内容正文:
初中沪教上海版
【词法专版】
词法知识点全解
词法专版
【专题】名词:单复数、可数不可数及所有
格
词法专项突破
考频分析
沪教上海版初中词法中,名词是重点语法模块,考频占词法总量的15%左右,贯穿试卷所有核心
题型:单项选择3-4题、完形填空2-3题、语法填空2-2题、书面表达核心考察,直接影响句子完
整性与准确性。在语境理解类题目中,名词的单复数、可数不可数及所有格往往是解题关键。
考查内容
·单复数变化:规则变化(加s/es等)与不规则变化(如man→nen,child→children)的辨析与应用
。可数性判断:可数名词与不可数名词的区分,不可数名词的量化表达(如a piece of,a cup of)
。所有格形式:'s所有格(如Tom's book)与of结构(如the cover of the book)的用法与转换
知识点一:名词的单复数、可数性及所有格
1.单复数(规则/不规则)
1.规则变化:
。一般在单数后加-s(book→books)
·以sx/sh/ch结尾加-es(bus→ouses)
。以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i加-es(city→cities)
2.不规则变化:
。man→men,woman--→women,child-→children
·sheep->sheep(单复数同形)
3.例句:
。There are three books on the desk.(规则变化)
1
初中沪教上海版
【词法专版】
词法知识点全解
。The woman has two children.(不规则变化)
2.可数/不可数
1.可数名词(可表数量,有单复数:
·apple(苹果)student(学生)
·例句:I bought five apples yesterday.
2.不可数名词(不可直接表数量,无复数):
。water(水)、information(信息)
。例句:We need some water../She gave me much information.
3.所有格(s1of结构)
1.s结构(用于有生命名词):
●单数名词直接加's(Tom'sbag)
。以s结尾的复数名词加'(teachers'office)
2.of结构(用于无生命名词):
·the door of the room(房间的门)
3.例句:
。This is Lily's pen.('s结构)
·The color of the car is red..(of结构)
知识点二:名词的核心用法
1.单复数变化规则
1.规则变化
●A.一般情况加-s:book→books(书)、student→students(学生)
·B.以s,x,sh,ch结尾加-es:bus→buses(公交车)、box→boxes(盒子)
。C.以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加-es:city→cities(城市);以元音字母+y结尾直接加-s:
boy→boys(男孩)
·D.以ffe结尾,变f/fe为v加-es:knife→knives(刀):部分直接加-s:roof→roofs(屋J顶)
·E.以o结尾,有生命加-es:potato一potatoes(土豆):无生命加-s:photo一photos(照片)
2.不规则变化
2
初中沪教上海版
【词法专版】
词法知识点全解
。A.变内部元音:man→men(男人)、woman→women(女人)
。B.单复数同形:sheep一sheep(绵羊)、deer→deer(鹿)
。C.特殊变化:child→children(孩子)、ox→oxen(公牛)
2.可数名词与不可数名词
1.可数名词:可以数出数量,有单复数形式
·A.个体名词:dog(狗)、desk(书桌)
·B.集体名词:family(家庭,强调成员时可数)
2.不可数名词:无法数出具体数量,无复数形式
●A.物质名词:water(水)、mik(牛奶)
·B.抽象名词:love(爱)、happiness(幸福)
3.常用修饰词
·A.修饰可数名词:many(许多)、few(很少)
。B.修饰不可数名词:much(许多)、little(很少)
。C.修饰可数/不可数名词:some(一些)、any(任何)
3.名词所有格
1.s所有格(用于有生命的名词)
·A.单数名词直接加's:Tom's book(汤姆的书)
·B.以s结尾的复数名词加':the teachers'office(老师们的办公室)
。C.不以s结尾的复数名词加's:children's toys(孩子们的玩具)
·D.并列名词所有格:Tom and Jim's mother(共有的)、Tom's and Jim's mothers(各自的)
2.of所有格(用于无生命的名词)
。A.the door of the room(房间的门)
●B.双重所有格:a friend of my father's(我爸爸的一个朋友)
3.特殊用法:
·today's newspaper(今天的报纸)、ten minutes'wak(十分钟的步行路程)
知识点三:名词的数与格
1.规则名词复数(中考基础)
3
初中沪教上海版
【词法专版】
词法知识点全解
1.一般情况加-s→例:book→books(书)
2.以s/x/sh/ch结尾加-es→例:bus->buses(公交车)
3.以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i加-es→例:city→cities(城市)
4.以f/fe结尾,变ffe为v加-es→例:knife-→knives(刀)
2.不规则名词复数(中考易错)
1.单复数同形→例:sheep一→sheep(绵羊)
2.内部元音变化→例:man→men(男人)
3.词尾加-en→例:child-→children(孩子)
4.外来词特殊变化→例:potato-一→potatoes(土豆)
3.不可数名词(中考核心)
1.物质名词→例:water(水):ice(米饭)
2.抽象名词→例:happiness(幸福):information(信息)
3.常用表达:不可数名词需用“数词+量词+of”表示数量→例:a cup of tea(一杯茶)
4.名词所有格(中考常考)
1.'s所有格(有生命名词)→例:Tom's book(汤姆的书)
2.of结构(无生命名词)→例:the cover of the book(书的封面)
3.双重所有格→例:a friend of my father's(我父亲的一个朋友)
考法精析
考法一:名词单复数变化辨析
核心:根据名词词尾特征及单复数规则/不规则变化规律,判断或写出正确形式
真题1(语法填空):
There are two-(knife)on the table.Be careful!
答案:knives
解析:knife以fe结尾,单复数变化规则为变fe为v加-es,故填knives。
真题2(单项选择):
My mother bought threefrom the market yesterday.
A.tomato B.tomatos C.tomatoes D.tomato's
初中沪教上海版
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词法知识点全解
答案:C
解析:tomato以o结尾且为有生命名词,复数形式加-es,故填tomatoes。.
考法二:名词单复数与所有格综合运用
核心:结合名词单复数变化规则(规则/不规则)及所有格形式('of结构),判断语境中名词的正
确形式
真题1(语法填空):
These are the(child)books.They are reading in the(teacher)office
答案:children's teachers'
解析:第一空,child的复数为不规则变化children,且表示“孩子们的书”需用所有格,以s结尾
的复数名词加',故为children's:第二空,“教师办公室”表示多个教师共有的,teacher的复数为
teachers,所有格直接加',故为teachers'。
真题2(单项选择):
-Whose are these?
-They are my two_bags.
A.knife Tom and Jim
B.knives Tom's and Jim's
C.knifes Tom and Jim's
D.knife's Tom's and Jim
答案:B
解析:第一空,these后接可数名词复数,kife的复数为不规则变化knives(变f为v加-es);第
二空,由two可知是“汤姆和吉姆各自的包”,表示各自所有时两个名词后都加's,故为Tom'sand
Jim's。
考法三:名词单复数、可数性及所有格的综合运用
核心:结合语境判断名词的单复数形式、可数性分类及所有格形式('sof双重所有格)的正确使用
真题1(单项选择):
-Whose are these?
-They are the_in Grade Seven.
A.knife;students B.knives;students'C.knifes;student's D.knife's;students
答案:B
解析:第一空由these”可知用复数,knife的复数形式为knives:第二空表示”七年级学生们的(物
品)”,students以s结尾,所有格直接加',故选B。
真题2(语法填空):
My mother bought two_(box)of_(apple)yesterday.The red one is a photo of my(uncle)family.
初中沪教上海版
【词法专版】
词法知识点全解
答案:boxes apples uncle's
解析:第一空two后接可数名词复数,box的复数为boxes:第二空apple为可数名词,此处表泛指
用复数apples;第三空,我叔叔的家庭”用's所有格,uncle的所有格为uncle's。
解题小妙招
名词单复及所有格妙招
单复变化看词尾,规则不规则要牢记;ffe结尾变v加es,o结尾有生命也加es:
名词所有格有两种,s和of来相逢:单数名词加's,复数s尾只加':
各自所有分别加,共有所有后者加:these/those接复数,数量词后复数跟:
语境之中辨单复,结合动词前后看;可数不可数要分清,综合运用不慌乱。
真题演练
演练一:单项选择试题(共10题)
1.My father bought three from the market yesterday.
A.tomato B.tomatos C.tomatoes D.tomato's
2.These are thebags.They are playing in the garden.
A.child B.childs C.children D.children's
3.-Whose is this pen?
—It'S一
A.Lucy B.Lucys C.Lucy's D.Lucys'
4.There are two_and three_in the picture.
A.man;sheep B.men;sheep C.mans;sheeps D.men:sheeps
5.We need some-for the party,and my mom will buy a-of bread.
A.milk;loaf B.milks;loaf C.milk;loaves D.milks;loaves
6.This is_classroom,and the next one is the_
A.Tom;teachers B.Tom's;teachers C.Tom's;teachers'D.Toms';teacher's
7.-How many_are there in the box?
-There are five_
A.knife;knife B.knifes;knifes C.knives;knives D.knife's;knives
8.My two_birthdays are in the same month,so we have one_cake.
A.cousin;big B.cousins;big C.cousin's;big D.cousins';big
9.The_legs are long,and they can run fast.
A.deer B.deers C.deer'sD.deers'
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初中沪教上海版
【词法专版】
词法知识点全解
10.I have a_and some_for breakfast every day.
A.egg;bread B.eggs;breads C.egg;breads D.eggs;bread
演练二:填空试题(共10题)
1.There are three(box)on the desk.
2.My mother often buys some_(potato)and_(tomato)in the supermarket.
3.This is my_(grandma)house,and it's very old.
4.How many_(child)are there in the park?
5.We need two_(bottle)of_(water)for the trip.
6.The(leaf)of the tree turn yellow in autumn.
7.These areLily and Lucy)books.They share them together
8.There is a_(mouse)in the corner,and I saw two_(mouse)yesterday.
9.The(student)bags are on the chairs.
10.My father has a(collection)of old(coin)
演练三:语法填空试题(共10空)
1.My name is Amy.Today is my_(1.friend)birthday,and I want to give her a special gift.I go to the store
and buy two(2.knife)for cutting fruit,a box of(3.chocolate),and a_(4.bottle)of juice.On the
way home,I meet three-(5.child)playing games.They tell me there is a sale at the(6.baker)shop.
I go there and buy a_(7.loaf)of bread and some_(8.cookie).
2.When I arrive at my friend's house,her_(9.parent)are cooking dinner.Her mother says,"Your_
(10.gift)are so nice!Thank you!"We have a great time together.
答案区
演练-:1.C2.D3.C4.B5.A6.C7.C8D9.C10.A
1.boxes 2.potatoes;tomatoes 3.grandma's 4.children 5.bottles;water 6.leaves 7.Lily and Lucy's
8.mouse;mice 9.students'10.collection;coins
1.friend's 2.knives 3.chocolate 4.bottle 5.children 6.baker's 7.loaf 8.cookies 9.parents 10.gifts
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