基础动词用法 动词时态系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪外版）

高中沪外版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 语法专版 动词时态系统讲解 沪外版高中英语语法全解 考频分析 沪外版高中英语中，基础动词用法是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的20%左右，贯穿试卷所有 核心题型：单项选择2-3题、完形填空3-4题、语法填空2-3题、书面表达核心考察，直接影响句 子完整性与准确性。在语境理解类题目中，动词的时态、语态及词义辨析往往是解题关键。 考查内容 。基本时态结构：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、 过去完成时的构成与标志性时间状语 。时态语境辨析：不同时态在时间逻辑（如过去动作对现在影响用现在完成时）、语境场景（如计划 安排用现在进行时表将来)中的区分应用 。时态特殊用法：现在完成时与for/since连用、过去完成时表“过去的过去”、一般过去时与现在完 成时的转换及时间状语匹配 知识点一：动词时态的基本概念及分类 1.时态定义（表动作/状态发生时间） 1.核心要素：时间（现在/过去/将来/过去将来）+状态（一般/进行/完成/完成进行） 2.组合形式：共16种时态，高中阶段重点掌握8种基础时态 3.例句 。She reads books every morning.(一般现在时，表经常性动作) 。They will go to Beijing tomorrow.(一般将来时，表未来计划) 2.一般时态（表经常性、习惯性或客观事实） 1.一般现在时：主语+动词原形/三单形式（主语为第三人称单数时） 。标志性时间状语：always,usually,.often,every day 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 。例句：He plays basketball after school.(主语三单，动词+s) 2.一般过去时：主语+动词过去式 。标志性时间状语：yesterday,last week,in2020 ◆例句：She visited the Great Wall last summer.(规则动词+ed) 3.一般将来时：主语+will/shall+-动词原形/be going to+动词原形 。标志性时间状语：tomorrow,next month,soon ·例句：We will have a picnic this weekend./It is going to rain. 3.进行时态（表动作正在发生或未完成） 1.现在进行时：主语+am/is/are+动词-ing形式 ●标志性时间状语：now,at the moment,look!listen! ·例句：They are playing football on the playground now. 2.过去进行时：主语+was/were+动词-ing形式 ·标志性时间状语：at8o'clock last night,when引导的时间状语从句 ·例句：I was doing my homework when my mother came back. 4.完成时态（表动作已完成或对现在有影响） l.现在完成时：主语+have/has+动词过去分词 ·标志性时间状语：already,yet,ever,never,.since+时间点，for+时间段 ·例句：We have lived here for 10 years..(for+时间段，表持续至今) 2.过去完成时：主语+had+动词过去分词 ·强调”过去的过去”，常用于宾语从句或by+过去时间 。例句：He had finished his homework before his father came home.. 知识点二：动词时态与语态重难点辨析 1.时态标志词易混点对比 1.一般现在时Vs现在完成时 。一般现在时：every day(强调重复频率) 例句：She walks to school every day..(每天步行上学，表常态) ·现在完成时：for5 years(强调持续时长) 例句：She has walked to school for5 years..(持续5年步行上学，对现在有影响) 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 2.一般过去时Vs过去完成时 。一般过去时：last week(单纯过去时间) 例句：He met her last week.(上周遇见，仅表过去动作) 。过去完成时：by last week(过去时间点前完成) 例句：He had met her by last week.(截止上周已经遇见，强调'过去的过去”) 2.被动语态特殊结构 1.不及物动词无被动语态 。错误：The accident was happened yesterday. ·正确：The accident happened yesterday.(happen为不及物动词，无被动) 2.感官动词的被动还原o ●主动：We saw him enter the room. ·被动：Ie was seen to enter the room.(see sb do sth变为被动时加to) 3.时态语境应用 1.时间状语从句时态一致 。主句将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来 例句：I will call you when I arrive.(arrive用一般现在时表将来动作) 2.现在完成时与瞬间动词 。错误：He has left for3days ·正确：He has been away for3days.(leave为瞬间动词，需转换为延续性动词be away) 4.易错题对比 1.时态选择 ●题干：My mother often_(cook)dinner,but yesterday she_(order)takeout. ·答案：cooks:ordered(第一空表常态用一般现在时，第二空表过去动作) 2.语态转换 ·主动句：They have built a new hospital, 。被动句：A new hospital has been built by them.(现在完成时被动：have/has been+-过去分词) 知识点三：动词时态系统讲解 1.一般现在时 3 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： 。表示经常性、习惯性动作一→例句：She gets up at6:30 every morning, ●表示客观真理或事实→例句：The earth goes around the sun. 。表示主语的能力或特征→例句：He speaks English very well. 2.时间标志词（中考常考)： ·always(总是)一例句：They always play football on weekends. 。usually(通常)→例句：I usually go to school by bike 。often(经常)→例句：She often reads books in the library. ●sometimes(有时)→例句：Sometimes we eat out on Friday evening. ·never(从不)→例句：He never late for class. 2.一般过去时 1.基础用法拓展（中考必背）： ●表示过去发生的动作或状态→例句：I visited the Great Wall last summer. 。表示过去经常性、习惯性动作→例句：He often played basketball when he was young. 2.时间标志词（中考核心）： ·yesterday(昨天)→例句：She finished her homework yesterday. 。last week/month/year(上周/月/年)一例句：They went to Beijing last month, ·two days ago(两天前)一例句：I met him two days ago. ·in2020（在2020年)→例句：He gradu1 ated from high school in2020 ●just now(刚才)→例句：The teacher came into the classroom just now. 3.一般将来时 1.基础结构拓展（中考必背）： ·will+动词原形→例句：I will go to the park tomorrow. ·be going to+动词原形→例句：It is going to rain this afternoon. 2.时间标志词（中考易错)： 。tomorrow(明天)→例句：They will have a party tomorrow 。next week/month/year(下周/月/年)一例句：We are going to visit Shanghai next week. 。in+时间段（在…之后）→例句：He will come back in three days. 。soon(不久)→例句：The bus will arrive soon. ●this Sunday(这个周日)→例句：She is going to see a movie this Sunday. 4 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 考法精析 考法一：时态特殊用法辨析 核心：识别一般现在时/现在进行时表将来的适用场景，判断动词形式 真题1（语法填空）： The train _(leave)at 9:15 a.m.tomorrow.We need to arrive at the station early. 答案：leaves 解析：由“火车时刻表”场景可知，此处用一般现在时表将来：主语为三单，动词用leaves。. 真题2（完形填空）： Look at the schedule!Our flight (take)off in 30 minutes. A.takes B.is taking C.took D.will take 答案：B 解析：由“计划好的近期动作”及动词take off可知，此处用现在进行时表将来，结构为is taking。 考法二：时态特殊用法与语境结合 核心：结合一般现在时/现在进行时表将来的特殊用法，根据语境中的计划性质（时刻表/主观安排） 选择正确时态形式 真题1（语法填空）： The plane (take)off at 6:30 p.m.Please arrive at the airport two hours earlier. 答案：taes 解析：由”t630p.m.”及语境可知此处为飞机时刻表，属于按计划发生的客观事实，用一般现在时 表将来；主语为三单，take用takes。 真题2（完形填空）： -Are you free tomorrow?We_(watch)a movie after school. -Sorry,I have to prepare for the exam. A.watch B.are watching C.watched D.will watch 答案：B 解析：由'tomorrow'及”Are you free'”可知动作是计划好的近期安排，watch属于表'观看”的短暂 性动词，用现在进行时are watching表将来。 考法三：时态与语态的综合语境运用 核心：结合时间状语及上下文语境，判断主动/被动关系并选择正确时态，掌握常考时态的被动结构 (be+过去分词，be动词随时态变化) 真题1（单项选择）： A new park_in our city last year.Many people visit it now. A builds B built C was built D is built 答案：C 解析：主语“a new park”是动作“build”的承受者，需用被动语态；由时间标志词“last year”可 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 知，用一般过去时被动语态，结构为“was+过去分词”，build的过去分词为built。. 真题2（语法填空）： These photos_(take)by my father when we travelled to Beijing.They look beautiful. 答案：were taken 解析：主语“these photos”是动作“take”的承受者，用被动语态；由时间状语从句“when we trav- elled”(一般过去时)可知，主句用一般过去时被动语态，主语为复数，be动词用were,take的过 去分词为taken。 解题小妙招 时态语态妙招 时态判断看标志，没有标志品语境： 般现在表将来，时刻表中找规律： 现在进行表将来，计划近期安排需： 短暂动词要注意，转换延续是关键： 主动结构记“主谓”，被动必带“be和done”: 被动中be最关键，记住be就OK: 一现被动“am/is/are”,一过被动“was/were"”; 进行被动要用“being”,完成被动“have/has/had been”; 将来被动“will be'”,最后加上一个done。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.The library_at 5:00 p.m.on weekends,so we need to leave early. A.closes B.is closing C.closed D.will close 2.-I heard you_to Paris next month. -Yes,my flighton 15th July. A.travel;takes B.are traveling;takes C.travel;is taking D.are traveling;is taking 3.By the time she graduated,shein this school for 6 years. A.studies B.studied C.has studied D.had studied 4.Look!The children kites in the park.It__a beautiful day. A.fly,is B.are flying;is C.fly;was D.are flying;was 5.My brotherthe novel twice before he lent it to me last week. A.reads B.read C.has read D.hadread 6.The meeting_at 3:00 p.m.tomorrow.Please prepare the report in advance. A.starts B.is starting C.started D.will start 6 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 7.-Why didn't you answer my call? -Ia shower when you called. A.take B.took C.was taking D.have taken 8.The Earth_around the Sun,as the teacherus yesterday. A.goes;told B.went;told C.goes;tells D.went;tells 9.Wethe project by the end of next month if we work hard. A.finish B.will finish C.have finished D.will have finished 10.By 2024,my parentsin this city for 20 years A.live B.will live C.have lived D.will have lived 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.He(work)in the garden when it suddenly rained. 2.My aunt _(visit)us next Sunday.She (arrive)at 9:00 a.m.by train. 3.The film(begin)at 7:30 p.m.Let's hurry! 4.We(live)in this neighborhood since 2010. 5.By the time the police arrived,the thief(escape). 6.The students_(not finish)their homework yet.The teacher is angry. 7.She(teach)English here for 15 years by next summer. 8.The museum(close)at 6:00 p.m.yesterday,so we couldn't enter. 9.I(meet)my old friend in the street just now. 10.Look!The workers(build)a new bridge over the river. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） I(study)English for 8 years,but I still find it challenging.Last week,my teacher(tell)me that I _(need)to practice more.She said,"If you_(read)one English article every day,you_(improve) quickly.” Yesterday,I (find)an interesting story online.While I(read)it,my friend Tom called.He said he (visit)me the next day and_(bring)a new book.I was excited because I_(not see)him for months. By next year,I_(learn)3,000 English words.I hope I can talk with foreigners fluently then. 参考答案 演练-：1.A2B3D4.B5D6.A7.C8.A9D10.D 1.was working 2.will visit/is going to visit;arrives 3.begins 4.have lived 5.had escaped 6.haven' t finished 7.will have taught 8.closed 9.met 10.are building 1.have studied 2.told3.needed 4.read 5.will improve 6.found 7.wasreading 8.would visit 9.would 7 高中沪外版 【语法专版】 基础动词用法 bring 10.hadn't seen 11.will have learned 8