Unit 1 Section Ⅲ Developing ideas-【优学精讲】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第三册教用Word(外研版)

本讲义围绕议论文“善意谎言”主题，通过“析架构-知细节-品语言-拓思维-析难句”五步学习支架，系统梳理文本结构、核心词汇（如frank、tear）及重点句型（so that目的状语从句、every time时间状语从句），构建从文本理解到语言应用的完整学习脉络。 该资料亮点在于融合语言能力与思维品质培养，如“拓思维”环节通过“是否应说善意谎言”等开放性问题引导辩证思考，提升批判性思维；“核心词汇集释”结合语境练习强化语言应用。课中辅助教师分层教学，课后练习题（阅读理解、应用文写作）助力学生查漏补缺，培养自主学习能力。

Section Ⅲ　Developing ideas Little White Lies 　　[1]Written more than two hundred years ago， these lines by Walter Scott① remain② one of the most well-known excerpts③ of Scottish poetry④： 　　Oh， [2]what a tangled⑤ web⑥ we weave⑦， 　　When first we practise to deceive⑧！ 　　[1]过去分词短语作状语，write与句子主语these lines是逻辑上的动宾关系。 　　[2]what引导感叹句，其结构为：What＋a/an＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！ 　　[3]We all know that honesty⑨ is an important value⑩ and that lying is wrong， but who can honestly say that they’ve never told a lie⑪？ [4]Perhaps we comfort⑫ ourselves with the knowledge⑬ that most of the lies we tell are “white lies⑭”： little lies that we tell to protect⑮others from the truth. 　　[3]本句为but连接的并列复合句。在but前面的句子中，know 后面是that 引导的两个宾语从句，其中第二个that 不能省略；在but后面的句子中，say 后面是that 引导的宾语从句。 　　[4]本句是复合句。knowledge 后面是that 引导的同位语从句；we tell是定语从句； little lies后是that 引导的定语从句；to protect others from the truth为动词不定式短语作目的状语。 　　[5]We’ve all surely had the experience⑯ of someone cooking a meal for us that we don’t like. [6]The majority of⑰us of course don’t tell the truth⑱ — we lie and say that the food is “delicious”. 　　[5]本句是复合句。that we don’t like为that 引导的定语从句，修饰前面的先行词meal。 　　[6]and 连接前后并列的两个谓语动词lie和say，say 后面是that 引导的宾语从句。 　　[7]Or if a friend asks us what we think of their new haircut⑲， we say “It’s great！”， even if⑳we think it’s awful㉑. But to what extent㉒ can we justify㉓ telling white lies like these？ 　　[7]本句为复合句。asks us后面是what引导的宾语从句；even if 引导让步状语从句。 　　One of the main reasons㉔ for telling a white lie is to try to make others feel better.[8]However， when we lie and say that someone’s haircut looks good， or when we say that we love a meal that we secretly hate， are we really hoping to improve the situation㉕ for someone else？ Perhaps we are in fact㉖ lying to protect ourselves from the disappointment㉗ and anger㉘ of others. 　　[8]本句是复合句。or 连接两个when 引导的时间状语从句，主句是一般疑问句，使用了现在进行时。However后面必须要加逗号。 　　Another reason for telling a white lie is to give encouragement㉙.Say for example that your friend asks you what you think of his singing.[9]You of course say that it’s wonderful， despite㉚ secretly thinking that your cat can sing better. [10]Stop for a moment㉛ and consider that perhaps your friend wants some frank㉜ comments㉝ from you so that they can improve. Or perhaps， they need to know that they should look for a different hobby. 　　[9]本句中despite 为介词，其后引导表示让步意义的短语结构，意义相当于although your cat can sing better。 　 　[10]本句是复合句。主句为祈使句；that引导宾语从句；so that 引导目的状语从句，从句中常用情态动词。 　　Finally， we may also tell a white lie when we want to protect others from bad news.If you’ve had a bad day， do you tell your parents about it， or do you hide your tears㉞ and lie that your day was “fine”？ If the latter㉟， don’t you think your parents would want to listen to you and understand your feelings？ Wouldn’t it be better to respect their concern for you and ask for their advice㊱？ 　　[11]Going back to Walter Scott’s lines， we may find even white lies have results we cannot know in advance㊲.[12]Perhaps the meal you said was “delicious” will be served㊳ every time you visit. Would your friend trust your opinion again if he found out you had lied about his “wonderful” singing？ How would you expect others to truly understand your emotions㊴ if you only shared good news instead of bad？ Moreover㊵， how would you feel if you discovered that the people closest to you had been hiding the truth from you？ 　　[11]Going back to Walter Scott’s lines为动词-ing短语作状语，go与句子的主语we是逻辑上的主谓关系。 　　[12]you said was “delicious”为省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句，修饰先行词meal； every time 引导时间状语从句，意为“每次……”。 【读文清障】 ①Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特（英国著名的历史小说家和诗人） ②remain v.保持，仍是 ③excerpt n.摘录，节选 ④Scottish poetry 苏格兰诗歌 ⑤tangled adj.纠结的；复杂的 ⑥web n.蜘蛛网；错综复杂的事物 ⑦weave v.编，织 ⑧deceive v.欺骗 ⑨honesty n.诚实 ⑩value n.价值 ⑪tell a lie 说谎 ⑫comfort vt.安慰 ⑬knowledge n.知识；知晓，了解 ⑭white lies 善意的谎言 ⑮protect v.保护 　protect ...from ...保护……免遭…… ⑯experience n.经历 ⑰the majority of 大多数 ⑱tell the truth 说实话 ⑲haircut n.发型 ⑳even if＝even though 即使 ㉑awful adj.糟糕的 ㉒to ...extent 在……程度上 ㉓justify v.证明（别人认为不合理的事）有道理；为……辩护 ㉔one of the main reasons 主要原因之一 ㉕situation n.情况，形势 ㉖in fact＝as a matter of fact 事实上 ㉗disappointment n.失望 　disappoint vt.使失望 　disappointed adj.失望的 　disappointing adj.令人失望的 ㉘anger n.生气 　angry adj.生气的 ㉙encouragement n.鼓励 　encourage vt.鼓励 ㉚despite＝in spite of 尽管 ㉛for a moment 一会儿 ㉜frank adj.坦率的，坦诚的，直言不讳的 ㉝comment n.评论 ㉞tear n.眼泪，泪水 ㉟latter n.后者 ㊱ask for one’s advice 征求某人的意见 ㊲in advance 提前 ㊳serve v.提供，接待，服务 ㊴emotion n.情感 ㊵moreover adv.此外，而且 【参考译文】 善意的小小谎言 　　200多年前，沃尔特·司各特写下的这几行文字，如今依然是苏格兰诗歌中最广为传诵的诗句之一： 　　啊，谎言一旦开始， 　　我们须得织就一张错综复杂的网！ 　　我们都知道诚实是一项重要品质，也知道说谎是不对的。但是谁又能诚实地说自己从来没有说过谎呢？或许我们可以安慰自己，我们说过的大部分谎言都是“善意的谎言”，即为了保护他人不被真相伤害而撒的小谎。 　　我们一定都有过这样的经历：别人为我们准备的菜肴不合我们的口味。大多数人会理所当然地把真实想法隐藏起来——我们会撒谎说这道菜“很好吃”。 　　或者有朋友问我们他的新发型怎么样，即使我们觉得剪得非常糟糕，也会说“棒极了！”但是这些善意的谎言到底有多正当呢？ 　　说善意的谎言，主要原因之一是为了照顾别人的感受。但是，当我们撒谎说某人的发型很好看，或者说不合我们口味的菜很好吃时，我们真的是在为别人着想吗？也许事实上，我们撒谎只是为了不让别人失望和生气，以免殃及自身。 　　说善意的谎言的另一个原因是给予鼓励。比如说，你的朋友问你觉得他的歌唱得怎么样。尽管你私下里认为他唱得还不如猫叫好听，但还是说他的歌声很美妙。停下来想一想，也许你的朋友就是想听到你的真实评价，从而改进和提高。又或者，应该让他知道自己需要换一个爱好了。 　　最后，想要向别人隐瞒坏消息的时候，我们可能也会说善意的谎言。假如你今天过得很糟糕，你是对你的父母说实话呢，还是偷偷擦掉眼泪骗他们说今天过得“不错”？如果你选择隐瞒，难道你不觉得其实父母希望听你倾诉从而理解你的真实感受吗？尊重他们对你的关心，向他们寻求建议不是更好吗？ 　　回到沃尔特·司各特的诗句，我们会发现，即使是善意的谎言，也会带来无法预知的后果。也许被你评价为“很好吃”的菜肴会在你每次到访时都出现在餐桌上。你的朋友发现你对歌声“很美妙”的评价是个谎言后，还会继续信任你的看法吗？如果你只分享好消息而隐瞒坏消息，你还能期望他人真正理解你的情绪吗？而且，当你发现身边最亲近的人在对你隐瞒真相时，你又会有怎样的感受呢？ 第一步：析架构理清脉络 第二步：知细节明察秋毫 1.What is the function of the first paragraph？（　　） A.To introduce the topic of the whole passage. B.To deepen the understanding of white lies. C.To remind the readers of the damage of white lies. D.To analyse why people like telling white lies. 2.What can we learn from Paragraph 2？（　　） A.Being honest means you are valuable. B.We tell lies so as to protect others. C.Honest men say they never tell lies. D.White lies have a kind original intention. 3.Why do we have to tell a white lie sometimes？（　　） A.Because white lies make ourselves feel better. B.Because white lies are always encouraging. C.Because white lies can protect others from bad emotions. D.Because all the white lies are kind and understandable. 4.Which example is a white lie used to give encouragement？（　　） A.Your haircut looks good. B.You sing a wonderful song. C.The meal you cooked is delicious. D.My day is fine.Don’t worry. 5.What can we learn from the last paragraph？（　　） A.All the white lies are good for our lives. B.All the white lies are bad for our lives. C.Sometimes a white lie has a result we can’t know in advance. D.If we tell a white lie， we will lose our best friends. 6.What is the author’s attitude towards “telling white lies”？（　　） A.Approving.　　　　　 B.Disapproving. C.Cautious.　 D.Neutral. 答案：1－6　ADCBCC 第三步：品语言妙笔生辉 Read the passage carefully and find the sentence containing quotes. 　Written more than two hundred years ago， these lines by Walter Scott remain one of the most well-known excerpts of Scottish poetry：　 　Oh， what a tangled web we weave，　 　When first we practise to deceive！　 第四步：拓思维品质提升 1.Whether should we tell white lies？ 　It depends on what thing we will tell.If it brings some bad results， I think we’d better tell the truth.　 2.In your opinion， what is a white lie？ 　A white lie refers to a lie that is told in order to be polite or to stop someone from being upset by the truth or to encourage someone.　 3.Can you give an example of a white lie？ 　For example， whenever my mother cooks meat， she often says that she doesn’t like eating meat.In fact， she says so to save the meat and allow us to eat more.　 第五步：析难句表达升级 1.We all know that honesty is an important value and that lying is wrong， but who can honestly say that they’ve never told a lie？ 句式分析 本句为but连接的并列复合句。第一个分句是复合句，that honesty is an important value and that lying is wrong为由连词and连接的并列的　宾语　从句。第二个分句也是复合句，that they’ve never told a lie为that引导的　宾语　从句。 自主翻译 　我们都知道诚实是一项重要品质，也知道说谎是不对的。但是谁又能诚实地说自己从来没有说过谎呢？　 2.However， when we lie and say that someone’s haircut looks good， or when we say that we love a meal that we secretly hate， are we really hoping to improve the situation for someone else？ 句式分析 本句为主从复合句。when we lie and say that someone’s haircut looks good和when we say that we love a meal that we secretly hate均为when引导的　时间状语　从句；that someone’s haircut looks good和that we love a meal都是that引导的　宾语　从句；that we secretly hate为that引导的　定语　从句，修饰先行词　meal　。 自主翻译 　但是，当我们撒谎说某人的发型很好看，或者说不合我们口味的菜很好吃时，我们真的是在为别人着想吗？　 3.Perhaps the meal you said was “delicious” will be served every time you visit. 句式分析 本句为复合句。you said was “delicious”为　省略了关系代词that/which的定语　从句；every time you visit为every time引导的　时间状语　从句。 自主翻译 　也许被你评价为“很好吃”的菜肴会在你每次到访时都出现在餐桌上。　 Part Ⅰ　核心词汇集释 frank adj.坦率的，坦诚的，直言不讳的 【教材原句】　Stop for a moment and consider that perhaps your friend wants some frank comments from you so that they can improve. 停下来想一想，也许你的朋友就是想听到你的真实评价，从而改进和提高。 【用法】 （1）to be frank　　　坦白说；坦率地说 to be frank with sb　　对某人坦白 （2）frankly adv.　　坦诚地，坦白说 frankly speaking　　坦白说；坦率地说 （3）to be honest＝honestly speaking　　老实说 to tell the truth　　说实话 【佳句】　To be frank/Frankly speaking， I’d like to be your friend and invite you to come to my house on weekends. 坦白说，我想做你的朋友，并邀请你周末来我家。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①To be frank 　 with　 you， I don’t really think you’ve got a chance. ②　Frankly　 （frank）， my father and I are extremely similar in personality. 【写美】　同义句转换 ③To be honest， it was one of the best books I’ve ever read. →　Honestly speaking　， it was one of the best books I’ve ever read. →　To tell the truth　， it was one of the best books I’ve ever read. tear n.眼泪，泪水 vt.（tore， torn）撕碎，扯破；扯掉 【教材原句】　If you’ve had a bad day， do you tell your parents about it， or do you hide your tears and lie that your day was “fine”？ 假如你今天过得很糟糕，你是对你的父母说实话呢，还是偷偷擦掉眼泪骗他们说今天过得“不错”？ 【用法】 （1）burst into tears＝burst out crying　突然大哭起来 hold back the tears　　忍住眼泪 move sb to tears　　使某人感动得流泪 in tears　　哭着；流泪 （2）tear up＝tear ...into pieces　撕毁；撕碎 tear down　　拆除；拆掉 tear ...in two＝tear ...into halves　　把……撕成两半 【佳句】　Tears of happiness flowed down her cheeks. 幸福的泪水顺着她的脸颊流下来。（情感描写） 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①During the time when he told the story， we were all listening 　in　 tears. ②The city will tear 　down　 the old building and create a park here. ③She 　tore　 （tear） up the letter angrily and threw it into the dustbin. 【写美】　补全句子 ④When the teacher woke up in the hospital， she found herself surrounded by her students and 　was moved to tears　.当老师在医院醒来时，发现自己被学生们围着，感动得哭了。（情感描写） apart adv.分离，分开adj.分开的，分离的 【教材原句】　As soon as they started to get closer， they hurt each other with their quills， so they had to move apart.它们一开始靠近就互相用棘刺伤了对方，所以它们不得不分开。 【用法】 apart from　　　除……之外；除了……外（还有） take ...apart　　将……拆卸开/拆分 tell ...apart　　分辨出，辨别 tear ...apart　　使某人不快；撕毁某物 fall apart　　崩溃；土崩瓦解 set sb apart　　使某人与众不同 【佳句】　The twins are so alike that it’s difficult to tell them apart. 这对双胞胎长得太像了，很难把他们区分开来。 【点津】　apart from表示“除……之外”时，相当于except， except for；表示“除了……外（还有）”时，相当于besides， in addition to。 【练透】　选用上面短语并用其适当形式填空 ①It 　tears　 me 　apart　 to think I might have made her sad. ②He drives around in an old car that’s 　falling apart　. ③Her unusual lifestyle 　set　 her 　apart　 as a child. ④It is easy to 　take　 the machine 　apart　 but it is difficult to put it together. 【写美】　补全句子 ⑤　Apart from/Besides/In addition to the reasons above　， it is also a good opportunity for me to do some voluntary work. 除了以上原因，这也是一次我做一些志愿工作的好机会。（申请信） Part Ⅱ　重点句型解构 句型公式：so that引导目的状语从句 【教材原句】　Stop for a moment and consider that perhaps your friend wants some frank comments from you so that they can improve.Or perhaps， they need to know that they should look for a different hobby.停下来想一想，也许你的朋友就是想听到你的真实评价，从而改进和提高。又或者，应该让他知道自己需要换一个爱好了。 【用法】 （1）so that引导目的状语从句时，从句常和情态动词may/might， can/could， should， would等连用。 （2）so that还可以引导结果状语从句，意为“因此，所以”，主从句之间可用逗号隔开。 【品悟】　We should read more books so that we can get more knowledge. 我们应当多读书，以便可以获得更多知识。 【点津】　in order that也可以引导目的状语从句，相当于so that，如果更正式，可以用“in order to＋动词原形”替换。 【写美】　微写作/一句多译 ①我们很早就去了电影院，结果我们坐到了好位置。 We went to the cinema very early，　so that we got good seats　. ②他每天努力学习以便能考试及格。 →He studies hard every day 　in order that/so that he can pass the exam　. →He studies hard every day 　in order to/so as to pass the exam　. →　In order to pass the exam　， he studies hard every day. 句型公式：every time引导时间状语从句 【教材原句】　Perhaps the meal you said was “delicious” will be served every time you visit. 也许被你评价为“很好吃”的菜肴会在你每次到访时都出现在餐桌上。 【用法】 句中every time you visit为名词词组every time引导的时间状语从句，every time相当于whenever，表示“每次……”。 名词词组作连词用，引导时间状语从句的还有： （1）由time构成的名词词组：each time， the first/last time， next time， any time等； （2）the＋瞬间名词： the minute/instant/moment等； （3）the＋时间名词：the day/week/year/spring/summer/autumn/winter等。 【品悟】　I think of the happy time we spent together every time I see these photos. ＝I think of the happy time we spent together each time I see these photos. 每次看到这些照片，我都会想起我们一起度过的美好时光。 【写美】　微写作/句型转换 ①第一次和简见面，我们就谈了很多关于学习的事，就好像是老朋友一样。 　The first time I met Jane　， we talked a lot about study as if we had been old friends. ②每次我有麻烦的时候，他都会来帮我一把。 　Every time I was in trouble　， he would come to help me out. ③上次我去拜访他时，他碰巧外出了。 He happened to be out 　last time I called on him　. ④I was so familiar with him that I recognised his voice as soon as I picked up the phone. →I was so familiar with him that I recognised his voice 　the moment/instant/minute　 I picked up the phone. 维度一：品句填词 1.　Weaving　 （编） and knitting are traditional cottage industries. 2.She was unable to 　justify　 （为……辩护） her action of leaving the important document in her car. 3.Would you like to help me take 　apart　 （分开） the machine？ 4.When they heard the bad news that their only son died in the earthquake， the couple burst into 　tears　 （眼泪）. 5.The location of the apartment is perfect. 　Moreover　 （而且）， the rent is quite reasonable. 6.Tom is 　independent　 （独立的） — he never asks his parents’ opinion unless he wants their support. 7.The salesgirl was rude to the customer，so the latter　 complained to the manager about it. 8.I was invited to lots of delicious meals. But， to be frank　， the fireworks going off throughout the night were really annoying. 维度二：词形转换 1.Faced with so many problems arising from lack of communication， I didn’t know how to deal with them 　independently　 （independent）. 2.After reading the letter， she 　tore　 （tear） it to pieces and threw them into the fire. 3.　Frankly　 （frank） speaking， I am not sure whether I will pass the coming examination. 4.He described it as an extraordinarily 　tangled　 （tangle） and complicated tale. 5.As the goods were damaged， she felt fully 　justified/justifiable　 （justify） in asking for her money back. 维度三：固定搭配和句式 1.　Every time he arrived home　 （每次他到家时） at the end of the day， we’d greet him at the door. 2.We’ll support you forever 　even if/even though you don’t succeed　 （即使你不成功）. 3.It occurred to me that I should tell you the exact time of my arrival 　in advance　 （提前）. 4.　The more you speak English　 （你英语说得越多），the better your English will become. 5.I have to study hard 　so that　 （以便） I can keep up with my classmates. 6.They set up a wildlife reserve to 　protect animals from being hunted　 （保护动物免遭猎杀）. 维度四：课文语法填空 　　We all know that honesty is an important value and that 1.　lying　 （lie） is wrong， but who can 2.　honestly　 （honest） say that they’ve never told a lie？Perhaps we comfort ourselves with the knowledge that most of the lies we tell are “white lies”： little lies that we tell 3.　to protect　 （protect） others from the truth.There are some reasons for telling white lies.One reason for telling a white lie is to make others feel 4.　better　 （good）.When we lie and say someone’s haircut looks good， we are in fact lying to protect ourselves from the 5.　disappointment　 （disappoint） and anger of others.Another reason for telling a white lie is to give encouragement.Say for example that your friend asks you what you think of his singing.You of course say that it’s wonderful， 6.　despite　 secretly thinking that your cat can sing better.In fact， perhaps what your friend needs are frank 7.　comments　 （comment）.Finally， we may also tell 8.　a　 white lie 9.　when　 we want to protect others from bad news.If you 10.　have had　 （have） a bad day， you may hide your tears and lie that your day was “fine” so that your parents won’t worry about you.However， wouldn’t it be better to respect their concern for you and ask for their advice？One day， we may find even white lies have results we cannot know in advance. Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 　　I have quite a bit of experience with Toastmasters， an organization aiming to help people overcome speech anxiety. I joined many years ago with the hope of improving my public speaking. After one of my speeches， the comments I received were harsh. Constructive or not， the critique was hard to take. I felt my feelings were hurt. 　　I learned many things from my time with Toastmasters， and one was the value of good feedback. Welcoming the critique of others is hard for adults， even when it’s well-intentioned. So naturally， we can expect that children will also struggle with it. But the feedback our children receive from teachers and parents is important to their growth and development. So as parents， we must learn how to deliver our feedback effectively， and we’ll need to train our children on how to accept it with openness and wisdom. 　　The way parents deliver their feedback is as important as the specific words used. It’s possible to have good intentions， but when feedback is poorly given， it can be harmful and not helpful. 　　It’s important to create a welcoming， safe environment in the home for intaking and processing feedback. Especially between a child and parent， the feedback needs to be healthy， constructive and regular. 　　The words used are also important. In a New York Times article written by Dr Adam Grant， an organizational psychologist at the Wharton School， he shares that it is “22 to 29 per cent more effective” to encourage children with nouns than verbs， but when it comes to giving negative feedback， it’s generally better to use verbs. 　　A parent’s feedback provides the scaffolding （脚手架） for how a child will manage their inner monologue. Consider， as an example， a discussion you may have with your child about their goals. Your feedback can encourage them not just to focus on where they are now but to reflect on how far they’ve come. This kind of feedback can spur them on to reach the finish line. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了父母应该如何对孩子进行有效的反馈。 1.Why does the author mention his experience with Toastmasters？（　　） A.To tell us what is good feedback. B.To tell us to join Toastmasters. C.To show the main function of feedback. D.To show the necessity of proper feedback. 解析：D　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可以推断出，作者提到他参加Toastmasters的经历是为了说明适当反馈的必要性。 2.Which of the following feedback is effective according to Dr Adam Grant？（　　） ①You’re a big helper. ②You’re a poor math learner. ③You’ve been helpful this afternoon. ④You didn’t do well on this math test. A.①②　　 B.①④　　 C.②③　　 D.③④ 解析：B　推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，①和④是有效的反馈。 3.What does the underlined word “spur” in the last paragraph mean？（　　） A.Limit.　　　　　　 B.Monitor. C.Persuade.　 D.Inspire. 解析：D　词义猜测题。根据画线词上句和画线词后的them on to reach the finish line可知，画线词和上文的encourage意义一致。所以，画线词和D项Inspire意义一致。 4.What is the best title for the passage？（　　） A.The Way to Respond to Feedback B.The Value of Accepting Feedback C.How to Give Effective Feedback D.How to Become a Better Speaker 解析：C　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了父母应该如何对孩子进行有效的反馈。 B 　　“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday？” Lindsey whispers to Tori. 　　With her eyes shining，Tori brags，“You bet I did.Sean told me two days ago.” 　　Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about？It just happened to be yours truly，Adam Freedman.I can tell you that what they are saying is （a） not nice and （b） not even true.Still，Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School， including me.Many of our conversations are gossip （闲话）.I have noticed three effects of gossip：It can hurt people， it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction， and it can cause social pressures in a group. 　　An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.Usually，gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups， trouble at home， even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret.The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is，the juicier the gossip it makes.Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie.People often think of gossipers as harmless， but cruel lies can cause pain. 　　If we know that gossip can be harmful， then why do so many of us do it？The answer lies in another effect of gossip：the satisfaction it gives us.Sharing the latest rumor （传言） can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t.Similarly，hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”.In other words，gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority （优越感）. 　　Gossip can also have a third effect： It strengthens unwritten，unspoken rules about how people should act.Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviour in a group.Translated into high school terms， this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said， then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention.The dos and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook. 　　The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation.The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news，think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have. 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了说闲话的影响，分析了人们为什么喜欢传闲话。 5.Why is a conversation given at the beginning of the passage？（　　） A.To introduce a topic. B.To present an argument. C.To tell a story. D.To clarify the writing purpose. 解析：A　推理判断题。第一、二段描述了两个人说别人闲话的场景。第三段叙述了说闲话这种事几乎人人都会做。下文接着叙述说闲话的三个影响。由此推知，文章开头引用两人的交谈是为了引出“说闲话”这个话题。 6.What important negative effect does gossip have？（　　） A.Breaking up relationships. B.Embarrassing the listeners. C.Spreading information around. D.Causing unpleasant experiences. 解析：D　推理判断题。根据第四段的第一句可知，流言会伤害被谈论的人。由此可推知，流言会给被谈论的人带来不愉快的经历。 7.Why do many people like to gossip？（　　） A.It gives them a feeling of pleasure. B.It helps them make more friends. C.It makes them better at telling stories. D.It enables them to meet important people. 解析：A　细节理解题。根据第五段中的The answer lies in another effect of gossip： the satisfaction it gives us.可知，散播流言能给人带来满足感，即快乐的感觉。 8.Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can 　　　　.（　　） A.provide students with written rules B.make people watch their own behaviour C.force school to improve student handbooks D.attract the police’s attention to group behaviour 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第六段中的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviour in a group.可知，流言在管理群体行为方面很重要。 C 　　So many things can keep you from seeing your loved ones in person， from busy schedules to long distances. Fortunately， thanks to modern technology， the people you miss are often only a phone call or a text message away. According to science， if you want to feel more connected to the people you’re talking to， you should call them instead of texting. 　　In a study， researchers did various experiments. In one， they asked 200 people to imagine what it would be like to reconnect with an old friend by email or by phone， and they asked people to do one or the other at random. Although people thought that a phone call would be more mortifying， it actually made the experience better. “People reported they did form a stronger bond with their old friends on the phone versus email， and they did not feel uncomfortable，” co-author Amit Kumar said. 　　In another experiment， researchers had strangers connect by texting， talking over video chat， or talking using only audio （音频）. They found that both forms of voice communication — whether video or audio only — made the strangers feel more connected than when they communicated via text. 　　Sabrina Romanoff， a psychologist， says people tend to text instead of calling because of convenience， as they can organize information exactly in the way they intend without unexpected additions by the other person. 　　Romanoff says that in reality， texting can make it hard to determine the true meaning behind a conversation. “A phone call is actually more convenient considering the effects of the message，” she explains. “Each part is more present， and therefore， it is able to figure out the meaning behind the conversation quickly without thinking of the endless possible meanings behind words.” 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，如果想和交谈的人感觉更亲近，应该给他们打电话而不是发短信。 9.What does the underlined word “mortifying” in Paragraph 2 mean？（　　） A.Puzzling.　 B.Exciting. C.Embarrassing.　 D.Satisfying. 解析：C　词义猜测题。根据Although可知，主从句之间为让步关系，结合下文it actually made the experience better以及they did not feel uncomfortable可知，尽管人们认为打电话会让人更难堪，但实际上这让体验变得更好。所以画线词的意思是“令人尴尬的”。 10.What advantage does a phone call have over an email according to the study？（　　） A.It takes more patience. B.It brings people closer. C.It proves more relaxing. D.It makes people more friendly. 解析：B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的They found that both forms ...they communicated via text.可知，根据这项研究，打电话比发电子邮件有优势是因为它拉近了人们的距离。 11.Why do people consider texting convenient？（　　） A.They can make themselves clear without being disturbed. B.They would easily keep the messages for future use. C.They can freely express their good or bad feelings. D.They would avoid some unpleasant topics. 解析：A　细节理解题。根据第四段中的as they can organize information ...by the other person可知，人们认为发短信很方便是因为他们可以在不被打扰的情况下把自己的意思表达清楚。 12.What can we infer from Romanoff’s words in the last paragraph？（　　） A.It is easy to express one’s meaning through texting. B.It is necessary to guess the meaning behind words. C.People can understand each other more easily by phone calls. D.People should use simple words to express themselves in emails. 解析：C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的it is able to figure out ...possible meanings behind words可知，人们可以通过电话更容易地相互理解。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五 　　Talking to Teens About Friendships 　　Parents can’t choose their teenagers’ friends or control their friendships.13.（　　） Here are some of the most important things about friendships that parents should share with their teens. 　　Authentic （真实的） Connection 　　The best teen friendships allow teenagers to speak honestly and openly about how they are feeling.14.（　　） This kind of authentic connection will support them during adolescence （青春期） and beyond. 　　The Power of Listening 　　Friendships depend on listening as well as sharing.Strong teen friendships depend on listening closely and responding with encouragement and positive feedback. 　　Friendships Change 　　15.（　　） People change as they grow up， and then they may grow apart.Parents can encourage teens to think about the qualities that are important to them in a relationship.Friendships are more likely to last when teens have similar values， and want the same things out of the relationship. 　　Conflict （矛盾） Is Natural 　　It’s normal for teens to have fights and disagreements.16.（　　） Teen friendships help adolescents learn how to deal with conflict and how to recognize what they could do differently.Moreover， they learn how important it is to say “I’m sorry.” and also how important it is to pardon the other person. 　　In conclusion， teen friendships matter — a lot.17.（　　） By sharing， parents can not only help their teens win true friends， but also improve their parent-child relationships. A.It can help friends stay calm. B.Not all teen friendships last forever. C.Parents should listen to what they say patiently. D.They’re a huge part of growing into adulthood. E.But that doesn’t mean the friendship has to end. F.Moreover， they can do so without fear of being judged. G.But they can talk to their teens about what friendship should feel like. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了父母应该告诉青少年关于友情的一些事情。 13.G　上文指出家长不能操控青少年的友情，下文介绍了父母应该告诉青少年关于友情的一些事情。由此可知，设空处与上文内容形成转折关系，且与家长和孩子就交友方面进行沟通有关，故G项符合语境。G项中的they指代上文中的Parents， their teens呼应上文中的their teenagers， friendship呼应上文中的friends和friendships。 14.F　本部分指出友情是一种真实的联系。F项与空前一句对这种真实的联系作出了解释：让青少年开诚布公地说出自己的感受，且不用担心被评价。F项中的they指代上文中的teenagers， do so指代上文中的speak honestly and openly about how they are feeling。 15.B　B项（并不是所有的青少年友情都能天长地久）呼应本部分小标题Friendships Change，符合语境。B项中的teen， friendships， last与下文中的teens， Friendships， last是原词复现关系。 16.E　本部分指出青少年之间有矛盾很正常，青少年的友情可以帮助他们学会如何化解矛盾、谅解对方。由此可知，即使青少年之间有了争执，也并不意味着友情会结束，故E项符合语境。E项中的that指代上文中的have fights and disagreements。 17.D　本段是全文总结段，指出友情在青少年生活中很重要。根据空前一句可知，设空处应该与青少年友情的重要性有关，D项（它们是迈向成年的重要部分）符合语境。D项中的They指代上文中的teen friendships。 Ⅲ.应用文写作 　　假定你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以My Best Friend为题，写一篇短文参赛，内容包括： 　　1.简要介绍你最喜欢的朋友； 　　2.说明你喜欢他/她的原因； 　　3.朋友在我们生活中的重要性。 注意：1.写作词数应为 80 左右； 2.请按如下格式作答。 My Best Friend 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 参考范文： My Best Friend 　　It’s true that everyone has his or her best friend.My best friend is Li Ping， who is a lively and easy-going girl in my class.Not only does she do well in her academic subjects， but she is also ready to help others. 　　Undoubtedly， what brings us together are common interests and hobbies.There are two things that we enjoy doing together： reading literary works and listening to classical music.More importantly， we share similar views on life and the world around us. 　　As emotional creatures， we human beings need family affection as well as friendship.Without friends， our lives would be like a wild desert. 15 / 15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $