专题05阅读理解主旨大意题：精准归纳与概括（题型专练）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题05阅读理解主旨大意题 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01全文主旨题【重难】 考向02 段落主旨题 考向03 最佳标题题 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 主旨大意题是高考英语阅读理解中旨在考查学生整体理解与概括能力的核心题型。它要求考生超越文本细节，准确捕捉文章或段落的中心思想、写作意图及核心议题。此类题目并非寻找具体信息，而是进行高层级的综合归纳，检验考生能否区分核心论点与支撑论据，把握作者的行文逻辑与情感倾向。其本质是对文本“灵魂”的提炼，是阅读理解从“局部解码”迈向“整体把握”的关键步骤，直接影响对全文的深层理解。 设题类型 主要分为三大类。全文主旨题要求概括整篇文章的中心思想或写作目的，是最高频的类型。段落主旨题聚焦于特定段落的核心内容，考查对局部结构的把握。最佳标题是主旨题的变体，要求选择一个能精炼、醒目且全面概括文章内容的标题，它同时检验概括能力与语言凝练度。此外，有时也会出现写作目的题，侧重探究作者撰写文章的意图（如告知、说服、娱乐等），与主旨紧密相关但角度略有不同。 命题方式 题干表述具有显著特征。常见设问包括：“What is the main idea of the passage?”、“The passage is mainly about ______.”、“What is the primary purpose of the article?”以及“Which of the following is the best title for the passage?”。选项设计极具迷惑性：正确选项通常具有高度概括性，能覆盖全文核心；干扰项则常为以偏概全（用某细节代替整体）、过度延伸（加入原文未提及的推测）、内容片面（仅对应部分段落）或张冠李戴（内容正确但非本文重点）。正确项往往是对原文主题句的同义转述或提炼。 解题思路 解题需遵循系统方法。首先，结构分析法：重点阅读首段、尾段及各段首句，快速构建文章逻辑框架，判断体裁（议论文重在观点，说明文重在解释）。其次，主题句定位法：寻找文中（尤其是转折词后）直接表达核心观点的句子，并串联各段主旨。最后，逆向验证与排除法：将备选项代入，检验其是否能统领全文所有关键信息。牢记“总-分-总”思维：先整体预判，再细节验证，最后回归整体确认。对于记叙文，主旨常隐含于情感变化或事件寓意中，需深层体会。核心原则是：主旨应如伞盖，能覆盖全文要点，而非仅触及一枝一叶。 考向01全文主旨题 【例1-1】（2025 年上海市金山区高三二模） Stand-up comedy, originating in the United States, has gained global appeal, including in China. Though the first Chinese stand-up comedy club was set up in Shenzhen in 2009, this form of entertainment was relatively unknown to most Chinese audiences back then. A professor explains the popularity of stand-up comedy in China. It matches modern online trends, as comedians often talk about current social issues in short and direct ways that fit the fast-paced online content people prefer. The topics are closely related to young people, a key audience group. Besides, it doesn’t require special skills, so anyone regardless of age or gender can have a try, making it widely appealing. In regular comedy shows, each comedian performs for about 15 minutes, while a comedy special focusing on one comedian lasts around 60 minutes. This longer format demands more polished scripts with richer content. Stand-up comedy has grown from small underground clubs to a mainstream part of popular culture. With new shows constantly appearing and older ones innovating to stay relevant, this once-niche activity is now everywhere in China and shows no sign of disappearing. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The origin of stand-up comedy in the United States. B. The differences between regular comedy shows and comedy specials. C. The development and growing popularity of stand-up comedy in China. D. How stand-up comedy adapts to online trends in China. 抓核心论点句：议论文常于首段抛出中心论点，或在尾段总结升华观点；说明文多在开篇点明说明对象及核心特征，这些关键句是概括主旨的核心依据。 串段落逻辑链：梳理各段落核心内容，找到段落间的关联。若段落均围绕同一对象的不同方面展开，主旨需涵盖对象及全面特征；若段落呈 “提出问题 - 分析问题 - 解决问题” 逻辑，主旨要包含问题与核心解决方案。 筛高频核心词：全文围绕主旨展开时，核心名词、话题相关词汇会反复出现，这些高频词是锁定主旨范围的关键。比如围绕 “创造力” 展开的文章，“creativity”“practice”“mindset” 等词会贯穿始终。 排片面干扰项：排除仅涉及单个段落细节、扩大或缩小话题范围、与文章观点相悖的选项，确保主旨概括全面且贴合文章核心。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海市徐汇区高三二模） Last year, a Swiss medicine company found that black people were under-represented in almost all its drug clinical trials between 2016 and 2021. Surprisingly, this news represents progress, as it shows people are more aware of a dangerous bias that harms the safety of medical treatments. Many trials exclude certain groups like children, pregnant women, the elderly and people with disabilities. While there are reasons like difficulty getting informed permission, the consequences are serious. For example, half of hip-fracture intervention trials excluded the elderly and those with understanding problems, who make up nearly a third of hip-fracture patients. This leaves doctors in a dilemma when treating these groups. Even so, broadening trial participants is practically useful for new medical findings. Fortunately, the bias is changing. The US government plans to reduce barriers for participants, and countries like the US and Britain are discussing regulations requiring trial organizers to explain their participant selection. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The ways to make medical treatments safer for special groups. B. The bias in clinical trials’ participant selection and positive changes. C. The difficulty of getting informed permission for clinical trials. D. The influence of clinical trials on the development of medicine. 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三二模） For years, people have wondered whether creativity is a rare inborn gift or a skill that anyone can develop. Recent studies challenge the belief that creativity is an inborn talent, suggesting it can be developed through purposeful practice, persistence, and the right mindset. Expert musicians use “deep practice” to enhance originality by breaking complex pieces into parts and focusing on mistakes. Many breakthroughs in music, science and art come from sustained effort and experimentation instead of sudden inspiration. A composer may spend weeks testing chord progressions, and a scientist may conduct numerous failed experiments before a breakthrough. Psychologists note that a growth mindset helps achieve creative success. Those believing abilities can be improved through effort treat failure as an opportunity to progress, while those with a fixed mindset who think creativity is inborn give up easily when facing challenges. Natural talent may offer an initial advantage, but it isn’t the key to long-term creative success. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Natural talent is useless for creative success. B. Deep practice is the only way to develop creativity. C. Creativity is a developable skill rather than a rare inborn gift. D. A growth mindset is more important than persistence for creativity. 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海市徐汇区高三二模） Noise-cancelling headphones have become popular for blocking background noise and letting people enjoy music at lower volumes. However, some experts worry that overusing them may weaken our brains’ ability to process sounds properly. Our brains are used to dealing with various sounds and judging which are worth attention. For example, the brain can quickly dismiss a dog’s bark as unimportant. But noise-cancelling headphones expose the brain to only one sound source, which may harm its ability to process multiple sounds. Insights from evolutionary psychology explain this. We evolved for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle where we needed to process many sounds to detect dangers. But now, noise-cancelling headphones create an environment that doesn’t match our evolved brain functions, leading to the potential problem of weakened sound processing ability. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The advantages of using noise-cancelling headphones daily. B. The potential risk of overusing noise-cancelling headphones. C. How evolutionary psychology helps improve noise-cancelling headphones. D. Why noise-cancelling headphones are popular among people. 考向02 段落主旨题 【例2-1】（2025 年上海市普陀区高三一模） Summerhill began as an experimental school. It is no longer such;it is now a demonstration school, for it demonstrates that freedom works. When my wife and I began the school, we had one main philosophy:to make the school fit the child— instead of making the child fit the school. Obviously, a school that makes active children sit at desks studying mostly useless subjects is a bad school. It is a good school only for those who believe in such a school, for those uncreative citizens who want obedient, uncreative children who will fit into a civilization whose standard of success is fame and fortune. I had taught in ordinary schools for many years. I knew the other way well. I knew it was all wrong. It was wrong because it was based on an adult conception of what a child should be and of how a child should learn. What is the main idea of this paragraph? A. The drawbacks of ordinary schools’ educational concepts. B. The original educational philosophy of founding Summerhill School. C. The transformation of Summerhill School from an experimental school to a demonstration school. D. The author’s dissatisfaction with the success standard of modern civilization. 锁定段首 / 段尾关键句：多数段落主旨句会置于段首总领全段，或在段尾总结核心观点。比如说明文常开篇点明说明对象，议论文多在段尾重申论点，需优先关注这两个位置的句子。 抓取高频核心词汇：段落围绕主题展开时，核心名词、动词等会反复出现，这些高频词往往是主旨的核心要素。例如围绕某类卫星展开的段落，“satellites”“astronomy” 等高频词会贯穿始终，可据此锁定主旨方向。 排除细节干扰信息：避免将段落中的举例、数据、转折后的次要内容当作主旨。解题时需区分 “核心观点” 和 “支撑论据”，比如段落中用于佐证观点的具体案例，就不能作为段落主旨。 梳理逻辑关系定核心：若段落含转折、因果等逻辑关系，主旨常偏向转折后或结果部分。比如以 “but”“however” 衔接的段落，重点往往在转折后的内容；以 “so”“therefore” 收尾的段落，主旨多为最终结论。 【变式2-1】（2025 年上海市松江区高三一模） An unusually reflective communications satellite that outshines almost every star in the sky was joined by another five in the first week of September, 2024. Astronomers warn that the appearance of more and more bright objects in the night sky will severely set back their work and could even limit our ability to spot asteroids —small planets going around the sun—heading for Earth. Texas-based AST SpaceMobile launched a test satellite called BlueWalker 3 in 2022, drawing criticism from astronomers who found that it was brighter than all but seven stars in the night sky. The company launched the first five commercial versions of BlueWalker 3, called Bluebirds, from Florida, on 12 September. What is the main idea of this paragraph? A. The launch time and location of Bluebird satellites. B. A communications satellite that is brighter than most stars. C. The negative impact of bright satellites on astronomers' work. D. The plan of AST SpaceMobile to launch 100 satellites globally. 【变式2-2】（2025 年上海市虹口区高三一模） The benefits of talking to your dog. Further support for this phenomenon comes from a 2022 study. It was found that by engaging in micro-breaks to pet their pup, the people are able to relax and recover— in ways that interacting with non-animal family members doesn’t. “They can sense when we’re upset— and they are arguably better at reading us than some people are,” says KogaU. And “because we know that our dogs read us so well, we regulate ourselves so as not to upset our dogs, which is helpful for us as well.” It’s a positive feedback loop. What is the main idea of the paragraph? A. The differences between interacting with dogs and family members. B. The positive effects of communicating and interacting with dogs. C. A 2022 study about the benefits of keeping pets. D. How dogs help their owners control their emotions. 【变式2-3】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三一模） Could a pill make social situations feel less threatening? That's the focus of a clinical experiment that Cacioppo is overseeing. For a year and a half, 96 lonely but healthy subjects have been taking a certain amount of pregnenolone, a chemical substance associated with memory enhancement and stress reduction. The goal of the research is to see how balancing pregnenolone levels affects the subjects. The pill could help reduce the fear that makes lonely people withdraw and act more calmly in social situations. The idea is that a pill could clear your view, helping you see things clearly instead of feeling afraid of everyone. Then you become more willing to listen to others. What is the main idea of this paragraph? A. The function of pregnenolone in enhancing memory. B. A clinical experiment exploring a pill’s effect on social fear. C. Ways to help lonely people reduce fear in social situations. D. The relationship between pregnenolone and stress. 考向03 最佳标题题 【例3-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三一模） I wasn’t prepared to be a climate refugee. Not after relocating my family from drought and wildfire California to the climate shelter of Asheville, N.C. But less than two months after we moved into our delightfully wooded, mild-weather community, we were forced to leave.On September 26, the hurricane made its way inland from the Gulf of Mexico through Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. Along its path, it tore apart community after community. And then it hit western Appalachia. At 2,000 feet above sea level and 300 miles from the coast, Asheville is a place where people went to get away from destructive hurricanes.That night, trees crashed down around my home as emergency alerts sounded on my phone. Power lines went down. Roads flooded. In the morning, a large pine tree crashed onto the roof directly above my young son’s bedroom while he was playing. Within hours, we lost power, Internet and even cell service. When we heard it would take weeks or longer to restore basic services, I made plans for my family to leave town. What is the best title of the passage? A. Consequences of a Hurricane B. My Family’s Unexpected Escape from a Hurricane C. How to Survive a Hurricane in a Mountain Area D. Asheville: A Perfect Climate Shelter 抓核心对象与核心事件：标题需明确文章围绕的核心主体（人、物、现象等）及关键事件（如对象的影响、问题及解决办法等），避免无中生有或偏离核心主体。 控标题范围适配性：标题既不能只涵盖单个段落的细节，也不能过度扩大话题范围。比如文章讲某类特殊建筑的设计，就不能将标题定为 “全球建筑设计”。 合体裁风格适配性：说明文标题侧重清晰点明说明对象及特征；记叙文标题可体现核心事件或情感基调；议论文标题需突出核心论点或争议话题。 避误导性表述：排除与文章观点相悖、表述绝对化，或是带有主观情感但与文章基调不符的选项，确保标题客观贴合文章内容。 【变式3-1】（2025 年上海市杨浦区高三二模） Any imaginative person might believe in the existence of powerful supervillains. The striking station entrance building looks like a threatening giant lifted a tram and threw it onto the hard concrete sidewalk. This special station entrance, which looks exactly like the wreckage of a tram half-buried in the ground, is credited to architect Zbigniew Peter Pininski. He places common objects such as apples, eggs, birds, pipes and clocks in unusual scenes, thus managing to arouse viewers' sense of wonder and curiosity. Besides his love for abstract art, Pininski had another reason for creating such a unique subway station entrance. At that time, the subway station was just a proposal for the expansion of Frankfurt's subway system. Many local residents worried about the impact of construction and development on the community. Although some residents still complained about the subway network expanding into their area, Pininski's creative building won praise from many others. What is the best title of the passage? A. A Famous Architect and His Abstract Works B. A Unique Subway Station Entrance in Frankfurt C. How to Win Residents' Praise for Construction Projects D. The Expansion of Frankfurt's Subway System 【变式3-2】（2025 年上海市长宁区延安中学高三一模） A few years ago, school leaders didn't worry much about teachers as they thought there were plenty of new teachers available. But now, districts struggle to fill math, science, world language and special education jobs. A 2017 Learning Policy Institute study found 90 percent of open teaching posts are due to people leaving the profession. Two-thirds of teachers depart for dissatisfaction with the job rather than retirement. Then how can districts support teachers and attract new ones? Education professor Peter Smagorinsky suggested listening to teachers. Principal Betsy Bockman stressed removing barriers to make teaching easier. Vice-president Gary McGiboney noted that a positive school climate is vital for teachers' development. What is the best title of the passage? A. The Reasons for Teachers Leaving Their Jobs B. Ways to Improve the Quality of Teaching C. How to Retain and Attract Teachers D. The Importance of Teachers in Schools 【变式3-3】（2025 年上海市奉贤区高三一模） Urban beekeeping has become increasingly popular in recent years, with more and more people setting up beehives on rooftops, balconies and community gardens in cities. Unlike traditional rural beekeeping, urban beekeeping faces special challenges. The lack of diverse nectar sources, air pollution and frequent noise can affect the health of honeybees. However, urban beekeeping also brings unique benefits. Bees play a crucial role in pollinating urban plants, improving the ecological environment of the city. Many schools and communities carry out beekeeping activities to educate people about environmental protection. Local beekeepers also share their experience online, forming a tight-knit community. With the continuous improvement of beekeeping technology and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, urban beekeeping is gradually becoming a new way to connect people with nature in cities. What is the best title of the passage? A. The Challenges of Rural Beekeeping B. Urban Beekeeping: Challenges and Benefits C. How to Protect Honeybees in Cities D. The Popularity of Beekeeping Around the World （一） A study from 1976 tells us how and why relationships with our neighbors can be so good for us. Surprisingly to scientists at that time, results showed that connection with family members-even one's own children—had little influence on feelings of well-being or willpower. Meanwhile, friendships, especially those with neighbors, predicted lower levels of loneliness and worry, higher levels of feelings of usefulness and respect within the community. The study suggests that acquaintance and friendship with neighbors are more effective at increasing well-being since they are based on nearness, common interests and lifestyle choices. The neighborhood relationships are also developed voluntarily. Family ties, on the other hand, are often characterized by a sense of responsibility, physical distance, and personal disharmony. Later studies confirm the importance of close friendships for people over 65, highlighting the particular importance of frequent connection. More recent studies show that neighborly support is associated with better well-being for individuals in mid- to-late life. Data about neighborly relationships and general well-being from 1,071 adults aged 40-70 from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the US was collected in 1995, and again from the same individuals in 2005. The study found that those who had little connection with neighbors at the time of both samples, as well as those who experienced a reduction in connection with neighbors over the years, experienced downward trends in well-being, as indicated by feelings of sadness, nervousness. restlessness, hopelessness and worthlessness. It is important to note here the difference between friendship and neighboring or relationships with neighbors. While friendships are based on common affection, neighboring, at its core is an instrumental relationship that is catalyzed by nearness. But it doesn't have to be this way. Where neighbors are also close friends? the potential benefits are clear. While both friendship and neighboring are beneficial to well-being, they are most effective when the types of support and assistance from both coincide. 1．What does the 1976 study tell us? A．The friendships between neighbors can last forever. B．People ignore neighbors more than family members. C．Neighbors influence people as much as their own children do. D．Neighbors are more influential to people than family members. 2．How does the author mainly develop paragraph 2? A．By analyzing data. B．By giving instructions. C．By making comparisons. D．By following the order of time. 3．What determines neighborly relationships according to the text? A．Nearness. B．Responsibility. C．Physical distance. D．A common life goal. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Why neighbors always help us. B．Why our neighbors are so important. C．How neighborly support is available. D．How neighborly relationships develop well. （二） The moon may shine white above us most nights of the year, but how much do we know about Earth’s neighbor and what lies beneath its surface? Scientists are aiming to find out. On Jan 3, 2019, China’s Chang’e 4 spacecraft landed on the far side of the moon – a first for humanity. It released a small probe (探测器), Yutu 2, or Jade Rabbit 2, which began to search beneath the moon’s surface using Lunar Penetrating Radar. These radio signals can reach 40 meters underground, three times the depth of the Chang’e 3 lunar probe launched in 2013 for the near side of the moon, China Daily reported. In a study published in the journal Science Advances, researchers found that the lunar soil’s top layer on the far side of the moon was much thicker than expected – about 40 meters. Other scientists only expected about 6 millimeters of soil based on NASA observations during the Apollo moon landings, according to The New York Times. “It’s a fine, dusty, sandy environment,” said one of the authors of the study, Elena Pettinelli, a physics and mathematics professor at Rome Tre University, Rome. Yutu 2 is specifically exploring the Von Karman crater (大坑), a large hole that’s 180 kilometers wide and also the landing site of Chang’e 4. It’s part of an even larger, older crater spanning more than 1,770 kilometers. “The subsurface at the Chang’e 4 landing site is very complex,” said Li Chunlai, a research professor and deputy director-general of National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Observations suggest that the subsurface material is totally different than the previous landing site of Chang’e 3, she said. Radar waves revealed various layers beneath the moon’s surface: grainy (颗粒状的) material, boulders (岩石), and further layers of fine and coarse (粗糙的) particles. This information is helping scientists to gain new understanding of the moon’s history and formation, as well as volcanic activity and lunar impacts. Yutu 2 is the longest-working rover (巡视器) on the moon, but it won’t last forever. China plans to launch the Chang’e 5 probe later this year, Xinhua News Agency reported. The spacecraft is expected to bring pieces of the moon back to Earth for closer study. 5．What can we learn about the Chang’e 4 probe? A．It was the first to land on the moon’s near side. B．It explored areas as wide as 1,770 kilometers. C．It is three times as large as the Chang’e 3 lunar probe. D．Its signals could reach 40 meters beneath the moon’s surface. 6．What does the lunar soil’s top layer on the moon’s far side look like, according to the text? A．It looks like a large hole. B．It is about 6 millimeters thick. C．It goes farther down than expected. D．It is covered by boulders and fine and coarse particles. 7．What is the Chang’e 5 probe expected to do? A．Bring lunar samples back to the Earth B．Explore the Von Karman crater. C．Replace Yutu 2 to explore the moon. D．Identify the moon’s various layers. 8．What is the text mainly about? A．A history of Chinese lunar missions. B．A report on the Chang’e 4 probe’s findings. C．A comparison of the Chang’e 3 and 4 probes. D．How Yutu 2 explored beneath the moon’s surface. （三） Even if you don't know much about Russian author Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), you may be familiar with his famous poem The Song of the Stormy Petrel since its ending note “Let it break in all its fury!" has been encouraging generations of people for years now. Gorky was a highly influential author. More than any other writer, he laid the foundations for the famous literary style known as socialist realism. In this kind of writing, the author uses literary techniques to create the impression of reality in his or her writings. March 16 this year marked the 152th anniversary of Gorky's birth. He was born into an ordinary life but soon became an orphan, before being raised by his grandmother in poverty. As he grew older, he would take a job and then quickly move on to another. He tried many jobs, but the one that he seemed to love the most was being a journalist. It was in this job that he gained a particular impression of the world — that it was horriblyinequitablein its treatment of the poor. It was a world, therefore, that had to go. Gorky was naturally attracted to the political movement of Marxian social democracy.He knew many revolutionaries including the most important one of all, Vladimir Lenin(1870-1924). The two became friends in 1903 and The Song of the Stormy Petrel was one of Lenin's favorite works by Gorky. Asa writer, Gorky naturally valued literature. But lie also valued life experience, of which he had plenty. The key to being a modern person, he thought, was to acquire a critical attitude: “Keep reading books, but remember that a book's only a book, and you should learn to think for yourself,” he once said. 9．What can we learn about Gorky's childhood? A．He lived an extraordinary life. B．He tried few jobs. C．He led a hard life. D．He grew up by himself 10．What does the underlined word "inequitable" in paragraph 5 refer to? A．Unconditional. B．Unfair. C．Unreal. D．Unfriendly. 11．Which of the following is TRUE about Gorky? A．He valued critical thinking. B．He was of little influence. C．He was easy to bow before difficulties. D．He discounted life experience. 12．What is the text mainly about? A．Gorky and his family. B．The hardship Gorky experienced. C．Gorky's famous works. D．Gorky's influence in literature and his life. （四） Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasoline-powered cousins. People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions vehicles”, but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Power plants mostly use fire to make it. Aside from the new folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators (发电机). Generators are fueled by something—usually coal, oil,but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal (地热)plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something. In other words, those “zero-emissions” cars are likely coal-burning cars. It’s just because the coal is burned somewhere else, it looks clean. It is not. It’s as if the California Greens are covering their eyes—“ If I can’t see it, it’s not happening.” Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas (or another fuel) and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat—at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc. A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won’t get you as far — so electric cars burn more fuel than gasoline-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes or geothermal, or hydro or wind or solar, then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don’t use much of those energy sources. In addition, electric cars’ batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it’s a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot. 13．What is the main idea of the text? A．Electric cars are far from being clean. B．Electric cars are better than gasoline-powered ones. C．People cast doubts on electric cars’ batteries. D．Gasoline is an efficient way to power a vehicle. 14．The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run____. A．no less than 25 miles B．as far as 50 miles C．less than 25 miles D．as far as 25 miles 15．According to the text, electric cars____. A．are more environmentally friendly B．burn more fuel than gas-powered ones C．are very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated D．are poisonous for a long time and will eventually end up in a landfill 16．It can be inferred from the text that____. A．being green is good and should be encouraged in communication B．electric cars are the dominant vehicles compared with their gas-powered cousins C．zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment D．electric cars are not clean because we get electricity mainly by burning something （五） No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs (助动词) , we are able to communicate variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform other word tricks to convey delicate differences in meaning. Besides，grammar is universal and plays a part in every language， no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has confused many linguists is: who created grammar? At first, this question would appear impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created，someone needs to be present at the time of a language’s creation, documenting its emergence. Some linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but to know the forming of complex languages, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible. Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time，slaves from different nations were forced to work together. Since they could not learn each other’s languages. they developed a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. Little grammar is found in them，and in many cases it is difficult or a listener to infer when an event happened, and who did what to whom. Speakers need to use circumlocution (迂回曲折的说法) in order to make themselves understood. Interestingly，however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it. Slave children did not simply copy words from their elders, they adapted them to create a language. It included new word orders and grammatical markers. Complex grammar systems merging from pidgins are termed creoles, which are invented by children. Some linguists believe that many of the world’s most established languages were creoles at first. The -ed ending in English past tense may have evolved from “did”,”It ended”, which was first used by kids, may once have been “It end-did”. Therefore. it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have been born with grammatical machinery in their brains. which can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy. 17．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．Language learners know that grammar is of complexity. B．One cal do a lot with his good command of grammar. C．Grammar is both complex and universal in languages. D．Linguists face a question in creating confusing grammars 18．The underlined expression “from scratch” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _________ A．from the very beginning B．in ancient cultures C．by copying something else D．by using written information 19．What can be inferred about the slaves’ pidgin language? A．It contained a complex grammar system. B．It was first created by the slaves’ landowners. C．It was based on a lot of different languages. D．It was difficult to understand, even among slaves. 20．What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A．The English past tense system is inaccurate. B．English was probably once a kind of creole. C．Linguists have proven that English was created by children. D．Children use English past tenses differently from adults. （六） When Charles Stratton was five, he stopped growing. His mother took him to see the famous showman, P.T. Barnum. Mr. Barnum thought a small person would be the perfect addition to his show. He hired Charles’ parents along with him, and they traveled the world together. He gave the two-foot-tall Charles a name, General Tom Thumb. He taught Tom how to sing, dance, act and tell jokes. When he felt Tom was ready to perform on stage, he made up ads. To stir up great interest, he said that Tom was eleven years old and had come from England. During the show, Tom fought battles pretendedly with tall people. He also danced upon a wooden plate held by a person who was eight feet tall. Tom’s act was very popular and brought in a lot of money. By the time Tom was an adult, he had grown very rich. He had become a billionaire at the age of twenty five. Fortunately for Tom, Mr. Barnum added more little people to his show, and Tom became lucky in love as well. One of the little people was Lavinia Warren, a school teacher. Tom was able to win her love, and they married. The ceremony and reception were the talk of the town. They were attended by many rich and famous people and by about 2000 guests. Crowds filled the streets of New York to have a look at their tiny wedding marriage. The couple even met with President Abraham Lincoln on their honeymoon just before going to live in Tom’s house in Connecticut. Their wedding, which took place during the Civil War, provided a welcome escape from the sad problems of war. Not willing to let this bit of sunshine fade, communities throughout the country sponsored(发起) “Tom Thumb” weddings. In these weddings, small boys and girls, all dressed up, went through marriage ceremony for fun. 21．“Talk of the town” means_________. A．it was in the newspaper B．people spread bad rumors about it C．it was the most popular happenings D．it was discussed in a city meeting 22．What does the author think about Tom’s wedding? A．It helped people cheer up in a dark time. B．People gave it too much of their attention. C．It was funny and ridiculous. D．Tom and Lavinia were stupid. 23．Tom would dance on a wooden plate held by a person who was eight feet tall because______. A．the wooden plate would make it sound as if Tom was dancing B．it made Tom look taller C．the eight-foot-tall man was the only tall person Tom trusted D．the difference between them would make Tom look even smaller 24．What ithe main idea of the last paragraph? A．Weddings always make people feel full of sunshine. B．People are always disappointed during war time. C．Entertainment can serve an important purpose. D．People should be married when they are small children. （七） Gene technology to benefit people Among all the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Sometimes it is a hot topic discussed by people. The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctors have not found an effective way to cure them. But if the gene technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be cured completely, bringing happiness and more living days to the patients, but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, therefore it benefits the economy as well. In addition, human life span(寿命) can be prolonged. Gene technology can help people to give birth to more healthy and clever children. Some families, with the English imperial(皇室) family being a good example, have hereditary(遗传的) diseases. This means their children will for sure have the family disease, which is a great trouble for these families. In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it and a healthy child will be born. Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep; therefore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in very normal way. Of course, the governments must take care to control gene technology. 25．What does "these two killers" in the second paragraph refer to? A．Gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases. B．The two murderers who killed the cloned baby C．The two diseases of cancer and heart disease D．Hereditary diseases and cancer 26．What’s the main idea of the third paragraph? A．How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating hereditary diseases. B．Gene technology can be used to clone human babies. C．Gene technology can help people to give birth of a baby. D．Gene technology can help the English imperial family out 27．In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary diseases? A．Using gene technology, people with hereditary diseases can have more living days. B．Using gene technology, scientist finds the wrong gene and corrects it. C．Using gene technology, human babies can be cloned. D．Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology. 28．What is the main purpose of writing this passage? A．Expressing the writer’s idea that gene technology will benefit people B．Telling people the advantages of gene technology C．Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit people D．Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanity （八） I first discovered Ruskin Bond on a hot afternoon in Agartala. My mother, sister and I were spending the summer with my father, an army officer, who was stationed there. There wasn't much to do for a young teen in the army cantonment, so I spent most of my days at the library, which housed a various—if modest—collection of books. I casually picked up Bond's Delhi Is Not Far on one such day and was immediately drawn into his gentle, unassuming, non-judgmental world. Since that day, I've searched for and read quickly and with great enthusiasm every one of Ruskin Bond's works. I think my affinity came from the fact that I identified on some level with him. Like me, he was shy and dreamy and enjoyed the company of the written word above that of people. A particularly painful theme that runs through Ruskin Bond's work is his relationship with his father. The two were extremely close, more so perhaps because they were each other's sole emotional support systems. Bond's parents divorced when he was little, and so it was just him and his father, and the latter comes across as a sensitive, gentle man who adored his son. Bond's father died suddenly of malaria at 46, when Bond was just 10—a cruel blow for the young boy. It's remarkable how Bond writes about his father's untimely death with a quiet dignity: It is deeply touching but never maudlin（凄凉的） Moved as I was by Bond's memories of his father, little did I know that I would soon be experiencing his pain first-hand. When I was 21, my father too suddenly passed away after a brief illness. Looking back at the time immediately after my father's passing, all I remember is a feeling of utter disbelief, of thinking. I sought refuge in my beloved books, and no other author gave me as much assistance and relief as did my beloved Ruskin Bond. 29．Why did the author go to the library? A．To read Bond's novel. B．To review his lessons. C．To broaden his horizons. D．To kill his time. 30．Which can best explain the underlined part in the third paragraph? A．Passion. B．Sympathy. C．Relief. D．Inspiration. 31．What does the author think of Bond's father? A．Determined. B．Considerate. C．Wealthy. D．Intelligent. 32．Which would be the best title for the text? A．My Father: an Army Officer B．Unforgettable Time after My Father's Death C．Ruskin Bond's Works: My Beloved Books D．My Experience in the Army Cantonment （九） For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel like a lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually merging (融合) into it. Speaking at the Fast Company European Innovation Festival, Professor Yuval Noah Harari, a historian at the Hebrew University claimed that it’s becoming more and more difficult to tell where humans end and machines begin. He said: “It’s increasingly hard to tell where I end and where the computer begins. In the future, it is likely that the smartphone will not be separated from you at all. It may be embedded in your body or brain, constantly scanning your biometric data and your emotions.” During his speech, Professor Harari highlighted how humans have affected our environment over time, and suggested that now may be the time to affect ourselves. He said: “Humanity has always remained constant. If we told our ancestors in the Stone Age about our lives today, they would think we are already Gods. But the truth is that even though we have developed more wonderful tools, we are the same animals. We have the same emotions, the same minds. The coming revolution will change that. It will change not just our tools, it will change the human being itself. ” If we do manage to merge with machines, Professor Harari suggests it could open the door to setting up civilizations beyond Earth. He added: “Life will be able to break out of planet Earth and no longer be confined to this flying rock.” While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he isn’t alone in his vision of a machine­ human world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge with machines, or risk becoming irrelevant. He said: “Over time I think we will probably see a closer merger of biological intelligence and digital intelligence.” 33．Why does the author mention smartphone in paragraph 1? A．To collect data for his speech. B．To have a good lead ­in of the topic. C．To say it is harmful to the environment. D．To catch up with the development of science. 34．What do we know about Professor Harari? A．His opinions gained much support. B．He is the first expert to put forward the idea. C．He thinks technology will change ourselves as well. D．His suggestion of us staying on planet Earth is considerate. 35．What’s probably Elon Musk’s attitude to Professor Harari’s speech? A．Neutral. B．Favourable. C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving. 36．What is the best title for the text? A．Humans are near to combining with machines B．Call on people to develop advanced machines C．A speech caused people’s concerns on machines D．Finding new ways to break away from apps is vital （十） Almost every community has some form of rules and some way of enforcing them. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? Studies have suggested that the reason we don’t like rule-breaking is because fairness is programmed into our brains. Scientists have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. A fair situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings. The study found that this so happened when subjects saw others being treated unfairly. They concluded that fairness is one of basic human needs. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow. Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave, and can be internal (内在的) or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. We don’t want to disappoint our family and friends, either. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict. External controls include rewards and punishments. Rewards, such as job promotions and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community’s best interests. People need their communities to function smoothly. If there were no rules, most people would probably still behave positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist. 37．What does the underlined word ‘‘this’’ in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A program in human brains. B．A comfortable situation. C．The response with bad feelings. D．The requirement off fairness. 38．Why do communities have rules? A．To punish illegal activities. B．To prevent disagreement. C．To promote fairness. D．To meet various demands. 39．Which of the following is an example of internal control? A．Take exams honestly because cheating is shameful B．Park in the right place so as not to get a parking ticket. C．Pay the electricity bill on time in order not to get a late fee. D．Cooperate with your classmates to win a prize for your class. 40．What is the best title for this passage? A．Living by the rules B．Following rules with punishments C．Reaching a compromise D．Calling for fairness 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05阅读理解主旨大意题 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01全文主旨题【重难】 考向02 段落主旨题 考向03 最佳标题题 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 主旨大意题是高考英语阅读理解中旨在考查学生整体理解与概括能力的核心题型。它要求考生超越文本细节，准确捕捉文章或段落的中心思想、写作意图及核心议题。此类题目并非寻找具体信息，而是进行高层级的综合归纳，检验考生能否区分核心论点与支撑论据，把握作者的行文逻辑与情感倾向。其本质是对文本“灵魂”的提炼，是阅读理解从“局部解码”迈向“整体把握”的关键步骤，直接影响对全文的深层理解。 设题类型 主要分为三大类。全文主旨题要求概括整篇文章的中心思想或写作目的，是最高频的类型。段落主旨题聚焦于特定段落的核心内容，考查对局部结构的把握。最佳标题是主旨题的变体，要求选择一个能精炼、醒目且全面概括文章内容的标题，它同时检验概括能力与语言凝练度。此外，有时也会出现写作目的题，侧重探究作者撰写文章的意图（如告知、说服、娱乐等），与主旨紧密相关但角度略有不同。 命题方式 题干表述具有显著特征。常见设问包括：“What is the main idea of the passage?”、“The passage is mainly about ______.”、“What is the primary purpose of the article?”以及“Which of the following is the best title for the passage?”。选项设计极具迷惑性：正确选项通常具有高度概括性，能覆盖全文核心；干扰项则常为以偏概全（用某细节代替整体）、过度延伸（加入原文未提及的推测）、内容片面（仅对应部分段落）或张冠李戴（内容正确但非本文重点）。正确项往往是对原文主题句的同义转述或提炼。 解题思路 解题需遵循系统方法。首先，结构分析法：重点阅读首段、尾段及各段首句，快速构建文章逻辑框架，判断体裁（议论文重在观点，说明文重在解释）。其次，主题句定位法：寻找文中（尤其是转折词后）直接表达核心观点的句子，并串联各段主旨。最后，逆向验证与排除法：将备选项代入，检验其是否能统领全文所有关键信息。牢记“总-分-总”思维：先整体预判，再细节验证，最后回归整体确认。对于记叙文，主旨常隐含于情感变化或事件寓意中，需深层体会。核心原则是：主旨应如伞盖，能覆盖全文要点，而非仅触及一枝一叶。 考向01全文主旨题 【例1-1】（2025 年上海市金山区高三二模） Stand-up comedy, originating in the United States, has gained global appeal, including in China. Though the first Chinese stand-up comedy club was set up in Shenzhen in 2009, this form of entertainment was relatively unknown to most Chinese audiences back then. A professor explains the popularity of stand-up comedy in China. It matches modern online trends, as comedians often talk about current social issues in short and direct ways that fit the fast-paced online content people prefer. The topics are closely related to young people, a key audience group. Besides, it doesn’t require special skills, so anyone regardless of age or gender can have a try, making it widely appealing. In regular comedy shows, each comedian performs for about 15 minutes, while a comedy special focusing on one comedian lasts around 60 minutes. This longer format demands more polished scripts with richer content. Stand-up comedy has grown from small underground clubs to a mainstream part of popular culture. With new shows constantly appearing and older ones innovating to stay relevant, this once-niche activity is now everywhere in China and shows no sign of disappearing. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The origin of stand-up comedy in the United States. B. The differences between regular comedy shows and comedy specials. C. The development and growing popularity of stand-up comedy in China. D. How stand-up comedy adapts to online trends in China. 答案C 详解：第一步，梳理段落逻辑。文章开篇介绍脱口秀传入中国初期鲜为人知的状况，接着分析其在华流行的多重原因，再补充不同演出形式的特点，最后点明其从地下小众文化发展为大众主流文化且热度不减的现状。各段落均围绕脱口秀在中国的发展历程与流行态势展开。第二步，排除干扰选项。A 项仅提及脱口秀起源于美国，属于开篇背景细节，非全文核心；B 项对演出形式的对比只是文中一个小知识点，并非主旨；D 项仅涉及流行原因中的一个方面，概括片面。第三步，确定答案。C 项完整涵盖了脱口秀在中国的发展过程和流行这一核心，契合全文逻辑，故为正确答案。 抓核心论点句：议论文常于首段抛出中心论点，或在尾段总结升华观点；说明文多在开篇点明说明对象及核心特征，这些关键句是概括主旨的核心依据。 串段落逻辑链：梳理各段落核心内容，找到段落间的关联。若段落均围绕同一对象的不同方面展开，主旨需涵盖对象及全面特征；若段落呈 “提出问题 - 分析问题 - 解决问题” 逻辑，主旨要包含问题与核心解决方案。 筛高频核心词：全文围绕主旨展开时，核心名词、话题相关词汇会反复出现，这些高频词是锁定主旨范围的关键。比如围绕 “创造力” 展开的文章，“creativity”“practice”“mindset” 等词会贯穿始终。 排片面干扰项：排除仅涉及单个段落细节、扩大或缩小话题范围、与文章观点相悖的选项，确保主旨概括全面且贴合文章核心。 【变式1-1】（2025 年上海市徐汇区高三二模） Last year, a Swiss medicine company found that black people were under-represented in almost all its drug clinical trials between 2016 and 2021. Surprisingly, this news represents progress, as it shows people are more aware of a dangerous bias that harms the safety of medical treatments. Many trials exclude certain groups like children, pregnant women, the elderly and people with disabilities. While there are reasons like difficulty getting informed permission, the consequences are serious. For example, half of hip-fracture intervention trials excluded the elderly and those with understanding problems, who make up nearly a third of hip-fracture patients. This leaves doctors in a dilemma when treating these groups. Even so, broadening trial participants is practically useful for new medical findings. Fortunately, the bias is changing. The US government plans to reduce barriers for participants, and countries like the US and Britain are discussing regulations requiring trial organizers to explain their participant selection. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The ways to make medical treatments safer for special groups. B. The bias in clinical trials’ participant selection and positive changes. C. The difficulty of getting informed permission for clinical trials. D. The influence of clinical trials on the development of medicine. 答案B 详解：第一步，提炼全文逻辑。文章开篇以瑞士药企的研究引出临床试验中存在受试者选择偏见的问题，接着分析这类偏见的常见表现和严重后果，最后指出扩大受试者范围的价值及相关领域出现的积极改变。核心围绕 “临床试验的受试者偏见” 展开，且包含 “问题 - 改变” 的逻辑线。第二步，排除错误选项。A 项未提及核心话题 “临床试验的偏见”，偏离主旨；C 项仅为偏见存在的一个小原因，属于细节；D 项夸大了内容，文章未探讨临床试验对医学发展的整体影响。第三步，确定答案。B 项精准概括了临床试验中受试者选择的偏见及积极转变这一核心，符合全文内容，故答案选 B。 【变式1-2】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三二模） For years, people have wondered whether creativity is a rare inborn gift or a skill that anyone can develop. Recent studies challenge the belief that creativity is an inborn talent, suggesting it can be developed through purposeful practice, persistence, and the right mindset. Expert musicians use “deep practice” to enhance originality by breaking complex pieces into parts and focusing on mistakes. Many breakthroughs in music, science and art come from sustained effort and experimentation instead of sudden inspiration. A composer may spend weeks testing chord progressions, and a scientist may conduct numerous failed experiments before a breakthrough. Psychologists note that a growth mindset helps achieve creative success. Those believing abilities can be improved through effort treat failure as an opportunity to progress, while those with a fixed mindset who think creativity is inborn give up easily when facing challenges. Natural talent may offer an initial advantage, but it isn’t the key to long-term creative success. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Natural talent is useless for creative success. B. Deep practice is the only way to develop creativity. C. Creativity is a developable skill rather than a rare inborn gift. D. A growth mindset is more important than persistence for creativity. 答案C 详解：第一步，定位核心观点。文章开篇就抛出核心争议，随后用研究结论表明创造力可通过练习等培养，接着以音乐家的练习方式、创作者和科学家的案例，以及心态对创造力的影响等内容，从多方面佐证这一观点。全文始终围绕 “创造力是可培养的技能而非天赋” 展开。第二步，排除极端选项。A 项 “useless” 表述绝对，文章提到天赋有初始优势；B 项 “only way” 过于绝对，练习只是培养创造力的一个方面；D 项片面对比心态和坚持的重要性，文章未强调二者的主次关系。第三步，确定答案。C 项全面契合文章核心观点，是全文的主旨，故答案选 C。 【变式1-3】（2025 年上海市徐汇区高三二模） Noise-cancelling headphones have become popular for blocking background noise and letting people enjoy music at lower volumes. However, some experts worry that overusing them may weaken our brains’ ability to process sounds properly. Our brains are used to dealing with various sounds and judging which are worth attention. For example, the brain can quickly dismiss a dog’s bark as unimportant. But noise-cancelling headphones expose the brain to only one sound source, which may harm its ability to process multiple sounds. Insights from evolutionary psychology explain this. We evolved for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle where we needed to process many sounds to detect dangers. But now, noise-cancelling headphones create an environment that doesn’t match our evolved brain functions, leading to the potential problem of weakened sound processing ability. What is the main idea of the passage? A. The advantages of using noise-cancelling headphones daily. B. The potential risk of overusing noise-cancelling headphones. C. How evolutionary psychology helps improve noise-cancelling headphones. D. Why noise-cancelling headphones are popular among people. 答案B 详解：第一步，梳理全文脉络。文章开篇先肯定降噪耳机的优势，随即用 “however” 转折，抛出专家的担忧 —— 过度使用可能削弱大脑处理声音的能力，后续内容通过大脑的正常功能和进化心理学的理论，进一步解释这一潜在风险的原理。核心围绕过度使用降噪耳机的隐患展开。第二步，排除偏离选项。A 项和 D 项仅涉及耳机的优势和流行度，属于开篇的铺垫细节；C 项无中生有，文章未提及进化心理学对改进耳机的作用。第三步，确定答案。B 项精准概括了全文重点讨论的过度使用降噪耳机的潜在风险，故答案选 B。 考向02 段落主旨题 【例2-1】（2025 年上海市普陀区高三一模） Summerhill began as an experimental school. It is no longer such;it is now a demonstration school, for it demonstrates that freedom works. When my wife and I began the school, we had one main philosophy:to make the school fit the child— instead of making the child fit the school. Obviously, a school that makes active children sit at desks studying mostly useless subjects is a bad school. It is a good school only for those who believe in such a school, for those uncreative citizens who want obedient, uncreative children who will fit into a civilization whose standard of success is fame and fortune. I had taught in ordinary schools for many years. I knew the other way well. I knew it was all wrong. It was wrong because it was based on an adult conception of what a child should be and of how a child should learn. What is the main idea of this paragraph? A. The drawbacks of ordinary schools’ educational concepts. B. The original educational philosophy of founding Summerhill School. C. The transformation of Summerhill School from an experimental school to a demonstration school. D. The author’s dissatisfaction with the success standard of modern civilization. 答案B 详解： 第一步，定位核心主旨句。段落开篇就点明夏山学校的转型，随即抛出创办学校的核心理念 “to make the school fit the child”，后续内容均围绕这一理念展开，通过批判普通学校 “以成人理念要求孩子” 的模式，反向支撑自身办学理念。第二步，排除干扰选项。A 项仅为段落中批判的次要内容，是支撑办学理念的论据，非主旨；C 项中学校的转型只是开篇的铺垫信息，并非段落核心；D 项对文明成功标准的评价是细节补充，并非段落重点。第三步，确定答案。B 项精准对应段落核心的办学理念，是贯穿全段的核心内容，故为正确答案。 锁定段首 / 段尾关键句：多数段落主旨句会置于段首总领全段，或在段尾总结核心观点。比如说明文常开篇点明说明对象，议论文多在段尾重申论点，需优先关注这两个位置的句子。 抓取高频核心词汇：段落围绕主题展开时，核心名词、动词等会反复出现，这些高频词往往是主旨的核心要素。例如围绕某类卫星展开的段落，“satellites”“astronomy” 等高频词会贯穿始终，可据此锁定主旨方向。 排除细节干扰信息：避免将段落中的举例、数据、转折后的次要内容当作主旨。解题时需区分 “核心观点” 和 “支撑论据”，比如段落中用于佐证观点的具体案例，就不能作为段落主旨。 梳理逻辑关系定核心：若段落含转折、因果等逻辑关系，主旨常偏向转折后或结果部分。比如以 “but”“however” 衔接的段落，重点往往在转折后的内容；以 “so”“therefore” 收尾的段落，主旨多为最终结论。 【变式2-1】（2025 年上海市松江区高三一模） An unusually reflective communications satellite that outshines almost every star in the sky was joined by another five in the first week of September, 2024. Astronomers warn that the appearance of more and more bright objects in the night sky will severely set back their work and could even limit our ability to spot asteroids —small planets going around the sun—heading for Earth. Texas-based AST SpaceMobile launched a test satellite called BlueWalker 3 in 2022, drawing criticism from astronomers who found that it was brighter than all but seven stars in the night sky. The company launched the first five commercial versions of BlueWalker 3, called Bluebirds, from Florida, on 12 September. What is the main idea of this paragraph? A. The launch time and location of Bluebird satellites. B. A communications satellite that is brighter than most stars. C. The negative impact of bright satellites on astronomers' work. D. The plan of AST SpaceMobile to launch 100 satellites globally. 答案C 详解： 第一步，梳理段落逻辑。段落先说明 2024 年新增 5 颗高反射率通信卫星，紧接着抛出天文学家的警告 —— 这类明亮天体会阻碍天文工作，还会影响小行星探测，后续以 BlueWalker 3 和 Bluebirds 卫星为例佐证这一负面影响。第二步，辨析选项。A 项卫星发射时间和地点是具体细节，并非核心；B 项仅描述单个卫星的特点，未体现段落强调的影响；D 项全球发射计划只是背景信息，未展开。第三步，锁定主旨。C 项概括了段落核心，即明亮卫星对天文学工作的负面影响，符合全段围绕的核心观点，故答案选 C。 【变式2-2】（2025 年上海市虹口区高三一模） The benefits of talking to your dog. Further support for this phenomenon comes from a 2022 study. It was found that by engaging in micro-breaks to pet their pup, the people are able to relax and recover— in ways that interacting with non-animal family members doesn’t. “They can sense when we’re upset— and they are arguably better at reading us than some people are,” says KogaU. And “because we know that our dogs read us so well, we regulate ourselves so as not to upset our dogs, which is helpful for us as well.” It’s a positive feedback loop. What is the main idea of the paragraph? A. The differences between interacting with dogs and family members. B. The positive effects of communicating and interacting with dogs. C. A 2022 study about the benefits of keeping pets. D. How dogs help their owners control their emotions. 答案B 详解： 第一步，抓住段落核心线索。段落开篇点明主题 “和狗狗交流的好处”，随后用 2022 年的研究佐证抚摸狗狗能让人放松，又引用观点说明狗狗能感知人的情绪，还能促使主人自我情绪调节，形成积极反馈。第二步，排除片面选项。A 项仅对比了与狗狗和家人互动的差异，未突出 “好处” 这一核心；C 项研究是论据，且范围扩大到 “养宠物”，偏离 “与狗狗互动” 的主题；D 项只提及情绪调节这一个方面，概括不全面。第三步，确定答案。B 项全面涵盖了与狗狗交流互动带来的各类积极影响，契合段落主旨，故答案选 B。 【变式2-3】（2025 年上海市闵行区高三一模） Could a pill make social situations feel less threatening? That's the focus of a clinical experiment that Cacioppo is overseeing. For a year and a half, 96 lonely but healthy subjects have been taking a certain amount of pregnenolone, a chemical substance associated with memory enhancement and stress reduction. The goal of the research is to see how balancing pregnenolone levels affects the subjects. The pill could help reduce the fear that makes lonely people withdraw and act more calmly in social situations. The idea is that a pill could clear your view, helping you see things clearly instead of feeling afraid of everyone. Then you become more willing to listen to others. What is the main idea of this paragraph? A. The function of pregnenolone in enhancing memory. B. A clinical experiment exploring a pill’s effect on social fear. C. Ways to help lonely people reduce fear in social situations. D. The relationship between pregnenolone and stress. 答案B 详解： 第一步，定位段落核心内容。段落开篇以设问引出核心话题 —— 一种药物能否降低社交场景的压迫感，接着介绍了相关临床试验的细节，包括实验对象、时长、所用药物，以及实验目标是通过调节孕烯醇酮水平帮助孤独人群减少社交恐惧。第二步，排除偏离选项。A 项仅提及药物增强记忆的作用，这是药物的附加属性，非实验核心；C 项未提及段落关键的 “药物” 和 “临床试验”，概括过于宽泛；D 项只讲药物与压力的关系，未关联 “社交场景” 这一核心场景。第三步，锁定答案。B 项精准概括了段落围绕的临床试验及其核心探究方向，符合主旨，故答案选 B。 考向03 最佳标题题 【例3-1】（2025 年上海市浦东新区高三一模） I wasn’t prepared to be a climate refugee. Not after relocating my family from drought and wildfire California to the climate shelter of Asheville, N.C. But less than two months after we moved into our delightfully wooded, mild-weather community, we were forced to leave.On September 26, the hurricane made its way inland from the Gulf of Mexico through Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. Along its path, it tore apart community after community. And then it hit western Appalachia. At 2,000 feet above sea level and 300 miles from the coast, Asheville is a place where people went to get away from destructive hurricanes.That night, trees crashed down around my home as emergency alerts sounded on my phone. Power lines went down. Roads flooded. In the morning, a large pine tree crashed onto the roof directly above my young son’s bedroom while he was playing. Within hours, we lost power, Internet and even cell service. When we heard it would take weeks or longer to restore basic services, I made plans for my family to leave town. What is the best title of the passage? A. Consequences of a Hurricane B. My Family’s Unexpected Escape from a Hurricane C. How to Survive a Hurricane in a Mountain Area D. Asheville: A Perfect Climate Shelter 答案B 详解：第一步，锁定核心内容。文章以第一人称视角，讲述作者为躲避加州的干旱和野火，举家迁至本以为是 “气候避风港” 的阿什维尔，结果不到两个月就遭遇飓风袭击，最终因基础设施受损严重不得不再次撤离的经历。核心是 “作者一家意外遭遇飓风并被迫撤离”。第二步，逐一排除选项。A 项 “飓风的后果” 范围过广，文章聚焦的是作者一家的具体经历，而非飓风对整体的影响；C 项 “山区如何在飓风中求生” 无中生有，文章未提及求生方法；D 项 “阿什维尔：理想的气候避风港” 与原文矛盾，该地最终遭遇了飓风袭击，并非真正的避风港。第三步，确定答案。B 项精准概括了 “作者一家意外逃离飓风灾害” 这一核心事件，符合文章记叙文的体裁和核心内容，故为正确答案。 抓核心对象与核心事件：标题需明确文章围绕的核心主体（人、物、现象等）及关键事件（如对象的影响、问题及解决办法等），避免无中生有或偏离核心主体。 控标题范围适配性：标题既不能只涵盖单个段落的细节，也不能过度扩大话题范围。比如文章讲某类特殊建筑的设计，就不能将标题定为 “全球建筑设计”。 合体裁风格适配性：说明文标题侧重清晰点明说明对象及特征；记叙文标题可体现核心事件或情感基调；议论文标题需突出核心论点或争议话题。 避误导性表述：排除与文章观点相悖、表述绝对化，或是带有主观情感但与文章基调不符的选项，确保标题客观贴合文章内容。 【变式3-1】（2025 年上海市杨浦区高三二模） Any imaginative person might believe in the existence of powerful supervillains. The striking station entrance building looks like a threatening giant lifted a tram and threw it onto the hard concrete sidewalk. This special station entrance, which looks exactly like the wreckage of a tram half-buried in the ground, is credited to architect Zbigniew Peter Pininski. He places common objects such as apples, eggs, birds, pipes and clocks in unusual scenes, thus managing to arouse viewers' sense of wonder and curiosity. Besides his love for abstract art, Pininski had another reason for creating such a unique subway station entrance. At that time, the subway station was just a proposal for the expansion of Frankfurt's subway system. Many local residents worried about the impact of construction and development on the community. Although some residents still complained about the subway network expanding into their area, Pininski's creative building won praise from many others. What is the best title of the passage? A. A Famous Architect and His Abstract Works B. A Unique Subway Station Entrance in Frankfurt C. How to Win Residents' Praise for Construction Projects D. The Expansion of Frankfurt's Subway System 答案B 详解：第一步，提炼核心主体。文章围绕德国法兰克福 Bckenheimer Warte 地铁站独特的入口设计展开，介绍了入口的外观特点、设计师及其设计创意，还提及该设计在当地居民中引发的不同反响。核心对象是 “这个独特的地铁站入口”。第二步，排除偏离选项。A 项 “一位著名建筑师及其抽象作品” 范围过宽，文章重点是特定的地铁站入口设计，而非建筑师的所有作品；C 项 “如何让建设项目获得居民认可” 并非核心，居民的态度只是补充内容；D 项 “法兰克福地铁系统的扩建” 只是背景，文章未围绕扩建展开。第三步，锁定答案。B 项精准指向文章核心说明对象 “法兰克福一个独特的地铁站入口”，契合说明文的标题需求，故答案选 B。 【变式3-2】（2025 年上海市长宁区延安中学高三一模） A few years ago, school leaders didn't worry much about teachers as they thought there were plenty of new teachers available. But now, districts struggle to fill math, science, world language and special education jobs. A 2017 Learning Policy Institute study found 90 percent of open teaching posts are due to people leaving the profession. Two-thirds of teachers depart for dissatisfaction with the job rather than retirement. Then how can districts support teachers and attract new ones? Education professor Peter Smagorinsky suggested listening to teachers. Principal Betsy Bockman stressed removing barriers to make teaching easier. Vice-president Gary McGiboney noted that a positive school climate is vital for teachers' development. What is the best title of the passage? A. The Reasons for Teachers Leaving Their Jobs B. Ways to Improve the Quality of Teaching C. How to Retain and Attract Teachers D. The Importance of Teachers in Schools 答案C 详解：第一步，梳理文章逻辑。文章先提出当前学校难以填补教师岗位空缺的问题，接着分析多数教师离职是因为对工作不满，随后重点阐述了多位教育从业者提出的留住现有教师、吸引新教师的具体建议。核心话题是 “解决教师留存与招聘难题的方法”。第二步，排除片面选项。A 项仅涉及教师离职原因，这只是文章的引入部分，非核心内容；B 项 “提升教学质量的方法” 偏离主题，文章聚焦的是教师留存而非教学质量；D 项 “教师在学校的重要性” 无中生有，文章未展开论述。第三步，确定答案。C 项精准概括了文章 “如何留住和吸引教师” 的核心，契合议论文的标题风格，故答案选 C。 【变式3-3】（2025 年上海市奉贤区高三一模） Urban beekeeping has become increasingly popular in recent years, with more and more people setting up beehives on rooftops, balconies and community gardens in cities. Unlike traditional rural beekeeping, urban beekeeping faces special challenges. The lack of diverse nectar sources, air pollution and frequent noise can affect the health of honeybees. However, urban beekeeping also brings unique benefits. Bees play a crucial role in pollinating urban plants, improving the ecological environment of the city. Many schools and communities carry out beekeeping activities to educate people about environmental protection. Local beekeepers also share their experience online, forming a tight-knit community. With the continuous improvement of beekeeping technology and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, urban beekeeping is gradually becoming a new way to connect people with nature in cities. What is the best title of the passage? A. The Challenges of Rural Beekeeping B. Urban Beekeeping: Challenges and Benefits C. How to Protect Honeybees in Cities D. The Popularity of Beekeeping Around the World 答案B 详解：第一步，锁定核心逻辑。文章开篇点明城市养蜂日益流行，接着对比传统农村养蜂，指出城市养蜂面临的特殊挑战，随后转折介绍其带来的生态、教育等方面的独特益处，最后提及城市养蜂的发展趋势。核心是 “城市养蜂的挑战与优势”。第二步，排除错误选项。A 项 “农村养蜂的挑战” 与文章核心 “城市养蜂” 不符；C 项 “如何在城市保护蜜蜂” 偏离主题，文章未聚焦保护方法；D 项 “全球养蜂的流行” 扩大范围，文章仅围绕 “城市养蜂” 展开。第三步，确定答案。B 项全面涵盖了城市养蜂的两个核心维度，符合说明文标题需清晰概括说明对象及特征的要求，故答案选 B。 （一） A study from 1976 tells us how and why relationships with our neighbors can be so good for us. Surprisingly to scientists at that time, results showed that connection with family members-even one's own children—had little influence on feelings of well-being or willpower. Meanwhile, friendships, especially those with neighbors, predicted lower levels of loneliness and worry, higher levels of feelings of usefulness and respect within the community. The study suggests that acquaintance and friendship with neighbors are more effective at increasing well-being since they are based on nearness, common interests and lifestyle choices. The neighborhood relationships are also developed voluntarily. Family ties, on the other hand, are often characterized by a sense of responsibility, physical distance, and personal disharmony. Later studies confirm the importance of close friendships for people over 65, highlighting the particular importance of frequent connection. More recent studies show that neighborly support is associated with better well-being for individuals in mid- to-late life. Data about neighborly relationships and general well-being from 1,071 adults aged 40-70 from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the US was collected in 1995, and again from the same individuals in 2005. The study found that those who had little connection with neighbors at the time of both samples, as well as those who experienced a reduction in connection with neighbors over the years, experienced downward trends in well-being, as indicated by feelings of sadness, nervousness. restlessness, hopelessness and worthlessness. It is important to note here the difference between friendship and neighboring or relationships with neighbors. While friendships are based on common affection, neighboring, at its core is an instrumental relationship that is catalyzed by nearness. But it doesn't have to be this way. Where neighbors are also close friends? the potential benefits are clear. While both friendship and neighboring are beneficial to well-being, they are most effective when the types of support and assistance from both coincide. 1．What does the 1976 study tell us? A．The friendships between neighbors can last forever. B．People ignore neighbors more than family members. C．Neighbors influence people as much as their own children do. D．Neighbors are more influential to people than family members. 2．How does the author mainly develop paragraph 2? A．By analyzing data. B．By giving instructions. C．By making comparisons. D．By following the order of time. 3．What determines neighborly relationships according to the text? A．Nearness. B．Responsibility. C．Physical distance. D．A common life goal. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Why neighbors always help us. B．Why our neighbors are so important. C．How neighborly support is available. D．How neighborly relationships develop well. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究表明，邻里关系比家庭成员对人们更有影响力。文章介绍了其背后的原因以及具体的一些研究发现。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A study from 1976 tells us how and why relationships with our neighbors can be so good for us. Surprisingly to scientists at that time, results showed that connection with family members-even one's own children—had little influence on feelings of well-being or willpower. Meanwhile, friendships, especially those with neighbors, predicted lower levels of loneliness and worry, higher levels of feelings of usefulness and respect within the community.( 1976年的一项研究告诉我们，与邻居的关系如何以及为什么会对我们如此有益。令当时的科学家惊讶的是，研究结果显示，与家庭成员——甚至是自己的孩子——的联系对幸福感或意志力几乎没有影响。与此同时，友谊，尤其是与邻居的友谊，预示着较低程度的孤独和担忧，较高程度的有用感和社区内的尊重感)”可知，1976年的研究告诉了我们邻居比家庭成员对人们更有影响力。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The study suggests that acquaintance and friendship with neighbors are more effective at increasing well-being since they are based on nearness, common interests and lifestyle choices. The neighborhood relationships are also developed voluntarily. Family ties, on the other hand, are often characterized by a sense of responsibility, physical distance, and personal disharmony. Later studies confirm the importance of close friendships for people over 65, highlighting the particular importance of frequent connection.(这项研究表明，与邻居的相识和友谊能更有效地增加幸福感，因为它们是建立在距离、共同的兴趣和生活方式选择的基础上的。邻里关系也是自愿发展的。另一方面，家庭关系往往具有责任感、距离和个人不和谐等特征。后来的研究证实了亲密友谊对65岁以上的人的重要性，强调了频繁联系的特别重要性)”可推知，作者主要通过比较邻里关系和家庭关系来展开第二段的。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The study suggests that acquaintance and friendship with neighbors are more effective at increasing well-being since they are based on nearness, common interests and lifestyle choices.(这项研究表明，与邻居的相识和友谊能更有效地增加幸福感，因为它们是建立在距离、共同的兴趣和生活方式选择的基础上的)”可知，是接近度决定了邻里关系。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“A study from 1976 tells us how and why relationships with our neighbors can be so good for us.( 1976年的一项研究告诉我们，与邻居的关系如何以及为什么会对我们如此有益)”结合文章主要介绍了研究表明，邻里关系比家庭成员对人们更有影响力。文章介绍了其背后的原因以及具体的一些研究发现。可知，文章的主要内容是为什么我们的邻居如此重要。故选B。 （二） The moon may shine white above us most nights of the year, but how much do we know about Earth’s neighbor and what lies beneath its surface? Scientists are aiming to find out. On Jan 3, 2019, China’s Chang’e 4 spacecraft landed on the far side of the moon – a first for humanity. It released a small probe (探测器), Yutu 2, or Jade Rabbit 2, which began to search beneath the moon’s surface using Lunar Penetrating Radar. These radio signals can reach 40 meters underground, three times the depth of the Chang’e 3 lunar probe launched in 2013 for the near side of the moon, China Daily reported. In a study published in the journal Science Advances, researchers found that the lunar soil’s top layer on the far side of the moon was much thicker than expected – about 40 meters. Other scientists only expected about 6 millimeters of soil based on NASA observations during the Apollo moon landings, according to The New York Times. “It’s a fine, dusty, sandy environment,” said one of the authors of the study, Elena Pettinelli, a physics and mathematics professor at Rome Tre University, Rome. Yutu 2 is specifically exploring the Von Karman crater (大坑), a large hole that’s 180 kilometers wide and also the landing site of Chang’e 4. It’s part of an even larger, older crater spanning more than 1,770 kilometers. “The subsurface at the Chang’e 4 landing site is very complex,” said Li Chunlai, a research professor and deputy director-general of National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Observations suggest that the subsurface material is totally different than the previous landing site of Chang’e 3, she said. Radar waves revealed various layers beneath the moon’s surface: grainy (颗粒状的) material, boulders (岩石), and further layers of fine and coarse (粗糙的) particles. This information is helping scientists to gain new understanding of the moon’s history and formation, as well as volcanic activity and lunar impacts. Yutu 2 is the longest-working rover (巡视器) on the moon, but it won’t last forever. China plans to launch the Chang’e 5 probe later this year, Xinhua News Agency reported. The spacecraft is expected to bring pieces of the moon back to Earth for closer study. 5．What can we learn about the Chang’e 4 probe? A．It was the first to land on the moon’s near side. B．It explored areas as wide as 1,770 kilometers. C．It is three times as large as the Chang’e 3 lunar probe. D．Its signals could reach 40 meters beneath the moon’s surface. 6．What does the lunar soil’s top layer on the moon’s far side look like, according to the text? A．It looks like a large hole. B．It is about 6 millimeters thick. C．It goes farther down than expected. D．It is covered by boulders and fine and coarse particles. 7．What is the Chang’e 5 probe expected to do? A．Bring lunar samples back to the Earth B．Explore the Von Karman crater. C．Replace Yutu 2 to explore the moon. D．Identify the moon’s various layers. 8．What is the text mainly about? A．A history of Chinese lunar missions. B．A report on the Chang’e 4 probe’s findings. C．A comparison of the Chang’e 3 and 4 probes. D．How Yutu 2 explored beneath the moon’s surface. 【答案】5．D 6．C 7．C 8．B 【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。2019年1月3日，中国“嫦娥四号”飞船登陆月球背面，这是人类首次登陆月球背面。它释放了一个名为“玉兔二号”的小型探测器，开始使用探月雷达在月球表面下搜索。文章主要是关于嫦娥四号探测器发现的报告，文章就月球上的环境进行了说明，还介绍了此次探测的一些发现。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中These radio signals can reach 40 meters underground, three times the depth of the Chang’e 3 lunar probe launched in 2013 for the near side of the moon, China Daily reported.可知据《中国日报》报道，这些无线电信号可以到达地下40米，是2013年发射的嫦娥三号月球探测器深度的三倍。由此可知，嫦娥四号探测器的信号可以到达月球表面下40米。故选D。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中In a study published in the journal Science Advances, researchers found that the lunar soil’s top layer on the far side of the moon was much thicker than expected – about 40 meters.可知在一项发表在《科学进展》杂志上的研究中，研究人员发现月球背面的表层土壤比预期的要厚大约40米。由此可知，月球远侧的表层土壤比预期的更深。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Yutu 2 is the longest-working rover on the moon, but it won’t last forever. China plans to launch the Chang’e 5 probe later this year, Xinhua News Agency reported.可知“玉兔二号”是月球上工作时间最长的月球车，但它不会永远使用下去。据新华社报道，中国计划在今年晚些时候发射嫦娥5号探测器。由此可推知，嫦娥5号探测器的任务是取代玉兔二号去探索月球。故选C。 8．主旨大意题。根据第二段On Jan 3, 2019, China’s Chang’e 4 spacecraft landed on the far side of the moon – a first for humanity. It released a small probe, Yutu 2, or Jade Rabbit 2, which began to search beneath the moon’s surface using Lunar Penetrating Radar. These radio signals can reach 40 meters underground, three times the depth of the Chang’e 3 lunar probe launched in 2013 for the near side of the moon, China Daily reported.可知2019年1月3日，中国“嫦娥四号”飞船登陆月球背面，这是人类首次登陆月球背面。它释放了一个名为“玉兔二号”的小型探测器，开始使用探月雷达在月球表面下搜索。据《中国日报》报道，这些无线电信号可以到达地下40米，是2013年发射的嫦娥三号月球探测器深度的三倍。结合文章主要是关于嫦娥四号探测器发现的报告，文章就月球上的环境进行了说明，还介绍了此次探测的一些发现。由此可知，这篇文章的主要内容是关于嫦娥四号探测器发现的报告。故选B。 （三） Even if you don't know much about Russian author Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), you may be familiar with his famous poem The Song of the Stormy Petrel since its ending note “Let it break in all its fury!" has been encouraging generations of people for years now. Gorky was a highly influential author. More than any other writer, he laid the foundations for the famous literary style known as socialist realism. In this kind of writing, the author uses literary techniques to create the impression of reality in his or her writings. March 16 this year marked the 152th anniversary of Gorky's birth. He was born into an ordinary life but soon became an orphan, before being raised by his grandmother in poverty. As he grew older, he would take a job and then quickly move on to another. He tried many jobs, but the one that he seemed to love the most was being a journalist. It was in this job that he gained a particular impression of the world — that it was horriblyinequitablein its treatment of the poor. It was a world, therefore, that had to go. Gorky was naturally attracted to the political movement of Marxian social democracy.He knew many revolutionaries including the most important one of all, Vladimir Lenin(1870-1924). The two became friends in 1903 and The Song of the Stormy Petrel was one of Lenin's favorite works by Gorky. Asa writer, Gorky naturally valued literature. But lie also valued life experience, of which he had plenty. The key to being a modern person, he thought, was to acquire a critical attitude: “Keep reading books, but remember that a book's only a book, and you should learn to think for yourself,” he once said. 9．What can we learn about Gorky's childhood? A．He lived an extraordinary life. B．He tried few jobs. C．He led a hard life. D．He grew up by himself 10．What does the underlined word "inequitable" in paragraph 5 refer to? A．Unconditional. B．Unfair. C．Unreal. D．Unfriendly. 11．Which of the following is TRUE about Gorky? A．He valued critical thinking. B．He was of little influence. C．He was easy to bow before difficulties. D．He discounted life experience. 12．What is the text mainly about? A．Gorky and his family. B．The hardship Gorky experienced. C．Gorky's famous works. D．Gorky's influence in literature and his life. 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．A 12．D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了俄国作家高尔基，他是一位极具影响力的作家。文章介绍了他的人生经历和他对文学的影响。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段中He was born into an ordinary life but soon became an orphan, before being raised by his grandmother in poverty.可知他出生在一个平凡的家庭，但很快就成了孤儿，由贫困的祖母抚养长大。由此可知，高尔基的童年过着艰苦的生活。故选C。 10．词义猜测题。根据后文in its treatment of the poor. It was a world, therefore, that had to go.可知Gorky认为这是一个必须消失的世界，因为这个世界对待穷人极其不公平。由此可知，划线单词“inequitable”意思为“不公平”。A. Unconditional.无条件的；B. Unfair.不公平的；C. Unreal.不真实的；D. Unfriendly.不友好的。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段中The key to being a modern person, he thought, was to acquire a critical attitude: “Keep reading books, but remember that a book's only a book, and you should learn to think for yourself,” he once said.可知他认为，要成为一个现代人，关键是要养成一种批判的态度:“坚持读书，但要记住，一本书只是一本书，你应该学会独立思考，”他曾经说过。由此可知，A选项“高尔基重视批判性思维”正确。故选A。 12．主旨大意题。根据第二段Gorky was a highly influential author. More than any other writer, he laid the foundations for the famous literary style known as socialist realism.高尔基是一位极具影响力的作家。与其他作家相比，他为著名的社会主义现实主义文学风格奠定了基础。根据第四段“e was born into an ordinary life but soon became an orphan, before being raised by his grandmother in poverty. As he grew older, he would take a job and then quickly move on to another. He tried many jobs, but the one that he seemed to love the most was being a journalist.”他出生在一个平凡的家庭，但很快就成了孤儿，由贫困的祖母抚养长大。随着年龄的增长，他会找一份工作，然后迅速跳槽。他尝试过很多工作，但他似乎最喜欢的是当记者。由此可知，这篇文章的主要内容是高尔基对文学的影响和他的人生经历。故选D。 （四） Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be dirtier than their gasoline-powered cousins. People in California love to talk about “zero-emissions vehicles”, but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Power plants mostly use fire to make it. Aside from the new folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators (发电机). Generators are fueled by something—usually coal, oil,but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal (地热)plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something. In other words, those “zero-emissions” cars are likely coal-burning cars. It’s just because the coal is burned somewhere else, it looks clean. It is not. It’s as if the California Greens are covering their eyes—“ If I can’t see it, it’s not happening.” Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas (or another fuel) and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat—at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc. A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won’t get you as far — so electric cars burn more fuel than gasoline-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes or geothermal, or hydro or wind or solar, then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don’t use much of those energy sources. In addition, electric cars’ batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it’s a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot. 13．What is the main idea of the text? A．Electric cars are far from being clean. B．Electric cars are better than gasoline-powered ones. C．People cast doubts on electric cars’ batteries. D．Gasoline is an efficient way to power a vehicle. 14．The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run____. A．no less than 25 miles B．as far as 50 miles C．less than 25 miles D．as far as 25 miles 15．According to the text, electric cars____. A．are more environmentally friendly B．burn more fuel than gas-powered ones C．are very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated D．are poisonous for a long time and will eventually end up in a landfill 16．It can be inferred from the text that____. A．being green is good and should be encouraged in communication B．electric cars are the dominant vehicles compared with their gas-powered cousins C．zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment D．electric cars are not clean because we get electricity mainly by burning something 【答案】13．A 14．C 15．B 16．D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。电动车真的没有污染吗？通过文章的描述我们可以知道实际上并不是这样的，电动车比现在的汽车可能会导致更多的污染，因为它所使用的电，仍然是需要靠燃烧煤炭的资源来实现的。 13．主旨大意题。根据文章第一句Electric cars are dirty．In fact，not only are they dirty，they might even be more dirty than their gasoline-powered cousins．说明电动车一点也不环保。故A正确。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段1，2行A gallon of gas may drive your car 25 miles．But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far．一加仑汽油可能使你的汽车行驶25英里．但是你从那加仑汽油中得到的电力不会让你的车行那么远。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据文章A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles． But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far- so electric cars bum more fuel than gasoline-powered ones，可知电动汽车燃烧的燃料比汽油燃料多，故选B。 16．推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容可知电动车所需要的电能，是需要通过燃烧煤炭等自然资源的，所以电动车并不如人们所认为的那样清洁无污染。故D正确。 （五） No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs (助动词) , we are able to communicate variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform other word tricks to convey delicate differences in meaning. Besides，grammar is universal and plays a part in every language， no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has confused many linguists is: who created grammar? At first, this question would appear impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created，someone needs to be present at the time of a language’s creation, documenting its emergence. Some linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but to know the forming of complex languages, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible. Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time，slaves from different nations were forced to work together. Since they could not learn each other’s languages. they developed a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. Little grammar is found in them，and in many cases it is difficult or a listener to infer when an event happened, and who did what to whom. Speakers need to use circumlocution (迂回曲折的说法) in order to make themselves understood. Interestingly，however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it. Slave children did not simply copy words from their elders, they adapted them to create a language. It included new word orders and grammatical markers. Complex grammar systems merging from pidgins are termed creoles, which are invented by children. Some linguists believe that many of the world’s most established languages were creoles at first. The -ed ending in English past tense may have evolved from “did”,”It ended”, which was first used by kids, may once have been “It end-did”. Therefore. it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have been born with grammatical machinery in their brains. which can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy. 17．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．Language learners know that grammar is of complexity. B．One cal do a lot with his good command of grammar. C．Grammar is both complex and universal in languages. D．Linguists face a question in creating confusing grammars 18．The underlined expression “from scratch” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _________ A．from the very beginning B．in ancient cultures C．by copying something else D．by using written information 19．What can be inferred about the slaves’ pidgin language? A．It contained a complex grammar system. B．It was first created by the slaves’ landowners. C．It was based on a lot of different languages. D．It was difficult to understand, even among slaves. 20．What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A．The English past tense system is inaccurate. B．English was probably once a kind of creole. C．Linguists have proven that English was created by children. D．Children use English past tenses differently from adults. 【答案】17．C 18．A 19．D 20．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章探究了语言中（包括英语在内），语法来源的可能性。 17．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex和 Besides，grammar is universal and plays a part in every language可知，在语言学习中，所有学生都知道语法很复杂，并且知道在每种语言中语法很普遍。故选C项。 18．词义猜测题。根据文章第2段中首先提到“要了解语法是如何产生的，就需要有人在一种语言诞生时在场，记录它的出现。”后又提到“一些语言学家能够将现代复杂的语言追溯到早期的语言”故根据上下文的逻辑可知，为了了解复杂语言的形成，研究者需要观察语言是如何从零开始的。故选A项。 19．推理判断题。根据第3段Little grammar is found in them，and in many cases it is difficult or a listener to infer when an event happened, and who did what to whom可知，因为pidgin language缺乏语法，所以很难理解其表达的含义。故选D项。 20．推理判断题。根据最后一段可知：一些语言学家认为，世界上许多最古老的语言一开始都是克里奥耳语。在英语过去式中，-ed结尾可能是由“did”演变而来的。因此可以推出英语可能曾经是一种克里奥尔语。故选B。 （六） When Charles Stratton was five, he stopped growing. His mother took him to see the famous showman, P.T. Barnum. Mr. Barnum thought a small person would be the perfect addition to his show. He hired Charles’ parents along with him, and they traveled the world together. He gave the two-foot-tall Charles a name, General Tom Thumb. He taught Tom how to sing, dance, act and tell jokes. When he felt Tom was ready to perform on stage, he made up ads. To stir up great interest, he said that Tom was eleven years old and had come from England. During the show, Tom fought battles pretendedly with tall people. He also danced upon a wooden plate held by a person who was eight feet tall. Tom’s act was very popular and brought in a lot of money. By the time Tom was an adult, he had grown very rich. He had become a billionaire at the age of twenty five. Fortunately for Tom, Mr. Barnum added more little people to his show, and Tom became lucky in love as well. One of the little people was Lavinia Warren, a school teacher. Tom was able to win her love, and they married. The ceremony and reception were the talk of the town. They were attended by many rich and famous people and by about 2000 guests. Crowds filled the streets of New York to have a look at their tiny wedding marriage. The couple even met with President Abraham Lincoln on their honeymoon just before going to live in Tom’s house in Connecticut. Their wedding, which took place during the Civil War, provided a welcome escape from the sad problems of war. Not willing to let this bit of sunshine fade, communities throughout the country sponsored(发起) “Tom Thumb” weddings. In these weddings, small boys and girls, all dressed up, went through marriage ceremony for fun. 21．“Talk of the town” means_________. A．it was in the newspaper B．people spread bad rumors about it C．it was the most popular happenings D．it was discussed in a city meeting 22．What does the author think about Tom’s wedding? A．It helped people cheer up in a dark time. B．People gave it too much of their attention. C．It was funny and ridiculous. D．Tom and Lavinia were stupid. 23．Tom would dance on a wooden plate held by a person who was eight feet tall because______. A．the wooden plate would make it sound as if Tom was dancing B．it made Tom look taller C．the eight-foot-tall man was the only tall person Tom trusted D．the difference between them would make Tom look even smaller 24．What ithe main idea of the last paragraph? A．Weddings always make people feel full of sunshine. B．People are always disappointed during war time. C．Entertainment can serve an important purpose. D．People should be married when they are small children. 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．D 24．C 【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。记叙了Charles Stratton 5岁的时候，他停止生长，她的妈妈带她去看著名的表演者P.T. Barnum，P.T. Barnum带着他们去周游世界，给了他一个名字General Tom Thumb并且教他唱歌、跳舞、表演、说笑话，使Charles Stratton的表演很有名。 21．词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中They were attended by many rich and famous people and by about 2000 guests. Crowds filled the streets of New York to have a look at their tiny wedding marriage.可知他们有许多富人和名人出席，大约有2000名客人。纽约的大街上挤满了人，想看看他们小小的婚礼。由此可知，典礼和招待是城里最受欢迎最流行的事件。故划线短语意思为“它是最受欢迎的事件”。故选C。 22．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Their wedding, which took place during the Civil War, provided a welcome escape from the sad problems of war. 可知他们的婚礼发生在内战期间，为摆脱战争的悲惨问题提供了可喜的机会。由此可推知，作者认为Tom的婚礼帮助人们在黑暗中振作起来。故选A。 23．推理判断题。根据第三段中During the show, Tom fought battles pretendedly with tall people. He also danced upon a wooden plate held by a person who was eight feet tall.可知在表演中，Tom假装和高个子打了架。他还在一个八英尺高的人举着的木板上跳舞。可推知，在这里Tom会在一个8英尺高的人拿着的木板上跳舞，可能是因为他们之间的差别会使Tom看起来更小，增加表演的趣味性。故选D。 24．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Their wedding, which took place during the Civil War, provided a welcome escape from the sad problems of war. 可知他们的婚礼发生在内战期间，为摆脱战争的悲惨问题提供了可喜的机会。可分析他们的婚礼是在内战时期举行的，战争总是给人带来伤痛，全国各地的社区对类似Tom的婚礼进行提倡，作者自己在最后一句对婚礼给人带来的乐趣进行肯定，可推断娱乐能起到重要的意义。故选C。 （七） Gene technology to benefit people Among all the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Sometimes it is a hot topic discussed by people. The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctors have not found an effective way to cure them. But if the gene technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be cured completely, bringing happiness and more living days to the patients, but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, therefore it benefits the economy as well. In addition, human life span(寿命) can be prolonged. Gene technology can help people to give birth to more healthy and clever children. Some families, with the English imperial(皇室) family being a good example, have hereditary(遗传的) diseases. This means their children will for sure have the family disease, which is a great trouble for these families. In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it and a healthy child will be born. Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep; therefore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in very normal way. Of course, the governments must take care to control gene technology. 25．What does "these two killers" in the second paragraph refer to? A．Gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases. B．The two murderers who killed the cloned baby C．The two diseases of cancer and heart disease D．Hereditary diseases and cancer 26．What’s the main idea of the third paragraph? A．How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating hereditary diseases. B．Gene technology can be used to clone human babies. C．Gene technology can help people to give birth of a baby. D．Gene technology can help the English imperial family out 27．In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary diseases? A．Using gene technology, people with hereditary diseases can have more living days. B．Using gene technology, scientist finds the wrong gene and corrects it. C．Using gene technology, human babies can be cloned. D．Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology. 28．What is the main purpose of writing this passage? A．Expressing the writer’s idea that gene technology will benefit people B．Telling people the advantages of gene technology C．Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit people D．Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanity 【答案】25．C 26．A 27．B 28．A 【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了基因技术，详细讲述了基因技术的好处 25．词义猜测题。根据第划线词所在句前的The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease.（基因技术所能做的最伟大的事情就是治愈严重的疾病，而这些疾病是目前医生们几乎无能为力的，比如癌症和心脏病）及划线词所在句Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers.（每年都有数百万人被这两名杀手杀害）可知，每年造成数百万人死亡的元凶就是癌症和心脏病。由此可知，these two killers 指的是上文做的cancer and heart disease.故选C。 26．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it and a healthy child will be born.（在过去，医生对遗传病无能为力。但是基因技术可以完美地解决这个问题。科学家只需要找到错误的基因并加以纠正，一个健康的孩子就会诞生）可知，第三段主要介绍了基因技术可以被应用于治愈家族病。故选A。 27．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it, and a healthy child will be born（科学家只需要找到错误的基因和纠正它,和一个健康的孩子将出生）可知，利用基因技术，科学家发现错误的基因并加以纠正，这样就可以治愈家族病了。故选B。 28．推理判断题。根据文章标题Gene technology to benefit people（基因技术造福人类）及最后一段中的But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in very normal way. Of course, the governments must take care to control gene technology.（但我相信克隆婴儿不会大量出现，因为世界上大多数夫妇可以用非常正常的方式生育。当然，政府必须小心控制基因技术）可知，文章主要表达作者了认为基因技术将造福人类的观点。故选A。 （八） I first discovered Ruskin Bond on a hot afternoon in Agartala. My mother, sister and I were spending the summer with my father, an army officer, who was stationed there. There wasn't much to do for a young teen in the army cantonment, so I spent most of my days at the library, which housed a various—if modest—collection of books. I casually picked up Bond's Delhi Is Not Far on one such day and was immediately drawn into his gentle, unassuming, non-judgmental world. Since that day, I've searched for and read quickly and with great enthusiasm every one of Ruskin Bond's works. I think my affinity came from the fact that I identified on some level with him. Like me, he was shy and dreamy and enjoyed the company of the written word above that of people. A particularly painful theme that runs through Ruskin Bond's work is his relationship with his father. The two were extremely close, more so perhaps because they were each other's sole emotional support systems. Bond's parents divorced when he was little, and so it was just him and his father, and the latter comes across as a sensitive, gentle man who adored his son. Bond's father died suddenly of malaria at 46, when Bond was just 10—a cruel blow for the young boy. It's remarkable how Bond writes about his father's untimely death with a quiet dignity: It is deeply touching but never maudlin（凄凉的） Moved as I was by Bond's memories of his father, little did I know that I would soon be experiencing his pain first-hand. When I was 21, my father too suddenly passed away after a brief illness. Looking back at the time immediately after my father's passing, all I remember is a feeling of utter disbelief, of thinking. I sought refuge in my beloved books, and no other author gave me as much assistance and relief as did my beloved Ruskin Bond. 29．Why did the author go to the library? A．To read Bond's novel. B．To review his lessons. C．To broaden his horizons. D．To kill his time. 30．Which can best explain the underlined part in the third paragraph? A．Passion. B．Sympathy. C．Relief. D．Inspiration. 31．What does the author think of Bond's father? A．Determined. B．Considerate. C．Wealthy. D．Intelligent. 32．Which would be the best title for the text? A．My Father: an Army Officer B．Unforgettable Time after My Father's Death C．Ruskin Bond's Works: My Beloved Books D．My Experience in the Army Cantonment 【答案】29．D 30．A 31．B 32．C 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。主要介绍作者喜欢阅读Ruskin Bond（拉斯金·邦德）作品的原因、和他相似的生活经历以及对作者的影响。 29．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“There wasn't much to do for a young teen in the army cantonment, so I spent most of my days at the library, which housed a various—if modest—collection of books.”（对于一个年轻的少年来说，在军营里没有太多的事情可做，于是我大量的时间都花在了图书馆里，谦虚地说，这里有各种各样的书籍）可知，作者去图书馆是因为没事可做，去打发时间的。故选D。 30．词义猜测题。根据“Since that day, I've searched for and read quickly and with great enthusiasm every one of Ruskin Bond's works.”（从那天开始，我搜寻并且快速阅读了拉斯金·邦德的每一部作品）可知，划线的词指的是对读书的那种热爱和热情；A. Passion.热情，激情；B. Sympathy. 同情；C. Relief. 轻松，缓解；D. Inspiration. 灵感。故选A。 31．细节理解题。根据第四段“Bond's parents divorced when he was little, and so it was just him and his father, and the latter comes across as a sensitive, gentle man who adored his son.”（邦德的父母在他很小的时候就离婚了，所以只有他和父亲两人，他的父亲是一位很喜欢他的儿子的体贴绅士）可知，作者认为绑德的父亲很体贴。A. Determined.下定决心的；B. Considerate. 体贴的；C. Wealthy.富有的；D. Intelligent. 聪明的。故选B。 32．主旨大意题。结合全文尤其是第一段“I first discovered Ruskin Bond on a hot afternoon in Agartala.”（我第一次发现拉斯金·邦德的作品是住在Agartala时的一个炎热的下午。）可知，本文主要是围绕拉斯金·邦德的作品展开的，并讲述了喜欢阅读拉斯金·邦德的作品的原因以及对作者的影响。故选C。 （九） For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel like a lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually merging (融合) into it. Speaking at the Fast Company European Innovation Festival, Professor Yuval Noah Harari, a historian at the Hebrew University claimed that it’s becoming more and more difficult to tell where humans end and machines begin. He said: “It’s increasingly hard to tell where I end and where the computer begins. In the future, it is likely that the smartphone will not be separated from you at all. It may be embedded in your body or brain, constantly scanning your biometric data and your emotions.” During his speech, Professor Harari highlighted how humans have affected our environment over time, and suggested that now may be the time to affect ourselves. He said: “Humanity has always remained constant. If we told our ancestors in the Stone Age about our lives today, they would think we are already Gods. But the truth is that even though we have developed more wonderful tools, we are the same animals. We have the same emotions, the same minds. The coming revolution will change that. It will change not just our tools, it will change the human being itself. ” If we do manage to merge with machines, Professor Harari suggests it could open the door to setting up civilizations beyond Earth. He added: “Life will be able to break out of planet Earth and no longer be confined to this flying rock.” While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he isn’t alone in his vision of a machine­ human world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge with machines, or risk becoming irrelevant. He said: “Over time I think we will probably see a closer merger of biological intelligence and digital intelligence.” 33．Why does the author mention smartphone in paragraph 1? A．To collect data for his speech. B．To have a good lead ­in of the topic. C．To say it is harmful to the environment. D．To catch up with the development of science. 34．What do we know about Professor Harari? A．His opinions gained much support. B．He is the first expert to put forward the idea. C．He thinks technology will change ourselves as well. D．His suggestion of us staying on planet Earth is considerate. 35．What’s probably Elon Musk’s attitude to Professor Harari’s speech? A．Neutral. B．Favourable. C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving. 36．What is the best title for the text? A．Humans are near to combining with machines B．Call on people to develop advanced machines C．A speech caused people’s concerns on machines D．Finding new ways to break away from apps is vital 【答案】33．B 34．C 35．B 36．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科技的发展给环境带来的影响。同时，给人类自身也带来了巨大的影响。一位历史学家在他的演讲中提到，随着科技的发展，人类越来越依赖智能机器，人类与机器融为一体的时代为时不远。 33．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“For many people, going a few hours without your smartphone can feel like a lifetime. Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually merging into it.（对很多人来说，几个小时不使用智能手机就像过了一辈子。现在，一位专家声称，人类正变得如此依赖科技，以至于我们实际上正在融入科技。）”可推知，第一段用智能手机作为引子，来导入作者下面要陈述的话题。故选B。 34．细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句“It will change not just our tools, it will change the     human being itself.（它不仅会改变我们的工具，还会改变人类自身。）”可知，他认为技术也会改变我们自己。故选C。 35．推理判断题。 根据最后一段前两句“While Professor Harari’s claims may sound farfetched (牵强的), he isn’t alone in his vision of a machine­human world. Back in 2017, Elon Musk claimed that humans should merge with machines, or risk becoming irrelevant.（虽然哈拉里教授的观点听起来有些牵强，但他并不是唯一一个对人-机世界有这种愿景的人。早在2017年，Elon Musk就曾宣称，人类应该与机器融合，否则就可能变得无关紧要。）”可知，Professor Harari 的观点并非 一家之言，早在2017年，Elon Musk 就发表过相同的观点。综上可推知，他对 Professor Harari的观点持支持的态度，故选B。 36．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Now, one expert claims that humans are becoming so dependent on technology, that we’re actually merging into it.（现在，一位专家声称，人类正变得如此依赖科技，以至于我们实际上正在融入科技。）”可知，本文主要介绍了随着科技的发展，人类越来越依赖智能机器，人类与机器融为一体变为可能。故选A。 （十） Almost every community has some form of rules and some way of enforcing them. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? Studies have suggested that the reason we don’t like rule-breaking is because fairness is programmed into our brains. Scientists have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. A fair situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings. The study found that this so happened when subjects saw others being treated unfairly. They concluded that fairness is one of basic human needs. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow. Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we behave, and can be internal (内在的) or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. We don’t want to disappoint our family and friends, either. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict. External controls include rewards and punishments. Rewards, such as job promotions and praise, are designed to encourage people to behave and act in the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the community’s best interests. People need their communities to function smoothly. If there were no rules, most people would probably still behave positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist. 37．What does the underlined word ‘‘this’’ in paragraph 2 refer to? A．A program in human brains. B．A comfortable situation. C．The response with bad feelings. D．The requirement off fairness. 38．Why do communities have rules? A．To punish illegal activities. B．To prevent disagreement. C．To promote fairness. D．To meet various demands. 39．Which of the following is an example of internal control? A．Take exams honestly because cheating is shameful B．Park in the right place so as not to get a parking ticket. C．Pay the electricity bill on time in order not to get a late fee. D．Cooperate with your classmates to win a prize for your class. 40．What is the best title for this passage? A．Living by the rules B．Following rules with punishments C．Reaching a compromise D．Calling for fairness 【答案】37．C 38．C 39．A 40．A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了在一个团体中设置规则的必要性以及如何让人们遵守规则，因为规则可以让团体正常运转，同时可以促成相对公平的环境，没有规则的社会不太可能存在。 37．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句的上一句“but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings. 但是不公平会导致我们的大脑产生负面情绪。”及划线词所在句中的“being treated unfairly受到不公平的待遇”可知此处的this指不公平会导致我们大脑产生负面情绪。故选C。 38．细节理解题。根据第三段“Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, ……But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow. 获得公平感意味着考虑不同的情况，……但当存在利益冲突时，很难达成妥协。这就是为什么团体有每个人都必须遵守的规则。”可知在团体中设置规则是为了避免利益冲突，达成妥协，从而促进相对的公平，故选C。 39．细节理解题。根据第四段“Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us don’t steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong.自我控制来自内心，基于我们的价值观和恐惧。比如我们大多数人不偷东西，因为我们相信偷窃是不公平的，是错误的。”可知自我控制是由我们本身的价值观和认知来决定的，结合选项可知A选项Take exams honestly because cheating is shameful（诚实地考试，因为作弊是可耻的）所说的诚实考试是由我们正确的价值观所决定的，属于自我控制的范畴。故选A。 40．主旨大意题。文章主要围绕第一段的“why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? 为什么我们有规则，是什么让人们遵守这些规则？”的着两个问题来展开，主要讲了在一个团体中设置规则的必要性以及如何让人们遵守规则，再结合最后一段的点题句“This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist. 这就是没有规则的社会不太可能存在的原因。”可知A选项Living by the rules（依规而生）概括较为全面、准确。故选A。 1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $