内容正文:
Unit 4 History And Traditions必备知识清单
Ⅰ. 核心词汇
1. Confucius n. 孔子
2. nearby adj. 附近的;邻近的 adv. 在附近
3. battle n. 战役;搏斗 vi. & vt. 搏斗;奋斗
4. port n. 港口(城市)
5. charge n. 收费;指控;主管 vt. 收费;控告;充电
6. amount n. 金额;数量
7. approach n. 方法;途径;接近 vt. 接近;接洽;着手处理 vi. 靠近
8. position n. 位置;姿态;职位 vt. 安装;安置
9. feast n. 盛宴;宴会;节日
10. roll vi. & vt. (使)翻滚;(使)滚动 n. 卷(轴);翻滚
11. dot n. 点;小(圆)点 vt. 加点;遍布
12. cattle n. 牛
13. custom n. 风俗;习俗;习惯
Ⅱ. 拓展词汇
1. individual adj. 单独的;个别的 n. 个人 → individually adv. 分别地;各个地;各自地
2. chief adj. 最重要的;最高级别的 n. (公司或机构的)首领;首长 → chiefly adv. 首先;第一;主要;尤其
3. puzzle n. 谜;智力游戏;疑问 vt. 迷惑;使困惑 → puzzling adj. 令人困惑的 → puzzled adj. 感到困惑的
4. defence n. 防御;保卫 → defend vt. & vi. 防御;保卫 → defensive adj. 防御的;保护的
5. legal adj. 法律的;合法的 → illegal adj. 不合法的
6. surround vt. 围绕;包围 → surrounding adj. 周围的 → surroundings n. 周围的环境
7. evidence n. 证据;证明 → evident adj. 明显的
8. achievement n. 成就;成绩;达到 → achieve vt. 达到;实现
9. location n. 地方;地点;位置 → locate vt. 位于;找……的位置
10. fascinating adj. 极有吸引力的;迷人的 → fascinate vt. 使…入迷;迷住 → fascinated adj. 着迷的
11. announce vt. 宣布;通知;声称 → announcement n. 宣布;通知 → announcer n. 广播员;解说员
12. ensure vt. 保证;确保;担保 → sure adj. 肯定的;有把握的;一定的;无疑的
13. generous adj. 慷慨的;大方的;→ generosity n. 慷慨;大方 → generously adv. 慷慨地;大方地
14. eager adj. 热切的;渴望的 → eagerly adv. 急切地;渴望地
15. poet n. 诗人 → poem n. 诗歌 → poetry n. 诗歌(总称)
16. greet vt. 问候;迎接 → greeting n. 问候;祝词
17. striking adj. 引人注目的;显著的 → strike vt. 打击;攻击;打动 n. 罢工
18. crowd n. 人群;一群人;民众 vt. 挤满;使……拥挤 → crowded adj. 拥挤的
Ⅲ. 重点短语
1. join...to... 把……和……连接或联结起来
2. break away (from sb/sth) 脱离;背叛;逃脱
3. belong to 属于
4. as well as 同(一样也);和;还
5. keep your eyes open (for) 留心;留意
6. have a great influence on 对……有很大的影响
7. take over 接管;掌管
8. leave behind 留下
Ⅳ. 重点句型
1. what 引导宾语从句
The United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England—many people are confused by what these different names mean. 联合王国、大不列颠、英国、英格兰——许多人对这些不同的名字的含义感到困惑。
[仿写] 没有人知道接下来将会发生什么事。
Nobody knows what will happen next.
2. if 引导的条件状语从句的省略形式
So what is the difference between them, if any? 如果有的话,那么它们之间有什么区别呢?
[仿写] 如果可能的话,试着每天在同一时间去睡觉和起床。
If possible, try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.
3. 过去分词短语作后置定语
They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. 像拥有同样的货币和国防一样,他们也使用同一面被称为联合杰克的国旗。
南开大学始建于1919年,有着100多年的历史。
Nankai University, founded in 1919, has a history of more than 100 years.
4. the way 后接省略了 that 或 in which 的定语从句
They introduced the beginnings of the English language, and changed the way people built houses. 他们引进了最初的英语,并且改变了人们建造房屋的方式。
[仿写] 她完成这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。
I was impressed by the way she did it.
5. have sth done
They had castles built all around England, and made changes to the legal system. 他们在英格兰四处修建城堡,并改革了法律制度。
[仿写] 她想尽快把她的房间装修一下。
She wanted to have her room decorated as soon as possible.
6. with + 名词 + 过去分词
The peaceful landscape of the "Emerald Isle" and its many green counties is a true feast for the eyes, with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep and cattle. “绿宝石(爱尔兰)岛”风光宁静秀美,郡县草木葱茏,青山连绵起伏,牛羊点缀其中,堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
[仿写] 随着越来越多的森林被破坏,一些动植物正面临灭绝的危险。
With more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out.
Ⅴ. 单元语法:过去分词作定语和宾语补足语
过去分词(past participle)是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加-ed构成,不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表(见教材P114—P115)。
1. 过去分词作定语
(1)过去分词作定语的意义
及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动,只表示完成。
① 表示被动和完成
a polluted river 一条被污染的河流 the watered flowers 浇过水的花
② 只表示完成,不表示被动
fallen leaves 落叶
(2)过去分词作定语的位置
单个的过去分词作定语时,通常放在所修饰词的前面;过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在后面,其作用相当于一个定语从句。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
= The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。
(3)现在分词作定语与过去分词作定语的区别
现在分词作定语表主动或进行;而过去分词作定语时,表被动或完成。
形式
语态
时态
过去分词
被动
完成
现在分词
主动
进行
The car belonging to my uncle was stolen last week.
我叔叔的那辆车上周被盗了。
The bridge built in 2013 was designed by a local company.
2013年建造的这座大桥是由一家当地公司设计的。
(4)三种非谓语形式作定语所表示的内涵:
done
被动的动作已经完成
being done
被动的动作正在发生
to be done
被动的动作将要发生
The meeting held yesterday is very important. 昨天开的会很重要。
All the members of the team have attended the meeting being held. 所有的队员都出席了正在举行的会议。
It is said that there is a meeting to be held in the hall tomorrow. 据说明天有个会议要在这个大厅举行。
2. 过去分词作宾语补足语
(1)过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语的关系
过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语有着动宾关系,宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。
He watched the TV set carried out of the room. 他看着电视机被搬出了房间。
Last year they had the house rebuilt. 去年他们让人重建了房子。
(2)几类能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词(短语)
① 表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语),如 see、watch、observe、find、look at、hear、listen to、feel、notice、think 等。
I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱这首歌。
When we got to school, we saw the door locked. 当我们到学校时,看见门锁着。
② 表示“致、使”意义的动词,如 have、make、get、keep、leave 等。
They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English. 他们设法用很简单的英语以使别人听懂。
Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。
名师点评
“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”可以表示三种含义:
① 表示“请(让)别人做某事”(说话人没有参与)
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要去理发。
② 表示“遭遇某种不幸;受到打击”
He had his wallet stolen. 他的钱包被偷了。
③ 表示“主动地完成某动作或解决某事”(说话人可能参与)
I had my house repaired last week. 上周,我修补了房子。
③ 表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词,如 like、want、wish、order 等。
The teacher doesn't wish such questions (to be) discussed in class. 老师不希望在课堂上讨论这样的问题。
The police, finding the film unhealthy, ordered it banned. 警察发现这部电影不健康,令其禁演。
(3)“with + 宾语 + 过去分词”结构
这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语,过去分词用作宾语的补足语。
With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气。
She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他的脸。
(4)过去分词/现在分词/不定式作宾语补足语的区别
① 感官动词后接复合宾语的比较
感官动词(短语)(一感:feel;二听:hear,listen to;四看:see,notice,observe,watch)的宾语补足语主要有三种形式。试比较(以 hear 为例):
hear+宾语+doing sth
听见…正在做…
宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,表主动和正在进行
hear + 宾语 + do sth
听见…做…(全过程)
hear + 宾语 + done
听见…被做
宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,表被动,无时间性
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时,我听见她正在唱英文歌。
I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible. 为了学好英语,我们应该寻找机会并尽可能多地听别人说英语。
② 使役动词 make、have、get、keep、let 后加复合宾语的比较(以 make、have 为例):
make+宾语+do sth
让…做某事
宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系
make+宾语+ done
让…被做
宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系
He made his workers work 12 hours a day. 他让他的工人们每天工作 12 个小时。
He tried to make himself understood. 他尽量使自己被理解。
have +宾语+ do sth
使…做某事
宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系
have+宾语+ doing sth
使…持续做某事
have +宾语 + done
使…被做/遭受
宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系
名师点津
have 还可用于 have sth to do 结构,该结构中 have 意为“有”,不定式作 sth 的后置定语。
I have something urgent to inform you. 我有很紧急的事要通知你们。
③ with 复合结构中补足语的比较
with sb/sth doing
表示主动和进行
with sth done
表示被动和完成
with sth to do
表示主动和将来
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it. 约翰收到了赴宴的邀请,工作做完后,他欣然接受了邀请。
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time. 有很多难题需要解决,这位新任总统的日子不好过。
Ⅵ. 话题佳作
假定你是英国学生 Harry,你的中国笔友李华想了解一下你的家乡爱丁堡,请你根据提示回复一封电子邮件。
爱丁堡
苏格兰的首府、政治和文化中心
人口
约 50 万
面积
260 平方千米
地理位置
苏格兰的东南部
交通
公共交通十分便利
天气
气候温和
旅游
最受欢迎的旅游城市之一;古老建筑众多
注意:
1. 写作词数应为 80 左右;
2. 请按如下格式作答。
Dear Li Hua,
Today I'm writing to tell you something about Edinburgh which you asked about in the last email.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours faithfully,
Harry
【参考范文】
Dear Li Hua,
Today I'm writing to tell you something about Edinburgh which you asked about in the last email.
Edinburgh, located in the southeast of Scotland, is the capital of Scotland as well as its political and cultural centre. It covers an area of 260 square kilometres with a small population of about five hundred thousand. In the city, you can easily get wherever you are going, using public transport. Close to seaside, Edinburgh has a mild climate, which makes it one of the most popular tourism cities in the UK. What's more, what makes it unique is its splendid ancient buildings standing along streets.
I would be happy to guide you around our city if you would arrange a visit here.
Yours faithfully,
Harry
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