专题04 阅读理解主旨大意题 （复习讲义）（天津专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦主旨大意题核心考点，涵盖标题归纳、段落大意、文章大意三大题型，按“命题轨迹-知能架构-考点攻坚”逻辑架构知识体系。通过考点精解梳理命题规律，方法指导（三步定位法）提炼解题策略，真题训练（2021-2025年天津真题）强化应用，帮助学生系统突破主旨概括难点。 资料突出思维品质与语言能力培养，创新“核心对象+逻辑”标题归纳法等策略，如2025年B篇例题引导学生分析“玩具小屋”多重价值排除细节选项。设置分层练习与错误选项特征总结，保障复习效率，助力学生掌握主旨题解题逻辑，为教师把控复习节奏提供精准指导。

专题04 主旨大意题 01 析·考点精解 1 02 构·知能架构 2 03 破·考点攻坚 3 考点一 标题归纳题 5 考点二 段落大意题 28 考点三 文章大意题 47 01 析·考点精解 命题轨迹透视 细节理解题是天津高考英语阅读理解的核心题型，占比高、难度中等，主要考查考生对文章中具体事实、数据、逻辑关系等细节信息的筛选、定位与理解能力。题目答案多直接或间接源于原文，需精准匹配信息，避免主观臆断。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 首考 2025 二考 2024 首考 2024 二考 2023 首考 2023 二考 2022 首考 2022 二考 2021 首考 2021 二考 A篇 36-39 36-40 36-39 36-40 36-39 36-40 36-39 37-40 36-39 36-38 2026命题预测 结合近年天津高考真题，此类题目常围绕 “具体信息查询”“是非判断”“因果关系”“数字计算” 等核心考点展开。 一、核心题型区分 题型 考察重点 题干关键词 解题关键 标题归纳题 文章核心内容的凝练（需覆盖主旨，简洁精准） What would be the best title? / What makes the best title? 抓 “核心对象 + 核心逻辑”，避免宽泛 / 狭窄 段落大意题 单个段落的核心观点（常为主题句或逻辑结论） What message does Paragraph X convey? / What is Paragraph X mainly about? 定位段落首尾句、转折词后观点 文章大意题 全文整体核心思想（贯穿全文的主线） What does the passage focus on? / What message does the story convey? 串联各段主旨，排除局部细节 二、通用解题步骤（三步法） 第一步：定位核心信息 找主题句： 文章层面：首段（引入主旨）、尾段（总结升华）； 段落层面：首句（总起）、尾句（总结）、转折词（but/however/yet）后句子（核心观点）。 抓高频关键词：全文 / 段落反复出现的名词、名词短语（如 “dollhouse”“rereading”“storytelling”），是核心载体。 筛逻辑线索：排除例子、数据、背景等细节，聚焦 “观点 + 结论”。 第二步：匹配选项特征 （一）正确选项特征 概括性：覆盖核心对象和核心逻辑（如 “玩具小屋 + 情感承载”“重读 + 变革力量”）； 精准性：不超出文章范围，不遗漏关键维度（如 “美好生活” 不仅是 “内容”，还有 “顺序”）； 一致性：与主题句、高频词高度呼应，无偏离。 （二）错误选项特征 细节化：仅涉及文章局部信息（例子、数据、某一段的分支内容）； 宽泛化：范围过大，无法体现文章具体重点（如 “学习” vs “兴趣带来的学习奇迹”）； 无中生有：出现文章未提及的概念、逻辑（如 “科学局限源于测试不足” 未在原文提及）； 反向干扰：与文章核心观点矛盾（如 “科学可突破所有限制” 与原文 “科学有根本性局限” 矛盾）； 片面化：只覆盖部分段落主旨，未贯穿全文（如 “重读的类型” vs “重读的变革力量”）。 第三步：验证排除 代入验证：将选项作为标题 / 主旨，判断是否能统领全文 / 段落所有关键内容； 优先排除：先排除 “细节化”“无中生有”“反向干扰” 类选项，再对比剩余选项的概括性。 考点一 标题归纳题 例题 1：2025年6月B篇第45题 My great grandmother received the dollhouse (玩具小屋) from a family friend back in the late 1800s. It was then passed down from generation to generation. I was seven when I discovered it underneath the tree on Christmas morning. In our house, Mom set up a sewing area. I sat at her sewing machine, my feet barely reaching the presser foot. Mom bent over me, her hands on mine, gently guiding small bits of cloth under the needle to create dollhouse bedding. She also taught me to make mini-blankets. With a little paint and glue, Mom demonstrated that anything could be turned into dollhouse furniture. I learnt to view the world as a place of possibility. I spent hours of my girlhood sitting before my dollhouse, telling made-up stories, and creating miniatures (缩微模型). But eventually school activities took over, and the dollhouse was moved to the attic (阁楼). Over the next 40 years, the storytelling skills I’d practiced with the dollhouse grew into novel writing skills, and I developed a career as an author. One day, after hours of working on my fourth book, I took a break by surfing the Internet and happened to notice the beautiful dollhouses people posted on social media. They reminded me of mine. I went to the attic, brought it back to my room and started updating it. During the mindless hours of sewing and furnishing (布置家具), I listened to audiobooks about the history of dollhouses, learning that they were not invented for play. There’s a long, rich history of people in hardship turning to dollhouses to find comfort. They weren’t produced as toys until mass production became standard after 1945. This inspired me to create a novel where art saves the day. The truth was I myself needed art to save the day. Mom was then slipping away from me owing to progressive memory loss. The only topic we could discuss with any genuine joy was the update of the dollhouse. She loved retelling its history — those old memories. Mom didn’t find it strange at all that her 50-year-old daughter was updating the dollhouse. She just thought it fun and beautiful. And it was. It was a world where Mom and I were at our best together. 45．What would be the best title for the passage? A．The Dollhouse: A Lifelong Toy B．Growing up with the Dollhouse C．The Dollhouse: More Than Just a Toy D．Dollhouse Making and Novel Writing 命题解读 新情境：生活化叙事情境，贴近考生认知 命题选取以家族传承的玩具小屋为线索的个人成长叙事，涵盖童年玩乐、成年创作、陪伴母亲三个阶段，场景包括家庭缝纫区、阁楼、书房，均为考生熟悉的生活化场景。 这种情境规避了陌生的专业领域或文化壁垒，降低了阅读的理解门槛，符合高考英语 “以生活化文本考查核心能力” 的命题趋势。 新考法：主旨题经典考法，干扰项设计有规律 属于全文主旨概括题，题干直接要求选出最佳标题，考查考生对文本整体脉络的梳理能力，而非局部细节的定位能力。 解题关键在于判断选项是否能覆盖文本的所有核心层次（童年玩乐→写作启蒙→亲情纽带），而非仅匹配某一段落内容。 新角度：立足 “物件价值”，考查深层解读能力 以“非功能性物件的多重价值”为切入点，要求考生跳出 “玩具 = 玩乐工具” 的固有认知，解读玩具小屋作为写作启蒙载体、亲情联结纽带、历史文化符号的三重身份。 这一角度契合高考英语 “考查批判性思维和文本深度解读能力” 的新要求。 例题 2：2024年6月D 篇第66题 Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 66. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading B. Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary? C. Rereading: Pursuit of Truth D. Transformative Power of Rereading （2021·天津·高考真题）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 1．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 2．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 3．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 4．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist （2020·天津·高考真题）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts ofUncle Tom’s Cabinwhile cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 6．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 7．What does the example of Galileo tell us? A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 8．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 9．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 10．What could be the best title or the passage? A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B．Reflections on Human Nature C．The Keys to Achievement D．Never Too Late to Learn （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 11．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 12．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 13．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 14．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 15．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons （2018·天津·高考真题）If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks—a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle（海 龟）could. According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic（磁力的）sense based on Earth’s magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches. Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect（探测到）magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs. As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense? Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea. Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”（罗盘）. He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth’s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go. At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed（颠倒）the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”. This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle. Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study. 16．Loggerheads and whales differ in the way they______. A．bring up their young B．recognize landmarks C．detect magnetic fields D．learn to find directions 17．What is needed for newborn loggerheads to set their magnetic sense? A．Weak light reflected off the ocean. B．Help from adult loggerheads. C．Bright sunlight from the sky. D．Food in warmer waters. 18．In the experiment, after the newborns’ magnetic sense was set, their moving direction was determined by ____. A．the light B．the magnetic field C．other unknown factors D．the light and the magnetic field 19．What is the significance of Lohmann’s research work? A．It enables researchers to keep track of turtles. B．It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field. C．It offers a new solution to environmental pollution. D．It helps protect the loggerheads’ living environment. 20．What could be the best title of the passage? A．Experiments on Loggerheads B．The Survival of the Sea Turtle C．The Loggerhead’s Built-in “Compass” D．Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals （2017·天津·高考真题）This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo. 21．What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 22．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 23．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 24．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________. A．Singapore B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 25．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 标题归纳题 【设问方式 1．What is the best title for the text? 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text? 3．What can be a suitable title for the text? 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? 5．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? 解题核心方法 概括性：标题需覆盖文章核心内容，既不遗漏关键信息，也不超出文章范围。 精准性：避免过于宽泛（无法体现文章重点）或过于狭窄（只涉及局部细节）。 呼应主旨：标题本质是主旨的凝练表达，需与文章核心观点高度契合。 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Music is the food of love, according to poets. And classical music, it seems, may be fine rain for restaurants. The music of Mozart, Bach and Beethoven played in restaurants makes diners feel richer and encourages them to spend money, according to research made by the University of Leicester in central England. “When you hear a piece of music, it activates all types of knowledge,” said Adrian North, a senior lecturer in psychology at a university who carried out tests in a restaurant near Leicester over a period of three weeks. “If you hear classical music, it gives you the feeling of wealth and it makes you feel a bit noble. In a restaurant, this has the effect of making you spend a bit more money.” Researchers found that classical music, often connected with wealth, was the most successful in encouraging people to pay cash, with diners spending more than 24 pounds a head. But when the music was Britney Spears’, diners spent less than 22 pounds a head, they found. With no background music, spending fell to around 21 pounds. “Where people were really spending the money was on the luxurious things, such as desserts and coffees,” said James Davis, owner of Softleys restaurant in Market Bosworth, where the research was carried out. He also said, “I think this research will certainly affect what we will play in the future.” 1．How did people feel while listening to classical music? A．They only feel noble. B．They feel they are luxurious. C．They feel that they are a little noble and wealthy. D．They have the feeling that money is less important. 2．Which music has the most obvious effect on people’s spending? A．Britney Spears’ B．Classical music C．Pop music. D．Not mentioned in the passage. 3．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．People like to have desserts and coffees. B．The desserts and coffees are very expensive. C．People spend money in enjoying music in restaurants. D．Having desserts and coffees makes people spend more money. 4．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．Softleys might accept the idea B．most people don’t believe the idea C．restaurants will never play Britney Spears’ music D．every restaurant must play classical music in the future 5．What is the best title of the passage? A．Classical music makes diners spend more money. B．Music and restaurants. C．Diners love music. D．Music is the food of love. （25-26高三上·天津和平·月考）The clownery starts on the sidewalk, even before you enter the big top. Crowds arriving for the Peru Amateur circus in Peru, Indiana, are greeted by merrymakers with silly jokes and rainbow suckers (彩虹棒棒糖) . The smell of buttery popcorn fills the air, trumpets roar, and cotton candy melts on the tongue. The circus is about to begin. Among the delighted spectators is DebraJo Myers, who nominated the circus as one of the Nicest Places in America. As a teenager, she used to fly through the air here with the greatest of ease. Now she watches kiddie clowns spill into the arena, trying to remember their choreography (编舞). Unicyclists pedal out next, forming long chorus lines that rotate (旋转) like clock hands. Then comes the flying trapeze (吊杠). Star aerialist Kevin Nord flips and twists above the crowd before diving toward his friend’s outstretched hands. Caught! The applause is for him, for all 200 youth performers, and for the 400 volunteers who make the show possible. Since 1960, generation after generation of Peru-area kids have taken their turn in the ring, often returning as volunteers. Peru circus Center Arena stands a block from the railway tracks that still bisect (平分) this small city. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, major circuses made Peru their winter headquarters, bringing performers and animal performers like elephants, zebras, hippos, and camels. By World War II the circus trains departed, but many performers stayed. “The circus is what makes us who we are, ” says Myers. For today’s young people, the circus is also a refuge. Kids practice from February through summer, guided by adults who genuinely care. “There are plenty of kids who don’t have good situations at home, ” says former aerialist Jason Yoo Myers knows the feeling. At 11, facing divorce, loss and instability, circus practice became her safe place. Late-night lock-ins let kids bond not just as performers, but as people. Showtime again. Nord. now a Purdue engineering student, flies with the confidence that someone will catch him. His fellow aerialists— some former classmates he barely knew— are now the people he trusts most. During the 65th-anniversary show, “Make It Shine,” he appears in his sparkly cape (斗篷) , ready to twist and tumble. When he sticks the landing, the audience cheers. When he doesn’t, they cheer louder. 6．Why does the author open the story with vivid sensory details? A．To contrast the noisy circus with the quiet town. B．To draw the readers into the festive atmosphere. C．To highlight the commercial success of the circus. D．To suggest the lively scene may distract spectators 7．What role does Debra Jo Myers play in the passage? A．She explains why performers often become volunteers. B．She reflects how personal experience shapes local cultural identity. C．She highlights the historical roots of the circus in the town. D．She illustrates how individual memory sustains a collective tradition. 8．Which of the following best explains why the circus serves as a refuge for many children? A．It allows them to escape from school pressure and perform freely. B．It creates a stable community where adults care about their wellbeing. C．It helps them quickly develop professional circus career. D．It offers financial assistance to families suffering poverty. 9．The audience cheering louder when Nord fails suggests that ________. A．Performance quality matters more. B．Celebration is central to local culture. C．Effort and courage deserve recognition. D．Failure is part of the amateur shows. 10．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Flying High: The Rise of a New circus Star B．How a Small Town Built a World-Class circus C．Peru’s circus: A Tradition That holds a Town Together D．Behind the Big Top: The secrets of circus Techniques （25-26高三上·天津南开·月考）When I was 17 years old, I had surgery because of a disease. The day after the surgery, I awoke to find a friend of mine sitting in a chair across from my bed. I don’t remember much about his visit. But I will not forget that he visited me on that day, and sat there for I don’t know how long, while I was under the influence of a morphine drip (输液). We benefit greatly from our close friendships, but they are not a matter of calculable gain or loss. Our age, what we might call the age of economics, is strongly influenced by two types of relationships that reflect the lives we are encouraged to lead. There are consumer relationships, those that we participate in for the pleasure they bring us. They are focused on the present. It is what brings immediate pleasure that matters. And there are entrepreneur (企业家) relationships, those that we invest in, hoping they will bring us some return. Aristotle thought that there were three types of friendship: those of pleasure, those of usefulness, and true friendship. In pleasure friendships, he said, “It is not for their character that men love ready-witted people, but because they find them pleasant.” About the usefulness friendships, he said, “Those who love each other for their utility (效用) do not love each other for themselves, but because of some good which they get from each other.” Although we benefit from our close friendships, these friendships are not a matter of calculable gain and loss. Consumer pleasures are lasting for only a limited time. They surround us for a short period and then they fade, like a drug. Entrepreneur friendship, when successful, leads to the victory of personal gain. It is precisely the non-economic character that is threatened in a society in which each of us is offered only the choices of ownership, shopping, competition and growth. It is threatened when we are led to believe that friendships without obvious recognizable gain are, in the economic sense, irrational (不合理的). Friendships are not without reason, perhaps, but they are certainly without that particular reason. Shared experience, not just everyday amusement or advancement, is the true basis of friendship. 11．The author mentions his operation in the first paragraph to _________. A．honor one of his best friends B．introduce the topic of friendship C．recall the experience of surgery D．advise people to visit sick friends 12．Consumer relationships center on _________. A．mutual support in times of trouble B．the sharing of joy and sorrow C．the current enjoyment and pleasure D．the return from one’s investment 13．How does the author make his argument convincing for readers to accept? A．By explaining the causes of friendship. B．By providing enough facts and examples. C．By relating his classification to Aristotle’s. D．By listing five different types of friendship. 14．The author is more likely to support the idea that _________. A．there are no specific reasons for friendship B．short-term pleasure is the center of friendship C．friendships are a matter of calculable gain or loss D．everyday amusement is the true basis of friendship 15．The best title for the text would be _________. A．Friendship in Tough Situations B．Friendship in Contemporary Times C．Friendship in a Fast-Paced Life D．Friendship in the Age of Economics 考点二 段落大意题 例题：2025年6月D篇第54题（第四段） Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not. We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe. Sometimes the limits we encounter in trying to unlock the nature of the universe are cognitive (认知的). Think about this: human DNA is only about 1.2 percent different from that of chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, no question. But could you teach them advanced mathematics? What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is? What might our brains be capable of then? The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable. Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. For something to be considered scientific, it must, by definition, be testable. There is a problem here: it may not need to be testable right now, but it must be testable at some point in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries. 54．What message does Paragraph 4 convey? A．Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration. B．Experimental research lays solid foundations for space technology. C．Boundaries of science can be pushed back with determined efforts. D．Limitations of science may result from insufficient testing. 命题解读 新情境：科学认知情境，聚焦学科本质 文本围绕科学的局限性展开，选取 “工具适配性”“科研成本”“认知边界”“自然法则限制” 四个角度，构建了严谨的科学思辨情境，属于高考英语阅读理解中常见的议论性文本，侧重考查逻辑推理能力。 新考法：段落主旨题，干扰项紧扣文本陷阱 干扰项均来自文本其他段落的观点，利用考生 “混淆段落内容” 的弱点设置陷阱，要求考生具备精准定位段落逻辑的能力，而非全文通读后的模糊理解。 新角度：立足 “根本性局限”，考查逻辑提炼能力 侧重考查逻辑分层与观点提炼能力：考生需先判断段落核心观点是 “科学存在根本性局限”，再匹配选项中对应的表述（Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration）。 段落中没有直接对应的同义句，需要考生将 “永远无法理解的自然法则”“无法测试宇宙起源的原因” 等论据，归纳为 “宇宙的某些谜题超出科学探索范围”，规避了 “原词复现” 的简单解题套路。 （2020·全国III卷·高考真题）When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!” The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape. Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly. In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States. 1．Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard? A．To see famous film stars. B．To oppose wearing fur coats. C．To raise money for animal protection. D．To express thanks to some filmmakers. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The cost of making “Apes.” B．The creation of digitalized apes. C．The publicity about “Apes.” D．The performance of real apes. 3．What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Listing completely. B．Directing professionally. C．Promoting successfully. D．Watching carefully. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors? A．They may be badly treated. B．They should take further training. C．They could be traded illegally D．They would lose popularity. （2020·全国I卷·高考真题）The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT. One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps. In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight. Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. 5．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．A new study of different plants. B．A big fall in crime rates. C．Employees from various workplaces. D．Benefits from green plants. 6．What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer? A．To detect plants’ lack of water B．To change compositions of plants C．To make the life of plants longer. D．To test chemicals in plants. 7．What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future? A．They will speed up energy production. B．They may transmit electricity to the home. C．They might help reduce energy consumption. D．They could take the place of power plants. 8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Can we grow more glowing plants? B．How do we live with glowing plants? C．Could glowing plants replace lamps? D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free? （2017·北京·高考真题）Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction. 9．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may . A．run out of human control B．satisfy human’s real desires C．command armies of killer robots D．work faster than a mathematician 10．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to . A．prevent themselves from being destroyed B．achieve their original goals independently C．do anything successfully with given orders D．beat humans in international chess matches 11．According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to . A．help super intelligent machines work better B．be secure against evil human beings C．keep machines from being harmed D．avoid robots’ affecting the world 12．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A．It will disappear with the development of AI. B．It will get worse with human interference. C．It will be solved but with difficulty. D．It will stay for a decade. （2016·浙江·高考真题）A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think. Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls in the ground—and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?). Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way—that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has. For example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate. Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.” 13．According to some developmental psychologists, ________. A．a baby’s play is nothing more than a game. B．scientific research into babies; games is possible C．the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D．a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment 14．We learn from Paragraph 2 that ________. A．scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B．scientists and babies often interact with each other C．babies are born with the knowledge of object support D．babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do 15．Children may learn the rules of language by ________. A．exploring the physical world B．investigating human psychology C．repeating their own experiments D．observing their parents’ behaviors 16．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play. B．Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science. C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. D．One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows. 17．What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play? A．Convincing. B．Confused. C．Confidence. D．Cautious. 段落大意题 设问方式 1．What is the last paragraph mainly about? 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about...? 3．In the last paragraph，the author mainly tells us . 4．Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph? 5．The third paragraph mainly tells us that . （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Erica Solove remembers December 30, 2021, like it was yesterday. She was at home in Superior, Colorado, a Boulder suburb at the foot of the Rockies. “It was an extremely windy day,” she says. “Hurricane-force winds. And we quickly realized it’s not just wind coming down the mountain — it’s fire.” She grabbed her napping two-year-old daughter out of her crib while her husband scooped up their five-year-old son. The family got in the car, struggling to open the doors against the wind, and fled without wallets, coats, or even shoes. She remembers how half the sky was black with smoke, while the other half was a bright crystalline blue. They were fleeing the Marshall Fire, the costliest in Colorado history. Her family lost everything. In the early weeks after the disaster, Solove experienced panic attacks on windy days, and the kids went to trauma therapy. “What an absolute nightmare,” she says. But three years later, Solove, an organizational psychologist, says she feels stronger than before, even “triumphant.” She now finds it easier to put little stressors in perspective. Her life has grown richer in some ways: She and her neighbors became as close as extended family. Solove’s Marshall Fire story is an example of what researchers call Post-Traumatic (创伤) Growth (PTG) — a term first coined in 1995. Studies have consistently found that on average, between half and two-thirds of survivors report positive changes and a new life outlook after a tragedy or crisis. Resilience can be defined broadly as “bouncing back” from adversity, returning to how you were before the hardship struck. When people experience post-traumatic growth, by contrast, they identify improvements in their lives. Recently, researchers have been finding brain structures that correlate with this kind of growth. And they’ve been unearthing new social and community factors and personal behaviors contribute to fostering it. The researchers also stress that you don’t need to go through extreme hardship yourself to draw lessons from the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth. We all face some level of adversity, and the experiences of people like Solove hold inspiration for anyone looking to build a more satisfying, connected, joyful life. 1．What can we learn about the Marshall Fire from the passage? A．It happened in a city far from the Rockies. B．It caused no harm to Solove’s family except property loss. C．It was the most expensive fire disaster in Colorado’s history. D．It broke out on a quiet, windless day. 2．Why does the author include Erica’s personal story in the passage? A．To showcase transformative effects of tragedy B．To establish emotional connection with readers C．To demonstrate the psychological findings D．To provide background on trauma research 3．What does the last paragraph convey? A．Highlight the accessibility of PTG principles B．The universality of confronting obstacles C．Learn from others’ traumatic experiences D．Draw strength from everyday challenges 4．What does Erica Solove’s experience show? A．Always have, always will. B．A blessing in disguise. C．The beginning of one thing can be the rest of everything. D．Our greatest glory is in rising every time when we fall. 5．According to the description and curve, which one is true according to the passage? A．I  Ⅱ B．I  Ⅲ C．Ⅱ  Ⅲ D．Ⅲ  Ⅳ （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Like many teens, I often felt that my best friend was my diary. I’d enter my bedroom in a terrible mood, but as the sentences took shape on the page, whatever was troubling me no longer felt like quite as much of a disaster. I wasn’t able to remove my deep sadness, but often I felt calmer. These moments always brought to mind a scene in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, in which the headteacher at Hogwarts, AI bus Hogwarts, takes out upsetting memories with his magic stick and places them in a shallow bowl called the “Pensieve”. In this way, he can view things without emotional interference (干扰). Writing, for me, provided the same relief. As a science writer, I have been delighted to discover that the practice not only comforts a troubled soul but also improves physical health. Given these benefits, the question arises: Why is writing so stress- relieving in the first place? One possibility is that externalizing our thoughts gives us more head space to think about other things. We now know that simply writing a to- do list can release people’s cognitive (认知的) resources for other activities, as it reduces the amount of information in their minds. This eases stress and if done before bedtime, it can even improve sleep. However, no single way will suit everyone: writing is just one tool and some may be unwilling to set out their feelings in detail. If you’d like to include it in your own mental first aid kit, though, there are some ways to maximize its benefits. When writing about your experiences, try to keep some natural flow in a story-like way. For example, briefly describe what happened and what led to the situation. Clearly state the emotions you feel — whether it’s annoyance, depression, disappointment, or something else. Identifying these feelings accurately can help you understand them better. Also, think about how the situation shows your positive qualities or what you care about, like showing strength or kindness, or realizing how important certain friendships are. 6．What can we know about the author when he was a teenager? A．He was unpopular with friends. B．He was active in social activities. C．He tended to hide his true feelings. D．He had a way to adjust his emotions. 7．Why does Hogwarts use the Pensieve according to paragraph 2? A．To share memories with others. B．To awake delighted memories. C．To observe memories objectively. D．To find inspiration for teaching. 8．Writing gives us more space to think about other things by _________. A．changing memory patterns B．freeing up mental capacity C．seeking comfort from others D．generating more cognitive confidence 9．What can be inferred about writing as a stress- relief method? A．It is a one-size-fits-all solution. B．It requires professional guidance. C．Its role has been universally proven. D．Its effect varies from person to person. 10．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A．Suggestions on expressive writing. B．Strategies for managing daily stress. C．Importance of developing real friendship. D．Reflections on interpersonal relationships. （25-26高三上·天津静海·期中）Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine. Reading is very important for all mankind. Everything is relative in this world, especially reading. Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good. This way your child will develop a passion for reading later on. How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you. If you want to learn how to ride a bike, you have to get on the bike as many times as possible until you have learned. It works the same way with reading. If you want to boost your passion for reading, take a book and read it all the way through. When you finish reading your first book, take another book and do the same. Try to read as much as you can. If you are going out, grab a magazine, a book, an article or something to read. There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author? 11．The first two paragraphs mainly talk about _________. A．the key to success B．how to develop a passion for reading C．what reading comprehension is D．the importance of reading 12．We can define reading comprehension as _________. A．a very important factor behind the reading B．something that makes people understand what they read C．the latest information in reading D．a strong passion for reading 13．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．A good lawyer should update his knowledge timely. B．Reading is important only to those working in offices. C．Reading to an unborn child doesn’t make any sense. D．You can develop a passion for reading by reading on bike. 14．The author develops the passage mainly by _________. A．comparing the opinions of different people B．following the natural time order C．presenting opinions and giving examples D．presenting a cause and analyzing its effects 15．What do you suppose the following paragraph will talk about? A．Famous people who love reading. B．Popular reading websites. C．The importance of reading at school. D．Ways to improve reading comprehension. 考点三 文章大意题 例题：2025年3月C篇第50题（全文段落整合，问文章聚焦点） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. 50．What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 命题解读 新情境：嗅觉科学认知情境，贴近生活感知 文本以 “葡萄酒专家的嗅觉能力” 为切入点，延伸至人类嗅觉的工作机制，构建了 “生活现象→科学原理→功能价值”的认知情境。从葡萄酒品鉴的日常场景，过渡到嗅觉与其他感官的联动、嗅觉对人类生活的影响，情境兼具趣味性与科学性，符合高考英语 “以生活现象考查科学认知”的命题趋势。 新考法：全文主旨题，干扰项设错精准且有规律 以 “葡萄酒专家” 这一易引发兴趣的群体开篇，隐藏核心论述对象，考查考生 “去表象抓本质” 的能力；干扰项均围绕 “核心对象的范围、逻辑关系” 设错，符合高考主旨题 “精准干扰” 的特点。 新角度：立足“嗅觉的跨感官运作”，考查逻辑整合能力 从 “嗅觉的独特运作机制”切入，区别于常规的 “感官功能介绍”，聚焦 “嗅觉与其他感官的联动” 这一核心特点，要求考生理解 “跨感官影响不是缺点而是优势” 的深层观点。 （2021·天津·高考真题）A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures. “During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne  L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital. The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉）. A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety. Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows. “The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure." Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby. “The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness." The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists,"  Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training. 1．One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ . A．a better understanding of children B．less use of certain medicines C．new medical-imaging technology D．an improved reputation of the hospital 2．The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________. A．assist in treating a patient B．carry out hypnosis training C．start up a new department D．learn about the procedure 3．According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________. A．creating a perfect world for patients B．forcing patients into a state of deep sleep C．putting patients into an unconscious state D．leading patients' consciousness away from reality 4．What can we learn about the story used in the procedure? A．It should keep pace with the procedure. B．It reflects the patient's creativity. C．It is selected by the technologist. D．It tells what doctors are doing to the patient. 5．The procedure was received among the staff with ________. A．uncertainty B．enthusiasm C．worry D．criticism 6．What is the passage mainly about? A．An easy way to communicate with patients. B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis. C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology. D．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures. （2020·天津·高考真题）For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound. Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly. For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back. Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes. 7．What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD? A．It causes temporary hearing loss. B．It slows down a running man. C．It makes it easy to identify a suspect. D．It keeps the suspect from hurting others. 8．The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________. A．silence the people around you B．remove the sound of commercials C．block the incoming sound waves D．stop unwanted sound from affecting you 9．What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share? A．They travel in circles. B．They clear the atmosphere. C．They can be transformed into energy. D．They can be directed onto a specific area. 10．Directed sound can be used for ________. A．creative designs of restaurant menus B．ideal sound effects on the theater stage C．different choices of music for businesses D．strict control over any suspicious customer 11．What does the passage focus on? A．How professionals invented sound products. B．Inventions in the field of sound technology. C．The growing interest in the study of sound. D．How sound engineers work in their studios. （2017·天津·高考真题）Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after you’ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horrors and burn with shame. What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover. Clicking “send” too soon Don’t waste your time trying to find out if the receivers has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief  title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored. Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don’t handle it too lightly, as people can be offered, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture (I.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names). Clicking “reply all” unintentionally You accidentally reveal (透露) to entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you’d like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down. Sending an offensive message to it’s subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you’re discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly — see it as an opportunity tic hear up any difficulties you may have with this person. 12．After realizing an email accident, you are likely to feel _______. A．curious B．tired C．awful D．funny 13．If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ________. A．apologise in a serious manner B．tell the receiver to ignore the error C．learn to write the name correctly D．send a short notice to everyone 14．What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email? A．Try offering other choices. B．Avoid further involvement. C．Meet other staff members. D．Make a light-hearted apology. 15．How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email? A．By promising not to offend the receiver again. B．By seeking support from the receiver’s friends. C．By asking the receiver to control his anger. D．By talking to the receiver face to face. 16．What is the passage mainly about? A．Defining email errors. B．Reducing email mistakes. C．Handling email accidents. D．Improving email writing. （2012·天津·高考真题） Bicycle Safety Operation  Always ride your bike in a safe, controlled manner on campus (校园). Obey rules and regulations. Watch out for walkers and other bicyclists, and always use your lights in dark conditions. Theft Prevention  Always securely lock your bicycle to a bicycle rack -- even if you are only away for a minute. Register your bike with the University Department of Public Safety. It's fast, easy, and free. Registration permanently records your serial number, which is useful in the possible recovery of the bike stolen. Equipment * Brakes  Make sure that they are in good working order and adjusted properly. * Helmet  A necessity, make sure your helmet meets current safety standards and fits     properly. * Lights  Always have a front headlight -- visible at least 500 feet in front of the bike.   A taillight is a good idea. Rules of the Road Riding on Campus  As a bicycle rider, you have a responsibility to ride only on streets and posted bicycle paths. Riding on sidewalks or other walkways can lead to a fine. The speed limit for bicycles on campus is 15 mph, unless otherwise posted. Always give the right of ways to walkers. If you are involved in an accident, you are required to offer appropriate aid, call the Department of Public Safety and remain at the scene until the officer lets you go. Bicycle Parking  Only park in areas reserved for bikes. Trees, handrails, hallways, and sign posts are not for bicycle parking, and parking in such posts can result in a fine. If Things Go Wrong If you break the rules, you will be fined. Besides violating rules while riding bicycles on campus, you could be fined for: * No bicycle registration --------------------------$25 * Bicycle parking banned ---------------------------$30 * Blocking path with bicycle ----------------------$40 * Violation of bicycle equipment requirement ------$35 17．Registration of your bicycle may help you ________. A．find your stolen bicycle B．get your serial number C．receive free repair services D．settle conflicts with walkers 18．According to the passage, what bike equipment is a free choice for bicycle riders? A．Brakes. B．A helmet. C．A headlight. D．A taillight. 19．When you ride a bicycle on the campus, ________. A．ride on posted bicycle paths and sidewalks B．cycle at a speed of over 15 mph C．put the walkers' right of way first D．call the police before leaving in case of accident 20．If you lock your bicycle to a tree on the campus, you could be fined _________. A．$25 B．$30 C．$35 D．$40 21．What is the passage mainly about? A．A guide for safe bicycling on campus. B．Directions for bicycle tour on campus. C．Regulations of bicycle race on campus. D．Rules for riding motor vehicles on campus. （2009·天津·高考真题）I am a writer. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the way it can evoke(唤起) an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade. And I use them all—all the Englishes I grew up with. Born into a Chinese family that had recently arrived in California, I’ve been giving more thought to the kind of English my mother speaks. Like others, I have described it to people as “broken” English. But feel embarrassed to say that. It has always bothered me that I can think of no way to describe it other than “broken”, as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness. I’ve heard other terms used, “limited English,” for example. But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including people’s perceptions(认识) of the limited English speaker. I know this for a fact, because when I was growing up, my mother’s “limited” English limited my perception of her. I was ashamed of her English. I believed that her English rejected the quality of what she had to say. That is because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect. And I had plenty of evidence to support me: the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her. I started writing fiction in 1985. And for reasons I won’t get into today, I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as “broken”, and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her internal(内在的) language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure: I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show; her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts. 22．By saying “Language is the tool of my trade”, the author means that ________. A．she uses English in foreign trade B．she is fascinated by languages C．she works as a translator D．she is a writer by profession 23．The author used to think of her mother’s English as ________. A．impolite B．amusing C．imperfect D．practical 24．Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 3? A．Americans do not understand broken English. B．The author’s mother was not respected sometimes. C．The author’s mother had positive influence on her D．Broken English always reflects imperfect thoughts. 25．The author gradually realizes her mother’s English is ________. A．well structured B．in the old style C．easy to translate D．rich in meaning 26．What is the passage mainly about? A．The changes of the author’s attitude to her mother’s English. B．The limitation of the author’s perception of her mother. C．The author’s misunderstanding of “limited” English. D．The author’s experiences of using broken English. 文章大意题 设问方式 1．What is the text mainly about? 2．What message does the author seem to convey in the text? 3．What does the passage focus on? 核心技巧 文章大意 =“核心对象 + 贯穿全文的主线逻辑”（主线逻辑是各段都围绕的核心观点，如 “故意犯错有积极作用”“讲故事的多重价值”）； 避免 “以偏概全”（用某一段的观点代替全文）或 “过度延伸”（超出原文观点范围）。 （25-26高三上·天津和平·月考）Many think that language is what sets humans apart from other animals, and that for us to think, language is a decisive factor. British philosopher Bertrand Russell even claimed in 1948 that no intelligent thinking can take place without language. However, a recent study in Nature suggests otherwise. It found that language and thought are two distinct entities, working in separate parts of the brain. They are, in short, “far more independent than we imagined”, wrote ZME Science. The study, conducted by scientists from the US, explored the language-thought relationship through two research approaches. First, they studied patients suffering from global aphasia, who had lost much of their ability to understand or speak due to damage to the left hemisphere of their brain. However, they can still complete complex tasks. “You can ask people with global aphasia to solve math problems or perform social reasoning tests, and as long as the instructions are non-verbal, they can succeed,” Evelina Fedorenko, one of the study’s authors from the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told ZME Science. The researchers also used brain-imaging tools to study the brains of healthy volunteers as they performed non-verbal tasks, like solving puzzles and planning. It was found that the brain’s language regions were mostly inactive during such activities. In other words, we generally need language to express our thoughts but we can still think without words. So, if language isn’t necessary for thinking, then why did humans develop it? Fedorenko said language serves mainly as a tool for communication. “Most of the things that you probably learned about the world, you learned through language and not through direct experience with the world,” she said. By being able to share complex information through language, humans gained an evolutionary advantage. Although language does not give rise to thoughts, past research shows that how we speak can heavily influence how we think. For example, the English sentence “he fired the gun” is usually phrased as “the gun went off” in Japanese. As a result, English speakers are more likely to focus on the person responsible for an accident than Japanese speakers, according to Psychology Today. 1．What does the recent study show about language and thought? A．Language and thought work separately. B．Language is the basis of intelligent thought. C．Language and thought depend on each other. D．Language determines the complexity of thought. 2．What is the main purpose of the study mentioned in the passage? A．To prove that language is essential for intelligent thinking. B．To examine the relationship between language and thought. C．To develop new treatments for patients with global aphasia. D．To identify the brain regions responsible for non-verbal reasoning. 3．What did brain-imaging tools reveal about healthy volunteers performing non-verbal task? A．They struggled with problem-solving. B．Their language centers became overactive. C．Their language regions showed little activity. D．They would unconsciously use verbal strategies. 4．How can language serve humans, according to Fedorenko? A．It helps humans generate thoughts. B．It decides humans’ evolutionary direction. C．It replaces direct experience with the world. D．It facilitates the exchange of complicated ideas. 5．What is the main idea of the text? A．Thought can operate independently from language. B．Language plays a decisive role in shaping human thought. C．Language and thought are deeply interdependent in the brain. D．The absence of language makes complex thought impossible. （25-26高三上·天津·期中）When it comes to work, workers, and jobs, much of the concern of the modern age boils down to the fear that we’re witnessing the final stage of the game, and that there will be nowhere for humans to withdraw as machines take over the last few tasks. The most recent example comes from the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Is there no area of human experience that can’t be replaced by AI? And if not, what is left for humans to do except the tasks involved in taking care of the machines? At the heart of this concern is our desire for good jobs that make the most of workers’ natural abilities and where the work provides the worker with motivation and work-life balance. More importantly, good jobs support workers in learning by doing — and, in so doing, deliver benefits on three levels: to the worker, who gains in personal development and job satisfaction; to the organization, which reforms as staff find new problems to solve and opportunities to pursue, and to the community as a whole, which harvests the economic benefits of hosting positive organizations and workers. This is what makes good jobs productive for the organization, as well as engaging and fulfilling for the worker. Does the ongoing advance of AI threaten to get rid of all the learning, creativity, and meaning that make a job a good job? Certainly, some have blamed technology for just such an outcome. Headlines today often express concern over technological innovation resulting in bad jobs for humans, or even the complete disappearance of certain professions. Some fear that further technology advancement in the workplace will result in jobs where employees are being asked to work in split times or for longer periods over more days. The problem here isn’t the technology; rather, it’s the way the technology is used — and, more than that, the way people think about using it. 6．What is the passage mainly about? A．How to take care of the AI machines. B．The relations between workers and jobs. C．The human’s fears in the age of AI. D．Human experiences were replaced by AI. 7．According to the passage, what’s the fear in the age of AI? A．We’ll have nothing left to do. B．We’ll be taken over by AI. C．We’ll be addicted to computer games. D．We’ll have no machines to take care of. 8．What jobs are NOT supposed to be good according to the passage? A．Those that mainly have the economic benefits. B．The ones that offer chances to progress professionally. C．Those that make full use of workers’ motivation. D．The ones that don’t bring new problems to workers. 9．How do news media respond to the development of AI? A．Negative. B．Supportive. C．Optimistic. D．Unknown. 10．What will the author probably talk about next? A．The future jobs humans will do. B．The application of AI in the future. C．The ways that humans do jobs. D．The proper attitude towards AI. （2026高三·全国·专题练习）There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. （2025高三上·天津·专题练习）The turn of the year is the time for reviewing one’s life, and for making some resolutions about what to concentrate on in the coming year; and for many years I have taken advantage of the holiday to review my own ambition. One thing I decide on this year is to give up writing the Grumpy (暴躁的) Old Bookman column in this magazine. It’s not that I’ve lost interest in the book world. But Leonard Woolf, husband of American writer Virginia Woolf (1882 — 1941), used to say a man should change his career every seven years. Though I would say that changing your whole career frequently is going a bit far, I do find that it serves as a great refresher if you can occasionally try a new job within the same line of business. It is over 15 years since our editor wrote to me and asked if I would be interested in writing a regular piece about what was, even then, a rapidly changing publishing scene. He approached me because since 2004 I had been writing a regular blog called Grumpy Old Bookman. As my monthly survey of developments in both traditional and digital publishing continued, in this magazine, I began to realize that writers in this century, of both fiction and non-fiction, are living in something close to a paradise (天堂). Once, you struggled for years to find a publisher — or an agent if you wanted one — but now you can publish your own stuff, either digitally or in paperback, without it costing you a penny piece. After about five years of producing such columns, it occurred to me that, rather than let these essays fade away on the seas of time, it might be valuable to publish my thoughts and comments in book form to potential readers. Hence, in 2014, I published the first 69 GOB columns in paperback format, using Amazon’s Create Space facilities. Title: Writers Rejoice! A monthly diary of the dawn of the digital age, which was my first trial. And now I sincerely wish a new 2024. What does the author mainly want to tell us? A．Giving up timely is a virtue. B．Often changing jobs means new chances. C．The beginning of a year is a new start. D．Reflection can drive us to push forward. 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司21 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题04 主旨大意题 01 析·考点精解 1 02 构·知能架构 2 03 破·考点攻坚 3 考点一 标题归纳题 5 考点二 段落大意题 28 考点三 文章大意题 47 01 析·考点精解 命题轨迹透视 细节理解题是天津高考英语阅读理解的核心题型，占比高、难度中等，主要考查考生对文章中具体事实、数据、逻辑关系等细节信息的筛选、定位与理解能力。题目答案多直接或间接源于原文，需精准匹配信息，避免主观臆断。 考点频次总结 考点 2025 首考 2025 二考 2024 首考 2024 二考 2023 首考 2023 二考 2022 首考 2022 二考 2021 首考 2021 二考 A篇 36-39 36-40 36-39 36-40 36-39 36-40 36-39 37-40 36-39 36-38 2026命题预测 结合近年天津高考真题，此类题目常围绕 “具体信息查询”“是非判断”“因果关系”“数字计算” 等核心考点展开。 一、核心题型区分 题型 考察重点 题干关键词 解题关键 标题归纳题 文章核心内容的凝练（需覆盖主旨，简洁精准） What would be the best title? / What makes the best title? 抓 “核心对象 + 核心逻辑”，避免宽泛 / 狭窄 段落大意题 单个段落的核心观点（常为主题句或逻辑结论） What message does Paragraph X convey? / What is Paragraph X mainly about? 定位段落首尾句、转折词后观点 文章大意题 全文整体核心思想（贯穿全文的主线） What does the passage focus on? / What message does the story convey? 串联各段主旨，排除局部细节 二、通用解题步骤（三步法） 第一步：定位核心信息 找主题句： 文章层面：首段（引入主旨）、尾段（总结升华）； 段落层面：首句（总起）、尾句（总结）、转折词（but/however/yet）后句子（核心观点）。 抓高频关键词：全文 / 段落反复出现的名词、名词短语（如 “dollhouse”“rereading”“storytelling”），是核心载体。 筛逻辑线索：排除例子、数据、背景等细节，聚焦 “观点 + 结论”。 第二步：匹配选项特征 （一）正确选项特征 概括性：覆盖核心对象和核心逻辑（如 “玩具小屋 + 情感承载”“重读 + 变革力量”）； 精准性：不超出文章范围，不遗漏关键维度（如 “美好生活” 不仅是 “内容”，还有 “顺序”）； 一致性：与主题句、高频词高度呼应，无偏离。 （二）错误选项特征 细节化：仅涉及文章局部信息（例子、数据、某一段的分支内容）； 宽泛化：范围过大，无法体现文章具体重点（如 “学习” vs “兴趣带来的学习奇迹”）； 无中生有：出现文章未提及的概念、逻辑（如 “科学局限源于测试不足” 未在原文提及）； 反向干扰：与文章核心观点矛盾（如 “科学可突破所有限制” 与原文 “科学有根本性局限” 矛盾）； 片面化：只覆盖部分段落主旨，未贯穿全文（如 “重读的类型” vs “重读的变革力量”）。 第三步：验证排除 代入验证：将选项作为标题 / 主旨，判断是否能统领全文 / 段落所有关键内容； 优先排除：先排除 “细节化”“无中生有”“反向干扰” 类选项，再对比剩余选项的概括性。 考点一 标题归纳题 例题 1：2025年6月B篇第45题 My great grandmother received the dollhouse (玩具小屋) from a family friend back in the late 1800s. It was then passed down from generation to generation. I was seven when I discovered it underneath the tree on Christmas morning. In our house, Mom set up a sewing area. I sat at her sewing machine, my feet barely reaching the presser foot. Mom bent over me, her hands on mine, gently guiding small bits of cloth under the needle to create dollhouse bedding. She also taught me to make mini-blankets. With a little paint and glue, Mom demonstrated that anything could be turned into dollhouse furniture. I learnt to view the world as a place of possibility. I spent hours of my girlhood sitting before my dollhouse, telling made-up stories, and creating miniatures (缩微模型). But eventually school activities took over, and the dollhouse was moved to the attic (阁楼). Over the next 40 years, the storytelling skills I’d practiced with the dollhouse grew into novel writing skills, and I developed a career as an author. One day, after hours of working on my fourth book, I took a break by surfing the Internet and happened to notice the beautiful dollhouses people posted on social media. They reminded me of mine. I went to the attic, brought it back to my room and started updating it. During the mindless hours of sewing and furnishing (布置家具), I listened to audiobooks about the history of dollhouses, learning that they were not invented for play. There’s a long, rich history of people in hardship turning to dollhouses to find comfort. They weren’t produced as toys until mass production became standard after 1945. This inspired me to create a novel where art saves the day. The truth was I myself needed art to save the day. Mom was then slipping away from me owing to progressive memory loss. The only topic we could discuss with any genuine joy was the update of the dollhouse. She loved retelling its history — those old memories. Mom didn’t find it strange at all that her 50-year-old daughter was updating the dollhouse. She just thought it fun and beautiful. And it was. It was a world where Mom and I were at our best together. 45．What would be the best title for the passage? A．The Dollhouse: A Lifelong Toy B．Growing up with the Dollhouse C．The Dollhouse: More Than Just a Toy D．Dollhouse Making and Novel Writing 命题解读 新情境：生活化叙事情境，贴近考生认知 命题选取以家族传承的玩具小屋为线索的个人成长叙事，涵盖童年玩乐、成年创作、陪伴母亲三个阶段，场景包括家庭缝纫区、阁楼、书房，均为考生熟悉的生活化场景。 这种情境规避了陌生的专业领域或文化壁垒，降低了阅读的理解门槛，符合高考英语 “以生活化文本考查核心能力” 的命题趋势。 新考法：主旨题经典考法，干扰项设计有规律 属于全文主旨概括题，题干直接要求选出最佳标题，考查考生对文本整体脉络的梳理能力，而非局部细节的定位能力。 解题关键在于判断选项是否能覆盖文本的所有核心层次（童年玩乐→写作启蒙→亲情纽带），而非仅匹配某一段落内容。 新角度：立足 “物件价值”，考查深层解读能力 以“非功能性物件的多重价值”为切入点，要求考生跳出 “玩具 = 玩乐工具” 的固有认知，解读玩具小屋作为写作启蒙载体、亲情联结纽带、历史文化符号的三重身份。 这一角度契合高考英语 “考查批判性思维和文本深度解读能力” 的新要求。 45．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据最后一段中“The truth was I myself needed art to save the day. Mom was then slipping away from me owing to progressive memory loss. The only topic we could discuss with any genuine joy was the update of the dollhouse. She loved retelling its history — those old memories. (事实是我自己也需要艺术来拯救这一天。当时，由于记忆力逐渐衰退，妈妈正从我身边溜走。我们唯一能真正愉快地讨论的话题就是玩具小屋的更新。她喜欢重述它的历史——那些古老的记忆。)”可知，文章主要讲述了作者与玩具小屋之间的故事，玩具小屋不仅仅是玩具，它承载了作者和母亲的美好回忆和情感，C项“The Dollhouse: More Than Just a Toy (玩具小屋：不仅仅是一个玩具)”概括文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选C项。 原文核心：玩具小屋从曾祖母传承，童年时妈妈教作者装饰，成年后作者重拾小屋，此时妈妈记忆力衰退，小屋成为母女情感交流的纽带，承载回忆与亲情。 选项分析： A. The Dollhouse: A Lifelong Toy（错误）：仅强调 “玩具” 属性，遗漏 “情感承载” 核心逻辑，属于 “只提对象，不提逻辑”； B. Growing up with the Dollhouse（错误）：只覆盖 “童年 + 小屋”，未体现 “成年后小屋的情感价值”，属于 “片面化”； C. The Dollhouse: More Than Just a Toy（正确）：核心对象 “Dollhouse”，核心逻辑 “More Than Just a Toy”（承载亲情、回忆），覆盖全文主线，概括精准； D. Dollhouse Making and Novel Writing（错误）：仅涉及 “装饰小屋” 和 “写作灵感” 局部细节，属于 “细节化”。 例题 2：2024年6月D 篇第66题 Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 66. What could be the best title for the passage? A. Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading B. Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary? C. Rereading: Pursuit of Truth D. Transformative Power of Rereading 【66题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light.(重新阅读使我们能够以新的眼光看待周围的世界，包括我们自己。)”和后文对重新阅读的介绍可知，文章主要论述了重新阅读的重要意义，即再读具有提升读者对作品、自我及世界认知的力量，故D项 “Transformative Power of Rereading(重新阅读的变革力量)” 符合文章标题，故选D。 · 原文核心：作者重读旧书发现自身变化，进而分析重读的三种形式（自愿、非自愿、潜意识），最终点明 “重读能以新视角看待自我与世界” 的核心价值。 · 选项分析： A. Accessing Masterpieces through Rereading（错误）：核心逻辑偏离，原文不是 “通过重读接触名著”，而是 “重读带来的自我变革”，属于 “逻辑偏离”； B. Rereading: Voluntary or Involuntary?（错误）：仅覆盖 “重读的两种类型”，未体现 “重读的价值”，属于 “片面化”； C. Rereading: Pursuit of Truth（错误）：“追求真理” 在原文无提及，属于 “无中生有”； D. Transformative Power of Rereading（正确）：核心对象 “Rereading”，核心逻辑 “Transformative Power”（变革力量），契合尾段 “以新眼光看待世界” 的主旨，概括全面。 （2021·天津·高考真题）There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 1．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 2．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 3．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 4．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 5．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 5．A 【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。 1．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“know … about less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。 2．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. …These specialists could work at the office until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。 4．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Toni的例子“My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。 （2020·天津·高考真题）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts ofUncle Tom’s Cabinwhile cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 6．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 7．What does the example of Galileo tell us? A．Trial and error leads to the finding of truth. B．Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious. C．Creativity results from challenging authority. D．Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore. 8．What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent? A．Observe the unknown around you. B．Develop a questioning mind. C．Lead a life of adventure. D．Follow the fashion. 9．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Gaining success helps you become an expert. B．The genius tends to get things done creatively. C．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. D．You should remain modest when approaching perfection. 10．What could be the best title or the passage? A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented B．Reflections on Human Nature C．The Keys to Achievement D．Never Too Late to Learn 【答案】6．D 7．D 8．B 9．C 10．C 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。 7．推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。 10．主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys to Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。 （2020·天津·高考真题）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago. According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life. History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us. History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives. 11．The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________. A．the turning point in our history B．the present state of our nation C．the location of our homeland D．the total area of our country 12．According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life? A．The problems at present are similar to those in the past. B．Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today. C．The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors. D．People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems. 13．What can be concluded from Para.4? A．It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers. B．People are willing to accept foreign cultures. C．Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore. D．History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness. 14．With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________. A．Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature. B．Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets. C．reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period. D．studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields. 15．What could be the best title for the passage? A．How to Build Cultural Identity B．Why Studying History Matters C．Know the Past, Know the Present D．History: a Way to Broaden Horizons 【答案】11．B 12．A 13．D 14．D 15．B 【分析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。 11．猜测词义题。根据上句learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知学习我们祖国的历史能更深、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去。此处指学历史着眼于大局，是从国家层面讲的，与之一致，可推知画线的where we are today指的是我们国家的现状。故选B。 12．细节理解题。根据第三段According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.可知专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。有了祖先的信息，我们在处理生活中的挑战时会更有经验。故选A。 13．推理判断题。根据第四段中It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures和History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.可知历史为跨文化的同理心提供了一个相当坚实的基础，历史有可能打破对未知事物的恐惧和憎恨，为我们提供洞悉整个世界的机会。由此推之历史帮助我们提高跨文化意识。故选D。 14．推理判断题。根据第五段标题是 History can inspire us to learn more:(历史可以激励我们学习更多),下面列举了阅读Oliver Twist的例子,通过Oliver Twist我们能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,还可能会学到一些关于现实主义的东西，会发现英国浪漫主义诗人的历史。作者通过这个例子是为了说明学习历史可以引起人们对其他领域的兴趣。故选D。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is a very good first step.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后一段总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。故Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文内容。故选B。 （2018·天津·高考真题）If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks—a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle（海 龟）could. According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic（磁力的）sense based on Earth’s magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches. Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whales and honeybees, can detect（探测到）magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs. As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what helps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense? Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea. Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”（罗盘）. He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth’s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go. At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed（颠倒）the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”. This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle. Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study. 16．Loggerheads and whales differ in the way they______. A．bring up their young B．recognize landmarks C．detect magnetic fields D．learn to find directions 17．What is needed for newborn loggerheads to set their magnetic sense? A．Weak light reflected off the ocean. B．Help from adult loggerheads. C．Bright sunlight from the sky. D．Food in warmer waters. 18．In the experiment, after the newborns’ magnetic sense was set, their moving direction was determined by ____. A．the light B．the magnetic field C．other unknown factors D．the light and the magnetic field 19．What is the significance of Lohmann’s research work? A．It enables researchers to keep track of turtles. B．It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field. C．It offers a new solution to environmental pollution. D．It helps protect the loggerheads’ living environment. 20．What could be the best title of the passage? A．Experiments on Loggerheads B．The Survival of the Sea Turtle C．The Loggerhead’s Built-in “Compass” D．Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals 【答案】16．D 17．A 18．B 19．D 20．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了红海龟与其它很多动物一样都可以感知磁场。与其它动物感知磁场不同的是，海龟依靠光来感知磁场。 16．细节理解题。由第三段“The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense.”可知，然而，它们和红海龟之间的区别在于它们学会使用磁感应的方式。所以红海龟和鲸鱼的区别在于它们学习寻找方向的方式。故选D项。 17．细节理解题。由第五段“Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea, where they can find food”可知，小红海龟只在晚上孵化。然而，微弱的光反射到海洋上。光线使那个区域更亮。朝着光走有助于它们迅速到达大海，在那里它们可以找到食物。所以微弱的光反射到海洋上，来帮助设定他们的磁场感应。故选A项。 18．细节理解题。由倒数第三段“At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed（颠倒）the magnetic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east””可知，刚开始，新出生的小海龟向光游去。科学家们把灯关掉后，看到了东方有光的海龟总是向着东方游动。当研究者颠倒磁场当研究员颠倒磁场之后， 这些海龟调转方向， 向着新的“东方”游去。所以实验中，新生儿磁感建立后，其运动方向由磁场决定。故选B项。 19．细节理解题。由最后一段“Lohmann’s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species”可知，Lohmann的研究使得其他人保护这种濒危物种的栖息地。所以Lohmann研究工作的意义在于它有助于保护红海龟的生存环境。故选D项。 20．主旨大意题。通过读全文可知，海龟与其它很多动物一样都可以感知磁场。与其它动物感知磁场不同的是，海龟依靠光来感知磁场。所以短文最佳标题为“红海龟的内置“指南针”。故选C项。 （2017·天津·高考真题）This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles (自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo. 21．What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A situation where drivers’ role is not clear. 22．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．help promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 23．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? A．It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 24．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in __________. A．Singapore B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 25．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 【答案】21．D 22．B 23．D 24．C 25．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了德国交通部长对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。 21．猜测词义题。根据第二段内容The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.注意冒号的作用，就是对死亡谷的解释说明：death valley指的是制约着无人驾驶汽车未来的半自动化和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带即司机的角色不明朗的状况。A，B和C项内容文中根本就没有提到，故选D。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段的句子The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles:和第四段内容The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.可以判断出这个提议被提出是为了推动完全自动化的驾驶。故选B。 23．细节理解题。根据第七段内容But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.” 可知消费者认为对于无人驾驶车辆的运行不应该牵涉到人的责任。故选D。 24．细节理解题。根据最后一段That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says Calo.可知接管无人驾驶汽车并将其视为公共产品的想法在美国绝对行不通，即公共交通工具中无人驾驶车在美国看不到未来。故选C。 25．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了德国交通部长的提议是为了促进无人驾驶车运行，界定了汽车制造方负责，由此在第五段引出全文的主题句:Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. 下面就此展开陈述。所以“自动化驾驶：谁的责任”可以概括全文，充当本文题目，故选A。 【点睛】这篇文章内容和每个人生活密切相关，讲的是谁对这种新型交通工具：无人驾驶的全自动化的车辆负责各国意见不一，学生应该有兴趣阅读，涉及到科技前沿，文章篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，还有词义辨析类的题目，对学生能力考查比较全面。 做词义辨析类的题目，要仔细阅读这个词所在的前后的句子，发现有没有关联的同义词，反义词或是这个词的定义，分析这篇阅读的1题，要求对含有这个短语的整个句子的正确理解以及标点符号的作用。 标题归纳题 【设问方式 1．What is the best title for the text? 2．Which of the following is the best title for the text? 3．What can be a suitable title for the text? 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? 5．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? 解题核心方法 概括性：标题需覆盖文章核心内容，既不遗漏关键信息，也不超出文章范围。 精准性：避免过于宽泛（无法体现文章重点）或过于狭窄（只涉及局部细节）。 呼应主旨：标题本质是主旨的凝练表达，需与文章核心观点高度契合。 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Music is the food of love, according to poets. And classical music, it seems, may be fine rain for restaurants. The music of Mozart, Bach and Beethoven played in restaurants makes diners feel richer and encourages them to spend money, according to research made by the University of Leicester in central England. “When you hear a piece of music, it activates all types of knowledge,” said Adrian North, a senior lecturer in psychology at a university who carried out tests in a restaurant near Leicester over a period of three weeks. “If you hear classical music, it gives you the feeling of wealth and it makes you feel a bit noble. In a restaurant, this has the effect of making you spend a bit more money.” Researchers found that classical music, often connected with wealth, was the most successful in encouraging people to pay cash, with diners spending more than 24 pounds a head. But when the music was Britney Spears’, diners spent less than 22 pounds a head, they found. With no background music, spending fell to around 21 pounds. “Where people were really spending the money was on the luxurious things, such as desserts and coffees,” said James Davis, owner of Softleys restaurant in Market Bosworth, where the research was carried out. He also said, “I think this research will certainly affect what we will play in the future.” 1．How did people feel while listening to classical music? A．They only feel noble. B．They feel they are luxurious. C．They feel that they are a little noble and wealthy. D．They have the feeling that money is less important. 2．Which music has the most obvious effect on people’s spending? A．Britney Spears’ B．Classical music C．Pop music. D．Not mentioned in the passage. 3．What does the underlined sentence mean? A．People like to have desserts and coffees. B．The desserts and coffees are very expensive. C．People spend money in enjoying music in restaurants. D．Having desserts and coffees makes people spend more money. 4．It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A．Softleys might accept the idea B．most people don’t believe the idea C．restaurants will never play Britney Spears’ music D．every restaurant must play classical music in the future 5．What is the best title of the passage? A．Classical music makes diners spend more money. B．Music and restaurants. C．Diners love music. D．Music is the food of love. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了研究表明餐厅播放古典音乐会让食客感觉富有并鼓励他们多花钱。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“If you hear classical music, it gives you the feeling of wealth and it makes you feel a bit noble.(如果你听到古典音乐，它会给你一种富有感，让你觉得自己有点高贵)”可知，人们听古典音乐时会觉得自己有点高贵和富有。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers found that classical music, often connected with wealth, was the most successful in encouraging people to pay cash, with diners spending more than 24 pounds a head.(研究人员发现，古典音乐通常与财富联系在一起，在鼓励人们支付现金方面最为成功，食客人均消费超过24英镑)”可知，古典音乐对人们消费的影响最明显。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Where people were really spending the money was on the luxurious things, such as desserts and coffees(人们真正花钱的地方是奢侈的东西，比如甜点和咖啡)”可知，画线句子的意思是吃甜点和喝咖啡会让人们花更多的钱。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中餐厅老板James Davis说的“He also said, “I think this research will certainly affect what we will play in the future.”(他还说：“我认为这项研究肯定会影响我们未来的演奏。”)”可推断出，Softleys 餐厅可能会采纳这个研究结论。故选A。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The music of Mozart, Bach and Beethoven played in restaurants makes diners feel richer and encourages them to spend money, according to research made by the University of Leicester in central England.(据英国中部莱斯特大学的研究，餐厅里播放的莫扎特、巴赫和贝多芬的音乐让食客感觉更富有，并鼓励他们花钱)”以及全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了研究表明餐厅播放古典音乐会让食客感觉富有并鼓励他们多花钱。所以本文的最佳标题是“Classical music makes diners spend more money(古典音乐让食客花更多钱)”。故选A。 （25-26高三上·天津和平·月考）The clownery starts on the sidewalk, even before you enter the big top. Crowds arriving for the Peru Amateur circus in Peru, Indiana, are greeted by merrymakers with silly jokes and rainbow suckers (彩虹棒棒糖) . The smell of buttery popcorn fills the air, trumpets roar, and cotton candy melts on the tongue. The circus is about to begin. Among the delighted spectators is DebraJo Myers, who nominated the circus as one of the Nicest Places in America. As a teenager, she used to fly through the air here with the greatest of ease. Now she watches kiddie clowns spill into the arena, trying to remember their choreography (编舞). Unicyclists pedal out next, forming long chorus lines that rotate (旋转) like clock hands. Then comes the flying trapeze (吊杠). Star aerialist Kevin Nord flips and twists above the crowd before diving toward his friend’s outstretched hands. Caught! The applause is for him, for all 200 youth performers, and for the 400 volunteers who make the show possible. Since 1960, generation after generation of Peru-area kids have taken their turn in the ring, often returning as volunteers. Peru circus Center Arena stands a block from the railway tracks that still bisect (平分) this small city. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, major circuses made Peru their winter headquarters, bringing performers and animal performers like elephants, zebras, hippos, and camels. By World War II the circus trains departed, but many performers stayed. “The circus is what makes us who we are, ” says Myers. For today’s young people, the circus is also a refuge. Kids practice from February through summer, guided by adults who genuinely care. “There are plenty of kids who don’t have good situations at home, ” says former aerialist Jason Yoo Myers knows the feeling. At 11, facing divorce, loss and instability, circus practice became her safe place. Late-night lock-ins let kids bond not just as performers, but as people. Showtime again. Nord. now a Purdue engineering student, flies with the confidence that someone will catch him. His fellow aerialists— some former classmates he barely knew— are now the people he trusts most. During the 65th-anniversary show, “Make It Shine,” he appears in his sparkly cape (斗篷) , ready to twist and tumble. When he sticks the landing, the audience cheers. When he doesn’t, they cheer louder. 6．Why does the author open the story with vivid sensory details? A．To contrast the noisy circus with the quiet town. B．To draw the readers into the festive atmosphere. C．To highlight the commercial success of the circus. D．To suggest the lively scene may distract spectators 7．What role does Debra Jo Myers play in the passage? A．She explains why performers often become volunteers. B．She reflects how personal experience shapes local cultural identity. C．She highlights the historical roots of the circus in the town. D．She illustrates how individual memory sustains a collective tradition. 8．Which of the following best explains why the circus serves as a refuge for many children? A．It allows them to escape from school pressure and perform freely. B．It creates a stable community where adults care about their wellbeing. C．It helps them quickly develop professional circus career. D．It offers financial assistance to families suffering poverty. 9．The audience cheering louder when Nord fails suggests that ________. A．Performance quality matters more. B．Celebration is central to local culture. C．Effort and courage deserve recognition. D．Failure is part of the amateur shows. 10．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Flying High: The Rise of a New circus Star B．How a Small Town Built a World-Class circus C．Peru’s circus: A Tradition That holds a Town Together D．Behind the Big Top: The secrets of circus Techniques 【答案】6．B 7．B 8．B 9．C 10．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了印第安纳州佩鲁的业余马戏团，介绍了其热闹的开场氛围、发展历史、对当地孩子的重要意义以及在表演中的团结互助等，展现了马戏团这一传统如何将小镇凝聚在一起。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Crowds arriving for the Peru Amateur circus in Peru, Indiana, are greeted by merrymakers with silly jokes and rainbow suckers (彩虹棒棒糖). The smell of buttery popcorn fills the air, trumpets roar, and cotton candy melts on the tongue. The circus is about to begin.(来到印第安纳州佩鲁观看佩鲁业余马戏团的人群，会受到爱开玩笑的人用愚蠢的笑话和彩虹棒棒糖的欢迎。空气中弥漫着黄油爆米花的香味，喇叭声轰鸣，棉花糖在舌尖融化。马戏团就要开始了。)”可知，作者用生动的感官细节描写马戏团开场时的热闹场景，如欢闹的人群、爆米花的香味、喇叭声、棉花糖等，目的是把读者带入到这种欢乐的节日氛围中。故选B项。 7．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Among the delighted spectators is DebraJo Myers, who nominated the circus as one of the Nicest Places in America. As a teenager, she used to fly through the air here with the greatest of ease.(在欣喜的观众中有一位是黛布拉乔·迈尔斯，她提名马戏团为美国最美好的地方之一。十几岁的时候，她曾经在这里轻松地飞过空中。)”以及第三段中的“‘The circus is what makes us who we are,’ says Myers.(迈尔斯说：‘马戏团造就了现在的我们。’)”可知，Debra Jo Myers年轻时在马戏团表演，现在她看着马戏团的发展，她的角色是“见证者” 和 “阐释者”—— 用自己的经历解释马戏团对小镇和居民的意义，她的个人经历，既体现了马戏团陪伴她成长的意义，也反映出个人经历如何塑造当地文化认同。故选B项。 8．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“For today’s young people, the circus is also a refuge. Kids practice from February through summer, guided by adults who genuinely care.(对于今天的年轻人来说，马戏团也是一个避难所。孩子们从二月到夏天都在练习，由真正关心他们的成年人指导。)”可知，马戏团能成为孩子们的庇护所，是因为这里有真心关怀他们的成年人，能为他们营造一个安稳的集体环境。故选B项。 9．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“When he sticks the landing, the audience cheers. When he doesn’t, they cheer louder.(当他成功落地时，观众欢呼起来。当他没有成功时，他们欢呼得更大声。)”可知，当Nord成功时观众欢呼，失败时观众欢呼得更大声，这表明观众认可他的努力和勇气，认为努力和勇气值得认可。故选C项。 10．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Since 1960, generation after generation of Peru - area kids have taken their turn in the ring, often returning as volunteers. Peru circus Center Arena stands a block from the railway tracks that still bisect (平分) this small city. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, major circuses made Peru their winter headquarters, bringing performers and animal performers like elephants, zebras, hippos, and camels. By World War II the circus trains departed, but many performers stayed. ‘The circus is what makes us who we are,’ says Myers.(自1960年以来，一代又一代的佩鲁地区的孩子轮流在马戏团中表演，经常作为志愿者回来。佩鲁马戏团中心竞技场距离仍然平分这座小城的铁轨只有一个街区。在19世纪和20世纪初，大型马戏团将佩鲁作为他们的冬季总部，带来了表演者和像大象、斑马、河马和骆驼这样的动物表演者。到第二次世界大战时，马戏团列车离开了，但许多表演者留了下来。迈尔斯说：‘马戏团造就了现在的我们。’)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了佩鲁的马戏团传统，这一传统将小镇的人们凝聚在一起，所以“Peru’s circus: A Tradition That holds a Town Together(佩鲁的马戏团：一种将小镇凝聚在一起的传统)”是最佳标题。故选C项。 （25-26高三上·天津南开·月考）When I was 17 years old, I had surgery because of a disease. The day after the surgery, I awoke to find a friend of mine sitting in a chair across from my bed. I don’t remember much about his visit. But I will not forget that he visited me on that day, and sat there for I don’t know how long, while I was under the influence of a morphine drip (输液). We benefit greatly from our close friendships, but they are not a matter of calculable gain or loss. Our age, what we might call the age of economics, is strongly influenced by two types of relationships that reflect the lives we are encouraged to lead. There are consumer relationships, those that we participate in for the pleasure they bring us. They are focused on the present. It is what brings immediate pleasure that matters. And there are entrepreneur (企业家) relationships, those that we invest in, hoping they will bring us some return. Aristotle thought that there were three types of friendship: those of pleasure, those of usefulness, and true friendship. In pleasure friendships, he said, “It is not for their character that men love ready-witted people, but because they find them pleasant.” About the usefulness friendships, he said, “Those who love each other for their utility (效用) do not love each other for themselves, but because of some good which they get from each other.” Although we benefit from our close friendships, these friendships are not a matter of calculable gain and loss. Consumer pleasures are lasting for only a limited time. They surround us for a short period and then they fade, like a drug. Entrepreneur friendship, when successful, leads to the victory of personal gain. It is precisely the non-economic character that is threatened in a society in which each of us is offered only the choices of ownership, shopping, competition and growth. It is threatened when we are led to believe that friendships without obvious recognizable gain are, in the economic sense, irrational (不合理的). Friendships are not without reason, perhaps, but they are certainly without that particular reason. Shared experience, not just everyday amusement or advancement, is the true basis of friendship. 11．The author mentions his operation in the first paragraph to _________. A．honor one of his best friends B．introduce the topic of friendship C．recall the experience of surgery D．advise people to visit sick friends 12．Consumer relationships center on _________. A．mutual support in times of trouble B．the sharing of joy and sorrow C．the current enjoyment and pleasure D．the return from one’s investment 13．How does the author make his argument convincing for readers to accept? A．By explaining the causes of friendship. B．By providing enough facts and examples. C．By relating his classification to Aristotle’s. D．By listing five different types of friendship. 14．The author is more likely to support the idea that _________. A．there are no specific reasons for friendship B．short-term pleasure is the center of friendship C．friendships are a matter of calculable gain or loss D．everyday amusement is the true basis of friendship 15．The best title for the text would be _________. A．Friendship in Tough Situations B．Friendship in Contemporary Times C．Friendship in a Fast-Paced Life D．Friendship in the Age of Economics 【答案】11．B 12．C 13．C 14．A 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者个人经历引出论点，批判现代经济思维将友谊异化为消费者型/企业家型关系，借助亚里士多德的古典分类，强调真正友谊应超越功利性，以共同经历为基础。 11．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I don’t remember much about his visit. But I will not forget that he visited me on that day, and sat there for I don’t know how long, while I was under the influence of a morphine drip. We benefit greatly from our close friendships, but they are not a matter of calculable gain or loss. (我不太记得他来访的事了。但我不会忘记那天他来看我，我不知道他在那里坐了多久，当时我正在接受吗啡输液。我们从亲密的友谊中获益良多，但这并不是一个可以计算的得失问题。)”可知，作者回忆自己手术后朋友探望的经历，指出这是一段亲密友谊，与可计算的得失无关，后文就友谊展开论述。由此可知，作者在第一段提到自己的手术是为了引入友谊这一话题。故选B项。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“There are consumer relationships, those that we participate in for the pleasure they bring us. They are focused on the present. It is what brings immediate pleasure that matters. (有消费者型关系，我们参与其中是为了它们带给我们的快乐。它们专注于当下。真正重要的是能带来即时快乐的东西。)”可知，消费者型关系的核心是当下的享受和愉悦。故选C项。 13．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Aristotle thought that there were three types of friendship: those of pleasure, those of usefulness, and true friendship. (亚里士多德认为友谊有三种类型：快乐的友谊，有用的友谊和真正的友谊。)”可知，此处提到亚里士多德对友谊的分类，后文用这一分类中的概念进一步分析消费者型/企业家型关系。由此可知，作者通过将他的分类与亚里士多德的分类联系起来，使其论点更具说服力。故选C项。 14．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Friendships are not without reason, perhaps, but they are certainly without that particular reason. Shared experience, not just everyday amusement or advancement, is the true basis of friendship. (友谊也许不是没有理由的，但它们肯定是没有那个特定理由的。共同的经历，而不仅仅是日常的娱乐或进步，才是友谊的真正基础。)”可推知，作者最可能支持的观点是“友谊没有特定的理由”。故选A项。 15．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“It is precisely the non-economic character that is threatened in a society in which each of us is offered only the choices of ownership, shopping, competition and growth. It is threatened when we are led to believe that friendships without obvious recognizable gain are, in the economic sense, irrational. (在一个我们每个人只能选择拥有、购物、竞争和成长的社会中，受到威胁的正是非经济性质。当我们被引导去相信，从经济意义上讲，没有明显可识别的收益的友谊是非理性的，这种友谊就受到了威胁。)”可知，全文围绕经济时代对友谊本质的威胁展开，作者先用个人经历引出论点，批判现代经济思维将友谊异化为消费者型/企业家型关系，借助亚里士多德的古典分类，强调真正友谊应超越功利性，以共同经历为基础。因此，D项“经济时代的友谊”最契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 考点二 段落大意题 例题：2025年6月D篇第54题（第四段） Science serves as a powerful tool for unlocking the mysteries of the universe, but understanding its limitations is essential for its effective application. There are occasions where I have used the handle of a knife as a hammer (锤子), but the result would have been better if I’d had a more suitable tool at hand. As far as science goes, it is really good at testing things that are testable, but not so for those that are not. We can do, and have done, an impressive amount with our brains. But there are limits. Sometimes these limits go away if we keep at it for long enough — we just need better facilities and experiments to get the answer. Breaking new ground in modern science this way can be costly. Next-generation supercomputers or incredibly large telescopes are expensive, yet these may be required to find answers to some of the unsolved mysteries of the universe. Sometimes the limits we encounter in trying to unlock the nature of the universe are cognitive (认知的). Think about this: human DNA is only about 1.2 percent different from that of chimps (黑猩猩). Chimps are smart, no question. But could you teach them advanced mathematics? What if our DNA were another 1.2 percent further evolved than it is? What might our brains be capable of then? The level of abstract thinking might be unimaginable. Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. For something to be considered scientific, it must, by definition, be testable. There is a problem here: it may not need to be testable right now, but it must be testable at some point in the future by experiment. If an idea is untestable, that doesn’t mean it is wrong. It means it is untestable for now. These untestable ideas also happen to be some of the most interesting ones, probably because they’ve puzzled humanity for centuries. 54．What message does Paragraph 4 convey? A．Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration. B．Experimental research lays solid foundations for space technology. C．Boundaries of science can be pushed back with determined efforts. D．Limitations of science may result from insufficient testing. 命题解读 新情境：科学认知情境，聚焦学科本质 文本围绕科学的局限性展开，选取 “工具适配性”“科研成本”“认知边界”“自然法则限制” 四个角度，构建了严谨的科学思辨情境，属于高考英语阅读理解中常见的议论性文本，侧重考查逻辑推理能力。 新考法：段落主旨题，干扰项紧扣文本陷阱 干扰项均来自文本其他段落的观点，利用考生 “混淆段落内容” 的弱点设置陷阱，要求考生具备精准定位段落逻辑的能力，而非全文通读后的模糊理解。 新角度：立足 “根本性局限”，考查逻辑提炼能力 侧重考查逻辑分层与观点提炼能力：考生需先判断段落核心观点是 “科学存在根本性局限”，再匹配选项中对应的表述（Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration）。 段落中没有直接对应的同义句，需要考生将 “永远无法理解的自然法则”“无法测试宇宙起源的原因” 等论据，归纳为 “宇宙的某些谜题超出科学探索范围”，规避了 “原词复现” 的简单解题套路。 54．主旨大意题。根据第四段“Sometimes the limits we hit are fundamental. There are laws of nature we may never be able to understand, however advanced our brains might become. There are experiments we might never be able to perform. We may never be able to test what caused the universe to be created, and what caused the cause of the universe being created. This is where science may never break through. (有时我们所遭遇的限制是根本性的。存在着一些自然法则，即便我们的大脑变得再先进，我们也可能永远无法理解。还有一些实验我们可能永远无法进行。我们或许永远无法验证是什么导致了宇宙的诞生，以及是什么导致了宇宙诞生的原因。这就是科学可能永远无法取得突破的地方。)”可知，第4段传达了有些关于宇宙的谜题远远超出了科学探索的范畴。故选A。 选项分析： A. Some puzzles about the universe are way beyond scientific exploration（正确）：主题句 “limits are fundamental”+ 细节 “无法理解、无法实验、无法验证”，共同指向 “宇宙部分谜题超出科学探索范围”，概括精准； B. Experimental research lays solid foundations for space technology（错误）：段落未提及 “实验为太空技术打基础”，属于 “无中生有”； C. Boundaries of science can be pushed back with determined efforts（错误）：与段落 “science may never break through” 矛盾，属于 “反向干扰”； D. Limitations of science may result from insufficient testing（错误）：段落强调 “根本性局限”，而非 “测试不足”，属于 “逻辑偏离”。 （2020·全国III卷·高考真题）When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!” The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape. Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly. In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States. 1．Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard? A．To see famous film stars. B．To oppose wearing fur coats. C．To raise money for animal protection. D．To express thanks to some filmmakers. 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The cost of making “Apes.” B．The creation of digitalized apes. C．The publicity about “Apes.” D．The performance of real apes. 3．What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Listing completely. B．Directing professionally. C．Promoting successfully. D．Watching carefully. 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors? A．They may be badly treated. B．They should take further training. C．They could be traded illegally D．They would lose popularity. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．D 4．A 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者聚集在好莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造技术，而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐待动物的现象，这让一个非盈利的组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不能够被监测到的。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Instead, one activist ,dressed in a full -body monkey suit ,had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers:“Thanks for not using real apes”可知，相反，一名身穿全套猴服的活动人士来到现场，手里拿着一块牌子，称赞电影制作人:“感谢你们不用真正的猿猴。所以动物保护者聚集在好莱坞大道是为了向电影制作者表示感谢。故选D项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). ”可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术创造数字化的动物，在记录演员表演的技术上，花费数千万美元，然后用电脑图形处理，以产生最终的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B项。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子“One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment”（一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇）以及下文Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.（许多电影,包括“大象的眼泪”,“宿醉Ⅱ”和“管理员”,引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。）由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是“密切关注”。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.”（在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是电影棚里对动物的待遇;让人担忧的是训练和生活条件。还有一些关于在美国以外拍摄的电影的问题，这些电影有时不像在美国拍摄的电影那样受到严密的监控。）可知，在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是工作室里动物的待遇;令人担忧的是训练和生活条件。由此判断出动物演员可能受到虐待。故选A项。 （2020·全国I卷·高考真题）The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT. One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps. In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight. Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. 5．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．A new study of different plants. B．A big fall in crime rates. C．Employees from various workplaces. D．Benefits from green plants. 6．What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer? A．To detect plants’ lack of water B．To change compositions of plants C．To make the life of plants longer. D．To test chemicals in plants. 7．What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future? A．They will speed up energy production. B．They may transmit electricity to the home. C．They might help reduce energy consumption. D．They could take the place of power plants. 8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Can we grow more glowing plants? B．How do we live with glowing plants? C．Could glowing plants replace lamps? D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free? 【答案】5．D 6．A 7．C 8．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。 8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。 （2017·北京·高考真题）Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction. 9．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may . A．run out of human control B．satisfy human’s real desires C．command armies of killer robots D．work faster than a mathematician 10．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to . A．prevent themselves from being destroyed B．achieve their original goals independently C．do anything successfully with given orders D．beat humans in international chess matches 11．According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to . A．help super intelligent machines work better B．be secure against evil human beings C．keep machines from being harmed D．avoid robots’ affecting the world 12．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A．It will disappear with the development of AI. B．It will get worse with human interference. C．It will be solved but with difficulty. D．It will stay for a decade. 【答案】9．A 10．A 11．D 12．C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了人工智能，随着科技的发展，机器人可能会超出人类的控制，所以短文对人与机器人之间的关系进行了探讨。 9．主旨大意题。根据第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，一台具有特定用途的机器还有另外一个特性，这个特性我们通常与生物联系在一起: 一种希望保持自身存在的愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，故选D。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。 （2016·浙江·高考真题）A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playing…right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think. Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls in the ground—and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?). Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way—that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has. For example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate. Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.” 13．According to some developmental psychologists, ________. A．a baby’s play is nothing more than a game. B．scientific research into babies; games is possible C．the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D．a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment 14．We learn from Paragraph 2 that ________. A．scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B．scientists and babies often interact with each other C．babies are born with the knowledge of object support D．babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do 15．Children may learn the rules of language by ________. A．exploring the physical world B．investigating human psychology C．repeating their own experiments D．observing their parents’ behaviors 16．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play. B．Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science. C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. D．One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows. 17．What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play? A．Convincing. B．Confused. C．Confidence. D．Cautious. 【答案】13．D 14．D 15．C 16．B 17．D 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第一段的but some developmental psychologists(心理学家) have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think可知，心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选D。 14．推理判断题。根据文章第二段的overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)可知，孩子也会像科学家一样收集证据，故选D。 15．细节理解题。根据文章第三段的“For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory”可知，孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。 16．主旨大意题。根据最后一段的“Viewing childhood development as ascientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.”可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好地了解科学，故选B。 17．推理判断题。根据作者在文中的用词appear to、用may来弱化绝对性的表达及通过引用其他人的观点some psychologist suggestthat 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。 【名师点睛】阅读理解有时理解文章中的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子就很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的长句。 句子1：It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. 这句话使用分号连接两个并列分句，前面的分句使用It is likely that…这个句型，现在分词短语knowing…作伴随状语；后面的分句是“nor+倒装句”结构。 句意：可能婴儿不是一生下来就知道宇宙的这一基本事实，他们也没有被清楚地教过。 句子2：For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate. 这句话使用了强调句，强调的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory，这部分比较长，考生可能没有注意到这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是同位语从句，from后面的what he or she has是宾语从句。 句意：例如，可能只是通过反复实验，收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论，一个婴儿就会接受其他人可以和他/她持有不同的意见和愿望这一观点。例如，和孩子不同，妈妈实际上并不喜欢德芙巧克力。 段落大意题 设问方式 1．What is the last paragraph mainly about? 2．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about...? 3．In the last paragraph，the author mainly tells us . 4．Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph? 5．The third paragraph mainly tells us that . （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Erica Solove remembers December 30, 2021, like it was yesterday. She was at home in Superior, Colorado, a Boulder suburb at the foot of the Rockies. “It was an extremely windy day,” she says. “Hurricane-force winds. And we quickly realized it’s not just wind coming down the mountain — it’s fire.” She grabbed her napping two-year-old daughter out of her crib while her husband scooped up their five-year-old son. The family got in the car, struggling to open the doors against the wind, and fled without wallets, coats, or even shoes. She remembers how half the sky was black with smoke, while the other half was a bright crystalline blue. They were fleeing the Marshall Fire, the costliest in Colorado history. Her family lost everything. In the early weeks after the disaster, Solove experienced panic attacks on windy days, and the kids went to trauma therapy. “What an absolute nightmare,” she says. But three years later, Solove, an organizational psychologist, says she feels stronger than before, even “triumphant.” She now finds it easier to put little stressors in perspective. Her life has grown richer in some ways: She and her neighbors became as close as extended family. Solove’s Marshall Fire story is an example of what researchers call Post-Traumatic (创伤) Growth (PTG) — a term first coined in 1995. Studies have consistently found that on average, between half and two-thirds of survivors report positive changes and a new life outlook after a tragedy or crisis. Resilience can be defined broadly as “bouncing back” from adversity, returning to how you were before the hardship struck. When people experience post-traumatic growth, by contrast, they identify improvements in their lives. Recently, researchers have been finding brain structures that correlate with this kind of growth. And they’ve been unearthing new social and community factors and personal behaviors contribute to fostering it. The researchers also stress that you don’t need to go through extreme hardship yourself to draw lessons from the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth. We all face some level of adversity, and the experiences of people like Solove hold inspiration for anyone looking to build a more satisfying, connected, joyful life. 1．What can we learn about the Marshall Fire from the passage? A．It happened in a city far from the Rockies. B．It caused no harm to Solove’s family except property loss. C．It was the most expensive fire disaster in Colorado’s history. D．It broke out on a quiet, windless day. 2．Why does the author include Erica’s personal story in the passage? A．To showcase transformative effects of tragedy B．To establish emotional connection with readers C．To demonstrate the psychological findings D．To provide background on trauma research 3．What does the last paragraph convey? A．Highlight the accessibility of PTG principles B．The universality of confronting obstacles C．Learn from others’ traumatic experiences D．Draw strength from everyday challenges 4．What does Erica Solove’s experience show? A．Always have, always will. B．A blessing in disguise. C．The beginning of one thing can be the rest of everything. D．Our greatest glory is in rising every time when we fall. 5．According to the description and curve, which one is true according to the passage? A．I  Ⅱ B．I  Ⅲ C．Ⅱ  Ⅲ D．Ⅲ  Ⅳ 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章借Erica经历火灾后创伤后成长的事例，介绍创伤后成长（PTG）的概念、相关研究及启示。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They were fleeing the Marshall Fire, the costliest in Colorado history.(他们正在逃离马歇尔大火，这是科罗拉多州历史上代价最高的火灾)”可知，它是科罗拉多州历史上最昂贵的火灾灾难。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Solove’s Marshall Fire story is an example of what researchers call Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) — a term first coined in 1995.(索洛维的马歇尔火灾故事是研究人员所说的创伤后成长（PTG）的一个例子——这个术语最早是在 1995 年提出的)”可知，作者用她的故事是为了展示这一心理学发现。故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“The researchers also stress that you don’t need to go through extreme hardship yourself to draw lessons from the phenomenon of post-traumatic growth. We all face some level of adversity, and the experiences of people like Solove hold inspiration for anyone looking to build a more satisfying, connected, joyful life.(研究人员还强调，你不需要亲身经历极端困难就能从创伤后成长的现象中吸取教训。我们都会面临一定程度的逆境，而像索洛维这样的人的经历，对任何想要构建更令人满意、更有联结、更快乐的生活的人来说都有启发)”可知，该段强调了PTG原则的可获得性。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段中“But three years later, Solove, an organizational psychologist, says she feels stronger than before, even “triumphant.” She now finds it easier to put little stressors in perspective. Her life has grown richer in some ways: She and her neighbors became as close as extended family.(但三年后，身为组织心理学家的索洛维说，她感觉比以前更强大，甚至“胜利了”。她现在更容易正确看待小压力。她的生活在某些方面变得更丰富了：她和邻居的关系变得像大家庭一样亲密)”可知，Erica 的经历体现了“塞翁失马，焉知非福”的道理。故选B。 5．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Studies have consistently found that on average, between half and two-thirds of survivors report positive changes and a new life outlook after a tragedy or crisis.(研究一致发现，平均而言，一半到三分之二的幸存者在经历悲剧或危机后，会报告积极的变化和新的生活展望)”可知，I选项“one third of survivors(三分之一的幸存者)”表述错误；根据第五段中“Resilience can be defined broadly as “bouncing back” from adversity, returning to how you were before the hardship struck.(韧性大致可以定义为从逆境中“反弹”，回到困境发生前的状态)”可知，曲线可体现Ⅱ选项“resilience(韧性)”；根据第四段中“Solove’s Marshall Fire story is an example of what researchers call Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) — a term first coined in 1995. Studies have consistently found that on average, between half and two-thirds of survivors report positive changes and a new life outlook after a tragedy or crisis.(索洛维的马歇尔火灾故事是研究人员所说的创伤后成长（PTG）的一个例子 —— 这个术语最早是在 1995 年提出的。多项研究一致表明，在灾难或危机发生后，平均有超过一半到三分之二的幸存者会报告出现积极的变化，并拥有全新的生活态度)”可知，曲线可体现Ⅲ选项“the process of PTG works(PTG运行的过程)”；根据第三段中“she feels stronger than before, even “triumphant.”(她感觉比以前更强大，甚至“胜利了”)”可知，Ⅳ选项“Erica’s emotion(Erica的情绪)”的曲线未对应。因此Ⅱ和Ⅲ正确。故选C。 （25-26高三上·天津·月考）Like many teens, I often felt that my best friend was my diary. I’d enter my bedroom in a terrible mood, but as the sentences took shape on the page, whatever was troubling me no longer felt like quite as much of a disaster. I wasn’t able to remove my deep sadness, but often I felt calmer. These moments always brought to mind a scene in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, in which the headteacher at Hogwarts, AI bus Hogwarts, takes out upsetting memories with his magic stick and places them in a shallow bowl called the “Pensieve”. In this way, he can view things without emotional interference (干扰). Writing, for me, provided the same relief. As a science writer, I have been delighted to discover that the practice not only comforts a troubled soul but also improves physical health. Given these benefits, the question arises: Why is writing so stress- relieving in the first place? One possibility is that externalizing our thoughts gives us more head space to think about other things. We now know that simply writing a to- do list can release people’s cognitive (认知的) resources for other activities, as it reduces the amount of information in their minds. This eases stress and if done before bedtime, it can even improve sleep. However, no single way will suit everyone: writing is just one tool and some may be unwilling to set out their feelings in detail. If you’d like to include it in your own mental first aid kit, though, there are some ways to maximize its benefits. When writing about your experiences, try to keep some natural flow in a story-like way. For example, briefly describe what happened and what led to the situation. Clearly state the emotions you feel — whether it’s annoyance, depression, disappointment, or something else. Identifying these feelings accurately can help you understand them better. Also, think about how the situation shows your positive qualities or what you care about, like showing strength or kindness, or realizing how important certain friendships are. 6．What can we know about the author when he was a teenager? A．He was unpopular with friends. B．He was active in social activities. C．He tended to hide his true feelings. D．He had a way to adjust his emotions. 7．Why does Hogwarts use the Pensieve according to paragraph 2? A．To share memories with others. B．To awake delighted memories. C．To observe memories objectively. D．To find inspiration for teaching. 8．Writing gives us more space to think about other things by _________. A．changing memory patterns B．freeing up mental capacity C．seeking comfort from others D．generating more cognitive confidence 9．What can be inferred about writing as a stress- relief method? A．It is a one-size-fits-all solution. B．It requires professional guidance. C．Its role has been universally proven. D．Its effect varies from person to person. 10．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on? A．Suggestions on expressive writing. B．Strategies for managing daily stress. C．Importance of developing real friendship. D．Reflections on interpersonal relationships. 【答案】6．D 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述作者青少年时以写日记调节情绪，指出写作能减压、有益身心健康，并分析其原理，还给出了提升写作减压效果的实用建议。 6．细节理解题。根据第一段“Like many teens, I often felt that my best friend was my diary. I’d enter my bedroom in a terrible mood, but as the sentences took shape on the page, whatever was troubling me no longer felt like quite as much of a disaster. I wasn’t able to remove my deep sadness, but often I felt calmer. (和许多青少年一样，我常常觉得我的挚友就是我的日记。我心情糟糕地走进卧室，但当文字在纸上逐渐成形时，困扰我的那些事情就不再那么令人感到绝望了。我无法消除内心的深深悲伤，但很多时候我却感觉平静了一些。)”可知，作者有调节情绪的方法。故选D。 7．细节理解题。根据第二段“In this way, he can view things without emotional interference (干扰). (这样一来，他就能够不受情绪干扰地审视事物了。)”可知，霍格沃茨的校长使用冥想镜是为了客观地观察记忆。故选C。 8．细节理解题。根据第三段“We now know that simply writing a to- do list can release people’s cognitive (认知的) resources for other activities, as it reduces the amount of information in their minds. (我们现在了解到，仅仅列出待办事项清单就能释放人们的认知资源，使其能够用于其他活动，因为这样做能减少他们头脑中的信息量。)”可知，写作让我们有更多空间去思考其他事情，因为它能释放我们的思维空间。故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“However, no single way will suit everyone: writing is just one tool and some may be unwilling to set out their feelings in detail. (然而，没有一种方式能适用于所有人：写作只是其中一种手段，有些人可能不愿意详细地表达自己的情感。)”可知，写作作为一种缓解压力的方法，其效果因人而异。故选D。 10．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“When writing about your experiences, try to keep some natural flow in a story-like way. For example, briefly describe what happened and what led to the situation. Clearly state the emotions you feel — whether it’s annoyance, depression, disappointment, or something else. Identifying these feelings accurately can help you understand them better. Also, think about how the situation shows your positive qualities or what you care about, like showing strength or kindness, or realizing how important certain friendships are. (撰写个人经历时，尽量用类似讲故事的方式，让内容自然流畅。比如，简要描述事件的经过以及导致该情况发生的缘由。清晰地表达你内心的情绪 —— 无论是烦躁、沮丧、失望，还是其他感受。准确地识别这些情绪，能帮助你更好地理解自己的内心状态。同时，思考一下这件事如何体现出你的优良品质或你所珍视的事物，比如展现出的勇气与善良，或是让你意识到某些友谊的珍贵之处。)”可知，最后一段主要讲了关于表达性写作的建议。故选A。 （25-26高三上·天津静海·期中）Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine. Reading is very important for all mankind. Everything is relative in this world, especially reading. Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good. This way your child will develop a passion for reading later on. How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you. If you want to learn how to ride a bike, you have to get on the bike as many times as possible until you have learned. It works the same way with reading. If you want to boost your passion for reading, take a book and read it all the way through. When you finish reading your first book, take another book and do the same. Try to read as much as you can. If you are going out, grab a magazine, a book, an article or something to read. There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author? 11．The first two paragraphs mainly talk about _________. A．the key to success B．how to develop a passion for reading C．what reading comprehension is D．the importance of reading 12．We can define reading comprehension as _________. A．a very important factor behind the reading B．something that makes people understand what they read C．the latest information in reading D．a strong passion for reading 13．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A．A good lawyer should update his knowledge timely. B．Reading is important only to those working in offices. C．Reading to an unborn child doesn’t make any sense. D．You can develop a passion for reading by reading on bike. 14．The author develops the passage mainly by _________. A．comparing the opinions of different people B．following the natural time order C．presenting opinions and giving examples D．presenting a cause and analyzing its effects 15．What do you suppose the following paragraph will talk about? A．Famous people who love reading. B．Popular reading websites. C．The importance of reading at school. D．Ways to improve reading comprehension. 【答案】11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了阅读的重要性并分析了阅读对我们的重要影响。 11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something.(阅读是通往成功的关键。显然，每一个成功人士都对阅读有着浓厚的兴趣。这是因为阅读是获取理解所需信息的关键要素)”可知，第一段主要介绍的是阅读的重要性。故选D。 12．细节理解题。根据最后一段“There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text.(阅读背后有一个非常重要的因素——那就是阅读理解。它能帮助你领会文章的深层含义)”可知，阅读能够让我们理解所阅读内容。故选B。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段“A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court.(一位优秀的律师必须了解法庭方面的最新动态)”可知，A选项“一位优秀的律师应当及时更新自己的知识”正确。故选A。 14．推理判断题。根据第一段“Reading is the key to success. Apparently every successful person develops a passion for reading. This is because reading is a key element to obtain the information required to understand something. For instance: lawyers have to study and learn every established law on their specific branches. Sometimes the law changes according to people’s needs. A good lawyer has to be informed about the latest news in the court. A doctor has to be informed of the latest advances in medicine.(阅读是通往成功的关键。显然，每一个成功人士都对阅读有着浓厚的兴趣。这是因为阅读是获取理解所需信息的关键要素。例如：律师必须研究并学习其特定领域内的所有已确立的法律。有时法律会根据人们的需求而发生变化。一位优秀的律师必须了解法院的最新动态。医生则必须了解医学领域的最新进展)”，第二段“Reading can open many doors and it can lead you into a path of success. Studies have confirmed that reading to your unborn child is very good.(阅读能够开启许多可能性，还能引领你踏上成功的道路。研究已经证实，为未出生的宝宝朗读是非常有益的)”和第三段的“How do you develop a passion for reading? There is only one way you can boost your passion for reading. Let me explain this to you.(你是如何培养对阅读的热情的？只有一种方法可以激发你对阅读的热情。让我给你解释一下)”可知，作者通过表达观点并举例来展开文章，故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There is a very important factor behind the reading — reading comprehension. It’s what makes you understand the meaning behind the text. Let’s assume that you read a document and you are supposed to explain the meaning of the document. How would you explain the document if you couldn’t capture the message of the author?(阅读背后有一个非常重要的因素 —— 阅读理解。正是它让你理解文本背后的含义。假设你阅读了一份文件，并且需要对其内容进行解释。但如果你无法理解作者所要表达的意思，你会如何进行解释呢？)”可知，文章接下来会说明提高阅读理解能力的方法。故选D。 考点三 文章大意题 例题：2025年3月C篇第50题（全文段落整合，问文章聚焦点） There is something about wine experts that annoys people. Wine tasting has become the best example of a privileged group who spend their days nose deep in a glass of fine wine. This negative view of wine experts isn’t only misguided, but part of a general devaluation of our sense of smell. Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers. A decade ago, researchers discovered that humans can often detect odours (气味) at a weaker concentration than animals can, outperforming most other animals except dogs. Ethyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so we can detect leaks, requires the amount equal to just three drops in a space the size of an Olympic swimming pool for us to detect it. It is true that our sense of smell is different from our other senses. While our brains are superb at performing visual analyses, the human sense of smell creates overall impressions of our surroundings, informed by all our senses. When we perceive a smell, we interpret it based also on what we see, hear, think and feel. For example, hunger or the bodily memory of an illness might create opposite reactions to the same food smell. These cross-sensory (跨感官的) influences on our smell perceptions might seem like a shortcoming, but it is rather a feature, not a problem. The brain is especially engaged in making predictions about future smells, and when those predictions are violated by a surprising smell, several regions across the brain respond in an effort to re-evaluate what we are actually smelling. Wine experts are great at making smell predictions. A pale ruby-red colour might guide the expert to smell out apple or strawberry in a fine wine. The sense of smell evolved in natural environments where the senses had to work together to find potential food sources and remember the consequences of eating them. The competence of wine tasters is fuelled by their knowledge of sensory correspondences. Smells link together impressions from all the senses, connecting them to our internal states: hunger, emotions, memories and expectations. That is why the loss of the ability to smell often leaves people depressed with a bad appetite and a lack of enjoyment from eating and drinking. Smelling makes us live our life more vividly. Spending more time among the smells of nature is an excellent way to increase our nasal (鼻子的) intelligence. 50．What does the passage focus on? A．How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses. B．How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses. C．How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world. D．How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers. 命题解读 新情境：嗅觉科学认知情境，贴近生活感知 文本以 “葡萄酒专家的嗅觉能力” 为切入点，延伸至人类嗅觉的工作机制，构建了 “生活现象→科学原理→功能价值”的认知情境。从葡萄酒品鉴的日常场景，过渡到嗅觉与其他感官的联动、嗅觉对人类生活的影响，情境兼具趣味性与科学性，符合高考英语 “以生活现象考查科学认知”的命题趋势。 新考法：全文主旨题，干扰项设错精准且有规律 以 “葡萄酒专家” 这一易引发兴趣的群体开篇，隐藏核心论述对象，考查考生 “去表象抓本质” 的能力；干扰项均围绕 “核心对象的范围、逻辑关系” 设错，符合高考主旨题 “精准干扰” 的特点。 新角度：立足“嗅觉的跨感官运作”，考查逻辑整合能力 从 “嗅觉的独特运作机制”切入，区别于常规的 “感官功能介绍”，聚焦 “嗅觉与其他感官的联动” 这一核心特点，要求考生理解 “跨感官影响不是缺点而是优势” 的深层观点。 50．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Humans are, in fact, sensitive smellers.(事实上，人类是敏感的嗅觉动物)”结合文章围绕嗅觉展开，核心论述嗅觉并非独立运作，而是结合视觉、听觉、情绪等其他感官，通过预测、评估等过程发挥作用。由此可知，这篇文章的重点是嗅觉是如何通过与其他感官的相互作用而发挥作用的。故选B。 各段核心细节： 第二段：人类嗅觉敏感（举例 “能检测极低浓度气味”）； 第三段：嗅觉与其他感官相互作用（结合视觉、听觉、情绪解读气味）； 第四段：跨感官影响是嗅觉的特征（大脑通过预测、评估解读气味）； 第五段：品酒师擅长嗅觉预测（结合视觉等感官）； 选项分析： A. How the sense of smell assists the working of other senses（错误）：细节化，段落核心是 “嗅觉依赖其他感官”，而非 “嗅觉辅助其他感官”，逻辑颠倒； B. How the sense of smell functions by involving other senses（正确）：串联各段细节，所有内容均指向 “嗅觉通过与其他感官协作发挥作用”，概括全面； C. How all the senses operate together to bring us a vivid world（错误）：宽泛化，文章核心是 “嗅觉”，而非 “所有感官”，范围过大； D. How we can train ourselves to be sensitive smellers（错误）：无中生有，文章未提及 “训练嗅觉” 的方法。 （2021·天津·高考真题）A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures. “During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne  L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital. The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉）. A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety. Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows. “The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure." Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby. “The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness." The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists,"  Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training. 1．One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ . A．a better understanding of children B．less use of certain medicines C．new medical-imaging technology D．an improved reputation of the hospital 2．The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________. A．assist in treating a patient B．carry out hypnosis training C．start up a new department D．learn about the procedure 3．According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________. A．creating a perfect world for patients B．forcing patients into a state of deep sleep C．putting patients into an unconscious state D．leading patients' consciousness away from reality 4．What can we learn about the story used in the procedure? A．It should keep pace with the procedure. B．It reflects the patient's creativity. C．It is selected by the technologist. D．It tells what doctors are doing to the patient. 5．The procedure was received among the staff with ________. A．uncertainty B．enthusiasm C．worry D．criticism 6．What is the passage mainly about? A．An easy way to communicate with patients. B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis. C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology. D．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．D 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）可知，实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“A French medical-imaging technologist--also a hypnotist -- was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.”（催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序）可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）以及倒数第二段“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head”（重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选A。 5．细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.”（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B. enthusiasm 热情；C. worry 担心；D. criticism 批评。故选B。 6．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选D。 （2020·天津·高考真题）For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound. Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly. For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back. Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes. 7．What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD? A．It causes temporary hearing loss. B．It slows down a running man. C．It makes it easy to identify a suspect. D．It keeps the suspect from hurting others. 8．The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to ________. A．silence the people around you B．remove the sound of commercials C．block the incoming sound waves D．stop unwanted sound from affecting you 9．What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share? A．They travel in circles. B．They clear the atmosphere. C．They can be transformed into energy. D．They can be directed onto a specific area. 10．Directed sound can be used for ________. A．creative designs of restaurant menus B．ideal sound effects on the theater stage C．different choices of music for businesses D．strict control over any suspicious customer 11．What does the passage focus on? A．How professionals invented sound products. B．Inventions in the field of sound technology. C．The growing interest in the study of sound. D．How sound engineers work in their studios. 【答案】7．A 8．D 9．D 10．C 11．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的$