专题1 第4讲 主旨大意题——去芜存菁，速抓文章主旨（随堂演练）（Word练习）-【正禾一本通】2026年高考英语二轮专题复习高效讲义

A (2025·杭州市高三年级教学质量检测)When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928，he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌)，killing any colonies it touched.Rather than simply starting over，Fleming switched his focus to the fungus.He identified the bacteria-killing substance，which he called “penicillin”，and seemingly at a single stroke，created the new field of antibiotics (抗生素). That’s how most people see innovation：A flash of brilliance.Then eureka！ A new world is born.The truth，however，is messier.It wasn’t until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use. To put Fleming’s discovery in context，consider Ignaz Semmelweis，who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房)，significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame.That was because in the 1850s，his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory，which attributed disease to “bad air”.After his death in 1865，germ theory was accepted，paving the way for Fleming’s later work. Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator.When he published his results in 1929，few took notice.In 1935，Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming’s paper，understood its importance，and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity.By 1943，with World War Ⅱ raging，the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass-produce penicillin，saving countless lives and ushering in the new age of antibiotics.Fleming，Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945. Penicillin owes much of its success to government support.For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS，their innovators，while carving their own path，are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations，who might have the resources to fast-track their ideas.So，look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章以Alexander Fleming 发明青霉素为例，阐述了创新并非是简单的灵光一现，而是一个复杂的过程。 1.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about？ A.An account of a lab story. B.Redefinition of a traditional view. C.Correction of a popular misconception. D.An analysis of a scientific phenomenon. C　[主旨大意题。前两段先讲述了Alexander Fleming发现青霉素的故事，接着讲述绝大多数人们认为创新是灵光一闪，指出这是对创新的普遍误解，实际上青霉素从发现到广泛应用并非如此简单。所以前两段重点在于纠正这种普遍误解。故选C项。] 2.What is the message conveyed in Paragraph 3？ A.Great minds think alike. B.The early bird catches the worm. C.Luck’s got your back when it comes to success. D.Early work is a stepping stone to later breakthroughs. D　[段落大意题。第三段讲述了Ignaz Semmelweis倡导洗手以减少产褥热。虽然当时他的想法受到鄙视，但他的工作为Fleming后来的工作奠定了基础。这体现了早期工作对后来突破的重要性。故选D项。] 3.What does the underlined part “ushering in” in Paragraph 4 mean？ A.Delaying. B.Introducing. C.Predicting. D.Transforming. B　[词句猜测题。画线部分所在句提到21个公司量产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，并且“ushering in the new age of antibiotics”。结合语境和选项可知，此处的意思是开启了抗生素的新时代，而不是“延迟、预测或转变”抗生素的新时代。故选B项。] 4.Which of the following can be the best title？ A.Great Innovations： Individuals Are True Heroes B.From Failure to Success： the Story of Penicillin C.The Lone Genius： Fleming’s Discovery of Penicillin D.The Long Road to Penicillin： How Innovation Happens D　[主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了青霉素从发现到广泛应用的漫长过程，并以青霉素为例，说明了创新并非是绝大部分人认为的天才的灵光一现，而是众多因素共同作用的结果，是个复杂的过程。故选D项。] B (2025·济南市高三模拟)Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing.You can no longer get guided to work，order your coffee，or connect with friends.For most of us，it is a nightmare (噩梦).But it should not be exactly far-fetched. Despite being more digitally connected than ever，we are lonelier and more anxious.Anxiety rates increased by 25％ globally.Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide.All of this is due to our growing dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep，meaningful engagement，which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored. While these conveniences offer short-term relief，they may weaken our thinking skills.For example，GPS has undeniably transformed how we travel.But a 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self-guided navigation.Over time，those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp decline in spacial memory and problem-solving skills.However，reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort.In seeking comfort today，we might be trading away some discomfort. That is the problem： the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us.Viewing stress，a kind of discomfort，as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better outcomes.Research shows that mild stress can enhance adaptability.Neuroscience (神经科学) reveals that neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to form new connections—is enhanced through challenging experiences.This adaptability is crucial for developing resilience (适应力)，a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort. But this doesn’t mean we should reject comfort entirely； it’s to balance it with intentional discomfort.Think of it as “microdosing hardship”—a series of small，manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional muscles strong，such as writing with a pen，or washing dishes by hand.These small acts are enough to reawaken the resilience we’ve buried under layers of ease.So，the next time you feel the pull of ease，pause.Ask yourself：Is this momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck？Choosing discomfort isn’t easy，but sometimes，it’s worth it. [语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章通过指出数字便利会给人们带来思维能力被削弱等潜在负面影响，说明了不适感可以给人们带来好处，并提倡通过“微剂量困难”来增强心理和情感韧性。 5.What does the underlined word “far-fetched” in Paragraph 1 probably mean？ A.Possible to change. B.Certain to function. C.Unlikely to be settled. D.Unable to be accepted. D　[词句猜测题。画线词前面讲到对我们大多数人来说，这(离开智能手机)是一场噩梦。根据画线词所在句中的But 可知，此处表转折，与上文意思相反，表示但这并非无法接受。故选D项。] 6.What may digital conveniences cause according to the text？ A.The fast but worthless relief. B.The meaningful engagement. C.The loss of thinking capacity. D.The lack of necessary comfort. C　[细节理解题。根据第三段首句“While these conveniences offer short-term relief，they may weaken our thinking skills.”(虽然这些便利提供了短期的解脱，但它们可能会削弱我们的思维能力)可知，数字便利可能导致思考能力的下降及丧失。故选C项。] 7.Which is a real-life application of “microdosing hardship”？ A.Taking the stairs instead of the lift. B.Ordering take-out food after work. C.Exploring a new city by using GPS. D.Writing an email using voice-to-text. A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Think of it as ‘ microdosing hardship’—a series of small...or washing dishes by hand”(把它想象成“微剂量困难”——一系列小的、可以处理的困难，这些困难能让我们的心理和情绪肌肉保持强壮，如用笔写字，或者用手洗碗)可知，采取“微剂量困难”的实际行动是做一些小的、可以处理的困难的事情。A项“走楼梯而不是乘电梯”符合，故选A项。] 8.What can be a suitable title for the text？ A.GPS： the Invisible Cost of Convenience B.Stress： the Main Cause of Brain Damage C.Discomfort： a Hidden Source of Resilience D.Smartphones： Barriers to Human Progress C　[主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第四段中的“That is the problem： the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us.”(那就是问题所在：我们避免的不适往往正是让我们变得坚强的东西)可知，文章主要以数字便利带来的潜在负面影响为切入点，讲述了不适感可以通过让我们经历挑战来增强我们的适应力。因此C项最符合文章的主旨。故选C项。] 核心 单词 A篇 Para.1：identify v.确认，认出，鉴定；找到，发现　Para.2：innovation n.(新事物、思想或方法的)创造，创新，改革；新思想，新方法　Para.5：groundbreaking adj.开创性的，创新的，革新的 B篇 Para.2：relief n.(不快过后的)宽慰，轻松，解脱　engagement n.(与……的)密切关系；(对……的)了解　Para.3：transform v.使改变，使转换　Para.4：reveal v.揭示，显示，透露　enhance v.提高，增强，增进　crucial adj.至关重要的，关键性的 词缀 变形 A篇 Para.3：significant adj.有重大意义的，显著的；意味深长的→significantly adv.有重大意义地，显著地，明显地→significance n.(尤指对将来有影响的)重要性，意义；意思，含义 B篇 Para.2：depress v.使抑郁，使沮丧，使消沉，使失去信心→depression n.抑郁，沮丧，消沉 Para.4：adapt v.适应(新情况)→adaptable adj.有适应能力的，能适应的→adaptability n.适应性 Para.5：intend v.打算，想要→intention n.打算，目的→intentional adj.故意的，有意的，存心的 熟词 生义 A篇 culture(Para.1)常用义：n.文化，文明→文章义：n.培养物，培养细胞，培养菌 B篇 fuel(Para.4)常用义：n.燃料→文章义：v.增加，加强，刺激 核心 短语 A篇 Para.1：switch one’s focus to 把某人的注意力转移到　at a single stroke一下子　Para.2：come into use 开始被使用　Para.3：conflict with 冲突　attribute...to...把……归因于……，认为……是由于……　Para.5：team up with...与……合作，与……协作 B篇 Para.1：connect with(与某人)建立良好关系，沟通　Para.2：at the expense of 以……为代价 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $