专题1 素养培优(3) 社科类新名词题专项突破（随堂演练）（Word练习）-【正禾一本通】2026年高考英语二轮专题复习高效讲义

A (2024·浙江1月卷阅读D)The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat，selected by the child，was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats，but by our computers，phones，and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world，and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us，dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories，we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago，and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor，so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.Therefore，just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption，we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption，resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food”in order to manage our time most effectively. [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章通过20世纪60年代一项针对孩子的棉花糖实验引出作者观点——身处网络时代，我们每天都受到大量信息的诱惑，要学会做有选择的信息消费者。 1.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test？ A.Take an examination alone. B.Show respect for the researchers. C.Share their treats with others. D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes. D　[细节理解题。根据第一段“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat，they would be given a second treat.”可知，孩子们如果等待15分钟再吃糖，就会得到第二份奖励，故选D项。] 2.According to Paragraph 3，there is a mismatch between 　　　　. A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit C　[细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句话可知，我们获取热量所需付出的成本和努力大大减少，也就是说现在我们能够轻易获取充足的食物了，但是我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样，因此这两者之间是不匹配的，故选C项。] 3.What does the author suggest readers do？ A.Absorb new information readily. B.Be selective information consumers. C.Use diverse information sources. D.Protect the information environment. B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，作者建议我们要谨慎地对待信息消费，抵制那些对我们的精神健康有害的诱惑信息，以达到高效管理时间的目的。因此可推知，作者建议读者要做有选择的信息消费者，故选B项。] 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text？ A.Eat Less，Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C.The Later，the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grown-ups D　[标题归纳题。本文围绕棉花糖实验展开，从最初针对幼儿园孩子的测试引入，说明棉花糖对孩子的影响，再类比到成人身上，阐述了在充斥着各类信息的大环境下，我们成年人也应该学会抵制不良信息带来的诱惑，做一个有选择的信息消费者，因此文章重点介绍了成人面临的“棉花糖实验”，故D项最适合作文章标题。故选D项。] B (2023·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读C)The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so，I divided the book into two parts.In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy： the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one，I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so，I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them，and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use.Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章以一本书展开，介绍了数字极简主义并倡导简单的数字生活方式。 5.What is the book aimed at？ A.Teaching critical thinking skills. B.Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C.Solving philosophical problems. D.Promoting the use of a digital device. B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism”，第二段中的“digital lives”和最后一段中的“a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle”可知，本书旨在倡导一种简单的数字生活方式。故选B项。] 6.What does the underlined word “declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean？ A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over. A　[词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的“step away from”可知，画线词表示“清除，清理”，A项含义与画线词含义相近。故选A项。] 7.What is presented in the final chapter of part one？ A.Theoretical models. B.Statistical methods. C.Practical examples. D.Historical analyses. C　[推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the final chapter of part one，I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.”和“You’ll hear these participants’ stories”可推知，第一部分的最后一章提供了真实的例子。故选C项。] 8.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two？ A.Use them as needed. B.Recommend them to friends. C.Evaluate their effects. D.Identify the ideas behind them. A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.”可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现简单的数字生活方式的工具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。故选A项。] 核心 单词 A篇 mechanism n.机制　mismatch n.不匹配　formative adj.形成期的　ceaselessly adv.不停地 B篇 minimalism n.极简主义　philosophy n.哲学；理念　intolerable adj.难以忍受的　optional adj.可选的　sustainable adj.可持续的　mindless adj.无意识的 熟词 生义 A篇 treat 常用义：v.对待→文章义：n.款待/糖果　delivery 常用义：n.递送→文章义：n.传递系统 reward 常用义：n.奖励→文章义：n.愉悦感 B篇 run 常用义：v.跑步→文章义：v.开展　work 常用义：v.工作→文章义：v.奏效 practice 常用义：n.练习→文章义：n.实践方法 核心 短语 A篇 conduct a test 进行实验　follow-up studies 后续研究　caloric consumption 热量摄入　information consumption 信息消费　resist the temptation 抵制诱惑 B篇 make the case for 论证……的合理性　step away from 远离　draw on 借鉴　take a closer look 仔细研究　act on 践行　work for 适用于 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $