言能力与思维品质培养，以“教材示例-我的发现-规则总结”逻辑链深化理解，核心词汇如preference、embarrassed等通过“练透+写美”设计提升运用能力。课时精练结合语篇填空，助力学生构建系统语法知识，也为教师提供清晰教学路径，有效提升教学效率。

Unit 2　Understanding each other Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage 内容索引 语法探究 1 课时精练 3 知识拾遗 2 语法探究 返回 新知导学 定语从句 教材示例 分析下列加黑部分并体会其语法特征 1．(教材原句)Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries that are separated by a common language. 2．(教材原句)There were times when questions like “Would you mind passing me the jam，please？” would be met with the reply “Why would I mind？” 3．(教材原句)In response，the receiver sends an encoded message back，which is referred to as feedback. 4．(教材原句)Suppose you are discussing a project with your partner，who has just lost an important basketball game and is inactive. 5．(教材原句)I spent one term in the UK，where the greatest challenge was the indirect manner of speaking. 我的发现 1．句1－2中，黑体词均引导限制性_____从句，其中that为关系_____，when为关系_____； 2．句3－5中；黑体词均引导____________从句，其中which和who为关系_____，where为关系_____。 定语 代词 副词 非限制性定语 代词 副词 语法精讲 一、引导定语从句的关系代词 1．引导定语从句的常用关系代词的用法 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 He is the policeman who/that lent me a hand yesterday. 他就是昨天帮助我的那个警察。 He is the man whom/who/that you are looking for. 他就是你正在找的那个人。 The bridge that/which is being built will be the longest in Asia. 正在修建的大桥将是亚洲最长的。 He lives in a big house whose window faces the sea. 他住在一座窗户朝向大海的大房子里。 Such people as have made a contribution to the world should be respected. 那些对世界做出贡献的人应受到尊重。 In the last exam，he made the same mistake as you made. 在上次考试中，他犯了一个与你相同的错误。 2．关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用that的情况 ①当先行词是all，much，few，little，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等不定代词时； ②当先行词被any，few，little，much，some，no等词修饰或被the only，the very，the same，the last等修饰时； ③当先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时； ④当先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词对其进行修饰时； ⑤当先行词既指人又指物时； ⑥当主句是who或which等引出的特殊疑问句时。 只用which的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that； ②介词后边用which不用that。 We should do everything that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。 This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now. 这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。 I bought a great many books，on which I spent all my money that I saved. 我买了很多书，这些书花了我积攒的所有的钱。 二、引导定语从句的关系副词 关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 why the reason 原因状语 I will never forget the day when (＝on which) we moved into our new house. 我永远不会忘记我们搬进新居的那一天。 Students should involve themselves in community activities where (＝in which) they can gain experience for growth. 学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。 He didn't know the reason why (＝for which) he was dismissed. 他不知道他为什么被解雇了。 三、定语从句中关系词的选用 方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。 方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 关系词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，应用关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。 The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father. 昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年待过的山村。 四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法。 方法一：根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。 方法二：根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。 方法三：根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。 The poor man has no house in which he can live. 那个穷人没房子住。 I don't know the reason for which he was late for school. 我不知道他为何上学迟到。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。 2．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句注意事项： (1)“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或whom，不用that。 I'll never forget the day on which I joined the army. 我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。 Do you know the man with whom Mr.Black talked just now? 你认识刚和布莱克先生谈话的那个人吗？ (2)关系副词where，when，why可替换成“介词＋which”，介词取决于先行词及介词＋which在从句中的作用。why只可替换for which。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. ＝This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。 (3)“不定代词或数词＋介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句说明整体中的部分。 Last week，only two people came to look at the house，neither of whom wanted to buy it. 上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。 (4)“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”，可替换“whose＋名词”引导的定语从句。 The house the windows of which/of which the windows/whose windows were damaged has now been repaired. 窗子遭破坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。 五、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 和先行词的关系密切(删除后影响整个句子意义的表达) 和先行词关系不密切(起补充说明的作用，删掉后不影响整个句子意思的表达) 不用逗号隔开 一般用逗号隔开 可用that/which/ whom引导 不可以用that引导，只能用which/whom 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 He is the man who came to see you yesterday. 他是昨天来看你的那个人。 The sports meeting was put off，which astonished us. 运动会推迟了，这让我们很吃惊。 2．as/which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事 可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为“正如……，正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see，know，expect，say，mention，report等 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事也可修饰先行词 只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系 As we all know，smoking is harmful to health. 我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。 He finished the task ahead of time，which is very important to us. 他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。 3．非限制性定语从句与并列句的识别 非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用逗号分开，并且不能加入and，but，so等连接词。并列句一般由and，but，or等词连接。 He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows，most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows，and most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows.Most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 他付给那个男孩10美元洗窗户，大部分窗户至少有一年没擦了。 体系构建 返回 知识拾遗 返回 核心词汇精研 1 preference n．偏爱；偏爱的事物 (教材原句)Now，when speaking to Americans，who have a preference for the direct style，I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. 现在，当我与偏爱直接风格的美国人交谈时，我发现我常常无法直截了当地抓住要点。 (1)have/show a preference for　 喜好……，偏爱…… in preference to sb/sth 而不是某人/事；优先于某人/事 give (a) preference to sb/sth 给……以优惠；优待…… (2)prefer to do/doing sth 更喜欢做某事 prefer sb to do sth 宁愿某人做某事 prefer (doing) sth to (doing) sth＝prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿(做)某事……也不愿(做)某事 佳句　Among all the subjects，I have a preference for English. 在所有的科目中，我更偏爱英语。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①Around 34.4 percent of surveyed graduates show a preference ____ small businesses，up from 28.7 percent of those surveyed last year. ②Anna said she would choose to learn the violin in preference ___ the piano. ③A growing number of Chinese consumers have realized the significance of health and prefer _________________ (take) exercise at home. ④In general，the old prefer classical music and Peking Opera ___ pop music. for to taking/to take to ◎写美——一句多译 青少年们宁愿待在家里玩电脑游戏而不愿参加户外活动。 ⑤Teenagers _____________________________________________________ ______outdoor activities.(prefer to do...rather than do...) ⑥Teenagers _____________________________________________________ outdoor activities.(prefer doing...to doing...) prefer to stay at home playing computer games rather than take part in prefer staying at home playing computer games to taking part in 2 embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 (教材原句)Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others，and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them. 那些打破禁忌的人可能会感到沮丧或尴尬，即使他们无意伤害其他人，这种情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。 (1)be embarrassed about/at sth　　 对某事感到尴尬 be embarrassed to do sth 做某事感到尴尬 (2)embarrass vt. 使窘迫，使尴尬 (3) embarrassing adj. 使人害羞的(或难堪的、惭愧的) (4)embarrassment n. 窘迫；愧疚；难堪 (much) to one's embarrassment 使某人(十分)尴尬的是 佳句　Much to my embarrassment，he asked me some embarrassing questions about my personal life，which also made other guests embarrassed. 令我非常尴尬的是，他问了我一些关于我个人生活的令人尴尬的问题，这也让其他客人感到尴尬。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①I felt ___________ (embarrass) when I could not buy my daughter an ice candy because I didn't have the spare cash. ②I am embarrassed _________ (admit) that I made many mistakes in this investigation. ③What matters now is how to get rid of such an ____________ (embarrass) situation. ④His ignorant behaviour at the dinner table caused much _____________ (embarrass)． ◎写美——微写作 ⑤____________________________，he failed in the exam again. 令他十分尴尬的是，他又一次考试失败了。 embarrassed to admit embarrassing embarrassment Much to his embarrassment 3 intention n．计划，意图 (1) with the intention of　 目的是…… have no/every intention of doing sth 没有/有做某事的计划 (2) intend to do/doing sth 打算/想要做某事 intend sb to do sth. 打算让某人做某事 be intended for 打算为……所用，专为……而设计的 had intended to do ...＝intended to have done... 原本打算做…… 佳句　The program was set up with the intention of helping the homeless. 这个项目创立的目的是帮助无家可归者。 名师点津　intend的过去完成时，表示本打算做某事，但实际没做成。有类似用法的动词还有：plan，hope，think等。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①China has no intention ___ competing with other countries，and has been promoting international cooperation. ②This book is intended ____ primary and middle school students，aged between 6 and 18. ③His father intended him _________ (study) medicine but he decided to join the army. ◎写美——一句多译 昨晚我原本打算去拜访你的，可是下起雨来了。 ④I ________________________ you last night，but it rained. ⑤I ___________________________ you last night，but it rained. of for to study had intended to visit intended to have visited 4 correspond vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信 (教材原句)This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”． 这是因为汉语中与“伞”对应的单词听起来像另一个汉语单词，意思是“散”。 (1) correspond to/with　　 和……一致 correspond with 和……通信 (2)correspondence n. 一致，符合；通信联系；往来书信 in correspondence with 与……有通信联系 (3)corresponding adj. 符合的，相应的，相关的 佳句　Only when what you do corresponds with what you say can you make better relationships with others. 只有当你言行一致时，你才能和其他人建立更好的关系。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①I have to inform you that the goods do not correspond ________ the samples you sent to me last time. ②To strike a balance between accepting the refugees and maintaining their own social security，the countries have adopted _____________ (correspond) restrictions. ③What she has just said isn't in ______________ (correspond) with the views of the majority. ◎写美——微写作 ④You must promise that ______________________________________． 你必须保证你的言行一致。 with/to corresponding correspondence your actions correspond with/to your words 5 behave vi.&vt.表现得体，有礼貌；表现 (教材原句)If you know what to avoid and how to behave，you will spare yourself embarrassment. 如果你知道避免什么和如何表现得体，你就会使自己免得尴尬。 (1)behave well/badly to/towards sb 对待某人好/差 behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体 (2)behavior n. 举止，行为 佳句　It is highly suggested that you (should) behave yourself when attending feasts. 强烈建议你参加晚宴时，表现得体。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①They behaved badly ___________ the guests at the party，which made them very angry. ②People who want to become stars must first of all behave __________ (them)． ③There exist huge differences in culture，language，thinking and ________ (behave) between the people of the two countries. ◎写美——微写作 ④My mother asked me to ___________________________________． 我母亲要求我在客人们面前表现得体。 to/towards themselves behavior behave myself before the guests 6 tolerate vt.容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受 (教材原句)Some behaviour that was not tolerated before might be accepted now. 一些以前不被容忍的行为现在可能会被接受。 (1)tolerate doing sth　　　 容忍做某事 (2)tolerant adj. 宽容的；容忍的；忍受的；能耐……的 be tolerant of 容忍……；耐…… (3)tolerance n. 容忍；忍受；宽容 佳句　Those who know how to tolerate others can naturally lead a happy life. 那些懂得容忍他人的人会过得幸福。 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①To be frank，I can't tolerate your _____ (be) rude to your parents any more. ②He made it clear that this behavior should not _____________ (tolerate)． ③My _________ (tolerant) of heat is considerably greater after having lived in the Far East for a couple of years. ④People should be more tolerant ___ their sports idols' failures in competition and give due respect to their hard work. ◎写美——微写作 ⑤He can not ____________________________ when he is giving his speech. 他不能容忍在他演讲时被打断。 being be tolerated tolerance of tolerate being interrupted fluent adj.(尤指外语)流利的，熟练的 (教材原句)Keen for their sons and daughters to succeed in life，they see being fluent in a second or third language as an advantage. 他们渴望自己的子女在生活中取得成功，他们认为流利地使用第二或第三语言是一种优势。 (1)be fluent in...　　　　 ……流利；……熟练 (2)fluency n. 流畅，熟练 speak...with fluency 流利地说…… (3)fluently adv. 流利地；流畅地 佳句　I can speak fluent English and I am the first student in my class to go abroad for further study. 我能说一口流利的英语，我是班上第一个出国深造的学生。 7 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①Now she is fluent __ both English and Chinese and works for an international trade company. ②Judging from the _______ (fluent) of his Chinese，it's hard to believe he isn't a native speaker. ③When interviewed on Chinese social media after a post-match interview，she ________ (fluent) switched between the two languages. ◎写美——微写作 ④I am writing to recommend Tom，a graduate who __________________，as your assistant. 我写信是为了推荐汤姆，一个英语流利的毕业生，做您的助手。 in fluency fluently is fluent in English cooperate vi.合作，协作；协助，配合 (教材原句)For example，there is China's Belt and Road Initiative，which motivates many countries along the Silk Road to cooperate more closely. 例如，中国的“一带一路”倡议，推动丝绸之路沿线许多国家进行更紧密的合作。 (1)cooperate with　　　　 和……合作 (2)cooperation n. 合作，协作 in cooperation with 和……合作 (3)cooperative adj. 合作的，协作的；同心协力的 佳句　Being exposed to foreign surroundings strengthens my ability to cooperate with others. 接触国外的环境增强了我与他人合作的能力。 8 ◎练透——单句语法填空 ①We are willing to unite and cooperate ____ all countries to build a partnership of mutual respect，understanding and trust. ②The two countries have strengthened mutual political trust and set an example of peaceful coexistence and win-win ___________ (cooperate)． ③China and Pakistan are both close neighbors and important ___________ (cooperate) partners. ◎写美——微写作 ④Hearing your introduction，we really have the interest __________________． 听了您的介绍，我们很有兴趣和您合作。 with cooperation cooperative to cooperate with you 维度一　单词拼写 1．Judging from his ______(口音)，he is probably from Sichuan Province. 2．If you can improve your ___________(书写)，you will get a higher mark for your composition. 3．We must read as much as possible to enlarge our __________(词汇量)． 4．We‘d better change another road because there is a traffic ____(堵塞)ahead. 5．The children can learn singing，dancing，drawing in the ____________(幼儿园)． 随堂演练 accent handwriting vocabulary jam kindergarten 维度二　单句语法填空 1．Travelers also showed an increasing __________ (prefer) for Red tourism. 2．Tom came to China three years ago with the _________ (intend) of studying Chinese and learning more about Chinese culture. 3.We would like to see closer ___________ (cooperate) between parents and schools. 4．Much to the surprise of netizens，Yuan Longping could speak English __________(fluent)． 5．While everyone desires success，mistakes and failures also should _____________ (tolerate) as well. preference intention cooperation fluently tolerated 维度三　语法与写作 1．Travelling can help you ___________________ and make more friends. 旅行可以帮助你开阔视野，结交更多的朋友。 2．________________ and keep quiet for a while! 规矩点，安安静静地待一会儿！ 3．He was ______________________________ the girl. 他太尴尬了不敢看那个女孩。 broaden your mind Behave yourself too embarrassed to look at 返回 课时精练 返回 维度一　单句语法填空 1．This is my best friend，for ______ I want to buy a present because it is his birthday tomorrow. 2．China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ______ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 3．Thank you for your letter，_____ really made me happy. 4．Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food ____ is provided by Mom with appreciation. 5．In ancient China lived an artist ______ paintings were almost lifelike. 6．When western people talk about the cities of China，the first of ______ comes to their mind is Peking. 基础达标 whom where which that whose which 7．The reason ____ he was late was that his car broke down on the way. 8．___ is often the case with old people，my grandfather is fond of talking about good old days. 9．We have entered into an age _____ dreams have the best chance of coming true. 10．In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment ___________ is created for them. why As when that/which 维度二　语法与写作 1．He changed his mind at the last minute，________________________． 他在最后一刻改变了主意，这确实让我生气。 2．After graduation he returned to the small town _______________________． 毕业以后，他回到那个他长大的小镇上。 3．____________________________，talks between the two countries are making progress. 正如报纸上报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在取得进展。 4．We should help the child _______________________． 我们应该帮助这个家庭贫困的孩子。 5．I will never forget the day _________________________________． 我永远不会忘记我被大学录取的那一天。 which made me very angry where/in which he grew up As is reported in the newspapers whose family is poor when I was admitted into a university 维度三　语法与语篇 　　I work in a big company，1.______ the working conditions are very good. Tom，2.____ is the boss of our company，said the meeting would be put off until next Friday，3._____ all of the workers would be in the company.He said each of the workers would get a souvenir after the meeting，4.______ made all workers very excited.However，the reason，for 5.______ the meeting was put off，is not known. where who when which which 素能提升 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 　　An about 2-meter-wide alley，or “Liu Chi Xiang” in Chinese，now attracts floods of visitors in east China's Anhui Province.It has a household's ancient story hidden behind it，which vividly explains the spirit of tolerance and non-contention(不争)widely accepted in China. 　　During the Period of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty，one of his ministers，Zhang Ying，received a letter from his hometown of Tongcheng City in Anhui one day.From the letter，Zhang learned that his family quarreled with their neighbor，Wu's family，over the two sides' house boundary.The local court struggled to reach a final judgement since both families enjoyed high reputation in Tongcheng.Zhang's family wrote the letter hoping that Zhang，a high-ranking official in the imperial palace，could force the Wu family to give in.However，Zhang wrote a poem back saying，“Writing a letter from home，miles away，just for a wall.All that argument over one meter or two. Looking at the ten-thousand-mile long Great Wall，long gone is its builder Emperor Qinshihuang.” 　　His reply enlightened(开导)the family members as the wall was merely a temporary(暂时的)structure.It was the close relationship with their neighbors that mattered.They decided to move their wall about one meter back for their neighbor.In turn，the Wu family was deeply touched by their generosity and retreated another meter backward in building their wall.It created an about two-meter-wide narrow “alley” between the houses. 　　More than 30 decades later in modern China，Tongcheng has become a national historical and cultural city，a statement released by the State Council said on Nov.12. 　　Many locals still live in tiny houses next to each other and share walls with their neighbors.Some problems like noise and division of responsibility when it comes to a broken wall are commonplaces.About 98 percent are successfully handled thanks to the virtues of modesty and harmony rooted in the local culture. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了六尺巷的故事，以及其中诠释的“宽容、不争”的中华美德及其对后世的影响。 1．What can we know about “Liu Chi Xiang”？ A．It shows a traditional virtue. B．It was built by Emperor Kangxi. C．It was used to memorize Zhang Ying. D．It is as well-known as the Great Wall. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“It has a household's ancient ...widely accepted in China.”可知，六尺巷生动地诠释了宽容和不争的精神。故六尺巷显示了中华传统美德，故选A项。 √ 2．What did Zhang Ying want to express in the poem? A．He supported his family to go to court. B．He advised his family never to give in to their neighbors. C．He wanted his family to build a great wall between the houses. D．He expected his family to keep a good relationship with their neighbors. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“His reply enlightened(开导)the family... their neighbors that mattered.”可知，张英的回信启发了家人，这堵墙只是一座临时建筑，而重要的是他们与邻居的亲密关系。由此可推断出，张英的诗是要族人以和谐的邻里关系为重，故选D项。 √ 3．What message does the author seem to convey in the last paragraph? A．Zhang Ying's story has an impact on the local culture. B．A narrow alley between the houses is a must. C．Modesty is useless in disputes and conflicts. D．People in Tongcheng live in tiny houses. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“About 98 percent are successfully ...rooted in the local culture.”可知，由于根植于当地文化的谦虚和和谐的美德，大约98%的问题都能成功处理。由此可推断出，六尺巷的故事体现出的“宽容和不争”的处世哲学对当地的民风有重要的影响，故选A项。 √ 4．What might be the best title for the text? A．One wall，one family B．No fight，no union C．Narrow alley，broad minds D．Clear boundary，peaceful life 标题归纳题。本文讲述了六尺巷的故事，以及其中诠释的“宽容、不争”的中华美德。C项(巷道窄，心胸宽)为最佳标题。 √ B 　　Do you want a simple T-shirt that could cool you down by up to 5℃ on the hot summer days? Thanks to a recent discovery，the possibility is getting closer.　While there are many alternatives that manage to keep the body warm，this amazing invention aims to offer real relief for those who are eager to feel comfortable and fresh in the outdoors on extremely hot days. 　　Its inventors，engineers Ma Yaoguang of Zhejiang University and Tao Guangming of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China，took a completely creative approach.They designed a special textile(纺织物) that can absorb body heat and re-emit(重发出)its energy into space as mid-infrared radiation (MIR)．This textile cools both the objects and their surroundings through a technique that is known as radiative cooling.Science reveals.This means that even when it looks like you are wearing a regular shirt，you are actually wearing a device that works like a mirror. 　　A research conducted at Stanford University in 2017 had already managed to cool the wearer by 3℃，but this previous study was limited.So researchers still need to test the new approach to determine how effectively the new fabric cools while the wearers are standing or walking，and not directly facing the sky.They also need to examine and measure how well it works when T-shirts are not in close contact with the skin. 　　Inventors Yaoguang and Guangming are now looking out for textile manufacturers(制造商)and clothing brands that are interested in using their fabric.They estimate that the new material will increase clothing manufacturing costs by just 10 percent.“We can make it with mass production，which means everybody can get a T-shirt and the cost is basically the same as their old stuff，” Yaoguang said. 　　So if you are an athlete or simply someone that has to deal with the extremely high temperatures，be patient because your days of feeling hot and bothered may be coming to an end! 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种可以在炎热的天气里给人们降温的T恤，详细介绍了其工作原理以及未来的发展方向。 5．What is the purpose of the new invention? A．To warm up people's body. B．To cool people off in hot weather. C．To detect the wearers' temperature. D．To protect clothes from becoming wet. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“this amazing invention aims to...on extremely hot days”可知，这项新发明的目的是在炎热的天气里给人们降温，故选B项。 √ 6．How does the special product work? A．By turning sunlight into energy. B．By sending out absorbed heat. C．By keeping heat out completely. D．By using light colors to reflect sunlight. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“They designed a special textile(纺织物)... mid-infrared radiation (MIR)．”可知，这种特殊产品的工作原理是通过散发吸收的热量来工作，故选B项。 √ 7．What is the main idea of Paragraph 3? A．The invention needs further testing. B．The previous studies lack evidence. C．The new fabric has a good cooling effect. D．The new fabric applies to various situations. 段落大意题。根据第三段中重要信息“but this previous study was limited...the new approach”及“They also need to examine and measure”可知，本段介绍了这项发明需要进一步测试，故选A项。 √ 8．Which of the following statements can best describe the invention of the T-shirt? A．Barking up the wrong tree. B．Robbing Peter to pay Paul. C．Kill two birds with one stone. D．Putting the cart before the horse. 推理判断题。根据文章可知，这种T恤可以降温；根据倒数第二段中“We can make it with mass... the same as their old stuff”可知，这种T恤经济实惠。由此可推断出，这种T恤的发明是一举两得的，故选C项。 √ C 　　Have you ever found yourself starting to yawn just because you saw someone else do it? It's not your imagination：Yawns really are contagious(传染的)! 　　Scientists have been trying for a while to figure out why yawns are so easy to “catch”．But for now，they're not even sure why the yawns you let out when you're sleepy or bored happen.It's possible that a yawn serves to cool down your brain or other parts of your body.It might serve to keep your body alert when you're tired. 　　That's one theory about why yawns are contagious.If they're meant to perk(振作)us up when we might be in danger，it's useful for them to spread quickly through a group.It's common for social animals such as humans to copy one another's behaviors to fit in，especially when that behavior is something that might be useful to their survival.That's why some research focuses on whether contagious yawning is related to empathy (同理心)． 　　“Empathy can be defined by the ability to understand，share and be affected by the states or emotions of others.So，if seeing someone yawn makes you yawn in response，this action could be placed within a category (范畴)of empathy，” says Andrew C．Gallup，a professor of psychology.Some studies have tried to see whether people and animals with more empathy are more likely to catch yawns.But Gallup says more study is needed to know for sure. 　　While yawns and their catchiness remain unclear，we do know we're not alone in spreading them around.Scientists have seen evidence of monkeys and dogs catching yawns.Dogs actually catch yawns from humans，not other dogs. If we can figure out why these animals share yawns with their friends，it might help us understand why we do it，too.“There are a number of other behaviors that are contagious，such as laughing and itching.” Gallup says.One thing is certain：reading this story probably made you yawn! 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了打哈欠会传染的原因。 9．Why does the author ask a question in the first paragraph? A．To introduce how yawns are copied. B．To stress the importance of empathy. C．To let readers notice the fact that yawns can be caught. D．To show the influence of yawning on social relationships. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“It's not your imagination：Yawns really are contagious(传染的)！”可推断出，作者在第一段中提出问题是为了让读者注意到打哈欠是可以被传染的事实，故选C项。 √ 10．How is Paragraph 3 developed? A．By giving examples. B．By analyzing reasons. C．By describing processes. D．By making comparisons. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“That's one theory about why yawns are contagious.”可推断出，第三段主要分析了为什么打哈欠会传染的原因，故选B项。 √ 11．What does Andrew C．Gallup say about catching yawns? A．It increases understanding between each other. B．It should be avoided in social occasions. C．It has something to do with empathy. D．It helps lift people' s spirits. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Empathy can be defined by the ability...category(范畴)of empathy”可知，Andrew C．Gallup认为打哈欠会传染与同理心有关，故选C项。 √ 12．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Dogs catch yawns from other dogs. B．Humans can catch yawns from their pets. C．Laughter is more contagious than yawns. D．Reading about yawns can also make people yawn. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“One thing is certain：reading this story probably made you yawn！”可推断出，我们能从最后一段中了解到阅读关于哈欠的文章也会让人打哈欠，故选D项。 √ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 　　Children may not be putting coins into piggy banks for much longer.With the move towards a cashless society，pocket money is moving digital. To reflect this trend，a number of mobile budgeting apps for children have sprung up worldwide. 1 Parents can add money to children's accounts，set limits and monitor transactions，while children can choose to save their money or spend it using a prepaid card.The companies behind the apps argue that in an increasingly cashless society，they can be a valuable way of teaching young children about money. 2 These apps aim to overcome this，claiming to teach children financial concepts，such as budgeting，interest rates and income.For instance，the Swedish app Gimi has virtual savings jars where children can deposit money；parents can pay children interest as they save.Philip Haglund，CEO of Gimi believes the app has certain advantages like teaching responsible real-life spending habits，while schools tend to focus more on economic theory.“You don't become better at money management just because you have a degree in economics. 3 ” he says. One concern is that introducing digital money apps to young children could help to encourage irresponsible spending habits.“What if children don't have a good foundation in financial capability? 4 They won't learn about the real value of money and might develop bad money habits.” says an expert. However，Haglund says it is important for kids to learn and make mistakes，“We want to help kids and teenagers gain financial skills for life. 5 If you're going to make a mistake of ￡10 at eight，it's better than making a mistake of ￡1，000 when you're 28，”he says. A．The earlier，the better. B．They offer a simple money management service for children. C．There's a risk that money apps could be seen as just another game. D．The growth of digital banking has affected how parents give pocket money. E．Now money is being transferred through cyberspace，which is really abstract. F．It's more about the attitude and the relationship you have with parents' money. G．30% teenagers are unable to make simple financial decisions，according to a global survey. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了对给孩子零花钱开始变得“移动化”提出了不同的观点。 　　To reflect this trend，a number of mobile budgeting apps for children have sprung up worldwide.______________________________________________ ________ Parents can add money to children's accounts，set limits and monitor transactions，while children can choose to save their money or spend it using a prepaid card.The companies behind the apps argue that in an increasingly cashless society，they can be a valuable way of teaching young children about money. B．They offer a simple money management service for children. 根据上文“To reflect this trend... sprung up worldwide.”可知，B项承接上文，说明这些手机应用的功能是什么。故选B。 　　____________________________________________________________ ________________________ These apps aim to overcome this，claiming to teach children financial concepts，such as budgeting，interest rates and income.For instance，the Swedish app Gimi has virtual savings jars where children can deposit money；parents can pay children interest as they save. Philip Haglund，CEO of Gimi believes the app has certain advantages like teaching responsible real-life spending habits，while schools tend to focus more on economic theory. G．30% teenagers are unable to make simple financial decisions，according to a global survey. 根据下文“These apps aim to overcome this...interest rates and income.”可知，G项符合文意。下文中“overcome this”对应G项中“30% teenagers are unable to make simple financial decisions”这个问题。故选G。 These apps aim to overcome this，claiming to teach children financial concepts，such as budgeting，interest rates and income.For instance，the Swedish app Gimi has virtual savings jars where children can deposit money；parents can pay children interest as they save.Philip Haglund，CEO of Gimi believes the app has certain advantages like teaching responsible real-life spending habits，while schools tend to focus more on economic theory.“You don't become better at money management just because you have a degree in economics.____________________________________________________________________” he says. F．It's more about the attitude and the relationship you have with parents' money. 根据上文“You don't become better ... have a degree in economics.”可知，F项承接上文，说明理财重要的是哪一方面。故选F。 　　One concern is that introducing digital money apps to young children could help to encourage irresponsible spending habits.“What if children don't have a good foundation in financial capability? __________________________ _________________________________ They won't learn about the real value of money and might develop bad money habits.” says an expert. C．There's a risk that money apps could be seen as just another game. 根据上文“What if children ... financial capability？”及下文“They won't learn about the real value of money and might develop bad money habits.”可知，C项回答了上文所问的问题，下文说明C项所导致的后果。故选C。 　　However，Haglund says it is important for kids to learn and make mistakes，“We want to help kids and teenagers gain financial skills for life. ________________________ If you're going to make a mistake of ￡10 at eight，it's better than making a mistake of ￡1，000 when you're 28，”he says. A．The earlier，the better. 根据上文“We want to help kids and teenagers gain financial skills for life.”及下文“If you're going to make a... ￡l，000 when you're 28”可知，A项(越早越好。)切题。A项承接上文，下文是对A项的具体说明。故选A。 Ⅲ.语法填空 　　A new subway station in Moscow 1.__________ features a number of Chinese design elements will soon become another landmark for Sino-Russian friendship and 2.____________ (cooperate)．The station as well as the other two on the southwestern section of the Moscow Metro 3.__________ (stand) on the third transfer line of the city's subway system. 　　4. ________ (show) respect for the Chinese constructors and friendship between China and Russia，Chinese-style designs have been adopted for the platform at the new station.The lamps 5.____________(decorate) with auspicious clouds，while the ceiling is in the form of a Chinese checkerboard. that/which cooperation will stand To show are decorated 　　According to Chen Zhuang，one of the designers，the style 6.________ (adopt) for the new station is “unique and consistent”，while the overall concept is modern.Design and aesthetic standards in China and Russia differ greatly，as Russia has 7._______ (large) inherited those of the former Soviet Union，but China‘s design philosophy is based more on traditional elements.　Combining the different standards of the two countries is one of the toughest 8.______ (task)．“The Chinese-style platform is just 9.___ small part of the design，and we have to do more work and communicate 10.________(far) on the subway structure，and other functions in underground construction，” he said. 语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国将在莫斯科建立一座以大量的中国设计元素为特征的新的莫斯科地铁站。 adopted largely tasks a further 1．答案：that/which　 2．答案：cooperation　 考查词性转换。本空和空前名词friendship并列，都作介词for的宾 语，本空应用名词，故填cooperation。 考查定语从句。本空引导定语从句，修饰名词A new subway station，本空在从句中作主语、指物，应用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，故填that/which。 3．答案：will stand　 4．答案：To show　 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，本空应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填To show。 考查动词的时态。根据前文中“will soon become”可知，这个中国元素的地铁站还未建好，应用一般将来时，故填will stand。 5．答案：are decorated　 6．答案：adopted　 考查非谓语动词。本空在句中作后置定语，修饰名词the style，被修饰名词the style和动词adopt之间为被动关系，本空应用过去分词形式作定语，故填adopted。 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空后分句的谓语动词is可知，本空应用一般现在时，且句子主语The lamps与动词decorate之间是被动关系，本空应用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是复数，故填are decorated。 考查名词的单复数。one of the toughest (task)为“one of＋可数名词复数”形式，本空应用名词复数，故填tasks。 考查词性转换。本空修饰动词inherited，应用副词，故填largely。 7．答案：largely　 8．答案：tasks　 9．答案：a　 10．答案：further　 考查副词的比较级。根据句意及空前more可知，本空应用比较级形式，故填further。 考查冠词。空后名词part为可数名词单数，此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词，故填a。 返回 谢 谢 观 看 Unit 2　Understanding each other 返回 $