句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解(沪教版)

2026-02-10
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 -
年级 -
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类型 学案
知识点 -
使用场景 同步教学-新授课
学年 2026-2027
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高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 寒假专版 句子基本类型与成分讲解 语法专项突破 考频分析 沪教上海版高中句法中,句子基本类型与成分讲解是基础语法模块,考频占句法总量的30%左右, 贯穿试卷核心题型:单项选择3-4题、语法填空2-3题、阅读理解(影响长难句分析)、书面表达 (核心考察,直接影响句子结构完整性与逻辑准确性)。在结构分析类题目中,句子成分划分及基本 句型识别往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·句子基本类型:陈述句(肯定/否定)、疑问句(一般/特殊/选择/反意)、祈使句、感叹句的结构特征 与语气表达 ·句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语(直接/间接)、表语、定语、状语、补语的构成形式(名词/代词/形容 词/副词/短语/从句)及句法功能辨析 知识点一:句子基本类型与成分讲解 1.简单句(由一个主语和一个谓语构成,表达完整意思) 1.基本结构1:主语+谓语(不及物动词)→例句:The sun rises.(太阳升起。) 2.基本结构2:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语→例句:She reads books.(她读书。) 3.基本结构3:主语+系动词+表语,例句:He is a student.(他是一名学生。) 4.基本结构4:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语→例句:My mother bought me a gift.(妈妈给我买 了一个礼物。) 5.基本结构5:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语→例句:We keep the room clean.(我们保持房间干 净。) 2.并列句(由并列连词连接两个或多个简单句,句子间为并列关系) 1.常见并列连词:and(和)、but(但是)、or(或者)、so(所以) 1 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 2.例句: 1.I like coffee,.and she likes tea.(我喜欢咖啡,她喜欢茶。) 2.He is tired,but he still works.(他很累,但仍在工作。) 3.复合句(由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成,从句起修饰或补充作用) 1.宾语从句(作动词/介词的宾语,由that/whether/疑问词引导)→例句:Iknow(hat)he is honest..(我 知道他是诚实的。) 2.定语从句(修饰名词/代词,由关系代词who/which/that或关系副词where/when/why引导)→例句: The book which I bought is interesting.(我买的那本书很有趣。) 3.状语从句(修饰动词/形容词/副词,表时间、原因、条件等,由when/because/if等引导)→例句:I will go if it doesn't rain..(如果不下雨,我就去。) 4.句子成分(构成句子的基本要素) 1.主语(动作的发出者或被描述的对象,通常由名词/代词/动名词等充当)→例句:Tom plays football. (Tom为主语) 2.谓语(表示动作或状态,由动词或动词短语充当)一→例句:She is singing.(is singing为谓语) 3.宾语(动作的承受者,通常由名词/代词等充当,分直接宾语和间接宾语)→例句:He gave me a pen. (me为间接宾语,apen为直接宾语) 4.表语(系动词后表示主语身份特征/状态的成分,由形容词/名词/介词短语等充当)→例句:Te flower is beautiful.(beautiful为表语) 5.定语(修饰名词/代词,由形容词/代词/数词/定语从句等充当)一→例句:This is a red apple.(red为 定语) 6.状语(修饰动词/形容词副词或整个句子,表时间/地点方式/原因等,由副词/介词短语/状语从句等 充当)→例句:She runs quickly.(quickly为状语) 知识点二:句子基本类型与成分 1.陈述句(陈述事实或观点,句末用句号) 1.肯定句 ·结构:主语+谓语+其他成分 。例句: I.She studies hard every day.(主谓结构,表达肯定意义) 2.They will go to the park this weekend..(主谓宾结构,陈述计划) 2.否定句 2 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 。结构:主语+助动词(do/does/did/will/have等)+not+动词原形其他成分 。例句: 1.He does not like playing football.(借助助动词does+not构成否定) 2.We have not finished our homework yet.(现在完成时否定,have+not) 2.疑问句(提出疑问,句末用问号) 1.一般疑问句(用yes/no回答) ·结构:助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语+其他成分 ·例句: 1.Do you usually get up early?(助动词do开头,询问习惯) 2.Can she speak English fluently?(情态动词can开头,询问能力) 2.特殊疑问句(用疑问词回答) ·结构:疑问词(what/who/where/when/why/how)+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语+其他成分 ·例句: 1.What did you do last night?(疑问词what开头,询问动作) 2.Where are they going for vacation?(疑问词where开头,询间地点) 3.祈使句(表示命令、请求、建议等,主语通常为you且省略) 1.肯定祈使句 ·结构:动词原形+其他成分 ·例句: 1.Open the window,please.(表请求,用动词原形open) 2.Study hard for the exam.(表建议,用动词原形study) 2.否定祈使句 ●结构:Don't+动词原形+其他成分 。例句: 1.Don't be late for class.(Don't+动词原形be,表禁止) 2.Don't play computer games too long.(Don't+动词原形play,表劝告) 4.感叹句(表达强烈情感,句末用感叹号) 1.what引导(修饰名词) 。结构:What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+(主语+谓语)! 。例句: 3 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】A版知识点全解 l.What a beautiful flower it is!(修饰可数名词单数flower) 2.What delicious food they are eating!(修饰不可数名词food) 2.how引导(修饰形容词/副词/动词) ·结构:How+形容词/副词+(主语+谓语)!/How+主语+谓语副 ·例句: 1.How happy she looks!(修饰形容词happy) 2.How fast he runs!(修饰副词fast) 5.简单句基本成分 1.主语(句子描述的主体,通常由名词、代词、动名词等充当) ·例句: l.Tom is a student..(名词Tom作主语) 2.Swimming is good for health.(动名词Swimming作主语) 2.谓语(表示主语的动作或状态,由动词充当) ·例句: 1.The sun rises in the east.(实义动词rises作谓语,表动作) 2.She is very kind.(系动词is+形容词kind作谓语,表状态) 3.宾语(动作的承受者,通常位于及物动词后,由名词、代词等充当) 。例句: 1.He bought a new book yesterday.(名词短语a new book作宾语) 2.I love them very much.(代词them作宾语) 4.表语(系动词后,说明主语的性质、状态等,由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当) 。例句: l.My mother is a teacher.(名词teacher作表语) 2.The cake tastes delicious.(形容词delicious作表语) 3.They are in the classroom.(介词短语in the classroom作表语) 5.定语(修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词等充当) ·例句: l.This is a red apple.(形容词red作定语,修饰apple) 2.Her brother is a doctor.(形容词性物主代词Her作定语,修饰brother) 6.状语(修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、方式、原因等,由副词、介词短语 等充当) 4 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 。例句: 1.She runs quickly.(副词quickly作状语,修饰动词uns) 2.They will meet at the station.((介词短语at the station作状语,表地点) 3.He didn't go to school because he was ill..(because引导的从句作状语,表原因) 知识点三:句子基本类型与成分 l.陈述句(Declarative Sentence) 1.基础结构(中考必背): 。主语+谓语(S+V)→例句:Birds fly. 。主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)→例句:She reads books. 。主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)→例句:He gave me a gift, 。主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)→例句:We keep the room clean 。主语+系动词+表语(S+LinkV+P)→例句:The flower is beautiful 2.疑问句(Interrogative Sentence.) 1.基础类型(中考必背): 。一般疑问句:Be/助动词情态动词+主语+其他→例句:Is she a student? ·特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句→例句:Where do you live? ·选择疑间句:一般疑问句+or+选择部分→例句:Do you like tea or coffee?? 。反意疑问句:陈述句+简短疑问(前肯后否/前否后肯)→例句:He is tall,.isn'the? 3.祈使句与感叹句(Imperative&Exclamatory Sentence) 1.祈使句结构(中考核心): 。肯定祈使句:动词原形+其他→例句:Open the door. ●否定祈使句:Don't+动词原形+其他一例句:Don't be late. ·let型祈使句:Let+宾语+动词原形→例句:Let's go shopping. 2.感叹句结构(中考常考): ●What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+(主语+谓语)!→例句:What a clever boy he is! ●How+形容词/副词+(主语+谓语)!→例句:How fast he runs! 考法精析 考法一:简单句基本结构辨析 5 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 核心:识别简单句的五种基本结构,判断句子成分搭配是否正确 真题1(语法填空): The little girl-(smile)happily at the moment. 答案:is smiling 解析:句子为主语+谓语(不及物动词)结构,主语The little girl后需接谓语动词;由时间状语”at the moment''可知用现在进行时,smile的现在分词为smiling,be动词用is。 真题2(单项选择): My teacher always tells us-carefully in class. A.listen B.to listen C.listening D.listened 答案:B 解析:句子为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语结构,谓语动词tll后接双宾语(us为间接宾语,空 格处需用不定式作直接宾语补足语,构成固定搭配tell sb.to do sth.)。 考法二:非谓语动词与定语从句结合 核心:区分非谓语动词作定语与定语从句的转换,掌握关系代词在从句中作主语时与非谓语动词 的对应关系 真题1(语法填空): The girl(read)a book in the library is my sister. 答案:reading 解析:句子已有谓语动词is,空格处需用非谓语动词。girl与read是主动关系,用现在分词reading 作定语,相当于who is reading。. 真题2(单项选择): The meeting-yesterday was very important. A.holding B.held C.was held D.which held 答案:B 解析:meeting与hold是被动关系,用过去分词held作定语表完成和被动,相当于which was held。 A表主动,C为谓语形式导致句子双谓语,D关系代词which在从句中作主语时需用被动语态which was held 考法三:复合句中的虚拟语气与倒装结构综合运用 核心:识别复合句中虚拟语气的非真实条件及倒装句的部分/全部倒装规则,结合语境判断动词形 式与语序 真题1(单项选择): _he studied harder,he would have passed the exam last month 6 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 A.If B.When C.Had D.Were 答案:C 解析:句中主句'would have passed'表明是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,if从句应使用过去完成 时had studied';当f省略时,需将助动词had置于句首构成部分倒装,故选C。 真题2(语法填空): Only by practicing every day_(can)we improve our English.Remember:if we_(start)earlier,we would have made more progress. 答案:can,had started 解析:第一空”Oly叶介词短语”位于句首,需部分倒装,将情态动词can提前:第二空所在句为虚 拟语气,由主句would have made'”可知是与过去事实相反,if从句用过去完成时had started。 解题小妙招 简单句结构妙招 简单句有五结构,主谓主谓宾,主谓宾宾补,主谓双宾和主系表: 谓语成分看搭配,不及物动词无宾语,及物动词需接宾; 双宾间接接直接,宾补补充说明宾; 时间状语辨时态,现在进行be doing'”,感官动词接原形,固定搭配要记牢。 非谓定从转换妙招 非谓定从可转换,主动现在分词替,被动过去分词代: 关系代词作主语,主动"who/which+be+doing”,被动”who/which+be+done”: 现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动: 句子已有谓语时,非谓形式莫忘记,避免双谓要警惕。 综合运用妙招 虚拟语气有规则,建议命令和要求,宾语从句'should+原形”,should省略常见到: 非谓功能要分明,不定式常表目的,分词作定看关系: 定语从句关系词,只用ht有情况,先行词为不定代,或者被最高级修饰: 复杂语境细分析,各个考点拆开来,逐一判断莫慌张,综合运用也不难。 真题演练 演练一:单项选择试题(共10题) 1.We should protect the animals-are in danger. A.who B.which C.that D.where 2.My parents often tell me_too much time on computer games. 7 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 A.not to spend B.not spend C.to not spend D.don't spend 3.If it tomorrow,we will cancel the picnic. A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.rained 4.The girl-in the classroom is my best friend. A.sing B.sings C.singing D.to sing 5.I wish I fly like a bird. A.can B.could C.will D.would 6.The first thing_we need to do is to finish homework. A.which B.that C.what D.who 7.She came here-her mother. A.see B.seeing C.to see D.saw 8.Only when he arrived_the truth A.he knew B.knew he C.did he know D.he did know 9.The book_last week is very popular. A.publishing B.published C.was published D.which published 10.The teacher suggested that we-more attention to grammar. A.pay B.paid C.paying D.to pay 演练二:填空试题(共10题) 1.He decided(study)abroad next year. 2.This is the houseI lived five years ago. 3.If I(be)you,I would accept the invitation. 4.The boy(play)football on the playground is my brother. 5.She speaks English_(fluent)than her sister. 6.I have no idea-he will come tomorrow 7.The meeting-(hold)yesterday was a great success. 8.(learn)a foreign language is very important. 9.We will go to the park if it(not rain)tomorrow. 10.He was too tired(walk)any further. 演练三:语法填空试题(共10空) Last Sunday,I went to the bookstore 1.-(buy)some books.The shop,2.-is near my school,was crowded with students.I saw a girl 3.-(read)a storybook quietly in the comner.When I asked her why she liked reading,she said,"Books are my best friends 4.-can teach me a lot." 8 高中沪教上海版 【寒假专版】 A版知识点全解 Suddenly,I noticed a book 5.(lie)on the floor.I picked it up and found it was the novel 6.-(write) by Lu Xun.The shop assistant told me that if I 7.-(buy)this book,I could get a gift.I decided to take it because I 8.(always want)to read Lu Xun's works. On my way home,I met my teacher,who suggested that I 9.-(share)the book with my classmates.I agreed and felt very happy.It was really a meaningful day,and I learned that 10.-(help)others brings happiness. 答案区 演练-:1.C2.A3B4.C5.B6B7.C8.C9.B10.A 1.to study 2.where 3.were 4.playing 5.more fluently 6.whether/if 7.held 8.Learning 9.doesn't rain 10.to walk 1.to buy 2.which 3.reading 4.that 5.lying 6.written 7.bought 8.had always wanted9.share 10.help- ing 9

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句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解(沪教版)
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句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解(沪教版)
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句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解(沪教版)
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句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解(沪教版)
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