句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（冀教版）

高中冀教版高中英语语法全全解 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 寒假专版 句子基本类型与成分讲解 句法专项突破 考频分析 冀教版高中英语句法中，句子基本类型与成分讲解是核心语法模块，考频占句法总量的30%左右， 贯穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择3-4题、完形填空4-5题、语法填空3-4题、书面表达核心考察， 直接影响句子结构完整性与表达准确性。在语境理解类题目中，句子成分的划分及基本句型的识别 往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·句子基本类型：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的结构特征与语气表达 ·句子成分识别：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语的定义及句法功能 。复杂句式分析：简单句、并列句、复合句（含宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句）的构成及连接词选 用 知识点一：句子基本类型与成分讲解 1.简单句（由一个主语和一个谓语构成，表达完整意思) 1.基本结构：主语+谓语（不及物动词) 例句：Birds sing 2.基本结构：主语+谓语（及物动词)+宾语 例句：She reads books. 3.基本结构：主语+系动词+表语 例句：He is a student. 4.基本结构：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 例句：My mother bought me a gift. 5.基本结构：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 例句：We keep the room clean. 高中冀教版高中英语语法全全解 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 2.并列句（由并列连词连接两个或多个简单句） 1.常见并列连词：and(并列)、but(转折)、or(选择)、so(结果) 2.例句： l.I like coffee and she likes tea.(并列关系) 2.He tried hard but failed.(转折关系) 3.复合句（由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成） 1.名词性从句（作主句的主语、宾语、表语或同位语） 例句：What he said is true.(主语从句) 2.定语从句（修饰主句中的名词或代词） 例句：The girl who is singing is my sister.. 3.状语从句（表示时间、地点、原因、条件、结果等） 例句：I will go to the park if it doesn't rain..(条件状语从句) 4.句子成分（构成句子的基本要素） 1.主语（动作的发出者或被描述的对象） 例句：Tom plays football..(Tom是主语) 2.谓语（表示动作或状态）》 例句：They are working.(are working是谓语) 3.宾语（动作的承受者） 例句：She bought a pen.(apen是宾语) 4.表语（系动词后表示主语的身份、性质或状态） 例句：The flowers are beautiful.(beautiful是表语) 5.定语（修饰名词或代词） 例句：This is a red apple.(red是定语) 6.状语（修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子） 例句：He runs quickly..(quickly是状语) 知识点二：句子基本类型与成分解析 1.陈述句（陈述事实或观点） 1.肯定句 结构：主语+谓语+其他成分 例句： 2 高中冀教版高中英语语法全全解 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 l.Tom studies hard every day.(主语Tom,谓语studies,状语every day) 2.The sun rises in the east.(主语The sun,谓语rises,状语in the east) 2.否定句 结构：主语+助动词(do/does/did)+not+动词原形+其他成分（实义动词）：主语+be动词+not +表语(be动词作谓语) 例句： l.She does not like playing football.(实义动词like,借助助动词does+not) 2.They are not students.(be动词are+not,表语students) 2.疑问句（提出问题） 1.一般疑问句 结构：助动词(Do/Does/Did/Am/Is/Are/Was/Were)+主语+动词原形/其他成分？ 例句： 1.Do you often go to the park?(助动词Do开头，主语you,动词原形go) 2.Is this your book?(be动词Is开头，主语this,表语your book) 2.特殊疑问句 结构：特殊疑间词(What/Who/When/Where/Why/How)+一般疑问句语序？ 例句： l.hat time does the class begin?(特殊疑问词What time,助动词does,主语the class,动词原形 begin) 2.Where did she go yesterday?(特殊疑问词Where,助动词did,主语she,动词原形go) 3.祈使句（发出命令、请求或建议） 1.肯定祈使句 结构：动词原形+其他成分（省略主语yo) 例句： l.Open the window,.please.(动词原形Open开头，宾语the window) 2.Study hard for the exam.(动词原形Study开头，状语for the exam) 2.否定祈使句 结构：Don't+动词原形+其他成分 例句： 1.Don't talk in the library.(Don't+动词原形tak,状语in the library) 2.Don't be late for school..(Don't+be动词原形be,表语late) 4.感叹句（表达强烈情感） 3 高中冀教版高中英语语法全全解 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 1.What引导 结构：What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！（名词为中心词） 例句： l.What a beautiful flower it is!(What+a+形容词beautiful+名词flower) 2.What interesting stories they are!(What+形容词interesting+名词复数stories) 2.How引导 结构：How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！（形容词/副词为中心词) 例句： l.How tall the boy is!(How+形容词tall,主语the boy,谓语is) 2.How quickly he runs!(How+副词quickly,主语he,谓语uns) 知识点三：句子基本类型 1.陈述句 1.肯定句（基础结构）： l.主语+谓语+宾语→例句：She reads books every night.. 2.主语+系动词+表语→例句：The flowers are beautiful, 3.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语→例句：My mother gives me a gift, 2.否定句（变形规则）： 1.be动词+not→例句：He is not a student. 2.实义动词+don't/doesn't/didn't→例句：Idon't like spicy food. 3.情态动词+not→例句：You must not park here. 2.疑问句 1.一般疑问句（中考必背）： 1.Be动词+主语+其他→例句：Are you from China? 2.助动词+主语+动词原形+其他→例句：Do they play football on weekends? 3.情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他→例句：Can she speak French? 2.特殊疑问句（中考核心）： 1.疑问词+be动词+主语+其他→例句：Where is the nearest hospital? 2.疑问词+助动词+主语+动词原形+其他一例句：What do you usually have for breakfast? 3.疑问词+情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他→例句：How can I get to the station? 4 高中冀教版高中英语语法全全解 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 3.感叹句 1.what引导（中考常考）： l.What+aan+adj.+可数名词单数+主语+谓语一例句：What a lovely girl she is! 2.What+adj.+可数名词复数+主语+谓语→例句：What beautiful flowers they are! 3.What+adj.+不可数名词+主语+谓语→例句：What important news it is! 2.how引导（中考易错）： 1.How+ad.+主语+谓语→例句：How tall the building is! 2.How+adv.+主语+谓语→例句：ow fast he runs! 3.How+主语+谓语→例句：How time flies! 考法精析 考法一：简单句基本结构辨析 核心：根据句子成分构成，判断简单句的基本类型并补全成分 真题1（语法填空)： The little girl(look)happy because she got a new toy. 答案：looks 解析：该句为主语+系动词+表语结构，主语'the little girl”为第三人称单数，系动词用looks,后 接形容词happy作表语。 真题2（单项选择)： My mother often tells me _stories before bedtime. A.interesting B.interested C.interest D.interests 答案：A 解析：该句为主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语结构，空处需用形容词修饰名词'stories',interesting 修饰物，符合题意。interested修饰人，interest为名词或动词，interests为名词复数或动词三单。 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 核心：根据语境判断动作的时态和非谓语动词的形式，结合时态要求选择正确的非谓语结构 真题1（语法填空)： He pretended_(read)when his mother entered the room 答案：to be reading 解析：pretend后接不定式作宾语，根据语境“妈妈进来时他假装正在读书”，表示过去某时刻正在 进行的动作，用不定式的进行式to be reading。 5 高中冀教版高中英语语法全全解 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 真题2（单项选择）： -the project on time,the workers_extra hours every day recently. A.Completing;have worked B.To complete;have been working C.Completed;work D.Having completed;worked 答案：B 解析：第一空用不定式To complete作目的状语：第二空由时间标志词“recently”可知动作从过去 持续到现在，用现在完成进行时have been working。 考法三：复合句中的时态与语态综合应用 核心：结合复合句（如状语从句、定语从句)的结构特点，判断主句与从句的时态呼应关系，并正 确使用被动语态 真题1（单项选择)： The letter_by my brother when my mother came in.He has finished it now. A.is written B.was being written C.wrote D.writes 答案：B 解析：主句主语“the letter”是动作“write”的承受者，需用被动语态：由时间状语从句“when my mother came in”(一般过去时)可知，主句动作在过去某时刻正在进行，用过去进行时被动语态， 结构为“was being+过去分词”，write的过去分词为written。 真题2（语法填空）： I don't know if the work_(finish)by tomorrow.Please tell me the result then 答案：will be finished 解析：主语“the work”是动作“finish”的承受者，用被动语态：由时间标志词“by tomorrow”及 主句“Idon’tow”可知，从句表将来动作，用一般将来时被动语态，结构为“will be+过去分 词”，finish的过去分词为finished。 解题小妙招 简单句结构妙招 简单句分四类型，主谓主系表要明：主谓宾和双宾构，还有宾补结构清： 主谓结构无宾语，不及物动要牢记：主系表中系动词，b动感官变化替： 双宾间接接直接，间宾多指人和事：宾补补充说明宾，逻辑主谓或主系。 非谓语动词妙招 非谓形式有三种，to do doing和done: 6 高中冀教版高中英语语法全全解 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 不定式表目将，doing主动进伴随：done被动完成态，功能用法要分开： 目的状语不定式，pretend后接todo: 伴随状语用doing,主动关系是关键： by加过去时间点，过去完成时态显：recently与现完进，动作持续不间断。 复合句综合妙招 复合句中看逻辑，非谓从句要统一；目的状语不定式，todo放句首表目的： by last Friday过去完，recently现完进行连； ask后接todo,过去完成had done: 连接词选看成分，时态一致看语境：非谓代替从句时，主动doing被动done。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.She told me that she_to the Great Wall twice. A.has been B.had been C.was D.is going 2.The boy_is standing under the tree is my brother. A.which B.whom C.who D.whose 3.I saw him_the classroom when I passed by. A.enter B.to enter C.entering D.entered 4.English well,we should practice speaking every day. A.Learn B.Learning C.To learn D.Learned 5.This is the best film _I have ever seen. A.which B.that C.what D.who 6.He didn't tell mehe would come back. A.where B.when C.what D.which 7.The bookby Lu Xun is very popular among students. A.writing B.wrote C.written D.to write 8.My father made me-my homework before watching TV. A.finish B.to finish C.finishing D.finished 9.in the street,I met an old friend of mine A.Walk B.Walking C.Walked D.To walk 10.By the time we arrived,the party_ A.has begun B.had begun C.begins D.began 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 高中冀教版高中英语语法全全解 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 1.My brother enjoys_(play)basketball after school. 2.The teacher asked us_(not talk)in class. 3.This is the city_I was born. 4.He_(live)here for ten years since he came to Beijing. 5.(read)aloud is a good way to improve English. 6.The girl(wear)ared dress is my classmate. 7.I don't knowhe will come or not. 8.They decided(go)to the beach for vacation 9.The housewe visited yesterday is very old. 10.If it(rain)tomorrow,we will stay at home. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） When I was a child,my grandmother often told me stories before bedtime.One story was about a brave girl_(name)Lily.Lily lived in a small village-there were many mountains.She dreamed of_(climb) the highest mountain to find a magic flower.One day,she decided(start)her journey.Her mother gave her a map and said,"Remember_(follow)the path and never give up." During the journey,Lily met a boy_was lost.She helped him find his way home.The boy's father,a wise old man,told her,"The magic flower only grows for those_have a kind heart."Lily thanked him and continued her trip.When she finally reached the top,she found the flower_(shine)brightly. Lily picked the flower and returned home.-(surprise),the flower could cure any illness.The villagers calledher ahero.Now,whenever I face difficulties,I think of Lily and remember _she taught me:kindness and persistence can make dreams-(come)true 参考答案 演练-：1B2.C3.A4.C5B6B7.C8.A9.B10B 演练二：1.playing2.not to talk3.where4.has lived5.Reading 6.wearing 7.whether 8.to go 9.that/which 10.rains 演练三：1.named2.where3.climbing4.to start5.to follow 6.who/that 7.who 8.shining 9.Surprisingly 10.what 11.come 8