动词时态 现在完成时have has done 结构表过去动作对现在的影响标志词already yet for since-2025-2026学年英语中考复习语法知识点全解（沪教上海版）

初中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 动词时态知识点全解 语法专版 【专题】现在完成时 have/has+done结构专项突破 考频分析 沪教上海版初中语法中，现在完成时是动词时态的重要语法点，考频占动词时态总量的15%左右， 涉及试卷多种核心题型：单项选择(1-2题)、完形填空(2-3题)、语法填空(1-2题)、书面表达（核心 考察，直接影响句子时态准确性与语境连贯性)。在语境理解类题目中，现在完成时的have/has+-done 结构、过去动作对现在影响的判断及标志词(already/yet/for/since)的辨析往往是解题关键。 考查内容 ·动词分类应用：系动词、实义动词、情态动词、助动词的辨析与功能 。时态与语态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时(have/has+-done结构，表过去动 作对现在的影响，标志词如already/yet//for/since)的基本结构与语境匹配，主动语态与被动语态的 转换 ·非谓语动词：todo、doing、do的固定搭配与句法功能（作宾语、宾语补足语、定语等) 知识点一：现在完成时的结构与用法 1.基本结构 1.肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词 ·主语为第一、二人称或复数时用have:主语为第三人称单数时用has ·例句：(I)I have finished my homework.(2)She has lived here for5 years. 2.否定句：主语+haven't/hasn't+过去分词 ·例句：They haven't arrived yet 3.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词？ ·例句：Has he ever been to Beijing? 2.核心含义 1 初中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 动词时态知识点全解 1.影响/结果类：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 。例句：He has eaten breakfast,so he isn't hungry now 2.持续类：表示动作从过去持续到现在 ·例句：We have studied English since20l9. 3.标志词 1.already(己经，用于肯定句) ·例句：My mother has already cooked dinner. 2.yt(还，用于否定句/疑问句) ●例句：Have you finished your homework yet?/I haven't read the book yet.. 3.for+时间段（持续多久） 。例句：They have known each other for3 years. 4.since+时间点/从句（自从.起） ·例句：He has worked in this school since20l0./She has been happy since she met him. 知识点二：现在完成时的主动与被动语态 1.主动语态 1.结构：主语+have/has+动词过去分词 。主语单数/三单用has,复数/第一人称用have ●例句：(I)I have finished my homework already.(2)He has lived here for5 years.. 2.被动语态 1.结构：主语+have/has been+动词过去分词 。have/has been体现”现在完成时”，过去分词体现”被动' ·例句：(l)My homework has been finished by me already..(2)This house has been lived in by him for 5 years. 3.核心用法（中考易错) l.表示经历或经验（常与ever/never/once等连用） ●例句：She has never tried sushi before. 2 初中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 动词时态知识点全解 2.瞬间动词不可与for/since连用，需转换为延续性动词 。错误：He has bought the car for2 years. 。正确：He has had the car for2 years. 解题小妙招 时态判断看标志，现在完成”since/for'”already/yet”; 主动结构have/has done'”,主语执行莫忘记： 被动结构have/has been done”,承受动作是关键； 主语人称单复数，助动have/has”要选对： 完成主动表影响，持续动作也常用： 完成被动强调结果，时间标志来配合。 考法精析 考法一：现在完成时基本结构及用法辨析 真题1（语法填空）： She(live)in this town since 2015. 答案：has lived 解析：由时间标志词”sice2015”可知，动作从过去持续到现在，用现在完成时：主语为第三人称 单数，助动词用has,live的过去分词为lived。. 真题2（单项选择）： My parents-already_the Great Wall twice. A.have visited B.has visited C.visited D.will visit 答案：A 解析：由时间标志词'already”可知，动作发生在过去且对现在有影响，用现在完成时；主语为复数， 助动词用have,visit的过去分词为visited。 考法二：现在完成时主动与被动语态转换 真题1（句型转换）： The workers have built the new bridge..(改为被动语态) The new bridge__by the workers. 答案：has been built 解析：原句为现在完成时主动语态，主语'the new bridge”是动作承受者，被动语态结构为has been +过去分词”，主语为单数，助动词用has,build的过去分词为built。 真题2（单项选择)： 3 初中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 动词时态知识点全解 Many trees_in our school in the past three years. A have planted B have been planted C planted D were planted 答案：B 解析：由时间标志词'in the past three years”可知用现在完成时；”trees”是动作承受者，需用被动语 态，结构为have been+过去分词'，主语复数用have。 考法三：现在完成时主动与被动语态的综合运用 真题1（单项选择)： These books_by students for over a week,and they should be returned soon. A.have kept B.have been kept C.are kept D.were kept 答案：B 解析：主语”these books”是动作keep”的承受者，需用被动语态；时间标志词for over a weel”表示 持续时间段，用现在完成时，结构为have been+过去分词”，keep的过去分词为kept。 真题2（语法填空）： The new library_(build)since 2023,and it will open to the public next month. 答案：has been built 解析：主语'the new library”是动作build'的承受者，用被动语态；时间标志词'since2023”表示从 过去持续到现在，用现在完成时，主语为单数，结构为has been+-过去分词”，build的过去分词为 built。. 真题演练 演练一：单项选择（共10题) 1.My sister in this school since 2020 A have worked B has worked C worked D will work 2.We alreadythe film twice this month. Ahave seen B has seen C saw D see 3.-you ever_to Shanghai before? A Do visit B Did visit C Have visited D Will visit 4.The classroom_by the students every day since last week. A cleans B cleaned Chas cleaned D has been cleaned 5.They_finished their project yet,so they need more time. Ahaven't B hasn't C don't D didn't 6.How long-your parents_in this city? A have lived B has lived C lived D will live 7.Many new books_in the library so far this year. A add B added C have added D have been added 4 初中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 动词时态知识点全解 8.Henever_sushi,so he wants to try it today. A have eaten B has eaten Ceat Date 9.The little girl in this village since she was bomn. A lives B lived Chas lived Dwill live 10.the homework_by Tom yet? A Has finished B Have finished C Has been finished D Have been finished 演练二：填空试题（共10题） 1.I_(read)three novels recently. 2.She_(not call)me since last Monday. 3.The workers_(build)the road for two years 4.-you ever_(be)to London? 5.The old house_(not sell)yet. 6.They_(just finish)their dinner when I arrived. 7.My brother_(learn)English since he was six. 8.These flowers_(water)by my mother already. 9.We_(live)here since 2019. 10.-the letter(send)to your friend? 演练三：语法填空（共10空) A New Park in Our City A new park(open)in our city since last month.It2(build)by hundreds of workers for over a year.Many people3(visit)it already,and they all say it is beautiful. The park has a big lake,and many trees_4(plant)around it.Some children5(play)games there every weekend since it opened.My family and I6(go)there twice.Last Sunday,we-7(see)some birds near the lake.The park workers told us that more birds_8(come)here soon because the environment is getting better. I9(not take)any photos yet,but I1(plan)to take some next week. 答案区 演练-：1B2.A3.C4.D5.A6.A7D8B9.C10.C 演练二： 1.have read 2.hasn't called 3.have built 4.Have;been 5 初中沪教上海版 【语法专版】 动词时态知识点全解 5.hasn't been sold 6.had just finished 7.has learned/learnt 8.have been watered 9.have lived 10.Has;been sent 演练三： 1.has been open 2.was built 3.have visited 4.have been planted 5.have played 6.have gone 7.saw 8.will come 9.haven't taken 10.plan 注：第2空was buil,为一般过去时，因”建造动作发生在”开放前：第7空saw?为一般过去时，因描述具体过 去时间Last Sunday”的动作；第8空”will come'”为一般将来时，因'soom”表未来；第10空”plam为一般现在时，表 当前计划。 6