基础词法 名词与代词系统讲解-2025-2026学年高考复习高中英语语法知识点全解（沪外版）

高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 语法专项 【专题】名词与代词系统讲解 高中英语核心语法 考频分析 沪外版高中基础词法中，名词与代词是重点语法模块，考频占词法总量的15%左右，贯穿试卷所 有核心题型：单项选择2-3题、完形填空2-3题、语法填空2-4题、书面表达核心考察，直接影响 句子完整性与准确性。在语境理解类题目中，名词的单复数、所有格及代词的指代一致性往往是解 题关键。 考查内容 ·名词核心考点：可数与不可数名词的辨析及修饰词搭配，名词所有格的构成与用法，词义辨析（如 抽象名词具体化、同根名词差异) ·代词系统应用：人称代词主宾格、物主代词（形容词性与名词性）、反身代词的句法功能，指示代词 (this/that/these/those)、不定代词(some/any/no/each/every/both/either/neither/all/none)的用法区别 ·一致关系：主谓一致（集体名词、不可数名词、复数形式名词作主语时的谓语形式），代词指代一 致（避免指代不明、单复数匹配） 知识点一：名词的分类及基础用法 1.专有名词（特定人、地、物等专有名称，首字母大写） 1.常见类型 。人名(Tom) 。地名(Shanghai) 。机构名(Peking University) ·节日(Spring Festival) 2.例句： ·Beijing is the capital of China.(地名专有名词) 。Christmas is celebrated in many countries.(节日专有名词) 1 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 2.普通名词（表示一类人、事物或抽象概念的名称） 1.个体名词（可独立存在的个体）：book(书)、student(学生) 例句：She has a new book. 2.集体名词（由多个个体组成的集合体）：family(家庭)、class（班级) 例句：Our class is a big family 3.物质名词（无法分为个体的物质）：water(水)、air(空气) 例句：We need air to breathe 4.抽象名词（表示抽象概念）：happiness(幸福)、knowledge(知识) 例句：nowledge is power. 3.可数名词（可计数，有单复数形式） 1.规则变化： ●加-s(books) ·加-es(boxes) ·变y为i加-es(families) 2.不规则变化： 。mam→men(男人) 。child-→children(孩子) ·sheep→sheep(绵羊) 3.例句： ·There are three apples on the table.(规则复数) ·Two men are talking under the tree.(不规则复数) 4.不可数名词（不可直接计数，无复数形式，表数量需用量词） 1.常见类型： ●抽象名词(love) 。物质名词(rice) 。学科名词(math) 2.量词搭配： ·a cup of(一杯) ·a piece of(一片/张) 。some(一些) 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 3.例句： ·I want a cup of tea.(tea为不可数名词，用a cup of修饰) ·She has some information about the project.(information为不可数名词，用some修饰) 知识点二：名词与代词系统讲解 1.名词的分类与用法 1.专有名词（特定人、地、物、机构等，首字母大写） 例词：China(中国)、Beijing(北京)、Sunday(星期日)、Tom(汤姆)、the Great Wall(长城) 用法：通常不与不定冠词aan连用，表特指时可加定冠词the 例句： ·Beijing is the capital of China.(Beijing和China均为专有名词，不加冠词) ·The Summer Palace is a famous park in Beijing.(the Summer Palace为特定建筑，加定冠词the) 2.普通名词（分可数与不可数） ·可数名词：可单数/复数，复数变化规则 规则变化： book-books(直接加-s)、box→boxes(以sx/sh/ch结尾加-es)、baby→babies(辅音+y结尾变 y为i加-es) 不规则变化： man→men、woman->women、child-→children、sheep→sheep(单复数同形) 例句： 1.There are three books on the desk.(book的复数books) 2.She has two babies.(baby的复数babies) ·不可数名词：无复数，表数量用“数词+量词+of” 例词：water（水)、milk(牛奶)、information（信息)、advice(建议)、noney(钱) 量词搭配： a cup of water(一杯水)、two bottles of milk(两瓶牛奶)、some information(一些信息) 例句： l.I need a glass of juice..(juice不可数，用a glass of修饰) 2.He gave me some good advice..(advice不可数，无复数形式) 2.代词的分类与用法 1.人称代词（主格/宾格，表“谁”） 主格（作主语）：I(我)、you(你/你们)、he(他)、she（她)it(它)、we(我们)、they(他们) 宾格（作宾语）：me、you、him、her、it、us、them 例句： 3 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 。She is my sister..(she主格作主语) ●I often help him with his homework.(him宾格作宾语) 2.物主代词（形容词性/名词性，表“谁的”） 形容词性（后接名词）：my(我的)、your(你的/你们的)、his(他的)、her(她的)、its(它的)、 our（我们的)、their(他们的) 名词性(=形容词性物主代词+名词，独立使用)：mine、yours、.his、hers、its、ours、theirs 例句： ●This is my book.(ny形容词性物主代词，后接名词book) ·The red pen is hers.(hers名词性物主代词，=her pen) 3.反身代词（表“自己”，主语与宾语为同一人） 单数：myself(我自己)、yourself(你自己)、himself(他自己)、herself(她自己)、itself(它自己) 复数：ourselves(我们自己)、yourselves(你们自己)、themselves(他们自己) 固定搭配： enjoy oneself(玩得开心)、teach oneself(自学)、by oneself(独自) 例句： 。She often teaches herself English..(teach herself自学) ·They enjoyed themselves at the party.(enjoy themselves玩得开心) 4.指示代词（表“这个/那个这些/那些”） 单数：his(这个，近指)、hat(那个，远指) 复数：these(这些，近指)、those(那些，远指) 用法： ·指上文提到的事物用that/those,.下文用this/these 。打电话时，his表“我”，hat表“你” 例句： ·This is a pen and that is a pencil..(this近指，that远指) ·Hello!This is Tom speaking.Is that Mary?(打电话用语) 5.不定代词（不特指某个人/物，如some/any/no/evey系列） some(一些，肯定句：希望得到肯定回答的疑问句)、any（任何，否定句/疑问句) some例句：I have some apples.(肯定句)、Would you like some tea?(希望肯定回答的疑问句) any例句：Idon't have any money..(否定句)、Do you have any books?(疑问句) everyone/everybody(每个人，单数)、someone/somebody(某人，单数)、no one/nobody(没人，单 数)、anyone/anybody(任何人，单数) 例句： ·Everyone likes music..(everyone作主语，谓语动词用likes) 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 。Someone is knocking at the door..(someone作主语，谓语动词用is) 知识点三：名词与代词系统讲解 1.名词的分类与功能 1.基础分类拓展（中考必背）： 。专有名词（特定名称）→例句：Beijing is the capital of China.（北京是中国的首都。) 。普通名词（一类事物）→例句：There are three books on the desk.(桌上有三本书。) ·可数名词（可计数）→例句：She has two apples every day..(她每天吃两个苹果。) 。不可数名词（不可计数）→例句：I need some water to drink.(我需要一些水喝。) ●集体名词（表示群体）→例句：The family are watching TV together.(全家人正在一起看电视。) 2.名词的数变化规则（中考核心）： ·规则变化：直接加-s(book→books):以s//h/ch结尾加-es(bus→buses):以辅音+y结尾变 y为i加-es(city→cities) 。不规则变化：man一→men;woman→women;child→children;sheep→shep ●单复数同形：fish(鱼，条数)：deer(鹿)：Chinese(中国人) 2.代词的分类与用法 1.基础代词分类（中考必背)： ●人称代词（主格/宾格）→主格：I/you/he/she/itwe/they:宾格：me/you/him/her/it/us/them 例句：She gives me a gift.(她给了我一份礼物。) ●物主代词（形容词性/名词性）→形容词性：ny/your/his/her/its/our/their:名词性：mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/their 例句：This is my pen.Yours is on the desk.(这是我的钢笔。你的在桌子上。) 。反身代词→myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves 例句：He teaches himself English.(他自学英语。) ·指示代词→this/that/these/those 例句：These are apples..Those are oranges.(这些是苹果。那些是橘子。) 2.代词用法易错点（中考高频）： 。it作形式主语/形式宾语：It is easy to learn math.(学数学很容易。)I find it interesting to read.(我 发现读书很有趣。) ·one/ones替代前面提到的名词：I have ared pen,and he has a blue one.(我有一支红钢笔，他有一 支蓝的。) 。不定代词some/any/no:Some like tea,others like coffee.(有些人喜欢茶，其他人喜欢咖啡。) 5 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 考法精析 考法一：名词单复数及不可数名词的量词搭配 核心：区分可数名词单复数变化规则，掌握不可数名词与量词的正确搭配 真题1（语法填空)： There are two _(family)living in this building. 答案：families 解析：family为可数名词，由基数词two可知需用复数形式；以辅音字母+y结尾的可数名词，变 复数时将y改为i加-es,故填families。. 真题2（完形填空）： Would you like_tea?It's from my hometown. A.a cup B.a cup of C.many D.two 答案：B 解析：tea为不可数名词，不可直接用不定冠词或基数词修饰；a cup of为固定量词搭配，可修饰不 可数名词tea,表示“一杯茶”，符合语境。 考法二：名词与代词的语法功能辨析 核心：区分名词与代词在句子中的语法功能，判断其作主语、宾语或表语时的正确形式 真题1（语法填空）： -(she)favorite book is"To Kill a Mockingbird.She has read it three times. 答案：Her 解析：修饰名词book需用形容词性物主代词，she的形容词性物主代词为Hr,首字母大写。 真题2（完形填空）： The students donated many books to the children in rural areas._were all in good condition. A.They B.Them C.Their D.Theirs 答案：A 解析：指代前文复数名词books且在句中作主语，需用人称代词主格They。 考法三：名词、代词与名词性从句的综合运用 核心：结合名词的数、代词的格以及名词性从句的引导词，分析复杂句子结构并正确填空 真题1（单项选择）： he told us at the meeting is we should finish the project on time.It depends on_team can work together well. A.What;that;whether B.That;what;if C.What;if;that D.That;whether;what 答案：A 解析：第一空为主语从句，从句中缺少told的宾语，用what引导；第二空为表语从句，从句成分完 整且无疑问含义，用that引导；第三空为宾语从句，表“是否”且位于介词on后，只能用whether (if不可用于介词后)。 6 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 真题2（语法填空)： The fact_(everyone)dreams are different shows_our minds create unique worlds.Some scientists believe-dreams can help us solve problems,but_we remember them clearly depends on many factors. 答案：that everyone's that whether 解析：第一空为同位语从句，解释fact的内容，用that引导；第二空everyone与dreams构成所属关 系，用名词所有格everyone's:第三空为宾语从句，成分完整用hat引导：第四空为主语从句，表 “是否”用whether(if不可引导主语从句)。 解题小妙招 名词代词妙招 名词单复看数量，辅音加y改i加es: 不可数名用量词，a cup of搭配记； 代词功能看成分，主格作主语宾格作宾： 形物代词修名词，名物代词独立用： 名词从句看结构，缺主缺宾用what: 指代一致要注意，单复主宾格分明： 指示代词看名词，单数this复数hese。 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题) 1.Which of the following is a proper noun? A.city B.teacher C.National Day D.book 2.My mother bought two_from the market this morning. A.potato B.potatos C.potatoes D.potato's 3.—Is this_pen? -No,it's not.is black. A.your;Mine B.yours;My C.your;My D.yours;Mine 7 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 4.The weather in Nanjing is hotter than_in Harbin in summer. A.this B.that C.these D.those 5.She asked me I could help her with the project. A.that B.what C.whether D.which 6.is important for students to learn English well. A.This B.That C.It D.What 7.The news_our team won the competition made everyone excited. A.which B.that C.what D.how 8.I have readbooks,but_of them are about history. A.many,few B.much;little C.many,a few D.much;a little 9.My parents often tell me_I should be honest with others. A.what B.which C.why D.who 10.He said he_to the Great Wall twice before he came to Beijing. A.has been B.had been C.was D.is 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.There are three_(child)playing in the park. 8 高中沪外版高中英语语法全解 【基础词法】 名词与代词系统讲解 2.Could you please give me_(some/any)advice on how to improve my writing? 3.My sister taught_(she)to play the piano when she was young. 4.The problem is-we can finish the work on time. 5.-(This/These)are my favorite novels;I bought them last week 6.She has a lot of_(information)about the upcoming exam. 7.My brother and I cleaned the room by_(we)yesterday. 8.The fact_the earth is round is known to everyone 9.I need two(piece)of paper to write down the notes. 10.He asked me where_(be)the nearest bus stop. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空） Students these days often have a lot of worries.Sometimes they have problems with their schoolwork, and sometimes with their friends.What can they do about this?Some people believe(1)talking to someone helps a lot.Laura Mills,a teenager from London,agrees."Problems and worries are normal in life,"says Laura. "But I think talking to(2)(someone/no one)helps a lot.If we don't talk to(3),we'll certainly feel worse..” Laura once lost her wallet,and worried for days.She was afraid totell her parents about it.She even walked three miles to school each day because she didn't have(4)(some/any)money.She just kept thinking,"IfI tell my parents,they'll be angry!"Finally,she talked to her parents and they were really understanding.Her dad said he sometimes made careless mistakes-(5)(him),too.They got her a new wallet and asked her to be more careful."I will always remember to share my problems in the future!"Laura says. Robert Hunt advises students about common problems.He feels the same way as Laura."It is best not to run away from our problems.We should always try to solve them."He thinks the first step is to find someone you trust to talk to.This person doesn'tneed to be an expert like(6)(he/his).Students often forget that their parents have more experience,and are always there to help them.In English,we say that sharing a problem is like cutting it in half.So you're halfway to solving a problem just by talking to(7)good friend. _(8)(That/What)students need most is to learn how to deal with their worries.Remember,you are not alone.Everyone has_(9)(they/their)own problems,but talking to someone can make(10)(it/them)easier to handle 答案区 演练-：1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.C7.B8.A9.C10B 1.children 2.some 3.herself 4.whether/if 5.These 6.information 7.ourselves 8.that 9.pieces 10.was 演练三：1.that2.someone3.anyone4.any5.himself6.him7.a8.What9.their10.it 9