内容正文:
高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】
A版知识点全解
寒假专版
句子基本类型与成分讲解
语法专项突破
考频分析
沪教上海版高中句法中,句子基本类型与成分讲解是基础语法模块,考频占句法总量的30%左右,
贯穿试卷核心题型:单项选择3-4题、语法填空2-3题、阅读理解(影响长难句分析)、书面表达
(核心考察,直接影响句子结构完整性与逻辑准确性)。在结构分析类题目中,句子成分划分及基本
句型识别往往是解题关键。
考查内容
·句子基本类型:陈述句(肯定/否定)、疑问句(一般/特殊/选择/反意)、祈使句、感叹句的结构特征
与语气表达
·句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语(直接/间接)、表语、定语、状语、补语的构成形式(名词/代词/形容
词/副词/短语/从句)及句法功能辨析
知识点一:句子基本类型与成分讲解
1.简单句(由一个主语和一个谓语构成,表达完整意思)
1.基本结构1:主语+谓语(不及物动词)→例句:The sun rises.(太阳升起。)
2.基本结构2:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语→例句:She reads books.(她读书。)
3.基本结构3:主语+系动词+表语,例句:He is a student.(他是一名学生。)
4.基本结构4:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语→例句:My mother bought me a gift.(妈妈给我买
了一个礼物。)
5.基本结构5:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语→例句:We keep the room clean.(我们保持房间干
净。)
2.并列句(由并列连词连接两个或多个简单句,句子间为并列关系)
1.常见并列连词:and(和)、but(但是)、or(或者)、so(所以)
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高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】
A版知识点全解
2.例句:
1.I like coffee,.and she likes tea.(我喜欢咖啡,她喜欢茶。)
2.He is tired,but he still works.(他很累,但仍在工作。)
3.复合句(由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成,从句起修饰或补充作用)
1.宾语从句(作动词/介词的宾语,由that/whether/疑问词引导)→例句:Iknow(hat)he is honest..(我
知道他是诚实的。)
2.定语从句(修饰名词/代词,由关系代词who/which/that或关系副词where/when/why引导)→例句:
The book which I bought is interesting.(我买的那本书很有趣。)
3.状语从句(修饰动词/形容词/副词,表时间、原因、条件等,由when/because/if等引导)→例句:I
will go if it doesn't rain..(如果不下雨,我就去。)
4.句子成分(构成句子的基本要素)
1.主语(动作的发出者或被描述的对象,通常由名词/代词/动名词等充当)→例句:Tom plays football.
(Tom为主语)
2.谓语(表示动作或状态,由动词或动词短语充当)一→例句:She is singing.(is singing为谓语)
3.宾语(动作的承受者,通常由名词/代词等充当,分直接宾语和间接宾语)→例句:He gave me a pen.
(me为间接宾语,apen为直接宾语)
4.表语(系动词后表示主语身份特征/状态的成分,由形容词/名词/介词短语等充当)→例句:Te
flower is beautiful.(beautiful为表语)
5.定语(修饰名词/代词,由形容词/代词/数词/定语从句等充当)一→例句:This is a red apple.(red为
定语)
6.状语(修饰动词/形容词副词或整个句子,表时间/地点方式/原因等,由副词/介词短语/状语从句等
充当)→例句:She runs quickly.(quickly为状语)
知识点二:句子基本类型与成分
1.陈述句(陈述事实或观点,句末用句号)
1.肯定句
·结构:主语+谓语+其他成分
。例句:
I.She studies hard every day.(主谓结构,表达肯定意义)
2.They will go to the park this weekend..(主谓宾结构,陈述计划)
2.否定句
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高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】
A版知识点全解
。结构:主语+助动词(do/does/did/will/have等)+not+动词原形其他成分
。例句:
1.He does not like playing football.(借助助动词does+not构成否定)
2.We have not finished our homework yet.(现在完成时否定,have+not)
2.疑问句(提出疑问,句末用问号)
1.一般疑问句(用yes/no回答)
·结构:助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语+其他成分
·例句:
1.Do you usually get up early?(助动词do开头,询问习惯)
2.Can she speak English fluently?(情态动词can开头,询问能力)
2.特殊疑问句(用疑问词回答)
·结构:疑问词(what/who/where/when/why/how)+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语+其他成分
·例句:
1.What did you do last night?(疑问词what开头,询问动作)
2.Where are they going for vacation?(疑问词where开头,询间地点)
3.祈使句(表示命令、请求、建议等,主语通常为you且省略)
1.肯定祈使句
·结构:动词原形+其他成分
·例句:
1.Open the window,please.(表请求,用动词原形open)
2.Study hard for the exam.(表建议,用动词原形study)
2.否定祈使句
●结构:Don't+动词原形+其他成分
。例句:
1.Don't be late for class.(Don't+动词原形be,表禁止)
2.Don't play computer games too long.(Don't+动词原形play,表劝告)
4.感叹句(表达强烈情感,句末用感叹号)
1.what引导(修饰名词)
。结构:What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+(主语+谓语)!
。例句:
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高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】A版知识点全解
l.What a beautiful flower it is!(修饰可数名词单数flower)
2.What delicious food they are eating!(修饰不可数名词food)
2.how引导(修饰形容词/副词/动词)
·结构:How+形容词/副词+(主语+谓语)!/How+主语+谓语副
·例句:
1.How happy she looks!(修饰形容词happy)
2.How fast he runs!(修饰副词fast)
5.简单句基本成分
1.主语(句子描述的主体,通常由名词、代词、动名词等充当)
·例句:
l.Tom is a student..(名词Tom作主语)
2.Swimming is good for health.(动名词Swimming作主语)
2.谓语(表示主语的动作或状态,由动词充当)
·例句:
1.The sun rises in the east.(实义动词rises作谓语,表动作)
2.She is very kind.(系动词is+形容词kind作谓语,表状态)
3.宾语(动作的承受者,通常位于及物动词后,由名词、代词等充当)
。例句:
1.He bought a new book yesterday.(名词短语a new book作宾语)
2.I love them very much.(代词them作宾语)
4.表语(系动词后,说明主语的性质、状态等,由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当)
。例句:
l.My mother is a teacher.(名词teacher作表语)
2.The cake tastes delicious.(形容词delicious作表语)
3.They are in the classroom.(介词短语in the classroom作表语)
5.定语(修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词等充当)
·例句:
l.This is a red apple.(形容词red作定语,修饰apple)
2.Her brother is a doctor.(形容词性物主代词Her作定语,修饰brother)
6.状语(修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明时间、地点、方式、原因等,由副词、介词短语
等充当)
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高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】
A版知识点全解
。例句:
1.She runs quickly.(副词quickly作状语,修饰动词uns)
2.They will meet at the station.((介词短语at the station作状语,表地点)
3.He didn't go to school because he was ill..(because引导的从句作状语,表原因)
知识点三:句子基本类型与成分
l.陈述句(Declarative Sentence)
1.基础结构(中考必背):
。主语+谓语(S+V)→例句:Birds fly.
。主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)→例句:She reads books.
。主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)→例句:He gave me a gift,
。主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)→例句:We keep the room clean
。主语+系动词+表语(S+LinkV+P)→例句:The flower is beautiful
2.疑问句(Interrogative Sentence.)
1.基础类型(中考必背):
。一般疑问句:Be/助动词情态动词+主语+其他→例句:Is she a student?
·特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句→例句:Where do you live?
·选择疑间句:一般疑问句+or+选择部分→例句:Do you like tea or coffee??
。反意疑问句:陈述句+简短疑问(前肯后否/前否后肯)→例句:He is tall,.isn'the?
3.祈使句与感叹句(Imperative&Exclamatory Sentence)
1.祈使句结构(中考核心):
。肯定祈使句:动词原形+其他→例句:Open the door.
●否定祈使句:Don't+动词原形+其他一例句:Don't be late.
·let型祈使句:Let+宾语+动词原形→例句:Let's go shopping.
2.感叹句结构(中考常考):
●What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+(主语+谓语)!→例句:What a clever boy he is!
●How+形容词/副词+(主语+谓语)!→例句:How fast he runs!
考法精析
考法一:简单句基本结构辨析
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高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】
A版知识点全解
核心:识别简单句的五种基本结构,判断句子成分搭配是否正确
真题1(语法填空):
The little girl-(smile)happily at the moment.
答案:is smiling
解析:句子为主语+谓语(不及物动词)结构,主语The little girl后需接谓语动词;由时间状语”at
the moment''可知用现在进行时,smile的现在分词为smiling,be动词用is。
真题2(单项选择):
My teacher always tells us-carefully in class.
A.listen B.to listen C.listening D.listened
答案:B
解析:句子为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语结构,谓语动词tll后接双宾语(us为间接宾语,空
格处需用不定式作直接宾语补足语,构成固定搭配tell sb.to do sth.)。
考法二:非谓语动词与定语从句结合
核心:区分非谓语动词作定语与定语从句的转换,掌握关系代词在从句中作主语时与非谓语动词
的对应关系
真题1(语法填空):
The girl(read)a book in the library is my sister.
答案:reading
解析:句子已有谓语动词is,空格处需用非谓语动词。girl与read是主动关系,用现在分词reading
作定语,相当于who is reading。.
真题2(单项选择):
The meeting-yesterday was very important.
A.holding B.held C.was held D.which held
答案:B
解析:meeting与hold是被动关系,用过去分词held作定语表完成和被动,相当于which was held。
A表主动,C为谓语形式导致句子双谓语,D关系代词which在从句中作主语时需用被动语态which
was held
考法三:复合句中的虚拟语气与倒装结构综合运用
核心:识别复合句中虚拟语气的非真实条件及倒装句的部分/全部倒装规则,结合语境判断动词形
式与语序
真题1(单项选择):
_he studied harder,he would have passed the exam last month
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高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】
A版知识点全解
A.If B.When C.Had D.Were
答案:C
解析:句中主句'would have passed'表明是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,if从句应使用过去完成
时had studied';当f省略时,需将助动词had置于句首构成部分倒装,故选C。
真题2(语法填空):
Only by practicing every day_(can)we improve our English.Remember:if we_(start)earlier,we
would have made more progress.
答案:can,had started
解析:第一空”Oly叶介词短语”位于句首,需部分倒装,将情态动词can提前:第二空所在句为虚
拟语气,由主句would have made'”可知是与过去事实相反,if从句用过去完成时had started。
解题小妙招
简单句结构妙招
简单句有五结构,主谓主谓宾,主谓宾宾补,主谓双宾和主系表:
谓语成分看搭配,不及物动词无宾语,及物动词需接宾;
双宾间接接直接,宾补补充说明宾;
时间状语辨时态,现在进行be doing'”,感官动词接原形,固定搭配要记牢。
非谓定从转换妙招
非谓定从可转换,主动现在分词替,被动过去分词代:
关系代词作主语,主动"who/which+be+doing”,被动”who/which+be+done”:
现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动:
句子已有谓语时,非谓形式莫忘记,避免双谓要警惕。
综合运用妙招
虚拟语气有规则,建议命令和要求,宾语从句'should+原形”,should省略常见到:
非谓功能要分明,不定式常表目的,分词作定看关系:
定语从句关系词,只用ht有情况,先行词为不定代,或者被最高级修饰:
复杂语境细分析,各个考点拆开来,逐一判断莫慌张,综合运用也不难。
真题演练
演练一:单项选择试题(共10题)
1.We should protect the animals-are in danger.
A.who B.which C.that D.where
2.My parents often tell me_too much time on computer games.
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高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】
A版知识点全解
A.not to spend B.not spend C.to not spend D.don't spend
3.If it tomorrow,we will cancel the picnic.
A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.rained
4.The girl-in the classroom is my best friend.
A.sing B.sings C.singing D.to sing
5.I wish I fly like a bird.
A.can B.could C.will D.would
6.The first thing_we need to do is to finish homework.
A.which B.that C.what D.who
7.She came here-her mother.
A.see B.seeing C.to see D.saw
8.Only when he arrived_the truth
A.he knew B.knew he C.did he know D.he did know
9.The book_last week is very popular.
A.publishing B.published C.was published D.which published
10.The teacher suggested that we-more attention to grammar.
A.pay B.paid C.paying D.to pay
演练二:填空试题(共10题)
1.He decided(study)abroad next year.
2.This is the houseI lived five years ago.
3.If I(be)you,I would accept the invitation.
4.The boy(play)football on the playground is my brother.
5.She speaks English_(fluent)than her sister.
6.I have no idea-he will come tomorrow
7.The meeting-(hold)yesterday was a great success.
8.(learn)a foreign language is very important.
9.We will go to the park if it(not rain)tomorrow.
10.He was too tired(walk)any further.
演练三:语法填空试题(共10空)
Last Sunday,I went to the bookstore 1.-(buy)some books.The shop,2.-is near my school,was
crowded with students.I saw a girl 3.-(read)a storybook quietly in the comner.When I asked her why
she liked reading,she said,"Books are my best friends 4.-can teach me a lot."
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高中沪教上海版
【寒假专版】
A版知识点全解
Suddenly,I noticed a book 5.(lie)on the floor.I picked it up and found it was the novel 6.-(write)
by Lu Xun.The shop assistant told me that if I 7.-(buy)this book,I could get a gift.I decided to take it
because I 8.(always want)to read Lu Xun's works.
On my way home,I met my teacher,who suggested that I 9.-(share)the book with my classmates.I
agreed and felt very happy.It was really a meaningful day,and I learned that 10.-(help)others brings
happiness.
答案区
演练-:1.C2.A3B4.C5.B6B7.C8.C9.B10.A
1.to study 2.where 3.were 4.playing 5.more fluently 6.whether/if 7.held 8.Learning 9.doesn't
rain 10.to walk
1.to buy 2.which 3.reading 4.that 5.lying 6.written 7.bought 8.had always wanted9.share 10.help-
ing
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