专题二 考法二 第3讲 填并列连词、代词和其他语境填词-【衡中学案】2026年高考英语二轮总复习学案

8.truly考查副词。空处修饰形容词distinctive,用副词作状语。 9.ke考查介词。空处为介词，意为“像…一样”，用介词 likeo l0.pursing考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语作后置定语，被修 饰词the remote workers和动词pursue之间为主动关系，用现 在分词。 第3讲 填并列连词、代词和 其他语境填词 高频考点·研析透 考点1： 1.【答案】and 【解析】考查连词。句意：但令人惊讶的是，你是如何适应并 在新环境中学习的。adapt和leam是并列关系，应用连词and 连接。 2.【答案】and 【解析】考查连词。the balance between the black and white pieces,the beauty in the strategic placement of the pieces,the energy flow following each move三者为并列关系，在宾语从句 中作并列主语，所以空处需用连词and。 3.【答案】and 【解析】考查连词。“have something unique to wear”和“are not overstuffing their own wardrobes...”是并列关系，have和are 是谓语动词，应用连词and连接。 4.【答案】and 【解析】考查连词。空前“hear the Chinese language”和空后 “see how Tang's play was being performed”为并列结构，用and 连接。 5.【答案】or 【解析】考查连词。either...·or..·意为“要么…要 么…”，所以此处应用连词or。 6.【答案】but 【解析】考查连词。空前“It is a distinct visual contrast（反 差)that shouldn't work”和空后“somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination'”之间存在转折关系， 用but。 7.【答案】or 【解析】考查连词。whether..or.“是…还是…”，固 定搭配。 8.【答案】and 【解析】考查连词。文中“to watch the panda programme develop”和“to see the pandas settle into their new home”是并列 关系，应该用and连接。 9.【答案】and 【解析】考查连词。分析句子结构可知，planned和arranged 是并列的谓语动词，表示并列关系应用连词and连接。 考点3： 【答案】how 【解析】考查特殊疑问词。根据句子结构可知，设空处是特 殊疑问词+todo不定式结构作宾语。根据句意，how意为“如 何”，符合句意。 3( 模拟精练·提考能 A 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了鼓和 锣从实用工具演变为庆祝和文化身份象征的历程，以及它们在 不同场景中的作用和现代的发展。 l.played考查时态。根据时间状语In ancient China可知，句子 讲述古代的事实，应用一般过去时，动词使用过去式形式。 2.the考查冠词。此处特指一次攻击的开始，应用定冠词he 修饰。 3.which/and考查定语从句/连词。空处可用来引导非限制性 定语从句，修饰先行词The powerful sound of the drum and gong,指物，关系词在从句中作主语，使用关系代词which引导 从句；空处也可用并列连词and,连接并列的spread和 boosted 4.ancestors考查名词的数。ancestor为可数名词，应使用复数 形式表示泛指，作wth的宾语。 5.significant考查形容词。空处作定语修饰名词events,应用形 容词significanto 6.With考查介词。空处应用介词with,构成with的复合结构， with time going by表示“随着时间的推移”，with置于句首，首 字母大写。 7.accompanied考查状语从句的省略。此处为when引导的时 间状语从句中的省略，即当从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且 从句中含有be动词时，可省略从句的主语和be动词。 accompany与逻辑主语the two instruments之间是被动关系，所 以应用过去分词形式。 8.creatively考查副词。空处修饰动词blending,应用副词形式 作状语。 9.have carried考查时态和主谓一致。根据through the ages可 知，句子应用现在完成时，表示动作从过去一直持续到现在， 主语是the drum and gong,助动词使用have. 10.connecting考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语remain,空处用 非谓语动词，connect与逻辑主语They之间是主动关系，应用 现在分词形式作状语。 B 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国 民间故事的特点、历史背景及其对文化理解的重要性。 1.which考查定语从句。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词 是Western fairy tales,指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系 代词which引导。 2.were recorded考查时态、语态和主谓一致。these tales与 record是被动关系，应用被动语态，且动作发生在过去，应用 一般过去时的被动语态，主语是复数，be动词使用were。 3.drawing考查非谓语动词。此处作伴随状语，动作与主句谓 语动词同时发生，应用现在分词，表示主动、进行。 4.exposed考查省略。此处为once引导的条件状语从句的省 略，省略了主语you和are,be exposed to意为“接触”。 5.考查冠词。此处泛指“一种独特而愉快的学习语言的方 式”，且unique以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。 6.or考查连词。此处连接两个并列成分，表示选择关系，应用 连词or,且构成固定句型Whether..·or..“无论…还 是” 03 7.have stood考查时态和主谓一致。根据by now可知，应用现 在完成时，表示动作从过去持续到现在，that替代先行词tales 在定语从句中作主语，助动词应用have。 &.appreciation考查名词。此处作宾语，应用名词appreciation, 空前有不定冠词a,应用名词单数形式。 9.amazed考查形容词。此处用形容词作宾语补足语，修饰人， 表示“感到惊讶的”。 l0.happily考查副词。此处修饰动词reading and learning,应用 副词happily“愉快地”，作状语。 C 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了牡丹 在中国文化与历史中的重要地位以及山东菏泽作为“中国牡丹 之都”在牡丹培育、种植与研究方面的卓越成就。 1.referred考查非谓语动词。本句谓语为hols,此处为非谓语 动词，且The peony与refer为被动关系，应用过去分词，作 定语。 2.have inspired考查时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语over the centuries可知，inspire这一动作开始于过去，持续到现在，时态 应用现在完成时，主语为Its colors and fragrance,助动词用 have o 3.countless考查形容词。修饰名词songs,应用形容词countless “数不清的”，作定语。 4.appreciation考查名词。作symbolizing的宾语，表示“欣赏”， 应用名词appreciation。 5.as考查介词。表示“被誉为”用固定短语be celebrated as。 6.Currently考查副词。修饰后文整个句子，应用副词currently 作状语，句首单词首字母要大写。 7.it考查代词。此处指代上文Heze,作宾语，应用代词it。 8.To provide考查非谓语动词。本句谓语为have launched provide在句中应用非谓语动词形式，此处作目的状语，应用不 定式，句首单词首字母要大写。 9.figures考查名词的数。figure“人物”为可数名词，根据后文 such as Yang Guifei,Li Bai and Xi Shi可知，此处应用复数形 式，作with的宾语。 l0.listening考查非谓语动词。本句谓语为can travel和 appreciate,listen在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语 visitors构成主动关系，用现在分词，作状语。 第四部分 写作技能升华篇 专题一 应用文写作 实战导引·点迷津 Dear Chris, I'm writing to share with you an art class I had in a park last Friday. We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most.Inspired by the fantastic scenery,I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park's pond, surrounded by blooming flowers. The entire experience was incredibly refreshing.Being surrounded by nature not only sparked my creativity but also offered 3 a much-needed break from the usual hustle and bustle of school life. While painting,I felt a deep sense of peace. In a word,it was not just an art class;it was a moment of connection with nature that I truly cherished Yours, Li Hua 第3讲体裁分类探完 第1节邀请信、申请信、咨询信、推荐信 高频考点·研析透 【优秀作文赏析】 Dear Chris, Hope this email finds you well!Last month,you kindly agreed to write an article about sports in Canada,and we're all looking forward to reading it. I'm writing to politely inquire about the progress of the article. Would you mind letting me know how it's going?Also,could I remind you that the deadline for submission is this Friday,June 14th?Your insights into Canadian sports will surely enrich our readers'understanding of global sports culture,which will be of benefit to us. Thank you again for your support! Best wishes, Li Hua 模拟精练·提考能 A 【范文】 Dear Larry. Giant pandas and The Great Wall are symbols of China.Giant pandas are rare in number and unique to China.The black and white color scheme of the giant panda is in line with the black and white aesthetics in traditional Chinese culture. The Great Wall embodies the unique values and spiritual connotations of the Chinese nation.It not only represents the most advanced productive forces in the world at that time,but also represents the high confidence and prosperity of advanced culture. I hope that you can get excellent results. Yours, Li Hua B 【范文】 Dear Peter, I'm writing to invite you to join our Music Club's upcoming musical appreciation session this Saturday at 2 p.m.in the Music Hall. We'll be screening classic selections from The Phantom of the Opera and Les Mis e rables,followed by a discussion on their cultural significance.Your insights into Westem musical traditions would definitely enrich our understanding.Light refreshments will be served. 04140 第3讲填并列连词、代词和其他语境填词 高频考点 研析透 考点！■ 并列连词 ●辨明题类 当空处前后是两个并列成分，如两个单词、短语或主谓结构完整的句子等，而且并列成分相互之间存在并列、 转折、选择、因果关系等时，空处一般填并列连词。 ●技法点拨 1.分析句子结构，发现有平行或对比的并列结构，如not..but,bolh..and,neither..,nor等时，要考虑相应的 并列连词搭配。 (2025·广东省深圳市高三二模)At night,they either sheltered with Tibetan families camped alone. 【答案】or 【解析】考查连词。either..or..表示“要么…要么…”。 2.分析句子结构，发现两个或几个单词、短语或句子之间是并列或转折等关系时，应考虑填and,but,yct, while,or或者so等。 (2025·重庆市高三-模)After Su Shi was downgraded,he came to Hangzhou organizing migrant workers to dredge(疏浚)the West Lake,build bridges, transform the old West Lake into a new look. 【答案】and 【解析】考查连词。空处连接前后三个动词短语，“疏通西湖”“修桥”和“将老西湖改造一新”之间是顺承 关系，应用并列连词and。 ●真题体验 1.(2025·全▣I卷)But it's amazing how you can adapt__learn in a new environment. 2.(2025·全国I卷)Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces,the beauty in the strategic☑ strategical(strategy)placement of the pieces,the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings,sculptures,digitally(digital)generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition. 3.(2025·浙江1月卷)Customers today look past the fact that something is secondhand and focus instead on/upon the fact that they have something unique to wear are not overstuffing their own wardrobes()or contributing to landfill. 4.(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language see how Tang's play was being performed. 5.(2024·浙江1月卷)Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home you can't use what you've bought while it's still fresh. 6.(2023·全国乙卷)It is a distinct visual contrast(反差)that shouldn't work, somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination. 7.(2O23·新课标I卷)To eat one,you have to decide whether to bite(bite)a small hole in it first,releasing the stream and risking a spill ()to put the whole dumpling in your mouth,letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 8.(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)It's been an honor to watch the panda programme develop to see the pandas settle into their new home. 9.(2023·浙江1月卷)During China's dynastic period,emperors planned the city of Beijing arranged the residential areas according to social classes. 141 考点2代词 ●辨明题类 近几年，高考对代词的考查主要集中在代词的基本用法上，因此这类试题一般较为简单。语法填空侧重对t 用法的考查。考生在解题时要根据语境、句意判断人称和数，仔细阅读上下文，根据代词具体指代的对象和在句 中充当的成分，确定代词的格。未来高考对代词的考查将继续侧重代词的基本用法，并会加强语境的真实性和复 杂性。 ●技法点拨 1.当句中缺少主语或宾语时，一般要填代词，主要包括人称代词、不定代词和t等。 ①如果空处前文出现了单数名词，并且空处作主语，可根据代指的情况用he,she或it; ②如果空处前文出现了单数名词，并且空处作宾语，可根据代指的情况用him,her或it; ③如果空处前文出现了复数名词，并且空处作主语，用hey; ④如果空处前文出现了复数名词，并且空处作宾语，用hem。 (2O25·河北省唐山市高三二模)After finishing school,he thought about quitting architecture completely,but an inspiring exhibition by a former classmate put (he)on a path to change modern Chinese architecture. 【答案】him 【解析】考查代词。空处在句中作put的宾语，指代上文提到的he,所以要用宾格him 2.空处所在句子缺主语或宾语，但不是定语从句、名词性从句，则很有可能填t。 ①指代天气、时间、距离等； ②代替上文提到过的事物； ③t可作形式主语或形式宾语： ④t常用的固定句型： It takes/took sb./sth.to do sth. Itis/was+被强调部分+hat/who+其他 It+be+形容词+of/for sb.to do sth. It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth. Sb.hates/likes/enjoys it that..某人讨厌/喜欢 When it comes to..当谈到… assb.puts it正如某人所言 make it成功 (2025·河南省创新发展联盟高三一模)The distance between these enemy towers is half the effective range of a bow and arrow,making easier to target enemies from the sides. 【答案】it 【解析】考查代词。此处为固定句型make it adj.to do sth.,意为“使得做某事…”，it作形式宾语。 3.一句话中前面出现了单数名词、不可数名词或复数名词，后面再次提到，但所指同名不同物，应考虑用指示 代词hat或those。 ①同一句话中前面出现了单数名词或者不可数名词，后面再次提到用ht; ②同一句话中前面出现了复数名词，后面再次提到用hos。 (2024·浙江省绍兴市高三二模)Realising the importance of field research outweighed of extensive reading,in 1565 Li travelled far and wide into the mountains and wilderness. 【答案】that 【解析】考查代词。空处代指前文提到的the importance,应用hat替代。 142 考点3其他语境填词 ●辨明题类 不符合上述情况的无提示词的填空，主要考虑固定搭配、特殊副词如however、特殊句型或情态动词、助动词。 ●技法点拨 分析句子结构，看是否是倒装句或强调句，再根据句意或固定搭配进行填空。 (2025·西北四省高三-一模)It is Irish music's shared traditions with China,such as drumming and poetry, strongly appeal to people. 【答案】hat 【解析】考查强调句。此处为强调句“itis+被强调部分+ht/who(强调人可用)+其他”，被强调部分为 Irish music's shared traditions with China,such as drumming and poetryo ●真题体验 (2022·新课标I卷)“I don't know to thank him.” 模拟精练 提考能 A (2025·贵州省毕节市高三一模) The drum and gong()have been essential to Chinese culture for thousands of years.In ancient China,the drum and gong 1.(play)a vital role on the battlefield.It is said that the drum marked 2. beginning of an attack while the gong's sound signaled its end.The powerful sound of the drum and gong spread across the battlefield,3. boosted soldiers'fighting spirit.Also,they were strongly believed to be a soul connection with (ancestor).Afterwards,the drum and gong came to represent authority,power and governance.For example,drums were used to mark 5. significance)events or official announcements in government offices and courts. 6 time going by,the drum and gong have taken on new meanings.They have become central to big festivals,especially the Spring Festival.When 7. (accompany)by lion and dragon dances,the two instruments have helped create a festival atmosphere,symbolizing unity and good luck and showcasing the richness of Chinese traditions.Attracted by the drum and gong,many musicians are now 8. creative)blending the traditional instruments with modern music. From ancient battlefields to modern festivals,the drum and gong 9. (carry)their powerful sounds through the ages.They remain key symbols of strength,joy and unity,10. connect)people in celebrations. B (2025·黑龙江省名校协作体高三一模】 With over 4,000 years of civilization,China has accumulated (a treasure of folk tales and legends.Unlike Western fairy tales,1. are often associated with a specific author,Chinese folk tales have been passed down orally for centuries,adapting to local customs and beliefs.It wasn't until the Tang and Song dynasties that these tales 2. (record)in writing,preserving a glimpse into the thoughts and values of ancient China. Chinese folk tales are a mixture of fantasy and reality,3.(draw)inspiration from historical events, religious beliefs,and cultural practices.They offer a window into the heart of Chinese culture.Once 4. expose)to these stories,you can have a deep understanding of China and have 5. unique and enjoyable way to learn the language. Whether you're a language enthusiast 6. simply a lover of stories,Chinese folk tales and legends have something to offer everyone.So,get ready to be transported to a world of tales that 7. (stand)the test of time 143 by now.You'll not only gain a deeper 8. (appreciate)of the richness of Chinese culture but also find yourself laughing,crying,and 9. (amaze)at the wisdom that have lasted centuries.You might even pick up a few useful Chinese phrases along the way,10. (happy)reading and learning! C (2025·内蒙古呼和浩特市高三二模) The peony(牡丹)，often1. (refer)to as the "king of flowers",holds a valued place in Chinese culture and history.Its colors and fragrance 2. (inspire)poets,artists and scholars over the centuries.More than 3,000 peony poems have survived to this day,as well as 3.(count)songs,essays and literary stories.The enduring legacy of the peony is integrated into Chinese society,symbolizing the country's rich artistic traditions and deep 4. appreciate)of natural beauty. Heze,in Shandong Province,is celebrated 5. the“peony capital of China'”.6. current), Heze boasts more than 1,200 varieties,covering many color series and flower types,making 7. the world's largest base for peony breeding,cultivation and research.8.(provide)visitors with a deeper understanding of peony culture,local authorities have launched immersive experiences themed on peonies and ancient celebrities. Wandering in the garden,visitors can "travel through time"and appreciate the charm of peonies by meeting with legendary 9.(figure)such as Yang Guifei,Li Bai and Xi Shi,10.(listen)to their legendary stories and enjoying an amazing garden experience. ※备考指南：语法知识难点、考点集锦 一、冠词 (一)冠词的泛指与特指 1.泛指：不定冠词用在首次提到的或不限定的单数可数名词前表泛指。 2.特指：①用在上文提到的人或物前；②用在被限制性修饰语加以限定的人或物前；③用在双方默认的特定的人 或物前。 (二)必用定冠词的情况 1.the用在最高级或序数词前面或由only,very,same等修饰的名词前面。 Jim was the only child they had. 吉姆是他们的唯一孩子。 It was the very book he had been looking for. 那正是他一直在找的那本书。 2.he用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词或分词前，表示一类人或物。 the wounded伤员 the rich富人 the Greens格林一家（夫妇） 3.h用在年代、朝代及逢十的数词（表示某个年代）前。 the Tang Dynasty唐朝 in the1990°s在20世纪90年代 4.he与形容词或副词的比较级连用的两种情况： (I)用于“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构中，表示“越…越…”之意。 The more we do for the people,the happier we'll be. 我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。 (2)用在“he+比较级+of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较…的一个”。 She is the taller of the two girls. 她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。 144 5.用于固定结构“动词+sb.+介词+he+身体某一部位”中。 An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head. 一个苹果从树上落下，砸在了他的头上。 6.用在表示计量单位的名词前，表示“每一”“按…（单位）”。如by the hour/day/week/year/dozen/yard/ton/ kilo,但size/weight/ime这类非计量单位名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。 We got paid by the month. 我们按月计酬。 Oil is traded by the barrel or by the ton 石油按桶或吨进行交易。 Meat is sold by weight. 肉按重量出售。 (三)不定冠词的几个特定用法 1.用于物质名词前 物质名词如coffee,tea,drink,beer,juice等，在表示“一杯、一份”之意时，常加不定冠词。 I would like a coffee and a juice. 我要一杯咖啡和一杯饮料。 2.用于抽象名词前 抽象名词前加不定冠词，是抽象名词的具体化，表示“一个…的人；一件…的事”。如a success//pleasure/ comfort/surprise/failure His son was a great comfort when the old man was seriously ill. 老人病重期间，儿子是他极大的安慰。 3.用于专有名词前 I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon. 我记得他在某个星期天来过，不过很快就走了。 A Mr.Lee called while you were absent. 你不在时一个李先生来过电话。 4.表示“相同的”，与he same同义。 Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚。 (四)常考固定搭配 1.含不定冠词的固定搭配 as a result因此 as a rule通常 as a whole总体上 at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙 in a word总之 pay a visit to拜访 put an end to结束 once in a while偶尔 once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然 be on a diet节食 in a short while不久 have/catch a cold感冒 make a living谋生 have/take a rest休息 as a matter of fact事实上in a sense在某种意义上in a way在某种程度上 keep an eye on照看，留意 have a gift for在某方面有天赋 give sb.a lift让某人搭便车 2.含定冠词的固定搭配 in the end最后 in the way挡道 in the distance在远处 by the way顺便说一下 on the whole总的来说 at the same time同时to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时 on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不the other day前几天 take the place of代替 at the moment此刻，目前to the point切题 make the most/est of充分利用 on the other hand另一方面 in the middle of在…中间 145 3.含零冠词的固定搭配 at present目前 take part in参加 in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧 on purpose故意 lose heart灰心 out of control失控 out of work失业 ahead of time提前 in advance提前 by law根据法律 by mistake由于差错 under repair处于维修中day and night整日整夜at risk有危险 in danger处于危险之中 from morning till night从早到晚 on second thoughts再想一想 4.有冠词和没有冠词含义不同的固定搭配 (1)in front of在…前面（在范围之外）/in the front of在…前面（在范围之内） (2)in control of控制/in the control of被…控制 (3)in charge of管理/in the charge of受…管理 (4)in word口头上/in a word,总而言之 (5)take place发生/take the place of代替 (6)out of question=beyond question毫无疑问/out of the question=impossible不可能 (7)by day在白天/by the day按天计算 (8)in possession of sth..拥有某物/in the possession of sb.为某人所拥有 (9)in place of代替/in the place of在…地方 二、谓语动词 (一)根据时间标志词或时间状语确定时态 I.一般现在时：sometimes,every week,/day/year/morning,ofen,always,.usually,seldom,now and then。 2.一般过去时：once upon a time,yesterday,last week/,month/year,just now,the other day,时间段+ago,时间段+ later,in+过去的年份。 3.现在完成时：lately,recently,so/by far,by now,up to now,until now,in/during/over the past/last few+时间段， in/over recent+时间段，since+过去的时间点，ever since等。 4.现在进行时：Look!Listen!now,at present,at this moment/ime/minute,current山y。 5.过去进行时：at that moment/ime/minute,then。 6.一般将来时：tomorrow,next week/month/.year,in(he coming)+时间段，upcoming,in the future 7.过去完成时：by+过去的时间，by then,by the end of+过去的时间点，until then,before+过去的时间点。 8.将来进行时：at this time/moment tomorrow等。 (二)根据平行结构确定时态 并列连词连接的平行结构，连接对等的词或对等的结构，可以作为时态判断的依据。常见如下：and,but,or, both..and..,either...or..,neither...nor..,not only...but(also)..等。尤其关注一个主语，两个或两个以 上的并列谓语，谓语动词的时态要保持一致。 (三)语境提示定时态 如果没有时间标志词或者具体的时间状语，就要联系上下文、前后句中的时态，看看动作是否同时发生或者 先后发生，确定填空处的时态。 (四)主句从句相对应 宾语从句中，主句如果用一般过去时，从句也应该用过去的时态：但陈述客观事实或真理时，从句用一般现在 时。时间、条件状语从句中，“主将从现”，即主句一般将来，从句用一般现在时表将来。 (五)通过“固定句式”解决时态 l.It/This/That is the first/second/...time that sb./sth.have/has done sth.某人/某物第几次做某事。 2.It/This/That was the first/second/...time that sb./sth.had done sth.某人/某物第几次做某事。 3.hardly/scarcely/rarely...had done...when sb./sth.did...no sooner...had done...than sb./sth.did... “一…就…”。 4.tis(high)time that sb./sth.did/should do.,.到了某人/某物该做…的时候了。 146 5..was/were doing.when sb./sth.didl..某人/某物正在做…这时突然… 6.祈使句+and+陈述句，陈述句为一般将来时。 7.在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来。 8.在由since引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句是现在完成时，从句则用一般过去时。 (六)谓语动词的语态 1.如果主语是动作的发出者，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，要用被动语态。 2.牢固掌握被动形式 (l)一般现在时：is/am/are done (2)一般过去时：was/were done (3)一般将来时：wil/shall be done (4)过去将来时：would be done (5)现在进行时：is/am/are being done (6)过去进行时：was/were being done (7)现在完成时：have/has been done (8)过去完成时：had been done (9)将来完成时：wil/shall have been done 3.不及物的动词（组）没有被动，如：happen,exist,.remain,rise,survive,belong to,break out,break down,come up,come true,take place等。 4.系动词look,seem,feel,taste,sound,smell,pove,appear等不能用被动语态。 (七)主谓一致 所谓主谓一致，就是说在英语中，句子的谓语动词的形式应与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致 主要分为语法一致、意义一致及就近或就远一致，共三种。 1.语法一致 (1)可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。 (2)在定语从句中，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中的先行词的数一致。 (3)单个动名词、不定式、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。但wat引导的主语从句表示复数概念 时，谓语动词用复数。 (4)“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 2.意义一致 (1)集体名词作主语时，若强调整体，则谓语动词用单数；若强调个体，则谓语动词用复数。 常见的集体名词有：family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience等。 (2)“分数/百分数/he majority+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数及其表示的意 义；all,some,half,most,the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。 (3)“no/each/every/many a+单数名词+and+no/each/every,/many a+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 3.就近/就远原则 (1)就近原则：由either...or..,neither..nor.·,not..but..,not only..but also..等连接的并列主语或者 在here be句型中，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 (2)就远原则：主语后跟有with,together with,along with,as well as,but,except,rather than,including等引起 的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。 (八)情态动词 1.情态动词的基本用法 情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和后面的实义动词或b动词一起构成谓语。 (1)can/could的用法： ①表示能力，意为“能，会”。 ●147 ②表示客观或理论上的可能性。 ③表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。 (2)may/might的用法： ①表示请求和许可。在疑问句中might可以代替may,语气更加委婉。 ②表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。 (3)must的用法： ①表示“必须”，语气强烈。 ②表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。 ③意为“偏要，非要…不可”。 (4)shall的用法： ①用于一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。 ②用于二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意 为“必须”。 (5)should/ought to的用法： ①should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。 ②should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。 ③should和ought to表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为“应该，估计”。 2.“情态动词+have done'”的用法 该结构主要用来表述过去的情况，包括对过去事情的推测、遗憾、责备等。 (I)must have done“一定做过了某事”，表示对过去事情有把握的推测。 (2)could have done“本来能做某事（而实际上未做）”， can/couldn't have done“(过去)不可能做过某事”。 (3)may/might have done“(过去)有可能做过某事”。 (4)should/,ought to have done“本该做某事而没做”。 (5)needn't have done“本不必做某事（而实际上做了）”。 (九)虚拟语气 1.虚拟语气在f条件状语从句中的应用 类别 从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词 与现在事实相反 一般过去式(be用were) should./would./could/might+动词原形 与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 般过去式(be用were) 与将来事实相反 should+动词原形 should./would/could/might+动词原形 were to+动词原形 混合条 有时条件句的动作与主句的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们各自发 件句 生的时间作相应调整。 含蓄条 有时假设的情况不以条件从句的形式表达，而是用but for,without等介词短语表示虚拟 件句 条件。 虚实错 (1)用otherwise,or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。 综句 (2)通过but暗示出虚拟条件，句式结构为“虚拟情况+but+真实情况”。 148 2.虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用 (1)wsh后面的宾语从句，表示一种不可能实现的愿望： ①表示与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式。 ②表示与过去事实相反，从句用had+done。 ③表示与将来事实相反，从句用would./could/should./might+动词原形。 (2)would rather后面的宾语从句： ①表示与现在或将来事实相反时，从句谓语动词用过去式。 一坚持 insist ②表示与过去事实相反时，从句用had+done。 二命令 order,command (3)表示主张、命令、建议、要求等词后的宾语从句、表语从句和四建议 suggest,advise,propose,recommend 同位语从句中常用“should+动词原形”结构，should可省略。 五要求 request,require,ask,desire,demand (4)定语从句： 外加一个敦促 urge I's high/about time(that)..句型中，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形（其中should不可省 略)，意为“到了该…的时候了”。 (5)asif引导的状语从句中： ①表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式。 ②表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had+done。 ③表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用would./could/might+动词原形。 (6)在“It is important/necessary/,natural/strange that.”句型中，that引导的主语从句中谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”形式。 三、非谓语动词 (一)非谓语动词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、补语多种成分，掌握非谓语动词的句法功能，判断出其 应作哪种成分是解题的关键。 1.作伴随状语和结果状语时用现在分词 More highways have been built in China,making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. 中国又建了更多的高速公路，这使人们从一处到另一处的出行变得更容易了。（表结果） All night long he lay awake,thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。（表伴随） 【特别提醒】源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语，表示句子主语所处的一种状态，常见的有：seated（坐着 的)，devoted(专注的)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)等。 Absorbed in his book,he didn't notice me enter the room. 他专注读书，没注意到我进入房间。 2.作目的状语时用不定式，且只能用不定式的一般式 (1)非谓语动词作目的状语，一般用不定式。 To make it easier to get in touch with us,you'd better keep this card at hand. 为了更容易与我们取得联系，你最好随身带着这张卡片。 (2)非谓语动词作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果要用不定式，表示必然的结果要用现在分词。 He hurried to the station,only to find that the train had left. 他匆匆赶到车站结果却发现火车已经离开了。（表出乎意料的结果） (3)非谓语动词作原因状语，在表示“喜怒哀乐”的形容词之后用不定式；非谓语动词作时间状语、条件状语和 原因状语等用分词。 I am only too glad to see everything settled. 看到一切问题都解决了，我很高兴。 Being tired,he went to bed early. 因为很累，他很早就睡了。 ●149 3.作主语时常用动名词，作介词的宾语时一定用动名词 (1)分析句子成分，如果一个经常性、习惯性的动作作主语，常用v.-ig形式。 Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. 掌握基本的急救技能将有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速做出反应。 (2)介词和带介词to的固定搭配一定跟v.-ig作宾语。 I'm looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible 我希望尽快收到你的来信。 4.作表语时指物用.-ing,指人用.-ed形式 ●牢记u.-ing作表语或定语时常指物，v.-ed作表语或定语时常指人。 He was very shocked to leamn the shocking news that his wife was killed in a traffic accident. 得知他的妻子在交通事故中死亡这一令人震惊的消息时，他非常吃惊。 (二)非谓语动词各形式的意义 非谓语动词形式 意义 过去分词done 表示被动、完成 现在分词主动式doing 表示主动、进行 现在分词的被动式being done 表示被动、进行 不定式的主动式odo 表示主动且尚未发生 不定式的被动式to be done 表示被动且尚未发生 非谓语动词的完成式 非谓语动作发生在谓语动作之前 We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday. 我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。 Having been told many times,he still couldn't understand it. 被告知了多次，他仍旧不明白。 (三)非谓语动词的习惯用法 1.用u.ing/todo形式作宾语的词（短语） (I)接u.-ing形式作宾语的常用动词（短语）有：suggest,isk,imagine,mind,admit,practice,allow,avoid,delay, include,deny,escape,advise,finish,miss,forgive,consider,recommend,forbid,give up,insist on,look forward to,feel like,get down to,object to,devote...to,pay attention to I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended. 我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。 (2)接todo形式作宾语的常用动词（短语）有：decide,refuse,promise,pretend,hesitate,manage,plan,fail,choose, desire,hope,afford,agree,learn,determine,demand,offer,make up one's mind,would like Nervous and anxious,Jill failed to make a good impression at the job interview. 又紧张又焦虑，吉尔没有在面试中给人留下好印象。 (3)有些动词或动词短语既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但表示的含义不同。 「to do sth.打算做某事 mean Idoing sth.意味着做某事 [to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做） forget [doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做） 「to do sth.记着去做某事（未做） remember Idoing sth.记得做过某事（已做） 「to do sth.遗憾地要去做某事（未做） regret [doing sth..后悔做过某事（已做）