UNIT 10 SECTION Ⅱ LESSON 1 HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE？-【创新教程】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第四册五维课堂教师用书word（北师大版）

SECTION Ⅱ　LESSON 1　HOW CLOSELY CONNECTED ARE WE? [教材原文] Research shows the average person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people，and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest to us.However，perhaps we are closer to the rest of the world than we think.“Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people. The concept was first talked about as long ago as in the 1920s.The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929，in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions of social networks. In the 1950s, an attempt was made by two scientists to prove the theory mathematically；but after twenty years，they still had not had any success.In 1967，an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried using a new method to test the theory，which he called the “small­world problem”．He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.The people sending the packages only knew the name，job and general location of the stranger.Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger.Once the parcel had been received by this person, he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered，and once released，the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”． In the last few decades, the theory and the phrase have appeared again.Its name was used as the title of a play and then a film.Then，more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast.For example，the Oscar­winning film Babel is based on the concept of “Six Degrees of Separation”．The lives of all the characters were closely connected, although they did not know each other and lived thousands of miles apart.The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”，as almost all the characters had randomly met each other, or had met someone the other characters knew，before they were all in the same plane crash.In the mid­1990s，two college students in the United States invented a game.The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon, a famous American actor and musician，through no more than six links.Soon the game was being played in universities across the United States. In 2003，Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram's experiment on the Internet.This became known as the “Columbia Small­world Project”．The experiment involved 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries.The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six. Most recently，an experiment in 2011 at the University of Milan analysed the relationship between 721 million social media users and found that 92 percent were connected by only four stages，or five degrees of separation. So，think about it for a minute：How might you be connected to the driver of the bus you regularly take or the person who delivers your parcels？,[汉语译文] 研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个最亲近的人身上。不过，也许我们与世界上其他人的联系比想象中的更紧密。“六度分隔”理论(theory)说的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外五个人一连串(chain)与一个陌生人联系起来。 这个概念早在20世纪20年代就被提出。匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络(network)的构想(impression)都受到他思想的影响。 20世纪50年代，两位科学家试图用数学方法证明该理论，但20年过去了，仍未成功。1967年，美国社会学家(sociologist)斯坦利·米尔格兰姆试图用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。米尔格兰姆在美国中部随机(random)抽取一部分人作为样本，让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位陌生人寄包裹。这些寄送包裹的人只知道这位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。米尔格兰姆告诉这些人先把包裹寄给他们认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。一旦此人收到包裹(parcel)，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到包裹被送到目标收件人手中。令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布(release)，便发表在双月(bimonthly)刊《今日心理学》上。正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法(phrase习语)。 在过去的几十年里，这一理论和说法又再次出现。它被用作戏剧标题和电影名称。随后，更多基于这一理论的影视节目相继拍摄、播出。例如，奥斯卡获奖影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”这一概念。影片中所有人物彼此不认识、相隔千里，但他们的生活都是紧密相连的。电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。上世纪90年代中期，美国两名大学生发明了一款游戏。这个游戏的玩法是用不超过六个联结将任意一个演员与著名美国演员、音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。这款游戏很快在美国的大学里流行起来。 2003年，哥伦比亚大学试图在互联网上重现米尔格兰姆的实验，被称为“哥伦比亚小世界项目”。这项实验涉及24 163个电子邮件链接，覆盖了来自13个国家的18个目标人物。实验结果证实，联络串上的连接平均数量是6个。 最新的是2011年米兰大学的一项实验，该实验分析了7.21亿社交媒体用户之间的关系，发现92%的用户只需通过四个阶段(即五度分隔)，就可建立联系。 所以，思考一下这个问题：你与你经常乘坐的公交车司机或给你送包裹的人可能存在怎样的联系？ ●基础单词 1．　theory　 n．学说，理论 2．　chain　 n．一连串，一系列；链子，链条 3．　random　 adj.随机的，随意的 4．　parcel　 n．包裹；邮包 5．　release　 vt. & n．发表，发布；释放 6．　phrase　 n．成语，习语；警句 ●拓展单词 1．　impress　 vt. 给……留下印象；使钦佩；使敬仰→　impression　 n. 印象，感想→　impressive　 adj.令人赞叹的，令人钦佩的；印象深刻的 2．month n. 月，月份→　monthly　 adj.每月的，每月一次的→　bimonthly　 adj.两月一次的，一月两次的 1．communicate 　with　 与/和……交流，联系 2．be close 　to　与……亲近 3．refer 　to　指的是……；参考/参阅…… 4．a chain 　of　一连串的 5．make an attempt 　to do　 sth.尝试做某事 6．test 　a　 theory 验证一个理论 7．be delivered 　to　被递送到…… 8．be based 　on　以……为依据 9．link...　to　...把……与……连接/联系起来 10．no more 　than　仅仅；只有 1．“Six Degrees of Separation”refers to the theory that any person on earth can be connected to any other person .... “六度分隔”理论说的是地球上任何一个人都能……与一个陌生人联系起来。 that引导的同位语从句。 2．Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered, and once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. 令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。 (1)It takes sb.to do sth. 句型 (2)get sth.＋宾语补足语句型 (3)省略的状语从句：连词＋­ed分词 3．It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”． 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。 强调句：It is/was ＋ 被强调部分＋that/who＋剩余部分。 Ⅰ.Read the text and match the main idea with each paragraph. A．Stanley Milgram tested the theory successfully. B．Who invented the theory? C．What does “Six Degrees of Separation” refer to? D．The result of Columbia University's study. E．How did the theory influence the entertainment industry? F．The result of the Milan University's study. G．How closely connected are you? Para.1 　C　　Para.2 　B　　Para.3 　A　 　Para.4 　E　 Para.5 　D　　Para.6 　F　　Para.7 　G　 Ⅱ.Read the texts and finish the following exercises. 1．Who invented the theory “Six Degrees of Separation”？ A．Stanley Milgram. B．Two college students. C．Frigyes Karinthy. D．Columbia University. 2．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．The result of Columbia University's study confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six. B．The result of the Milan University's study inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”． C．In the 1950s, more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast. D．The concept “Six Degrees of Separation” was first talked about as long ago as in the 1930s. 3．What does the concept “Six Degrees of Separation” mean? A．People can be connected by six degrees. B．People can be separated by six degrees. C．People can be connected through a chain of no more than five other people. D．People can be separated through six other people. 4．Who tested the theory by using a new method and inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”？ A．Frigyes Karinthy. B．Stanley Milgram. C．Kevin Bacon. D．Psychology Today. 5．How many methods or experiments are mentioned to confirm the theory in the passage? A．3.　　 B．4.　　　 C．5.　　　 D．6. 答案：1－5　CACBB 1．impression n．印象，感想 (1)give an impression of 给人……的印象 leave/make a ...impression on sb. 给某人留下……的印象 have a(n) ... impression of 对……有……的印象 be under/have the impression that... 认为/记得…… (2)impress vt.使(人)印象深刻 be impressed by/with 对……印象深刻 impress sb. with sth. 使某人对某事印象深刻 impress sth. on/upon sb. 使某人铭记某事 ◆[经典佳句] My first impression of him was favourable. 他给我的第一印象不错。 The teacher impressed the importance of English on/upon me. 老师让我铭记英语的重要性。 Actually，I have a good impression of him. 实际上，我对他印象非常好。 Students often have the impression that English is very difficult to learn. 学生常常觉得英语很难学。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①It's a wise choice to wear the traditional Chinese dress which can leave a good 　impression　 (impress) on the exchange students. ②Her words impressed themselves 　on　 my memory. ③I'm quite sure that you will be impressed 　by/with　 the beauty of the city. ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 一句多译 ④他的讲座给学生们留下了深刻的印象。 a．His lecture 　made a deep impression on the students　. b．The students 　are deeply impressed with his lecture　. c．The students 　have a deep impression of his lecture　. d．He 　impressed the students deeply with his lecture　. 2．random adj. 随机的，随意的；奇怪的，不同寻常的 n. 随意，任意 (1)a random sample 随机抽样 (2)at random 随便地；任意地 (3)randomly adv.任意地；随便地 ◆[经典佳句] The interviews were given to a random sample of students. 随机抽选出部分学生进行了采访。 The librarian took a book at random from the shelf. 图书管理员从书架上随便拿了一本书。 The winning numbers are randomly selected by computer. 中奖号码是由电脑随机选取的。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 ①They were 　randomly　 (random) divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background. ②We received several answers，and we picked one 　at　 random. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ③It's better to read a few books carefully than to read many 　at random　 (随便地)． ④The survey used 　a random sample　 (一份随机抽样)of two thousand people across the Midwest. 3．release vt.&n. 发表，发布；释放 release from 把……从……解脱出来 release to 向……发行 ◆[经典佳句] Plants can absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. 植物可以吸收二氧化碳释放氧气。 Now，many films aim to release at the same time around the world. 现在，许多电影都是在世界范围内同时发行的。 He felt relieved for his son had been released from prison. 他感到如释重负，因为他的儿子从监狱里放了出来。 [辨析比较]　relieve，release relieve 着重指减轻或暂时解除(痛苦、负担等) release 指从根本上免除、解除 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 写出下列句子中release的汉语意思 ①It's reported that Taylor Swift's new album is to be released in 2024. 　发行；发布　 ②She burst into tears，releasing all her depressed emotions. 　发泄；宣泄　 ③He refused to release her arm.　放开；松手　 ④He was released from prison yesterday.　释放　 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑤That movie is 　to be released　 in January. 那部电影将在1月份上映。 1．(教材P9)Amazingly, it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered, and once released, the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today. 令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上 (1)It takes sb.to do sth. 句型 [句式结构]　It takes sb.to do sth.做某事需要某人…… ◆[规律总结] (1)It takes (sb.) sth.to do sth. (某人)花费某物做某事 (2)sb. spends some time/money on sth. 某人在某事物上花一些时间/钱 sb. spends some time(in)/money (on) doing sth.某人花一些时间/金钱做某事 (3)sb. pays some money for sth. 某人花一些钱买某物 (4)sth. costs sb. some money 某物花某人一些钱 ◆[经典佳句] This student seems to have spent much time on this piece of writing. 这名学生似乎在这篇文章上花了很多时间。 She spent a good deal of time going over your paper. 她花了许多时间反复研究你的论文。 I have to pay 150 yuan for the sewing machine. 我得花150元买这台缝纫机。 The repairs to the computer cost me over 200 yuan. 修这台电脑花了我200多元。 ◆[“四冀”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①　It　 takes two pupils to lift up the desk. ②They spent the rest of the morning 　wandering　 (wander) in the streets. ③It took me quite a long time 　to understand　 (understand) the meaning of the painting. ◆[“四冀”考查]——应用性 选词填空：take/spend/pay/cost ④The writing of the book 　cost　 her ten years of hard work. ⑤We got to the hotel，and I 　paid　 twenty yuan for the taxi. ⑥He 　spent　 a small fortune on improving his property. ⑦It 　took 　 several programmers to develop the program. ◆[“四冀”考查]——创新性 翻译句子 ⑧建一所房子需要10个工人花半个月的时间。 　It will take ten workers half a month to build a house.　 (2)get sth.＋宾语＋宾语补足语 [句式结构]　get/have sth.done sth.与done构成动宾关系。 ◆[规律总结] (1)get sth.done 使某事被做；请/让别人做某事；遭遇某事 (2)get sb./sth.to do sth. 让某人/某物去做某事 (3)get sb./sth.doing sth. 使某人/某物一直做或保持某动作 (4)get sth./sb.adj. 使某人或某物处于某种状态 ◆[经典佳句] You must get the work done by Friday. 你必须在星期五以前把工作做完。(主语做) John got his bad teeth pulled out yesterday. 约翰昨天把他的坏牙拔掉了。(别人做) The barber got his finger cut while shaving for his customer. 理发师在为顾客刮胡子时把手指割伤了。 If you are late again，I'll get you standing there. 如果你再迟到，我就叫你站在那儿。 ◆[误区规避]——语法填空 The woman wanted to get her novel 　__________　 (publish) but in vain. (可能失误)填 to publish (正确表达)填 published (火眼金睛)novel与publish 构成动宾关系，故publish应为被动。故填published ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①My father is really stubborn.I can't get him 　to change　 (change) his mind. ②Claire had her luggage 　checked　 (check) an hour before her plane left. ③Even if it is hot, you had better not get the air­conditioning 　running　 (run) all the time. ④My brother got his left leg 　broken　 (break) while playing football yesterday. ◆[“四冀”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ⑤You should 　get your friend to help you　 (让你的朋友来帮你)． ⑥They tried their best to 　get the campus more beautiful　(让校园变得更美丽)． ⑦I found my letters 　torn into pieces　(被撕成了碎片)after I opened the drawer. (3)once released [句式结构]　状语从句的省略 ◆[规律总结] 当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语与主句主语一致(或者从句主语是it)，且从句谓语含有be动词时，为了简练，可以将从句的主语和be动词一起省略。 状语从句省略后的结构模式： 连词＋现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/名词/代词/形容词/副词 ◆[经典佳句] Once opened，the museum will be very popular with the citizens. 一旦开放，博物馆将非常受市民欢迎。 While at college，I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。 He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were)to take charge. 即使他来负责，他也解决不了这个问题。 She looked anxious as though(she was) in trouble. 她看上去很焦急，好像遇到了麻烦。 While (he was)a young boy，he was always ready to help others. 他在孩提时代就总是乐于助人。 [名师点津] 主从主语一致时，从句含有be动词；为了简练皆省去，剩下表语和分词。 已形成固定结构的省略： if possible 如果可能的话 if necessary 如果有必要的话 if so 如果是这样的话　if not 如果不；不然的话 if ever 如果曾经(做过)　if any 如果有 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①Once 　seen　 (see)，it can never be forgotten. ②The resident stood up as if 　to say　 (say)something. ③Though very 　tired　 (tire)，he kept on working. ④No matter how much stress you have，stop and have a rest for a while 　if　 possible. ⑤Work hard 　when　 young，or you'll regret. 2．(教材P9)Once the parcel had been received by this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person. 一旦此人收到包裹，他/她就会将包裹发送到他们的联系人处，直到包裹被送到目标收件人手中。 [句式结构]　once引导时间状语从句，意为“一……便，一旦，一经”。从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 ◆[规律总结] once在本句中引导时间状语从句，意为“一旦……就……”。如果once引导的从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句中的谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式时，或从句为“it be...”形式时，从句中的“主语＋be”或“it be”可以省略。 ◆[经典佳句] They made up their mind that they would buy a new house once Larry changed jobs. 他们下定决心，一旦拉里换了工作他们就买新房子。 Once broadcast，the TV play will be very popular with young people. 一旦开播，这部电视剧将会为年轻人所喜欢。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——基础性 单句语法填空 ①Once I 　get　 (get) him a job，he'll be fine. ②Once you understand this rule，you 　will have　 (have) no further difficulty. ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ③　Once formed　，a bad habit is very hard to get rid of.(状语从句的省略) 一旦形成，坏习惯将很难改掉。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 补全句中的省略成分 ④Once heard，the song will never be forgotten. 　Once it is heard　，the song will never be forgotten. 3．(教材P9) It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”． 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。 [句式结构] 本句中It is ...that ...是强调句型，此句强调了主语this research。 ◆[规律总结] (1)陈述句形式：It is/was＋被强调成分＋that/who＋其他成分 (2)一般疑问句形式：Is/was it＋被强调成分＋that/who＋其他成分？ (3)特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词＋is/was it that＋其他成分？ (4)not until强调句式：It is/was not until ...that＋其他成分 ◆[经典佳句] It was in the narrow street that he met his old classmate. 他是在这条狭窄的街道上遇见老同学的。 It is biological age that determines our health. 生物年龄决定我们的健康。 It was not until yesterday that I realized what trouble he was in. 直到昨天我才意识到他有什么麻烦。 ◆[误区规避]——语法填空 It 　_______　 (be) five experts who will interview the applicants. (可能失误)填are。 (正确表达)填is。 (错误分析)谨记此规律：此类强调句中be只有is或was。其时态要根据谓语动词的时态来判断。 ◆[“四翼”考查]——应用性 完成句子 ①　It was not until　 he got seriously ill 　that　 he knew the importance of health. 直到他生了重病，他才知道健康的重要性。 ②When 　was it that you　 applied for your visa? 你是什么时候申请的签证？ ◆[“四翼”考查]——创新性 句式转换 ③Tom recognised this crime at this site. →　It was Tom that　 recognised this crime at this site.(强调主语) →　It was this crime that　 Tom recognised at this site.(强调宾语) →　It was at this site that　 Tom recognised this crime.(强调状语) [基础性] Ⅰ.单词拼写 1．His 　theory　 (理论) is based on facts and experiments. 2．The survey used a 　random　 (随机的) sample of two thousand people across England and Wales. 3．The 　phrase　 (词语) is often used when a man cannot get the support he seeks. 4．I want people to have a good 　impression　 (印象) of solar cars. 5．About 23,000,000,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide are 　released　 (释放) into the atmosphere every year. 6．The opened link is used to join the two ends of the 　chain　 (链子)． 7．The office 　network　 (网络) allows users to share files and software，and to use a central printer. 8．We were greatly 　disturbed　 (担忧) about your health. 9．The 　conflict　 (战争) between Greece and Troy lasted ten years. 10．The overall picture for farming is 　encouraging　(令人鼓舞的)． Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．The person referred 　to　 at the conference just now was an expert in this field. 2．This provides information 　on　 which to base future marketing strategies. 3．Our teacher impressed the importance of knowledge 　on　 us. 4．It was because her mother was ill 　that　 she didn't go with us. 5．Once 　caught　 (catch) smoking in the dormitory，the students will be punished. 6．Every day the milkman delivers milk 　to　 our house. 7．The building which will be built next year will be used 　as　 the office building. 8．The traffic accident led to 　a　 chain of events. [应用性] Ⅲ.完成句子 1．In order to achieve the final conclusion，testers have conducted 　a_chain_of_experiments.　 为了得出最终结论，试验员做了一系列的实验。(chain) 2．The performers 　left_a_deep_impression_on/upon_the_audience　 in the concert last night. 昨晚音乐会上的表演者们给观众留下了深刻的印象。(impression) 3．About 20 middle school students were picked out 　at_random　 to participate in a psychological test. 大约20名中学生被随机挑选出来参加一项心理测试。(random) 4．You should 　make_an_attempt_to　 resolve this problem，otherwise you would regret it. 你应该尝试解决一下这个问题，否则你会留有遗憾的。(attempt) 5．Technology has quickened the rate 　at_which_we_communicate　 with people around the world. 技术加快了我们与世界各地的人进行交流的速度。(介词＋关系代词) 6．　It_was_not_until_then_that　 most people realized how valuable the normal life was. 直到那时，大多数人才意识到正常的生活是多么宝贵。(强调句型) 7．　With_eyes_no_longer_fixed_on　 our phones，we can really enjoy each other's company. 眼睛不再盯着我们的手机，我们可以真正享受彼此的陪伴。(with复合结构；fix) [综合性] Ⅰ. 阅读理解 A A new study，published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology，found that communication that included voice，like a phone call or video chat，created stronger social bonds than communication through typing，like text messaging or email. In the study，researchers used various experiments to measure connectedness.In one，they asked 200 people to make predictions about what it would be like to reconnect with an old friend by email or by phone and then asked people at random (随机地) to do one or the other.Although people expected that a phone call would be more awkward，hearing someone's voice actually made the experience better. “People reported they did form a significantly stronger bond with their old friend on the phone than by email，and they did not feel more awkward，” study co­author Amit Kumar，an assistant professor of marketing at the McCombs School of Business，said in a statement. In another experiment，the researchers had strangers connect by either texting，talking over video chat，or talking using only audio.They found that both forms of voice communication—whether video or audio only made the strangers feel significantly more connected than when they communicated by texting. Sabrina Romanoff，a Harvard trained clinical psychologist based in New York City，says people tend to text or email instead of calling because of convenience，as they see it as a controlled form of communication where they can“exchange information exactly in the way they intend without unexpected additions by the other person”． Romanoff says that in reality，texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation.“A phone call is actually more convenient when considering the exact effects of the message.” she explains.“Each party is more present，and therefore，able to measure the meaning behind the content without reflecting on the endless possible meanings behind words.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究 发现，与文字相比，语音能建立更强的社交纽带。 1．How was the study carried out? A．By analysing data. B．By interviewing experts. C．By doing experiments. D．By doing online research. 解析：C　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In the study, researchers used various experiments to measure connectedness.”可知，研究人员是通过做实验展开研究，故选C。] 2．What did people expect before making a phone call in the experiment? A．Email would help them form a stronger bond. B．Hearing someone's voice would be awkward. C．A stronger bond would be formed on the phone. D．Hearing someone's voice made the experience better. 解析：B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Although people expected that a phone call would be more awkward, hearing someone's voice actually made the experience better.”可知，打电话之前，人们认为听到别人的声音会很尴尬，故选B。] 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Texting helps to exchange information exactly. B．Calling makes it easier to get the exact message. C．Romanoff doesn't agree with the result of the study. D．People can keep the message under control by texting. 解析：B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，打电话能够让人获得更准确的信息，故选B。] 4．What is the best title of the text? A．Reasons for Calling Instead of Texting B．Convenience of Making a Phone Call C．Differences Between Calling and Texting D．Introduction to the Result of a New Study 解析：A　[主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段内容可知，本文主要介绍的是与文字相比，语音能建立更强的社交纽带，故选A。] B Researchers from The University of Western Australia recently studied 3,000 middle and high school students.Among them were 618 teenagers with one parent who lived away from home for long periods of time because of work.The researchers wanted to know how the work of these “fly­in, fly­out” parents might influence the health of their children. A higher percentage of teenagers who experienced the long work absence of a parent had emotional or behavioral problems compared with those whose parents worked more traditional hours.This supports earlier research finding high percentages of emotional problems in teenagers who frequently returned to an empty house after school or whose parents were seldom at dinner. Findings also suggest that parents don't have to be home all the time to be present in their children's lives, but it helps to be home at certain times.And the best parental presence for a teenager may sometimes be like a potted (盆栽的) plant. Many parents of teenagers have known this to be true and find ways to be present without trying to start a conversation.One friend of mine quietly does housework each evening in the sitting room where her teenagers watch TV.They enjoy one another's company without the need to talk.Another friend usually accepts his daughter's invitation to work or read nearby while she sits and does her homework.Perhaps that, at least for some families，is the best way for a teenager and his parents to stay close. In fact，many years of research suggest that children see their parents as a safe base from which to explore the world.Studies tell us that young children quietly follow their parents' movements from room to room, even while proceeding with their own activities.Perhaps the teens, like babies, feel most at ease when their parents are still around.They don't want to stay away from parents who allow them freedom. A new school year is at hand, so as parents we could offer our teenagers a “potted flower” as a gift, whose quiet and steady presence will give them a great day. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了青少年在成长的过程中需要父母的陪伴，而长期缺少父母陪伴的青少年在许多方面都会受到影响。作者呼吁家长们尽量做盆栽植物型父母，让孩子们健康快乐地成长。 5．What did the study find about the 618 teens? A．They had more dinners with their parents. B．They were more prepared to help themselves. C．They showed more dislike for traditional working hours. D．They were more likely to have trouble with their feelings. 解析：D　[细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“A higher percentage of teenagers who experienced the long work absence of a parent had emotional or behavioral problems compared with those whose parents worked more traditional hours.”可知，该研究发现，这618名青少年更容易产生情感或行为问题。故选D。] 6．What is the author's attitude to her two friends' practices? A．Hesitant.　　　　　　 B．Doubtful. C．Supportive. D．Unconcerned. 解析：C　[推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Many parents of teenagers have known this to be true and find ways to be present without trying to start a conversation.”以及最后一句“Perhaps that，at least for some families，is the best way for a teenager and his parents to stay close.”可推测，作者对两位朋友的做法持支持态度。故选C。] 7.Who are probably the target readers of this passage? A．Teenagers. B．Parents. C．Researchers. D．Educators. 解析：B　[推理判断题。根据全文内容尤其是最后一段“A new school year is at hand, so as parents we could offer our teenagers a ‘potted flower’ as a gift, whose quiet and steady presence will give them a great day.”可推测，这篇文章的目标读者可能是父母。故选B。] 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Teens want potted plant parents B．Your kids still need conversation C．Quiet families raise healthier teenagers D．Parents know little about today's teenagers 解析：A　[主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了父母的陪伴对青少年的健康成长起着重要的作用，结合文中提到的“And the best parental presence for a teenager may sometimes be like a potted plant.”可知，作者呼吁家长们尽量做盆栽植物型父母，让孩子们健康快乐地成长。A项“Teens want potted plant parents(青少年想要盆栽植物型父母)”符合文意，故选A。] Ⅱ.阅读填句 What Is Good Citizenship? Good citizenship is generally defined as how a citizen performs a role to become a useful member of society.This involves duties and responsibilities that may be expressed through laws and regulations.　__1__　 Citizenship，in its general sense, is being part of a community.　__2__　The factors toward improving lives and the relationship of a community include doing volunteer work，initiating community programs，and participating in economic affairs. A good citizen is an important part of a progressive state.As covered by the social contract theory, a government is established to manage interaction among citizens，define an individual's rights, enforce these rights，and make sure just compensation(补偿)is obtained when these rights are not obeyed.　__3__　The purpose of this social contract is to avoid chaos in a community, which is possible without good leadership.From this leadership arises good citizenship，allowing every citizen to expect others to respect his or her legal rights. 　__4__　 The most basic characteristic is the moral duty to recognize the rights of others.Another important characteristic is the ability to listen to the views of others.These views may bring about solutions to problems of the community.A good citizen is also willing to adapt to new situations. 　__5__　 Based on these factors, good citizenship is said to be related to both the intellectual and social skills of a citizen. A．There are many characteristics of good citizenship. B．Being a good citizen is important in improving the community. C．Apart from these characteristics, a good citizen knows and obeys the laws of the land. D．In turn, the citizens hand over the powers that may limit some freedom to the government. E．This may also involve your behaviors expressed through the recognition of right and wrong. F．As citizens, we care about others and being good members of our communities and our country. G．Good citizenship lies in the recognition that members of a community work together to improve their lives and their relationship with one another. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。作者从社区层面和国家层面解释了什么是好的公民身份，并列举了一些好的公民身份的特征。 1．E　[细节句。根据上文“This involves duties and responsibilities that may be expressed through laws and regulations.”可知，本句主要讲公民身份的含义。而E项“This may also involve your behaviors expressed through the recognition of right and wrong.”中的“This may also involve”与上文中的“This involves”相呼应。故选E。] 2．G　[细节句。根据下文“The factors toward improving lives and the relationship of a community include...”可知，这里主要讲怎样改善社区生活和关系。G项中的“to improve their lives and their relationship with one another”与下文中的“toward improving lives and the relationship of a community”相呼应。故选G。] 3．D　[细节句。上文“a government is established to manage interaction among citizens，...make sure just compensation is obtained when these rights are not obeyed.”讲到了政府的权力，由此推测空格处要说明公民与政府的关系。D项“In turn, the citizens hand over the powers that may limit some freedom to the government.”中的“powers”呼应上文中的“these rights”，符合语境。故选D。] 4．A　[主旨句。根据下文“The most basic characteristic is the moral duty to recognize the rights of others.”可知，这里主要在讲好的公民身份的基本特征，所以A选项“There are many characteristics of good citizenship.”符合语境，“characteristics”是原词复现。故选A。] 5．C　[过渡句。根据上文“The most basic characteristic”和“Another important characteristic”可知，前面都在讲好的公民身份的特征；根据下文“Based on these factors，good citizenship”可知，空格处还提到了其他因素。C项“Apart from these characteristics, a good citizen knows and obeys the laws of the land.”中的“Apart from these characteristics”承上启下，符合语境。故选C。] Ⅲ.语法填空 In hundreds of cities around the world, people can use a car 1.　_____________　 actually owning one. It's known as car sharing. Car sharing works like this: people pay a fee 2.　_____________　 (join) a car share organization. These organizations have cars available in different parts of a city 24 hours a day. Members make a 3.　_____________　 (reserve) for a car, and then go to one of several parking lots in a city to pick up the car. They pay an hourly or daily rate for driving it. When they are 4.　_____________　 (finish), they return the car to a parking area for someone else to use. Car sharing works well for several reasons. Some people only need to drive from time to time. Usually, people only need a car for special reasons like moving things or 5.　_____________　 (take) long trips. Many people don't want the costs or responsibilities of owning 6.　_____________　 car. The car­share organization pays for gas insurance, cleaning and repair costs. Members also don't have to wait in line or fill out 7.　_____________　 (form) to get a car. They know a variety of cars will be available when they need one. Car sharing also 8.　_____________　 (benefit) the environment. People drive only 9.　_____________　 they need to and fewer cars on the road means 10.　____________　 (little) traffic and air pollution. As more and more cities become interested in reducing traffic, car sharing programs are becoming an effective choice. [语篇解读]　这是一篇说明文。本文阐述了汽车共享的工作原理、使用效果好的原因以及有利于环境方面的保护。 1．without　[考查介词。句意：在世界上数百个城市，人们可以使用汽车而不用实际拥有车。根据下一句“It's known as car sharing.(这就是汽车共享) ”可知，该句意为“没有(without)”汽车，也可以使用汽车，再结合该空后的owning是动名词形式，该空应该填介词without。故填without。] 2．to join　[考查非谓语动词。句意：汽车共享是这样工作的：人们支付一定的费用加入汽车共享组织。该句谓语动词是pay，动词不定式to join作目的状语，故填to join。] 3．reservation　[考查固定短语。句意：会员们先预定汽车，然后到城里的几个停车场之一去取车。固定短语make a reservation 意为“预订”，该空缺少名词reservation。故填reservation。] 4．finished　[考查被动语态。句意：当它们被使用完以后，他们就把车放回停车场给别人使用。根据句意，该空前的主语they指的是共享汽车，共享汽车“被使用完”，谓语动词应该用被动语态are finished，该空缺少finished，故填finished。] 5．taking　[考查非谓语动词。句意：通常，人们只有在特殊情况下才需要车，比如搬东西或长途旅行。结合句意，该空前的介词like和连词or可知，连词or连接两个并列动名词短语，作介词like的宾语，take应该使用动名词形式taking。故填taking。] 6．a　[考查冠词。句意：许多人不想承担拥有一辆汽车的成本或责任。泛指“拥有一辆汽车”，且car是以辅音音素开头的词，不定冠词应该用a。故填a。] 7．forms　[考查名词复数。句意：会员也不必排队或填写表格就能得到一辆车。名词form的复数forms表泛指填写的表格，故填forms。] 8．benefits　[考查动词。句意：汽车共享也有益于环境。描述一个客观的事实，用一般现在时。该句主语是Car sharing，该空应该填谓语动词，主语Car sharing是第三人称单数，谓语动词应该用单数形式benefits。故填benefits。] 9．when　[考查时间状语从句。句意：人们只在需要的时候开车，路上的汽车减少意味着交通和空气污染的减少。连词when引导时间状语从句they need to，表示在需要的时候，故填when。] 10．less　[考查形容词比较级。句意：人们只在需要的时候开车，路上的汽车减少意味着交通和空气污染的减少。根据该空前比较级结构fewer cars可知，路上的汽车减少意味着更少的交通和空气污染，该空应该填little的比较级less。故填less。] 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $