句法 句子基本类型与成分讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪外版）

高中沪外版 【语法专版】 句法全解 语法专版 句子基本类型与成分讲解 句法专项突破 考频分析 沪外版高中句法中，句子基本类型与成分讲解是重点语法模块，考频占句法总量的25%左右，贯 穿试卷所有核心题型：单项选择(3-4题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(3-4题)、书面表达（核 心考察，直接影响句子结构规范性与逻辑性)。在语境理解类题目中，句子成分的划分及基本句型 的识别往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·句子基本类型：陈述句（肯定句、否定句）、疑问句（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反 意疑问句)、祈使句、感叹句的结构特征与语气表达 ·句子成分分析：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语、状语、补语的构成形式 (名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等)及句法功能 。复杂句式基础：简单句、并列句（并列连词and/or/but等的用法）、复合句（宾语从句的连接词选择 与语序)中基本句型的识别与转换 知识点一：句子基本类型与成分 1.简单句（由一个主谓结构构成） 1.基本句型 ·主谓(S+V):主语+不及物动词 ·主谓宾(S+V+O):主语+及物动词+宾语 。主系表(S+Linking V+P):主语+系动词+表语 。主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO):主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ·主谓宾补(S+V+O+C):主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 2.例句： 。Birds sing.(主谓) 1 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 句法全解 ·She bought a book.（主谓宾) ●The flower is red.(主系表) ·He gave me a pen.(主谓双宾) ●We keep the room clean.(主谓宾补) 2.复合句（包含主句和从句） 1.名词性从句：在句中作主语、宾语、表语或同位语，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语 从句 2.定语从句：修饰名词或代词，由关系代词(who/whom/which/that/whose)或关系副词(when/where/why) 引导 3.状语从句：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、方式、比 较、目的、结果等 3.并列句（由并列连词连接两个或多个简单句） 1.常见并列连词：and(和，并且)、but(但是)、or(或者，否则)、s0(因此)、for(因为) 2.例句： .I like coffee,but my sister likes tea. He studied hard,so he passed the exam. 知识点二：句子基本类型与成分 1.陈述句（陈述事实或观点，句末用句号） 1.肯定句： ·结构：主语+谓语+其他成分 ·例句：Tom studies English every morning.(汤姆每天早上学英语) 2.否定句： ·结构：主语+助动词(do/does/did)+not+动词原形+其他成分（实义动词）：主语+be动词+ not+其他成分(be动词作谓语) ·例句：They do not(don't)play football on rainy days.(他们雨天不踢足球) 2.疑问句（提出问题，句末用问号） 1.一般疑问句（用yes/no回答）： ·结构：助动词(Do/Does/Did/Is/Are/Will等)+主语+动词原形M其他成分？ 2 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 句法全解 ·例句：Do you like swimming?(你喜欢游泳吗？)→Yes,Ido.No,Idon't. 2.特殊疑问句（用疑问词回答)： 。结构：疑问词+助动词+主语+动词原形其他成分？ ●例句：What time does the train leave?(火车什么时候出发？) 3.祈使句（表示命令、请求、建议） 1.肯定祈使句： ·结构：动词原形+其他成分 ·例句：Open the window,.please.(请打开窗户) 2.否定祈使句： ·结构：Don't+动词原形+其他成分 。例句：Don't talk in the library.(不要在图书馆说话) 4.感叹句（表达强烈情感） 1.what引导： ·结构：What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+（主语+谓语）！ ●例句：What a beautiful flower it is!(多美的花啊！) 2.how引导： ·结构：How+形容词/副词+（主语+谓语）！ ●例句：How fast he runs!(他跑得真快！) 5.简单句的基本成分 1.主语：表示句子描述的人或事物 2.谓语：表示主语的动作或状态 3.宾语：表示动作的承受者 4.表语：说明主语的性质、状态、身份等 5.定语：修饰名词或代词 6.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子 知识点三：句子基本类型与成分 1.陈述句 3 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 句法全解 1.基础结构： ·主谓宾（主语+谓语+宾语）一例句：She(主语)likes(谓语)apples(宾语) 。主系表（主语+系动词+表语）→例句：He(主语)is(系动词)a student(表语) 2.否定形式： 。实义动词+not→例句：I do not like coffee. ●be动词+not→例句：They are not from China. 2.疑问句 1.一般疑问句： 。Be动词提前→例句：Are you a teacher? 。助动词do/does/did提前→例句：Do you like English? 2.特殊疑问句： 。疑问词+一般疑问句→例句：Where do you live? 。疑问词做主语（主谓不倒装）→例句：Who helped you yesterday? 3.祈使句与感叹句 1.祈使句： 。肯定式（动词原形开头）→例句：Open the door,.please. ●否定式(Don’t+动词原形)→例句：Don’t run in the hallways. 2.感叹句： 。What+a/an+adj+可数名词单数→例句：What a beautiful flower! ●How+adj./adv.→例句：How fast he runs! 考法精析 考法一：非谓语动词形式辨析 核心：根据语境判断非谓语动词的功能（如作定语、状语等），选择正确形式（不定式/动名词/分词） 真题1（语法填空）： She has a lot of homework(do)tonight,so she can't go out with us. 答案：todo 解析：空格处需作后置定语修饰名词“homework”,表示“要做的作业”，用动词不定式todo,符 合“表将来、具体动作”的用法。 4 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 句法全解 真题2（完形填空）： (learn)English well,he practices speaking every morning. A.Learn B.Learning C.To learn D.Learned 答案：C 解析：句意为“为了学好英语，他每天早上练习口语”，空格处表目的，用动词不定式To learn作目 的状语，符合不定式“表目的”的功能。 考法二：非谓语动词与时态结合 核心：根据非谓语动词在句中的功能及动作与谓语动词的时间关系，判断非谓语动词的形式及时 态呼应 真题1（语法填空）： I'm sorry(keep)you waiting for such a long time.I was stuck in traffic. 答案：to have kept 解析：'be sorry to do sth.”为固定搭配，不定式作原因状语；”keep”动作发生在谓语动词”was stuck” 之前，表动作已完成，用不定式完成式'to have kept”。 真题2（单选题)： the project on time,the workers_extra hours every day recently. A.Completing;work B.To complete;have been working C.Completed;worked D.Having completed;will work 答案：B 解析：第一空用不定式”To complete'”作目的状语，表”为了按时完成项目”；第二空由时间标志 词'recently”可知，动作从过去持续到现在并可能继续，用现在完成进行时have been working''。 考法三：复合句中时态与被动语态的综合运用 核心：结合复合句（定语从句、状语从句等）结构，判断主从句时态一致性及被动语态的正确形式 (be+过去分词) 真题1（单项选择)： The story by my grandmother when I was a child is still popular now. A.tells B.told C.was told D.is told 答案：B 解析：句中"when I was a child’为时间状语从句，主句主语'the story'与动词tell'构成被动关系 但 by my grandmother''作定语修饰stoy,需用过去分词短语表被动（省略了which was), 相当于定语从句'which was told by my grandmother”。此处无需完整被动语态结构，过去分词told 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 句法全解 直接作后置定语。 真题2（语法填空)： This is the museum (build)in 1980.Many ancient things (keep)here every year. 答案：built:are kept 解析：第一空 inl980”为定语从句修饰museum,museum与build是被动关系，用过去分 词built(相当于which was built):第二空主语”ancient things'”与keep是被动关系，时间标志词'every year”表经常性动作，用一般现在时被动语态”are kept'”。 解题小妙招 非谓功能先判断，定语状语最常见： 不定式表将来目，todo结构要记住： 分词主动用ing,被动完成ed搞定： 时态呼应看先后，先于谓语用完成： 复合句中转换易，从句变非谓看关系： 主谓主动ing跟，动宾被动ed准： 固定搭配需牢记，结合语境定形式。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.The teacher asked us too much time playing computer games. A.not to spend B.to not spend C.not spend D.not spending 2. English well,we need to practice speaking every day. A.Learn B.Learning C.To learn D.Learned 3.The novelby Lu Xun is still popular among young readers. A.write B.writing C.written D.to write 4.He apologized for late to the meeting yesterday. A.arrive B.arriving C.to arrive D.arrived 5.My parents often tell me alone in the river. A.not swim B.to not swim C.not to swim D.not swimming 6.the heavy rain,they still decided to go hiking A.Despite B.Although C.Because D.As 7.She has a lot of homework tonight,so she can't join us. A.do B.doing C.done D.to do 6 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 句法全解 8.The children _in the park are my classmates. A.play B.playing C.played D.to play 9.I found it difficult the task within two hours. A.finish B.finishing C.finished D.to finish 10.his homework,he started watching TV. A.Completing B.Complete C.To complete D.Having completed 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.She decided_(study)abroad next year. 2.-(learn)a foreign language well requires practice. 3.The boy(read)a book over there is my brother. 4.I have a letter(write)this afternoon. 5.They left early(avoid)the traffic jam. 6.(not make)the same mistake again,he took notes carefully. 7.The movie(direct)by Zhang Yimou is very popular. 8.He was happy_(see)his old friend at the party. 9.(work)hard all day,she felt very tired. 10.My hobby is_(collect)stamps from different countries. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Nowadays,many students find it challenging-(balance)their studies and hobbies.Li Ming,a high school student,is no exception.He loves playing basketball and often spends hours_(practice)with his friends after school.However,his parents worry that playing basketball might affect his studies. Last month,Li Ming made a plan-(improve)his time management.He decided-(study)for two hours every morning before school and then_(play)basketball for one hour in the afternoon.To his sur- prise,this arrangement not only helpedhim-(get)better grades but also made him-(feel)more energetic. One day,his coach noticed his progress and asked him_(join)the school team.Li Ming was excited but also nervous.He knew he needed(train)harder while keeping up with his studies.-(achieve)both goals,he now gets up at 6 a.m.every day to study and practices basketball in the evening Li Ming believes that with proper planning,anyone can enjoy their hobbies without-(neglect)their re- sponsibilities. 7 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 句法全解 参考答案 演练-：1.A2.C3.C4.B5.C6.A7D8.B9D10D :1.to study 2.Learning 3.reading 4.to write 5.to avoid 6.Not to make 7.directed 8.to see 9.Having worked 10.collecting 1.to balance 2.practicing 3.to improve 4.to study 5.to play 6.(to)get 7.(to)feel 8.to join 9.to train 10.neglecting P