U1 句子成分与句子结构-2025-2026学年高中英语必修一语法知识点全解（译林版）

高中译林版 【语法专项】 必修1U1核心突破 必修1 【专题】句子成分与句子结构 译林版必修1-U1 考频分析 译林版必修1-U1中，句子成分与句子结构是基础语法模块，考频占句法总量的25%左右，涉及试 卷主要题型：单项选择3-4题、阅读理解（辅助理解长难句结构）、语法填空4-5题、书面表达（核 心考察，直接影响句子逻辑性与规范性)。在结构分析类题目中，句子成分的划分及基本句型的识 别往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·基本句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语与间接宾语)、表语、定语、状语、补语的识别与功 能辨析 ·基本句型结构：主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓双宾、主谓宾补五大基本句型的构成与判断 ·句子类型分类：陈述句、疑问句（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句）、祈使句、 感叹句的结构特征与用法 ·复杂句式结构：并列句（并列连词的选用）、复合句（宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句的引导词及 语序)的构成与语法规则 知识点一：句子成分与句子结构 1.基本句子成分 1.主语（动作发出者/描述对象）：名词、代词、动名词等 。例句：(I)Tom plays football every weekend.(Tom是主语)(2)Reading books is his hobby..(Reading books是主语) 2.谓语（表示动作/状态）：动词或动词短语 。例句：(1)She sings well.(sings是谓语)(2)They will go to Beijing tomorrow.(will go是谓语) 3.宾语（动作承受者）：名词、代词等，通常位于及物动词后 。例句：(I)He bought a new pen..(a new pen是宾语)(2)I saw her in the park.(her是宾语) 1 高中译林版 【语法专项】 必修1U1核心突破 4.表语（系动词后，说明主语特征/状态）：形容词、名词、介词短语等 ·例句：(I)The flower is beautiful..(beautiful是表语)(2)My father is a teacher.(a teacher是表语) 5.定语（修饰名词/代词）：形容词、代词、数词等 ·例句：(I)This is a red apple..(red是定语)(2)I have three books.(three是定语) 6.状语（修饰动词/形容词/副词/句子，表时间、地点、方式等）：副词、介词短语等 ·例句：(I)She runs quickly..(quickly是状语，表方式)(2)They will meet at the station.(at the station 是状语，表地点) 2.基本句子结构 1.主谓结构(S+V):主语+不及物动词 ·例句：The sun rises.. 2.主谓宾结构(S+V+O):主语+及物动词+宾语 。例句：He eats an apple. 3.主系表结构(S+V+P):主语+系动词+表语 。例句：She is happy. 4.主谓双宾结构(S+V+IO+DO):主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 。例句：My mother bought me a gift..(me是间接宾语，a gift是直接宾语) 5.主谓宾补结构(S+V+O+C):主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ●例句：We made him our monitor.(our monitor是宾语补足语) 知识点二：核心句子成分解析 1.主语（动作的发出者描述对象） 1.功能：表示句子描述的主体，通常是名词、代词或名词性短语 2.例句： ·The girl sings beautifully.(名词作主语) ·They are playing football.(代词作主语) ·Reading books is my hobby..(动名词短语作主语) 2.谓语（表示动作或状态） 2 高中译林版 【语法专项】 必修1U1核心突破 1.功能：说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当 2.例句： ·She dances every morning.(实义动词作谓语) 。He is a teacher.(系动词+表语构成复合谓语) ·We will go to Beijing tomorrow.(情态动词+动词原形作谓语) 3.宾语（动作的承受者） 1.功能：表示动作的对象，通常位于及物动词后，由名词、代词等充当 2.例句： ·I bought a book yesterday.(名词作宾语) ·She loves him deeply.(代词作宾语) 。He enjoys playing basketball..(动名词短语作宾语) 4.定语（修饰名词/代词) 1.功能：限定或修饰名词/代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等充当 2.例句： 。This is a red apple.(形容词作定语) ·His bike is over there.(代词作定语) ●There are three books on the des水.（数词作定语） 5.状语（修饰动词/形容词/副词） 1.功能：表示时间、地点、方式、原因等，通常由副词、介词短语等充当 2.例句： ·She runs quickly.(副词作方式状语) ·They will meet at the park.(介词短语作地点状语) ·He didn't go to school because he was ill.(从句作原因状语) 6.表语（说明主语的性质状态） 1.功能：位于系动词后，补充说明主语特征，由形容词、名词等充当 2.例句： 。The flowers are beautiful..(形容词作表语) ●My father is a doctor..（名词作表语) 3 高中译林版 【语法专项】 必修1-U1核心突破 。The book is on the table..(介词短语作表语) 7.宾语补足语（补充说明宾语） 1.功能：对宾语进行补充说明，通常由形容词、名词、动词不定式等充当 2.例句： ·We call her Lucy.(名词作宾补) ·I found the door open.(形容词作宾补) ·Ie asked me to help him.(动词不定式作宾补) 知识点三：句子成分与基本句型 1.句子成分 1.主语（动作的发出者/描述对象）→例句：ly mother cooks dinner every day..（名词作主语) 2.谓语（表示动作或状态）一→例句：She is a teacher.（系动词作谓语)/They play basketball..(实义动 词作谓语) 3.宾语（动作的承受者）→例句：I like English。(名词作宾语)/He wants to go。(不定式作宾语) 4.表语（说明主语的性质/状态，位于系动词后）→例句：The flower is beautiful。(形容词作表语)/ His job is teaching。(动名词作表语) 5.定语（修饰名词/代词）一例句：This is ared apple。(形容词作定语)/Ihave a friend from China。（介 词短语作定语) 6.状语（修饰动词/形容词/副词，表时间/地点/方式等）→例句：She runs quickly。(副词作状语)/We will meet at the park.。（介词短语作状语) 2.基本句型（五种简单句结构) 1.主语+谓语(S+V)→例句：The sun rises。(vi.谓语动词为不及物动词，无宾语) 2.主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)→例句：He eats breakfast。(t.谓语动词为及物动词，接宾语) 3.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)→例句：My father gives me a book。(me为间 接宾语，a book为直接宾语) 4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)→例句：We call her Lucy。(Lucy补充说明宾语her 的身份) 5.主语+系动词+表语(S+LinkV+P)→例句：She is a student。.（系动词bet表语a student) 3.句子结构拓展（简单句与并列句） 4 高中译林版 【语法专项】 必修1U1核心突破 1.简单句（只含一个主谓结构）→例句：I study English。(单一主谓结构) 2.并列句（由并列连词连接两个简单句）一例句：I like apples,,and my brother likes bananas。.(and连接 两个分句)/He is tired,.but he keeps working。.(but表转折)/You can stay here,.or you can leave。(or 表选择) 考法精析 考法一：定语从句引导词辨析 核心：根据先行词指人指物及从句成分（主语、宾语、定语等），选择正确的关系代词或关系副词 真题1（语法填空）： The book-cover is green belongs to my brother. 答案：whose 解析：先行词为he book(指物)，从句中cover(封面)与先行词存在所属关系，应用关系代词whose 作定语修饰cover。. 真题2（单项选择)： This is the villageI spent my childhood. A.which B.where C.who D.whose 答案：B 解析：先行词为the village(指地点)，从句中不缺主语或宾语，需要表示地点的关系副词作状语， 故选where。 考法二： 定语从句与时态结合 核心：分析定语从句中动作发生的时间或状态，结合先行词特征选择正确引导词及动词时态 真题1（语法填空）： This is the museum-we visited last year.They_(build)a new exhibition hall now. 答案：which/that are building 解析：第一空先行词为物，从句中缺宾语，用which/that:第二空由时间标志词”now”可知动作正在 进行，主语they为复数，be动词用are,build的现在分词为building。 真题2（单项选择）： I still remember the dayswe_(study)together in high school. A.when studied B.which have studied C.that are studying D.where study 答案：A 解析：先行词表时间，从句中缺时间状语用when:”in high school''表示过去时间，谓语动词用一般 过去时studied。 考法三：句子成分、时态与被动语态的综合运用 5 高中译林版 【语法专项】 必修1U1核心突破 核心：结合句子成分分析，根据语境判断时态和语态，掌握被动语态在不同时态中的结构(b+过 去分词)及主谓一致 真题1（单项选择）： These photos-_by my brother when he was in college.They are about his school life A.take B.took C.are taken D.were taken 答案：D 解析：主语“these photos'”是动作“take”的承受者，需用被动语态；由时间标志词“when he was in college”可知，用一般过去时被动语态，结构为“were+过去分词”，take的过去分词为taen。 真题2（语法填空)： A new library_(build)in our school now.It will be finished next month. 答案：is being built 解析：主语“a new library”是动作“build”的承受者，用被动语态；由时间标志词“now”可知，用 现在进行时被动语态，结构为“am/is/are+being+过去分词”，主语为单数，be动词用is,build的 过去分词为built。 解题小妙招 定语从句妙招 先行词，辨人物，人用who/whom/hat,物用which/that: 从句成分细分析，缺主宾用关系代，缺状用关系副： 所属关系很明显，whose一词准没错： 时间状语when来当，地点状语where上： 结合时态看语境，过去时态常见到，现在进行now标志： 被动关系要注意，过去分词来帮忙，相当于which was done。. 真题演练 演练一：单项选择试题（共10题） 1.The girl won the first prize in the competition is my best friend. A.which B.who C.what D.where 2.This is the park-we had a picnic last weekend. A.when B.which C.where D.whose 3.I don't know _he will arrive tomorrow. A.if B.who C.whose D.which 4.The fact_she passed the exam made her parents very happy. A.which B.that C.what D.where 6 高中译林版 【语法专项】 必修1U1核心突破 5.He has lived in this cityhe was born. A.when B.since C.until D.as 6.If it tomorrow,we will cancel the outdoor activity. A.rain B.rains C.will rain D.rained 7.The novelby Mo Yan has been translated into many languages. A.write B.wrote C.written D.writing 8.By the time I got to the station,the train_already. A.left B.has left C.had left D.will leave 9.She was seen-the classroom just now. A.enter B.to enter C.entering D.entered 10.This is the reason_he refused to attend the meeting. A.why B.when C.which D.where 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.The sun_(rise)in the east every morning. 2.My mother often tells me_(study)hard. 3.We_(watch)TV when the phone rang last night 4.This is the best film_I have ever seen 5.He asked me if I_(finish)my homework yet. 6.The housewindows face south is very expensive. 7.If you-(come)early,you will catch the first bus. 8.The book_(publish)last year is very popular. 9.I still remember the day we first met 10.She told me that she_(visit)Beijing next month. 演练三：语法填空试题（共10空) When I was a child,I often listened to the stories-(tell)by my grandmother.She was a woman wisdom and kindness.One story was about a girl-lived in a small village.The girl_(help)everyone in the village,and many people said that she_(be)an angel. One day,the girl found a bird-wing was broken.She took it home and_(care)for it until it could fly again.When the bird left,it told her,"You_(meet)a prince one day."Years later,the girl_(travel)to the city when she met a prince.The prince was attracted by her kindness and they got married. The story teaches us that_we help others,we will get something valuable in return. 7 高中译林版 【语法专项】 必修1U1核心突破 答案区 演练-：1B2.C3.A4.B5B6B7.C8.C9.B10.A 1rises 2.to study 3.were watching 4.that 5.had finished 6.whose 7.come 8.published 9.when 10.would visit 1.told 2.with 3.who/that 4.helped 5.was 6.whose 7.cared 8.will meet 9.was traveling 10.if/when P