专题1 题型1 第3讲 阅读理解文体练(3) 课时作业-【优化探究】2026年高考英语二轮专题复习配套课件

说明文 阅读理解文体练(三) 说明文的选材通常是科技领域的最新科研成果、人们比较关心的社会问题和令人好奇的自然现象以及人文地理、风土人情等。从总体结构上看，说明文通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上看，说明文分五种结构：总分式结构、递进式结构、并列式结构、对照式结构、连贯式结构。说明文常见的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与比较等。了解说明文的写作手法，厘清文章结构是解题的关键之一。同时还要善于捕捉同位语、定义句、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如有表示解释和说明功能的破折号、冒号)等来帮助解题。 A (2025·贵州贵阳质检)Space should not be a garbage dump.Nevertheless, the amount of space junk orbiting Earth has risen steeply in recent years.Now filled with dead rockets and satellites, our polluted orbital environment is becoming more crowded, threatening the growing space economy.It's time for nations—and the billionaires to clean up Earth's near orbit. The U．S.Air Force tracks more than 25，000 pieces of space junk larger than 10 centimeters—about the size of a bagel—weighing together some 9，000 metric tons.This dangerous trash moves around Earth at speeds of roughly 10 kilometers per second, or more than 22，000 miles per hour.Collisions between millimeter-scale objects too small to track and working satellites are now routine.Orbital debris (碎片) collisions cost satellite operators an estimated $86 million to $103 million in losses a year. Under the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (条约)，nations are supposed to be responsible for damages caused by space junk, even if it was originally launched by a private firm.That puts taxpayers, not space-exploring billionaires, on the hook for damages from orbital debris even if its origin can be proved and the company shown negligent (失职的). No surprise, this hasn't worked.The problem is, after decades of discussion, there is still no international treaty that limits space junk or sets standards for negligence.We need one that outlines responsibilities and strictly requires fines on the companies whose spacecraft debris causes harm. As long as doing the right thing is voluntary, it may not happen, concluded a 2018 Air Force Association report.The limited action since then tells us the world should have already worked on an agreement on compulsory standards.Few countries or companies currently design rockets for their complete life cycle.They must be forced to store enough fuel and keep the capability for spacecraft to drive safely out of space when their useful life is over.If spaceflight industries and nations fail to play by the new rules, they should be subjected to painful financial punishments. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。近年来，环绕地球的太空垃圾数量急剧增加。本文主要介绍了太空垃圾带来的危害和责任划分问题，并呼吁制定国际标准和惩罚措施。 1 2 3 4 1．What has happened to space in recent years? A．Space economy has been thriving. B．The orbit pollutes rockets and satellites. C．Space junk has increased rapidly. D．The orbital environment becomes clean. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Nevertheless, the amount of space junk orbiting Earth has risen steeply in recent years.”可知，近年来，环绕地球的太空垃圾数量急剧增加。故选C。 2．Who should be responsible for damages according to the Treaty? A．Billionaires.　　　　　　 B．Taxpayers. C．Firms. D．Operators. 答案：B 解析：细节理解题。文章第三段涉及1967年《外层空间条约》，根据该段内容，尤其是其中的“That puts taxpayers, not space-exploring billionaires, on the hook for damages”可知，根据1967年签署的《外层空间条约》，各国应对太空垃圾造成的损害负责，这意味着，是纳税人，而非探索太空的亿万富翁，为轨道碎片所造成的损害负责。故选B。 1 2 3 4 3．What could be the author's attitude towards the Treaty? A．Doubtful. B．Neutral. C．Optimistic. D．Indifferent. 答案：A 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段中两个even if引导的让步状语从句和“not space-exploring billionaires”可知，作者在介绍《外层空间条约》的相应规定时表示，即使太空垃圾最初是由私人公司发射的，并且能够证明是公司的失职，该条约规定责任人仍是国家，即纳税人；再由第四段内容可知，作者对该条约没有起作用并不感到意外，并且认为我们需要一份能够明确责任，并对航天器碎片造成损害的公司进行罚款的条约。因此可推断，作者对《外层空间条约》的态度是怀疑的。故选A。 1 2 3 4 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Space Junk: A Problem to Be Solved B．Space Economy: A Business to Be Built C．Space Disaster: A Prediction on the Future D．Space Exploration: A Trip to the Unknown 答案：A 1 2 3 4 解析：标题归纳题。本文第一段就谈到了太空垃圾问题，点明太空不应该成为垃圾场，接下来详细说明了太空垃圾问题和为解决这一问题提出的措施和呼吁，故A项“太空垃圾：一个有待解决的问题”最适合作为文章标题。 语料积累 必备 单词 Para.1：nevertheless adv.尽管如此　steeply adv.(增加或减少)大幅度地，急剧地 Para.2：track v．追踪，跟踪　roughly adv.大约　collision n．碰撞(或相撞)事故 Para.3：originally adv.起初，原来　billionaire n．亿万富翁 Para.5：compulsory adj.强制的，强迫的　capability n．能力 熟词 生义 Para.5：play v．常用义：玩耍；参加(比赛或运动)；演奏，弹奏　文章义：(以某方式)行事，做事 必备 短语 Para.3：be responsible for对……负责　on the hook for为……负责 Para.4：set standards for为……设定标准 Para.5：play by the rules遵守规则　be subjected to受到，经受 B (2025·湖南长沙新高考适应性考试)Decades of increasing corn and soya bean production have turned Brazil into an agricultural powerhouse, which also led to the destruction of the Amazon rainforest. That has long put farmers and environmentalists in disagreement. But a study released in October by the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) and Rainforest Foundation Norway (RFN) shows the extent to which deforestation is hurting farmers too. The report shows that the practice of clear-cutting in the Brazilian Amazon led to reduced crop production, resulting in total economic losses of about $1 billion between 2006 and 2019. The net revenues (收入) for soya beans dropped by 10% over that time, while corn revenues dropped by 20%. Anders Krogh, a specialist forest adviser at RFN，says these findings demonstrate the danger deforestation poses to global food security. When ancient forests become rolling plains, a delicate balance of water cycle is disturbed. As trees breathe , they turn water into vapour (水蒸气), which goes on to form large, thick rain clouds, and has a cooling effect on the region. This recycling process also influences atmospheric circulation (循环), which plays a key role in temperature regulation in the Amazon basin. The effects are the severest in the most deforested regions. Less rain and hotter days mean smaller harvests and smaller revenues. Preventing further deforestation in Brazil's southern Amazon could slow the trend. Plus, reforesting could even change rainfall trends: the report concludes that if the Brazilian state of Par were to reforest 55，000 km2 of farming land, the rain could come on average five days earlier, and up to 19 in some areas. For now, though, that seems like a tall order. Agricultural firms in Brazil tend to treat such reports and the researchers who produce them with doubt. The term “agri-phobic (农业恐惧)” is often used to describe scientists who criticize the country's farming practices. At the grassroots level, despite the increasing costs of adapting to drier conditions, Brazilian farmers doubt the claims that lower production results from climate change or deforestation. Britaldo Soares-Filho, a researcher at UFMG and the report's lead author, hopes that concentrating on the financial effect of deforestation, rather than abstract modelling, can change farmers' minds. Sustainable farming practices, he urges, are in the economic interests of agribusiness. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了森林的砍伐打破了水循环的平衡，导致农民收成减少，重新造林会减少这一影响，但是农民对气候变化或森林砍伐导致产量下降的说明表示怀疑。 5 6 7 8 5．How does the author develop paragraph 2? A．By listing statistics. B．By citing a saying. C．By making an assumption. D．By introducing a concept. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“about $1 billion between 2006 and 2019”“ soya beans dropped by 10%”“corn revenues dropped by 20%”可知，该段是通过列举数据来展开的。故选A。 6．Which is close to the underlined idiom “a tall order” in meaning in paragraph 4? A．A hard nut. B．A big fish. C．A helping hand. D．A red-letter day. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段前两句的内容可知，阻止巴西南部亚马孙森林的进一步砍伐能减缓这一趋势。此外，重新造林甚至可以改变降雨趋势。though 表示转折，再根据画线词后一句可知，巴西的农业公司往往对这类报告及其撰写者持怀疑态度。所以可以推测此处是说那看起来像是一个棘手的问题。故选A。 5 6 7 8 7．What does Britaldo Soares-Filho mean? A．Logging contributes to financial increase. B．Abstract modelling makes a big difference. C．Clear-cutting puts global food security in great danger. D．Farmers should focus on the financial impact of deforestation. 答案：D 5 6 7 8 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段可知，Britaldo Soares-Filho希望，通过关注森林砍伐的经济影响，而不是抽象的建模来改变农民的观念。由此可以推断，农民应该关注森林砍伐对经济的影响。故选D。 5 6 7 8 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Deforestation: It Boosts Revenues? B．Water Cycle: It Disturbs Agriculture? C．Climate Change: It Worsens Rainforest? D．Reforesting: It Relieves Global Warming? 答案：A 5 6 7 8 解析：标题归纳题。整篇文章都是围绕砍伐森林所带来的一系列影响展开的。砍伐森林导致水循环的微妙平衡被破坏，影响大气环流，而大气环流在亚马孙流域的温度调节中起着关键作用，更少的雨水和更热的天气意味着更少的收成和更少的收入。想要缓解这一问题，需要重新造林，然而巴西农民对此持怀疑态度。所以文章在讲砍伐森林看似增加了收入，但其实带来了更大的危害，故A项“砍伐森林：它增加了收入？”最能概括本文内容。 5 6 7 8 语料积累 必备 单词 Para.1：destruction n．摧毁，毁灭，破坏　deforestation n．毁林，滥伐森林，烧林 Para.2：practice n．通常的做法，惯例，常规；实践　economic adj.经济的，经济上的，经济学的　global adj.全球的，全世界的　security n．安全，平安；保护措施，安全工作 Para.3：delicate adj.需要小心处理的，微妙的 Para.5：abstract adj.抽象的 必备 短语 Para.4：tend to倾向于，照顾　adapt to适应　result from...由……引起 Para.5：concentrate on专注于 长难句 分析 Plus，reforesting could even change rainfall trends：the report concludes that if the Brazilian state of Par were to reforest 55，000 km2 of farming land, the rain could come on average five days earlier, and up to 19 in some areas. (Para.4) 分析：本句为主从复合句。句中that if...areas为宾语从句，其中if引导条件状语从句。 译文：此外，重新造林甚至可以改变降雨趋势：该报告得出结论，如果巴西帕拉州在55 000平方千米的农田上重新造林，降雨可能平均提前5天到来，在某些地区可提前19天到来。 C (2025·陕西高考适应性检测)For thousands of years, people around the world have told myths about the Moon and how it came into being.Now, new research has revealed that the Moon is 40 million years older than scientists thought it was.The latest data suggests that it formed around 4.46 billion years ago. Many scientists believe that the Moon formed after a planet the size of Mars，called Theia，collided (碰撞) with the Earth.This caused magma to blast out into space.The magma cooled into solid rocks that started orbiting the Earth in rings, like Saturn has.Gradually, those rocks clumped (聚集) together to form the Moon. Scientists worked out how old the Moon is by studying rocks gathered from the surface in 1972—the last time humans set foot on the Moon.Astronauts collected the samples using a lunar rake, dragging it through the dust on the surface to collect rocks that were between one and three centimetres wide.The samples contained zircon crystals, a type of mineral that would have formed after the Earth and Theia collided and the magma cooled down.Scientists have studied the samples before but a new scanning technique, called“atom probe tomography”， helped them to study the crystals in more detail and calculate the Moon's age more accurately. The Moon is important because it affects things on the Earth, such as tides, seasons and weather.Life on the Earth was only possible after the Moon had formed, so scientists want to learn more about when it happened.Professor Philipp Heck, who worked on the study, said, “It's a part of our natural system that we want to better understand.” Before NASA landed astronauts on the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, there were other theories about how the Moon formed.One suggested that the Moon was floating through space and was captured by the Earth's gravity.Another said that the Earth started spinning so quickly that some bits of it broke off and went into orbit. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，月球比科学家认为的要老4 000万年，它大约在44.6亿年前形成。 9 10 11 12 9．What's the purpose of the research? A．To know more about the Earth. B．To find out how the Moon formed. C．To work out how the astronauts landed on the Moon. D．To study the rocks gathered from the surface of the Moon. 答案：B 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“new research has revealed that the Moon is 40 million years older than scientists thought it was. The latest data suggests that it formed around 4.46 billion years ago.”可知，新研究主要研究月球是如何形成的，故选B。 10．What does the underlined word “This” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．The collision. B．Theia. C．The Earth. D．The size of Mars. 答案：A 解析：词义猜测题。画线词所在句的前一句讲许多科学家认为，月球是在一颗与火星大小相当的行星忒伊亚与地球碰撞后形成的；再结合画线词所在句的“caused magma to blast out into space”可知，这导致岩浆喷射到太空中。由此可推知， this指代前一句中的碰撞，故选A。 9 10 11 12 11．What is the latest belief of the Moon's formation? A．It is the result of a collision of two planets. B．It was dragged to its location by the Earth's gravity. C．It was shaped by the bits which broke off the Earth. D．It crashed into space by accident. 答案：A 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Many scientists believe that the Moon formed after a planet the size of Mars, called Theia, collided with the Earth.”可知，许多科学家认为，月球是在一颗与火星大小相当的行星忒伊亚与地球碰撞后形成的，故选A。 9 10 11 12 12．What are the major effects the Moon has on the Earth? A．Daytime and directions. B．Weather and geography. C．Seasons and tides. D．Weights and lives. 答案：C 9 10 11 12 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“The Moon is important because it affects things on the Earth, such as tides, seasons and weather.”可知，月球很重要，因为它影响着地球上的事物，比如潮汐、季节和天气，故选C。 语料积累 必备 单词 Para.1：myth n．神话，神话故事；虚构的东西　 Para.2：orbit v．沿轨道运行，围绕……运动n.(天体等运行的)轨道 Para.3：sample n．样本v.抽样检验，取样，采样　mineral n．矿物，(某些食物中的)矿物质　calculate v．计算，核算；预测，推测　accurately adv.正确无误地，准确地 Para.5：capture v．俘获；攻占；吸引；(用图画、文章、电影等准确地)表达　gravity n．重力，地球引力　spin v．(使)快速旋转 必备 短语 Para.1：come into being形成，开始存在 Para.3：set foot on进入，访问，参观(某地)　in more detail更详细地 Para.5：break off断开，断裂 D (2025·山东济南摸底考试)Are you an open book, your face broadcasting every passing emotion, or more of a poker face, not showing what you are feeling? Scientists at Nottingham Trent University say that wearing your heart on your face could actually give you a significant social advantage. The study, led by Eithne Kavanagh, a research fellow at NTU's School of Social Sciences, involving over 1，300 participants, noticed striking variations in how much people moved their faces during conversations.Importantly, this expressiveness emerged as a stable individual quality.People displayed similar levels of facial expressiveness across different contexts, with different social partners, and even over time periods up to four months. The researchers say that facial expressiveness is linked to personality, with more agreeable individuals displaying more lively faces.Facial expressiveness can also translate into concrete social benefits.In a negotiation task, more expressive individuals are more likely to secure a larger slice of a reward.The researchers suggest that for agreeable folks, dynamic facial expressions may serve as a tool for building good relationships and smoothing over conflicts.Across the board, the results point to facial expressiveness serving an“affiliative(有亲和力的)function”，or a social glue that develops liking and smoother interactions. Expressiveness is also linked to being seen as more“readable”， suggesting that a lively face makes one's intentions and mental states easier for others to decipher．Beyond frequency of facial movements, people who employ facial expressions more strategically to suit social goals, such as looking friendly in a greeting, are also more well-liked. The findings challenge the “poker face” common belief that a still and unemotional appearance is always most advantageous.Instead, they suggest that for most people, allowing one's face to mirror inner states and intentions can invite warmer reactions.As the researchers conclude, “Being facially expressive is socially advantageous.” So, the next time you catch yourself making lines on your forehead, or flashing a smile, know that your face just might be working overtime on your behalf. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。研究者发现，面部表情丰富的人的社交优势更明显。 13 14 15 16 13．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about concerning the study? A．Its impact. B．Its findings. C．Its limitations. D．Its significance. 答案：B 解析：段落大意题。根据第二段的内容可知，这项研究涉及1 300多名参与者，研究发现人们在对话中面部表情的变化具有显著差异。重要的是，这种表情表达被认为是一种稳定的个体特质。在不同的情境中，与不同的社交伙伴交流时，甚至在长达四个月的时间段内，人们表现出相似程度的面部表情丰富性。所以该段在讲述研究的结果。故选B。 13 14 15 16 14．What may facial expressiveness serve as in negotiation settings? A．A way to frighten competitors. B．A method to hide personality. C．A tool to show personal quality. D．A strategy to settle disagreement. 答案：D 13 14 15 16 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In a negotiation task...secure a larger slice of a reward...smoothing over conflicts.”可知，在谈判任务中，更具有表现力的人更有可能获得更大份额的奖励。研究人员表明，对于那些和蔼可亲的人，有活力的面部表情也许是构建良好的关系和缓和冲突的工具。故选D。D项中的“strategy”是文中“tool”的同义转换；“settle disagreement”是文中“smoothing over conflicts”的同义转换。 13 14 15 16 15．What does the underlined word “decipher” in paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Copy. B．Overlook. C．Remember. D．Interpret. 答案：D 13 14 15 16 解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段，尤其是“Expressiveness is also linked to being seen as more ‘readable’．..for others to decipher.”可知，面部表情丰富也被认为是更可读懂的，表明一张活跃热情的脸能使一个人的目的和精神状态更容易让其他人知晓。故选D。D项的“Interpret”是文中“readable”的同义转换。 13 14 15 16 16．What may the author advise based on the findings of the study? A．Always wearing a still face. B．Learning to be an open book. C．Speaking out inner emotions. D．Forcing a smile through tears. 答案：B 13 14 15 16 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段的内容可知，基于研究结果，科学家表示，对于大多数人来说，让面部反映内心状态和意图可以引发更温暖的反应。研究者总结说，面部表情丰富在社交中是有利的。故基于研究结果，作者可能会建议大家让自己的表情外露，让自己容易被人了解。故选B。 13 14 15 16 语料积累 必备 单词 Para.2：striking adj.引人注目的；异乎寻常的；显著的　variation n．(数量、水平等的)变化，变更，变异　stable adj.稳重的，沉稳的　expressiveness n．善于表现；表情丰富 Para.3：personality n．性格；个性；人格　agreeable adj.愉悦的，讨人喜欢的　concrete adj.确实的，具体的　dynamic adj.充满活力的，精力充沛的　conflict n．冲突；争执 Para.4：frequency n．发生率，出现率，重复率；频繁；频率　strategically adv.战略性地 Para.5：advantageous adj.有利的；有好处的 熟词 生义 Para.3：secure常用义：adj.安心的，有把握的　文章义：v.(尤指经过努力)获得，取得，实现 Para.4：employ v．常用义：雇用　文章义：应用，运用，使用 必备 短语 Para.1：a poker face面无表情 Para.3：be linked to和……有关系　smooth over缓和；调解；斡旋 Para.5：on one's behalf 代表某人 感谢您的观看 $