重难点08 阅读提分利器：推理判断攻略（重难专练）（北京专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

重难点08 阅读提分利器：推理判断攻略 ( 内容导航 速度提升 技巧掌握 手感养成 重难考向聚焦 锁定目标 精准打击： 本专项核心考查方向与高考高频难点是 基于原文信息的逻辑推断，答案不能直接找到，需要结合上下文分析。 近 五 年高考共考查 30个小题 次 ， 该题型占 阅读理解题 总题量的 4 3% ，其中 重 点考查 对作者态度、文章隐含信息、逻辑关系、主旨延伸、细节推理的判断，难点 为精准把握文本隐含逻辑，区分事实陈述与推理结论；对作者情感态度的微妙表达需深度解读。 重难技巧突破 授予利器 瓦解难点： 1. 原文定位是根基，同义转换找依据 2. 绝对表述需警惕，委婉表达常为真 重难保分练 稳扎稳打 必拿分数 ： 聚焦 3 种类型可稳拿分数题目，确保重难点基础分值 重难抢分练 突破瓶颈 争夺高分： 聚焦 3 种类型中高难度题目，争夺关键分数 重难冲刺练 模拟实战 挑战顶尖： 挑战高考和模拟综合题型，养成稳定攻克难题的“题感”。 ) 考点 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势 考点1考查细节推理 （基于具体信息推断隐含意义） （5年12考） 2021北京卷— What can we infer from this passage? How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning? What can we conclude from this passage? 2022北京卷— What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? 2023北京卷— What can be inferred from the last paragraph? How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? According to the author, the project with the robotics professor was ________. 2024北京卷— What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? Which word would best describe the author’s dream? 2025北京卷— What can we learn from this passage? How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? 1.隐含信息推理为主导：不再考查表层事实，侧重基于细节的合理推断，间接得出结论。 2.作者态度考查常态化：近5年每年必考2-3题，涉及对观点、现象、他人言论的态度判断，选项多为褒贬中性三类，需结合语境关键词。 3.逻辑关系深度考查：侧重因果、转折、对比关系的推理。 4.主旨延伸推理增多：要求基于文章主旨推断合理结论或后续发展。 5.跨段落推理成为难点：需整合多段信息形成结论，而非局限于单句或单段。 6.应用文体推理贴近实际：广告、活动通知类文本中，侧重推断“适用人群”“隐含优势”“未明说的要求”等。 考点2考查作者态度推理 （判断作者对话题/观点的情感倾向） （5年6考） 2021北京卷—As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. 2022北京卷—Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. 2023北京卷— Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is_____ . The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. 2024北京卷—As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. 2025北京卷—What does the author mainly do in this passage? 考点3考查逻辑关系推理 （因果、转折、对比关系的隐含推断） （5年9考） 2021北京卷— The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． What can we learn from this passage? 2022北京卷— The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? What can we learn from this passage? 2023北京卷— What does the author intend to tell us? What can we learn from this passage? 2024北京卷— What can we learn from this passage? It is implied in this passage that we should _________. 考点4考查主旨延伸推理 （基于主旨推断合理结论） （5年1考） 2025北京卷—What can we learn from this passage? 考点5考查态度观点推理 （推断他人观点或文章隐含立场） （5年2考） 2024北京卷— What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? 考点6考查应用文体隐含信息推理 （5年1考） 2025北京卷—According to the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in?。 突破点：正确答案四大特征 1：委婉表达（may、might、could、possibly、likely），避免绝对化（如2023年第34题答案C用“is bad at”而非“cannot”）。 2：同义转换（用不同词汇表达原文核心含义，如2024年第20题“appreciative”对应原文“built on”“use this idea”）。 3：基于原文逻辑（因果、转折、对比的合理延伸，而非无依据猜测）。 4：贴合主旨（不偏离文章核心话题，如2023年第39题答案C贴合“拒绝与新机遇”的主旨）。 Eg. （2025北京高考真题） Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 干扰选项四大陷阱及应对策略 陷阱类型 识别技巧 选项分析 过度推断 选项加入原文无依据的“额外条件”或“极端结论” 干扰项B“Consistent ones lead to stress”，原文仅说“一致的个人故事带来更高满意度”，无“导致压力”的依据 偷换概念 替换原文关键词（如将“happiness”改为“stress”） 干扰项D“Thematic ones hold back change”，原文说“主题故事可促进改变”，偷换为“阻碍改变” 绝对化表述 出现must、never、all、only等词 干扰项A“They are unrelated to health”，原文明确“个人故事与幸福感相关”，“unrelated”绝对化 事实复述 直接重复原文细节，而非推理结论 干扰项无（本题正确答案C是原文“greater overall life satisfaction”的同义推断） 根据段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 考点一：考查细节推理。 解题规则 定位原文细节→分析细节隐含逻辑→排除与细节直接重复的选项→选择“同义转换+合理延伸”的答案。 1.（2023北京高考真题）Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday, I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? A．Anxious. B．Angry. C．Surprised. D．Settled. 答案：A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…”and my vision blurred (模糊). (当我看到邮件发件人的名字时，我的心跳加速了。这封邮件是这样开头的：“亲爱的格林先生，感谢您的关注”，“审核过程比预期的要长。”信的结尾是“我们很抱歉地通知你……”，我的视线模糊了)”可知，收到的是被拒绝的邮件，所以推测作者在看到电子邮件发件人的名字时感到焦虑。故选A。 2.（2022北京高考真题） Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking—which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A．The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B．The relationships among players have been clarified. C．Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D．The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 答案：A 解析： 细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking—which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。 3.（2024北京高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target. C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key. 答案：A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的道德规范的形成是由于他们所处的严酷生活环境所驱动的，这种环境促使他们形成了一种务实的道德观念，以应对生活的挑战。文中提到规范是“unwritten and rarely expressed clearly”，但并未说明这是形成道德规范的目标；虽然文中提到传统在一定程度上影响了因纽特人的道德规范，但并未强调这是形成道德规范的基础；文中提到“Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of”，但并未强调诚实是形成道德规范的关键，而是多种行为规范共同构成了道德体系。故选A项。 考点二：考查作者态度推理。 解题规则 抓情感关键词（褒义：admire、valuable、effective；贬义：annoy、doubtful、harmful；中性：describe、explain、discuss）→结合句式语气（转折句、反问句）→排除“绝对化态度”（如completely、never）。 4.（2024北京高考真题） The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 答案：A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 5.（2023北京高考真题） As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 答案：A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 考点三：考查逻辑关系推理。 解题规则 识别逻辑连接词（because、however、by contrast等）→梳理上下文逻辑链→推断“未明说的原因/结果/差异”。 6.（2024北京高考真题） The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. What can we learn from this passage? A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 答案：B 解析： 根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 考点四：考查主旨延伸推理。 解题规则 概括文章核心主旨→排除与主旨无关的细节选项→选择“主旨+合理延伸”的结论（不超出文本核心范畴）。 7.（2023北京高考真题） Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday, I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. What can we learn from this passage? A．An invitation is a reputation. B．An innovation is a resolution. C．A rejection can be a redirection. D．A reflection can be a restriction. 答案：C 解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. (我明白了有时候我需要抓住提供的机会，即使这些机会在当时听起来并不完美，也要充分利用，而不是一成不变地制定计划)”结合文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的拒绝给予了更好的方向。故C选项“拒绝可以是重定向”最符合文章的主旨。故选C。 考点五：考查态度观点推理。 解题规则 定位他人观点的表述→分析语境情感倾向→排除“混淆作者与他人观点”的选项。 8.（2022北京高考真题） As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 9.（2024北京高考真题） In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A．Scared. B．Worried. C．Discouraged. D．Wronged. 答案：C 解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知，作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。 考点六：考查应用文体隐含信息推理。 解题规则 梳理文本核心信息（时间、对象、要求、优势）→推断“未明确说明但必然成立”的信息→排除“超出文本范围的过度推断”。 10.（2025北京高考真题） Schedule of Programming 17 July Time                 Activities 14:00-15:00      Lead to Change Kick-off 15:00-16:30      Programme Showcase 16:30-18:00      Track Workshops 18 July Time                 Activities 9:30-11:00        Career Fireside Chats 13:00-14:15       Youth Panel 14:15-16:20       Track Keynotes 19 July Time                 Activities 8:00-12:00       Off-site Experiences 13:00-15:00      Gallery Viewing 15:15-16:45      Adult Workshops 20 July Time                 Activities 9:00-11:15         Explore Workshops 13:30-16:00        Keynote Speech 16:15-17:00        Celebration According to the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in? A．Keynote Speech on 17 July. B．Youth Panel on 18 July. C．Celebration on 19 July. D．Programme Showcase on 20 July. 答案：B 解析： 细节理解题。根据“Schedule of Programming”中的安排，18 July 的活动安排里有“13:00 - 14:15 Youth Panel(13:00 - 14:15 青少年小组讨论)”，所以青少年可以在 18 日参加青少年小组讨论活动。故选B。 （建议用时：15分钟） 【类型一：细节推理】 1．（2025北京高考真题） Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. 【答案】B 【解析】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 2.（2023北京高考真题） As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 【答案】C 【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。 【类型二：观点态度】 3. （2025北京高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 【答案】D 【解析】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”以及第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可推知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。 【类型三：逻辑关系】 4.（2021北京高考真题） Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach 【答案】D 【解析】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 5.（2022北京高考真题）“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A．illustrate an argument B．highlight an opinion C．introduce the topic D．predict the ending 【答案】C 【解析】 推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。 （建议用时：15分钟） 【类型一：细节推理】 1.   （2024北京高考真题）One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A．Confusing. B．Empowering. C．Disturbing. D．Entertaining. 【答案】B 【解析】 推理判断题。根据第四段“The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. (这个梦给我的感觉是如此的权威，它震撼了我。它是能量的一种形式，让我回我失去了的东西)”可知，作者的梦赋予作者练习油画的力量。故选B。 2.（2023北京高考真题） As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 【答案】C 【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。 【类型二：观点态度】 3.（2023北京高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 【答案】D 【解析】 推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。 4.（2021北京高考真题） “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A．worried B．puzzled C．surprised D．scared 【答案】A 【解析】 推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。 【类型三：逻辑关系】 5.（2024北京高考真题） So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案】C 【解析】 推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 6.（2023北京高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 【答案】A 【解析】 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。 （建议用时：15分钟） Passage 1 （2025·北京东城·二模） Have you ever felt as though the temperatures your local weather app reported failed to capture how it felt outside? Well, you were right. As heat waves become more intense and more frequent, we need to change the way we think about outdoor temperatures. What matters is not how hot the air is but how hot the weather is to a human body. For that, we need “wet-bulb globe temperature”. Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic organizations, the military and regulators have used for decades, comes from a device with three thermometers to better capture how heat stresses the body The first is a basic thermometer, which measures the air temperature. The second is a thermometer inside a black ball, which captures the heat our bodies absorb from direct sunlight. The third is a thermometer covered in a wet cloth, mimicking our body’s ability to cool itself with sweat and accounting for factors such as humidity (湿度) and air movement. The three readings are combined using a weighting system to produce the wet-bulb temperature. Wet-bulb temperature might sound like the “heat index” — that is, when your local weatherperson says, “It’s 90 degrees, but it’s going to feel like 98 because of humidity” — and there are similarities. But there are also critical differences. The heat index assumes you’re in the shade and resting, but being in direct sunlight can add 15 degrees to the heat index. One way to understand the value of using wet temperatures is to look at maps comparing them with the more familiar “dry” temperatures. Take Fresno, Calif., which is forecast-to reach 102 degrees. But humidity is low, so the corresponding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New York City, for comparison, is forecast to be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making conditions even more dangerous than in Fresno. Don’t get me wrong. I just want to stress that we cannot ignore the even more dangerous weather happening elsewhere that might be less obvious. Of course, it will take time for the public to become familiar with wet-bulb temperatures. The downside is that, because they are generally lower than dry temperatures or the heat index, people could misinterpret them. The solution is to educate people about why they’re necessary. Policymakers have strategies to protect against extreme heat. For example, Portland, Ore, has begun distributing free air conditioners. Simple infrastructure enhancements such as white roofs can reflect the sun’s heat and incoming solar radiation. And planting more trees adjacent to buildings helps reduce temperatures and heat deaths. But these measures matter only if people and companies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. The goal should be to help people experiencing extreme heat to protect themselves. We have the tools to measure this correctly; we just need to use them. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The development of high-tech thermometers. B．The measurement of wet-bulb temperature. C．The standard of temperature classification. D．The application of a weighting system. 2．It is implied in this passage that ______. A．dry temperatures can be misleading B．wet temperature is higher than heat index C．intense heat paired with low humidity can be risky D．potential dangers of extreme heat should be stressed 3．As for current heat-fighting strategies, the author thinks ______. A．they may fail to deliver B．they should be monitored C．they ought to be diversified D．they can raise heat awareness 4．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To illustrate a concept B．To make a comparison. C．To propose a practice. D．To present a phenomenon. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了湿球温度这一概念，包括其测量方法、与其他温度指标的区别，以及强调使用湿球温度数据对于应对极端高温、保护人们免受高温危害的重要性。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段关键句“Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic organizations, the military and regulators have used for decades, comes from a device with three thermometers to better capture how heat stresses the body. (几十年来，体育组织、军方和监管机构一直在使用湿球温度，它来自一个带有三个温度计的设备，以更好地捕捉热量对身体的压力)”可知，本段主要介绍了测量湿球温度的方法，即通过一个带有三个温度计的设备，结合三种不同的温度读数，并使用加权系统来产生湿球温度。因此，本段的主要内容是湿球温度的测量。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Take Fresno, Calif., which is forecast-to reach 102 degrees. But humidity is low, so the corresponding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New York City, for comparison, is forecast to be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making conditions even more dangerous than in Fresno. (以加利福尼亚州的弗雷斯诺为例，该地预报气温将达到102华氏度。但湿度较低，所以相应的湿球温度是80华氏度。作为对比，纽约市预报气温为98华氏度，但湿度较高，使得湿球温度达到88华氏度，这使得纽约的情况比弗雷斯诺更加危险)”可知，干球温度（即文中提到的一般所说的温度）不能完全反映实际的危险程度，会让人产生误解，以为温度高的地方就更危险，而忽略了湿度等其他因素对实际体感温度和危险程度的影响。所以干球温度可能具有误导性。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But these measures matter only if people and companies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. (但这些措施只有在人们和公司意识到存在问题时才重要，这意味着要使用正确的数据)”可知，作者认为当前应对高温的策略取决于人们是否意识到问题以及是否使用正确的数据，言外之意目前这些策略可能无法发挥作用。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We have the tools to measure this correctly; we just need to use them (我们有正确测量（极端高温）的工具，我们只需要使用它们)” 以及前文对湿球温度的介绍和其重要性的阐述可知，文章的目的是提议人们使用湿球温度这一正确的测量方式和数据来应对极端高温，即提议一种实践做法。故选C。 Passage 2 （2025·北京西城·二模）In the quiet town of Greenfield, situated in the hills of upstate New York, David Lee had built a life around his art. His small studio in an old Victorian house was a sanctuary (庇护所) where he painted landscapes that captured (展现) the heart of the town he loved. The walls were covered with pieces of art, each one reflecting his dedication and passion. One crisp autumn evening, as the sun set, casting a golden glow over the town, David worked on what he believed was his best piece yet. Lost in his work, he barely noticed a flash of light in the corner of his eye. It was a neighbor who first saw the smoke. By the time David realized what was happening, the fire had spread through half of his studio. He rushed outside, horrified to see the flames (火焰) consuming everything he had worked so hard for. Within minutes, his studio was reduced to ashes. The following days were clouded with sorrow. David wandered the streets of Greenfield, confused and with no purpose. Friends and neighbors offered their support, but nothing could replace the years of work destroyed. One evening, as he sat on a bench in the town square, he noticed children drawing with chalk on the pavement. Their laughter and creativity cut through his despair. David realized his passion for art wasn’t tied to the physical space of his studio. It was something deeper within him. He decided to start over, to rebuild his life and art anew. With the help of his friends, David set up a small workspace in the community center. He began painting again, this time with renewed purpose. His first piece was an acknowledgment of Greenfield, capturing the town’s resilience (坚韧). As he painted, he felt a sense of peace he hadn’t felt in weeks. One day, while finishing a challenging piece, a young girl approached him. “What are you painting?” she asked. David smiled. “It’s a story,” he said. “A story of resilience and hope.” The girl nodded, her eyes reflecting the colors on the painting. “It’s beautiful,” she said. David felt warmth in his chest. He realized his art was about more than just paintings — it was about connecting with others and sharing his journey. From then on, David painted not only for himself but for everyone who needed a reminder of the beauty in the world. Though his studio had changed, his passion for art had been renewed, and in that, he found a new kind of resilience. 1．How did David feel after the fire destroyed his studio? A．Angry and bitter. B．Grateful and content. C．Lost and empty. D．Anxious and regretful. 2．What is the significance of the children drawing on the pavement? A．Their creativity helps David find joy again. B．They are a reminder of the fire’s destruction. C．They represent the future of art in Greenfield. D．They show how the town has forgotten about David’s art. 3．What is the theme of David’s first new painting after the fire? A．Renewal. B．Resilience. C．Peace. D．Passion. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．The flash today is the silence tomorrow. B．The less you expect, the more you appreciate. C．The flame that burns you may also light your way. D．The greatest roadblocks are the ones you cannot see. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了大卫·李的绘画工作室被烧毁，里面的作品也都烧毁了，在沮丧和迷茫的时候他看到孩子们在人行道上用粉笔画画。因此重新点燃了他内心对绘画的热爱。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“The following days were clouded with sorrow. David wandered the streets of Greenfield, confused and with no purpose.(接下来的几天充满了悲伤。大卫在格林菲尔德的街道上徘徊，茫然无措)”可知，大火烧毁了大卫的工作室后，他感到迷失和空虚。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“One evening, as he sat on a bench in the town square, he noticed children drawing with chalk on the pavement. Their laughter and creativity cut through his despair.(一天晚上，当他坐在镇广场的长凳上时，他注意到孩子们在人行道上用粉笔画画。他们的笑声和创造力打破了他的绝望)”可知，孩子们在人行道上画画的意义是他们的创造力帮助大卫重新找到了快乐。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“He began painting again, this time with renewed purpose. His first piece was an acknowledgment of Greenfield, capturing the town’s resilience (坚韧).(他又开始画画了，这次带着新的目标。他的第一部作品是对格林菲尔德的认可，捕捉了这个小镇的韧性)”可知，火灾后大卫的第一幅新画的主题是韧性。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Though his studio had changed, his passion for art had been renewed, and in that, he found a new kind of resilience.(虽然他的工作室换了，但他对艺术的热情又重燃了，在那里，他发现了一种新的韧性)”结合文章主要讲述了大卫·李的绘画工作室被烧毁，里面的作品也都烧毁了，在沮丧和迷茫的时候他看到孩子们在人行道上用粉笔画画重新点燃了他内心对绘画的热爱。由此可知，从本文可以得出“灼伤你的火焰，也能照亮你的道路”。故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 重难点08 阅读提分利器：推理判断攻略 ( 内容导航 速度提升 技巧掌握 手感养成 重难考向聚焦 锁定目标 精准打击： 本专项核心考查方向与高考高频难点是 基于原文信息的逻辑推断，答案不能直接找到，需要结合上下文分析。 近 五 年高考共考查 30个小题 次 ， 该题型占 阅读理解题 总题量的 4 3% ，其中 重 点考查 对作者态度、文章隐含信息、逻辑关系、主旨延伸、细节推理的判断，难点 为精准把握文本隐含逻辑，区分事实陈述与推理结论；对作者情感态度的微妙表达需深度解读。 重难技巧突破 授予利器 瓦解难点： 1. 原文定位是根基，同义转换找依据 2. 绝对表述需警惕，委婉表达常为真 重难保分练 稳扎稳打 必拿分数 ： 聚焦 3 种类型可稳拿分数题目，确保重难点基础分值 重难抢分练 突破瓶颈 争夺高分： 聚焦 3 种类型中高难度题目，争夺关键分数 重难冲刺练 模拟实战 挑战顶尖： 挑战高考和模拟综合题型，养成稳定攻克难题的“题感”。 ) 考点 五年考情（2021-2025） 命题趋势 考点1考查细节推理 （基于具体信息推断隐含意义） （5年12考） 2021北京卷— What can we infer from this passage? How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning? What can we conclude from this passage? 2022北京卷— What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? 2023北京卷— What can be inferred from the last paragraph? How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? According to the author, the project with the robotics professor was ________. 2024北京卷— What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? Which word would best describe the author’s dream? 2025北京卷— What can we learn from this passage? How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? 1.隐含信息推理为主导：不再考查表层事实，侧重基于细节的合理推断，间接得出结论。 2.作者态度考查常态化：近5年每年必考2-3题，涉及对观点、现象、他人言论的态度判断，选项多为褒贬中性三类，需结合语境关键词。 3.逻辑关系深度考查：侧重因果、转折、对比关系的推理。 4.主旨延伸推理增多：要求基于文章主旨推断合理结论或后续发展。 5.跨段落推理成为难点：需整合多段信息形成结论，而非局限于单句或单段。 6.应用文体推理贴近实际：广告、活动通知类文本中，侧重推断“适用人群”“隐含优势”“未明说的要求”等。 考点2考查作者态度推理 （判断作者对话题/观点的情感倾向） （5年6考） 2021北京卷—As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. 2022北京卷—Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. 2023北京卷— Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is_____ . The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. 2024北京卷—As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. 2025北京卷—What does the author mainly do in this passage? 考点3考查逻辑关系推理 （因果、转折、对比关系的隐含推断） （5年9考） 2021北京卷— The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． What can we learn from this passage? 2022北京卷— The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with? What can we learn from this passage? 2023北京卷— What does the author intend to tell us? What can we learn from this passage? 2024北京卷— What can we learn from this passage? It is implied in this passage that we should _________. 考点4考查主旨延伸推理 （基于主旨推断合理结论） （5年1考） 2025北京卷—What can we learn from this passage? 考点5考查态度观点推理 （推断他人观点或文章隐含立场） （5年2考） 2024北京卷— What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? 考点6考查应用文体隐含信息推理 （5年1考） 2025北京卷—According to the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in?。 突破点：正确答案四大特征 1：委婉表达（may、might、could、possibly、likely），避免绝对化（如2023年第34题答案C用“is bad at”而非“cannot”）。 2：同义转换（用不同词汇表达原文核心含义，如2024年第20题“appreciative”对应原文“built on”“use this idea”）。 3：基于原文逻辑（因果、转折、对比的合理延伸，而非无依据猜测）。 4：贴合主旨（不偏离文章核心话题，如2023年第39题答案C贴合“拒绝与新机遇”的主旨）。 Eg. （2025北京高考真题） Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. What can be inferred about personal stories? A．They are unrelated to health. B．Consistent ones lead to stress. C．They are relevant to happiness. D．Thematic ones hold back change. 干扰选项四大陷阱及应对策略 陷阱类型 识别技巧 选项分析 过度推断 选项加入原文无依据的“额外条件”或“极端结论” 干扰项B“Consistent ones lead to stress”，原文仅说“一致的个人故事带来更高满意度”，无“导致压力”的依据 偷换概念 替换原文关键词（如将“happiness”改为“stress”） 干扰项D“Thematic ones hold back change”，原文说“主题故事可促进改变”，偷换为“阻碍改变” 绝对化表述 出现must、never、all、only等词 干扰项A“They are unrelated to health”，原文明确“个人故事与幸福感相关”，“unrelated”绝对化 事实复述 直接重复原文细节，而非推理结论 干扰项无（本题正确答案C是原文“greater overall life satisfaction”的同义推断） 根据段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。 考点一：考查细节推理。 解题规则 定位原文细节→分析细节隐含逻辑→排除与细节直接重复的选项→选择“同义转换+合理延伸”的答案。 1.（2023北京高考真题）Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday, I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name? A．Anxious. B．Angry. C．Surprised. D．Settled. 答案：A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…”and my vision blurred (模糊). (当我看到邮件发件人的名字时，我的心跳加速了。这封邮件是这样开头的：“亲爱的格林先生，感谢您的关注”，“审核过程比预期的要长。”信的结尾是“我们很抱歉地通知你……”，我的视线模糊了)”可知，收到的是被拒绝的邮件，所以推测作者在看到电子邮件发件人的名字时感到焦虑。故选A。 2.（2022北京高考真题） Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known. This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking—which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition? A．The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. B．The relationships among players have been clarified. C．Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem. D．The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified. 答案：A 解析： 细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking—which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。 3.（2024北京高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A．Living conditions were the drive. B．Unwritten rules were the target. C．Social tradition was the basis. D．Honesty was the key. 答案：A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第一段“With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的道德规范的形成是由于他们所处的严酷生活环境所驱动的，这种环境促使他们形成了一种务实的道德观念，以应对生活的挑战。文中提到规范是“unwritten and rarely expressed clearly”，但并未说明这是形成道德规范的目标；虽然文中提到传统在一定程度上影响了因纽特人的道德规范，但并未强调这是形成道德规范的基础；文中提到“Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of”，但并未强调诚实是形成道德规范的关键，而是多种行为规范共同构成了道德体系。故选A项。 考点二：考查作者态度推理。 解题规则 抓情感关键词（褒义：admire、valuable、effective；贬义：annoy、doubtful、harmful；中性：describe、explain、discuss）→结合句式语气（转折句、反问句）→排除“绝对化态度”（如completely、never）。 4.（2024北京高考真题） The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 答案：A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 5.（2023北京高考真题） As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 答案：A 解析： 推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 考点三：考查逻辑关系推理。 解题规则 识别逻辑连接词（because、however、by contrast等）→梳理上下文逻辑链→推断“未明说的原因/结果/差异”。 6.（2024北京高考真题） The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. What can we learn from this passage? A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C．Language capacity is limited by self-control. D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 答案：B 解析： 根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。 考点四：考查主旨延伸推理。 解题规则 概括文章核心主旨→排除与主旨无关的细节选项→选择“主旨+合理延伸”的结论（不超出文本核心范畴）。 7.（2023北京高考真题） Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday, I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career. So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue. When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about. Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. What can we learn from this passage? A．An invitation is a reputation. B．An innovation is a resolution. C．A rejection can be a redirection. D．A reflection can be a restriction. 答案：C 解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. (我明白了有时候我需要抓住提供的机会，即使这些机会在当时听起来并不完美，也要充分利用，而不是一成不变地制定计划)”结合文章中作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会，告诉我们最初的拒绝给予了更好的方向。故C选项“拒绝可以是重定向”最符合文章的主旨。故选C。 考点五：考查态度观点推理。 解题规则 定位他人观点的表述→分析语境情感倾向→排除“混淆作者与他人观点”的选项。 8.（2022北京高考真题） As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A．sympathetic B．unconcerned C．doubtful D．excited 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 9.（2024北京高考真题） In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam? A．Scared. B．Worried. C．Discouraged. D．Wronged. 答案：C 解析： 推理判断题。根据第二段“I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I’d been over-confident. Now I’d been declared talentless.(我觉得很难，但仍希望能通过测试。我没有通过，而且成绩很低。我过于自信了。现在，我被宣布为毫无(油画)天赋的人了)”并结合下文中作者多年不碰油画的经历可推知，作者对美术考试的结果感到气馁。故选C。 考点六：考查应用文体隐含信息推理。 解题规则 梳理文本核心信息（时间、对象、要求、优势）→推断“未明确说明但必然成立”的信息→排除“超出文本范围的过度推断”。 10.（2025北京高考真题） Schedule of Programming 17 July Time                 Activities 14:00-15:00      Lead to Change Kick-off 15:00-16:30      Programme Showcase 16:30-18:00      Track Workshops 18 July Time                 Activities 9:30-11:00        Career Fireside Chats 13:00-14:15       Youth Panel 14:15-16:20       Track Keynotes 19 July Time                 Activities 8:00-12:00       Off-site Experiences 13:00-15:00      Gallery Viewing 15:15-16:45      Adult Workshops 20 July Time                 Activities 9:00-11:15         Explore Workshops 13:30-16:00        Keynote Speech 16:15-17:00        Celebration According to the schedule, which activity can the teens participate in? A．Keynote Speech on 17 July. B．Youth Panel on 18 July. C．Celebration on 19 July. D．Programme Showcase on 20 July. 答案：B 解析： 细节理解题。根据“Schedule of Programming”中的安排，18 July 的活动安排里有“13:00 - 14:15 Youth Panel(13:00 - 14:15 青少年小组讨论)”，所以青少年可以在 18 日参加青少年小组讨论活动。故选B。 （建议用时：15分钟） 【类型一：细节推理】 1．（2025北京高考真题） Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. 2.（2023北京高考真题） As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 【类型二：观点态度】 3. （2025北京高考真题）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years, psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on 1 January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). What does the author mainly do in this passage? A．Clarify a goal. B．Analyse an event. C．Make a comparison. D．Illustrate an approach. 【类型三：逻辑关系】 4.（2021北京高考真题） Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach 5.（2022北京高考真题）“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________. A．illustrate an argument B．highlight an opinion C．introduce the topic D．predict the ending （建议用时：15分钟） 【类型一：细节推理】 1.   （2024北京高考真题）One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I’d lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints. Which word would best describe the author’s dream? A．Confusing. B．Empowering. C．Disturbing. D．Entertaining. 2.（2023北京高考真题） As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Climate change has been forgotten. B．Lessons of history are highly valued. C．The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D．Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 【类型二：观点态度】 3.（2023北京高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a statement D．highlight a problem 4.（2021北京高考真题） “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A．worried B．puzzled C．surprised D．scared 【类型三：逻辑关系】 5.（2024北京高考真题） So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 6.（2023北京高考真题）In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. What does the author intend to tell us? A．Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B．Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C．Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D．Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. （建议用时：15分钟） Passage 1 （2025·北京东城·二模） Have you ever felt as though the temperatures your local weather app reported failed to capture how it felt outside? Well, you were right. As heat waves become more intense and more frequent, we need to change the way we think about outdoor temperatures. What matters is not how hot the air is but how hot the weather is to a human body. For that, we need “wet-bulb globe temperature”. Wet-bulb temperature, which athletic organizations, the military and regulators have used for decades, comes from a device with three thermometers to better capture how heat stresses the body The first is a basic thermometer, which measures the air temperature. The second is a thermometer inside a black ball, which captures the heat our bodies absorb from direct sunlight. The third is a thermometer covered in a wet cloth, mimicking our body’s ability to cool itself with sweat and accounting for factors such as humidity (湿度) and air movement. The three readings are combined using a weighting system to produce the wet-bulb temperature. Wet-bulb temperature might sound like the “heat index” — that is, when your local weatherperson says, “It’s 90 degrees, but it’s going to feel like 98 because of humidity” — and there are similarities. But there are also critical differences. The heat index assumes you’re in the shade and resting, but being in direct sunlight can add 15 degrees to the heat index. One way to understand the value of using wet temperatures is to look at maps comparing them with the more familiar “dry” temperatures. Take Fresno, Calif., which is forecast-to reach 102 degrees. But humidity is low, so the corresponding wet-bulb temperature is 80. New York City, for comparison, is forecast to be 98, but humidity will be high, putting the wet-bulb temperature at 88 — and making conditions even more dangerous than in Fresno. Don’t get me wrong. I just want to stress that we cannot ignore the even more dangerous weather happening elsewhere that might be less obvious. Of course, it will take time for the public to become familiar with wet-bulb temperatures. The downside is that, because they are generally lower than dry temperatures or the heat index, people could misinterpret them. The solution is to educate people about why they’re necessary. Policymakers have strategies to protect against extreme heat. For example, Portland, Ore, has begun distributing free air conditioners. Simple infrastructure enhancements such as white roofs can reflect the sun’s heat and incoming solar radiation. And planting more trees adjacent to buildings helps reduce temperatures and heat deaths. But these measures matter only if people and companies are aware there’s an issue, which means using the right data. The goal should be to help people experiencing extreme heat to protect themselves. We have the tools to measure this correctly; we just need to use them. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The development of high-tech thermometers. B．The measurement of wet-bulb temperature. C．The standard of temperature classification. D．The application of a weighting system. 2．It is implied in this passage that ______. A．dry temperatures can be misleading B．wet temperature is higher than heat index C．intense heat paired with low humidity can be risky D．potential dangers of extreme heat should be stressed 3．As for current heat-fighting strategies, the author thinks ______. A．they may fail to deliver B．they should be monitored C．they ought to be diversified D．they can raise heat awareness 4．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To illustrate a concept B．To make a comparison. C．To propose a practice. D．To present a phenomenon. Passage 2 （2025·北京西城·二模）In the quiet town of Greenfield, situated in the hills of upstate New York, David Lee had built a life around his art. His small studio in an old Victorian house was a sanctuary (庇护所) where he painted landscapes that captured (展现) the heart of the town he loved. The walls were covered with pieces of art, each one reflecting his dedication and passion. One crisp autumn evening, as the sun set, casting a golden glow over the town, David worked on what he believed was his best piece yet. Lost in his work, he barely noticed a flash of light in the corner of his eye. It was a neighbor who first saw the smoke. By the time David realized what was happening, the fire had spread through half of his studio. He rushed outside, horrified to see the flames (火焰) consuming everything he had worked so hard for. Within minutes, his studio was reduced to ashes. The following days were clouded with sorrow. David wandered the streets of Greenfield, confused and with no purpose. Friends and neighbors offered their support, but nothing could replace the years of work destroyed. One evening, as he sat on a bench in the town square, he noticed children drawing with chalk on the pavement. Their laughter and creativity cut through his despair. David realized his passion for art wasn’t tied to the physical space of his studio. It was something deeper within him. He decided to start over, to rebuild his life and art anew. With the help of his friends, David set up a small workspace in the community center. He began painting again, this time with renewed purpose. His first piece was an acknowledgment of Greenfield, capturing the town’s resilience (坚韧). As he painted, he felt a sense of peace he hadn’t felt in weeks. One day, while finishing a challenging piece, a young girl approached him. “What are you painting?” she asked. David smiled. “It’s a story,” he said. “A story of resilience and hope.” The girl nodded, her eyes reflecting the colors on the painting. “It’s beautiful,” she said. David felt warmth in his chest. He realized his art was about more than just paintings — it was about connecting with others and sharing his journey. From then on, David painted not only for himself but for everyone who needed a reminder of the beauty in the world. Though his studio had changed, his passion for art had been renewed, and in that, he found a new kind of resilience. 1．How did David feel after the fire destroyed his studio? A．Angry and bitter. B．Grateful and content. C．Lost and empty. D．Anxious and regretful. 2．What is the significance of the children drawing on the pavement? A．Their creativity helps David find joy again. B．They are a reminder of the fire’s destruction. C．They represent the future of art in Greenfield. D．They show how the town has forgotten about David’s art. 3．What is the theme of David’s first new painting after the fire? A．Renewal. B．Resilience. C．Peace. D．Passion. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．The flash today is the silence tomorrow. B．The less you expect, the more you appreciate. C．The flame that burns you may also light your way. D．The greatest roadblocks are the ones you cannot see. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $