Unit 1 Nature in the balance（知识清单）英语译林版必修第三册

该高中英语单元知识清单系统整合了“Nature in the balance”单元内容，涵盖单词、短语、词汇拓展、句型、语法及写作模块，构建了从基础语言积累到综合语言应用的递进式学习支架。 清单通过“知识点详解+经典练+语法规律总结”分层呈现知识体系，如词汇拓展中harm到harmful的词性转换解析，语法部分对省略规则的系统梳理，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。写作清单提供“问题-措施-呼吁”框架及素材库，如保护动物主题的开头句模板，方便学生自主学习，教师可直接用于教学设计，提升教学实效。

Unit 1 Nature in the balance 单词 1. n.地区,区域;行政区  2. num.一百万;许多,大量  3. n.种,物种  4. adv.因此,从而;这样  5. n.农业,农学  6. n.影响,作用;撞击,冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响;冲击  7. vt.& n.损害,伤害,损坏,破坏  8. n.气候;倾向,风气  9. n.气体;煤气;汽油  10. n.奖章,勋章  11. n.形象;图像;意象  12. vt.& vi.跟踪,追踪 n.足迹,踪迹;小道;轨道;跑道;路线  13. n.生活环境,栖息地  14. adv.无处,哪里都不 15. n.首领,最高领导人 adj.主要的;首席的  16. n.委员会  17. vi.反对,抗议 vt.反对;坚持声称,申辩 n.抗议,反对  18. n.利润,收益;好处 vi.& vt.获益,得到好处  19. n.过程,进程;步骤,流程 vt.加工,处理  20. n.政策,方针;原则  21. n.(政府或机构)部门;分部;树枝;支流;分支  22. n.策略,行动计划;策划,部署  23. vt.回收利用,再利用  24. adj.昔日的,前任的;以前的,从前的  25. n.官员,要员 adj.公务的;正式的,官方的  26. n.贫穷,贫困;贫乏  27. adj.更多的,更进一步的 adv.较远,更远;进一步 vt.促进,增进  短语 1.in 相应地;转而  2.break 使分解(为),使变化(成)  3. life into给……带来起色,注入活力  4. to因为,由于  5. away带走  6. up逐渐增加,扩大  7. in吸收  8. up with想出,想到  9. for(公开)要求;需要  10.spring to 突然记起(或想到)  11.get of　摆脱,丢弃,扔掉  12. against抗议……  13.be to do sth.渴望做某事  14.in of为……辩护  15.point 　指出  16.be about为……担忧  17.on the 在增长  18.do to对……有害  19.give to使发生(或存在)  20.cut 砍倒;削减 21. a significant role in在……中起重要作用 22.be to是……的家园/栖息地 23. on以……为生,以……为食 24. part in参加 25.be to doing sth.致力于做某事 26. sb.(from) doing sth.阻止某人做某事 27.sign 报名 28.be to do sth.愿意做某事 词汇拓展 1.harm n.& vt.伤害,损害→ adj.(尤指对健康或环境)有害的,导致损害的  2.length n.长,长度;时间的长短;篇幅,(电影)片长→ v.(使)变长→ adj.(长度或距离)长的;长时间的  3.variety n.不同种类;变化,多样性;变种,变体→ adj.各种各样的;各种不同的→ v.改变;变化;(大小、形状等)相异  4.living adj.活着的,活的;在使用的 n.生计,谋生;生活方式→ v.生活;居住;活着 → adj.活着的;有活力的;继续存在的  5.survive vi.生存,存活 vt.幸存,幸免于难→ n.幸存者→ n.存活,生存;残存物,幸存事物  6.disappear vi.不复存在,灭绝,消亡;消失;失踪→ n.消失  7.extinction n.灭绝,绝种→ adj.不再存在的;绝种的  8.global adj.全球的;全面的→ adv.全球地;全局地→ v.(使)全球化→ n.全球化→ n.地球仪;球体  9.application n.应用,运用;申请→ v.申请→ n.申请人  10.organization n.组织,团体;组织工作;安排;条理→ v.组织→ n.组织者 → adj.有条理的;有组织的  11.absolutely adv.绝对地,完全地;极其→ adj.完全的;全部的;绝对的  12.entirely adv.完全地,全部地,完整地→ adj.整个的;全部的  13.defence n.辩护;防御,保护;防御物;国防;防守→ adj.防御的;保护的;戒备的;自卫的 → adv.申辩地;防守地→ v.防御;保卫  14. economic adj.经济的,经济上的;可赚钱的→ n.经济学→ n.经济;节约 → n.经济学家;经济专家  15.poison vt.污染;毒死,毒害 n.毒物,毒药→ adj.有毒的  16.chemical n.化学制品 adj.化学的;化学作用的→ n.化学→ n.药剂师;化学家  17.consequence n.结果,后果;重要性→ adj.随之发生的;作为结果的→ adv.因此;所以  句型 1.这棵高大而古老的巴西坚果树结出我们可以吃的坚果;这些睡莲大到可以躺在上面。 This tall and ancient brazil nut tree produces nuts that we can eat; these water lilies .  2.在昏暗的雨林地面上,一层厚厚的枯枝落叶堆在那上面。 the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.  3.它是由“绿色希望”组织的,“绿色希望”是一个致力于保护森林的组织。 It was organized by GreenHope, an organization .  4.当我们建造农场或工厂时,我们破坏了动物的栖息地,使许多动物没有生存的地方或没有吃的食物。 When we build farms or factories, we destroy animal habitats and or no food to eat.  5.随着人口的持续增长,我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。(so+助动词+主语) As the human population continues to grow, we have on animals.  6.今晚和我们一起在演播室的是当地居民詹姆斯·史密斯,当地一家工厂的高级经理文森特·布朗,还有诺盖特环境保护委员会主任朱莉·阿彻。 James Smith, a local resident;Vincent Brown, senior manager of a local factory;and Julie Archer, chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee.  7.构建人类命运共同体是我们的责任。 a human community with a shared future.  语法 省略 一、词汇清单 知识点1 harm n．& vt.伤害，损害 (教材原句P1)The human race has done much harm.人类已经造成了许多危害。 [例1]　What should be done to punish people who do harm to the animals? 应该做些什么来惩罚那些伤害动物的人呢？ [例2]　Too much direct sunlight will harm the plants.过多的阳光直射会损害植物。 【拓展】 ※do harm to...对……有害 cause harm to...对……造成危害 There is no harm in doing sth.做某事并无害处。 ※harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to...对……有害 ※harmless adj.无害的 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①Walking in the air full of smog is (harm) to us. ②Drinking too much does harm your health. ③There is no harm in (say) sorry to him first. ④We all know that smoking (do) harm to our health. 知识点2 variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 (教材原句P3)The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。 [例1]　We all need variety in our diet.我们都需要饮食多样化。 [例2]　I'm always pleased to try out a new variety.我一直乐于尝试新品种。 【拓展】 ※a variety of/varieties of各种各样的 ※various adj.各种各样的；不同的 ※vary v．改变；变化 vary from...to...由……到……不等 [小片段助记] I am glad that our students have varieties of questions to ask in class，and I would love to answer them in various ways.In addition，the questions vary from person to person. 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①For (variety) reasons，we couldn't attend her wedding. ②Students are offered (variety) of courses in this department. ③That sort of thing varies person to person in African countries. ④The menu in the restaurant varies the season. 知识点3 survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难 (教材原句P3)While a significant number of jaguars survive here，they are only one element of this forest's food chain.尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们仅是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。 [例1]　Is it enough to have survived for a long time?能保存很长一段时间就足够了吗？ [例2]　I can't survive on ￡20 a week.我每周靠20英镑难以生存。 【拓展】 ※survive sth.幸免于；从……活过来 survive on依靠……生活 survive sb.by...比某人多活…… ※survival n．生存；幸存 ※survivor n．生还者，幸存者 注意：不能说survive from/after/in the earthquake。 [点津]　survive作“幸存；幸免于难”解时为及物动词，其后直接接宾语，不用介词in或from。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①The old woman survived her own daughter ten years. ②If you develop AIDS，your chances of (survive) are very small. ③He is lucky to have (survive) the terrible accident. ④How does the family survive such a small monthly wage? 知识点4 break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成) (教材原句P3)When a jaguar dies，a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.当美洲豹死亡时，一小群微生物帮助分解它的尸体，并将营养物质还给大地。 [例1]　Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached. 两国之间的和平谈判破裂，没有达成协议。 [例2]　The computer system broke down suddenly while he was searching for information. 在他搜寻资料时，电脑系统突然坏了。 [例3]　With the increasing burden of his work, he finally broke down and had to take a complete rest.随着工作负担的日益加重，他的身体终于垮了，不得不好好休息一下。 【拓展】 break up打碎；分裂，解体；结束；关系等破裂 break away from sb./sth.突然离开；脱离 break into破门而入；闯入 break out战争、火灾等爆发 [小片段助记] Unfortunately，the peace talks broke down in the end.As a result，a war broke out between the two countries.The native people had to break away from their homes and suffered a lot from the war. 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①It's very impolite of you to break while we're talking. ②His house (break) into last night. ③When the war broke ，he was only four. ④My girlfriend has broken with me. 知识点5 due to 由于，因为 (教材原句P3)Over the past 50 years，about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，约17%的雨林已经消失了。 [例1]　In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates. 在印度北部，由于出生率高，人口正在迅速增长。 [例2]　Due to the widespread use of penicillin，many lives were saved during the war. 正因为青霉素的广泛应用，战争期间很多生命得以挽救。 【拓展】 ※be due to do sth.预期做某事 be due to sb.应支付/归于某人 ※表示“由于，因为”的短语还有： because of，owing to，thanks to，on account of等。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①The team are due (fly) to Italy next month. ②The meeting isn't due (start) until three. ③Have they been paid the money that is due them? ④The sports meeting had to be put off due the bad weather. 知识点6 damage vt.& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏 (教材原句P3) ...can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？……我们能承担得起损伤“地球之肺”的后果吗？ [例1]　The damage is usually more serious on the first plant.对第一株植物造成的损害通常更严重一些。 [例2]　As we all know，eating too much fat will damage our health.众所周知，摄入太多脂肪会损害我们的健康。 【拓展】 do/cause damage to... 对……造成损害 damage one's health 损害某人的健康 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①The earthquake caused great damage the city. ②It will take several months to repair the ship (damage) in the storm. ③As we know，smoking seriously (damage) our health. ④They have repaired the buildings (damage)in the fire. 知识点7 build up 逐渐增加，扩大 (教材原句P5)For another thing，due to the Amazon's hot climate，it is difficult for the soil to build up enough nutrients.另一方面，由于亚马孙的炎热气候，土壤很难积累足够的养分。 [例1]　The secret to oil painting is to build up layer on layer on a canvas.画油画的秘诀就是在画布上涂上一层又一层(的颜料)。 [例2]　Traffic is building up on roads into the city.来往的车辆在通往市区的道路上越聚越多。 【拓展】 build sth.up 创建；开发 build up one's strength 恢复体力 build sb.up 增强体质 build up one's vocabulary 增加词汇量 build on 把……建立于；依赖 [小片段助记] He has built up a very successful business. Now he is practicing Chinese kung fu. In his opinion, not only can it build up his health, but it can also build up his confidence. 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①You can build his honesty. ②It may take a few weeks for you to build your strength again. ③She has built a very successful business. ④Greenhouse gases continue to build in the atmosphere，causing the global temperature to go up. 知识点8 倍数＋the size of... (教材原句P2)With an area of around 6 million square kilometres，the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China．亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方公里，相当于中国面积的一半以上。 [句式分析] 本句中用了“倍数＋the＋名词(size/length/width/height/weight...)＋of＋被比较的对象”这一结构。 [例1]　Beijing is ten times the size of my hometown.北京是我家乡的十倍大。 [例2]　This river is three times the length of that one.这条河是那条河的三倍长。 【拓展】 常见的倍数表示法：两倍常用twice或double，三倍以上用“基数词＋times”，倍数也可以是分数、百分数。 (1)倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as... (2)倍数＋比较级＋than... (3)倍数＋what从句 【经典练】 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①This bridge is five times the (wide) of that one. ②The red ruler is four times (long) than the yellow one. ③The city is ten times as (big)as my hometown. ④A new iPhone costs about three times price of a second­hand one. ⑤This table is (三倍长)than that one. ⑥The price of the house this year is (是去年的两倍)． 知识点9 “表语＋系动词＋主语”倒装句式 (教材原句P3)Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.在那之上是在黑暗的雨林地面上的大量落叶。 [句式分析] 本句为完全倒装句。作表语的介词短语above that位于句子开头，整句进行了全部倒装。正常语序为The mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor is above that. [例1]　In the middle of the hall was standing a tall young man.在大厅中央站着一个高个子的年轻人。 [例2]　Among the guests is the person you are looking for.你找的那个人就在客人当中。 【拓展】 需要完全倒装的情况： (1)当作表语的“介词短语/形容词/分词”置于句首时，句子要用全部倒装，构成“表语(介词短语/形容词/分词)＋连系动词＋主语”结构。 (2)表示地点、时间、方向等的介词短语放在句首时。常见的介词有：among，between，in，at，beneath等。 (3)表示方向、地点和时间的副词in，out，down，up，off，back，away，over，there，now，then，here等放于句首，若主语是名词而不是代词时，要全部倒装。 【经典练】 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Sitting in the hall (be) the two astronauts who were very young. ②Here (come) a good chance that you can use your summer vacation to go on study tours. ③On the wall (be) hanging two old paintings. ④Present at the evening party on Thursday (be) our English teacher. ⑤ (汽车来了)． ⑥ (我们学校前面矗立着)a tower. 知识点10 What if nobody goes？如果没人去怎么办？ What if...？意为“如果……怎么办？”，可以看作“What will happen if...？”的省略形式。 What about...？/How about...？……怎么样？ What ... for？为什么？/……是干什么用的？ So what？那又怎么样？ Guess what！猜猜看！你猜怎么着！ How come...？……是怎么发生的？ (1)That is，“ it isn’t a real opportunity？”也就是说，假如它不是一个真的机会，将会怎么样？ (2)What they talked a long time about a painting you weren’t that interested in？要是他们花很长时间谈论你不是很感兴趣的一幅画怎么办？ 二、语法清单 省略 【感知·语法规律】 ①(You)Come in，please! ②(Are you) OK? ③(You come) This way，please. ④John is a lawyer，and his wife (is) a cleaner. ⑤The boy wanted to play football in the street，but his mother did not allow him to(play football in the street)． ⑥His advice made me happy，but (his advice made) Jim angry. ⑦You'd better look out when (you are) crossing the street. ⑧He is the man (who/whom/that) you can depend on. ⑨He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 【精讲·语法知识】 英语中有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不影响句子结构和意义的前提下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语，这种语法现象称为省略。省略在英语中很常见，尤其是在口语中。 一、词法的省略 (一)冠词的省略 1．两个并列名词前有相同的冠词时，在不引起歧义的情况下，第二个名词前的冠词可省略 Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩？ Both the old and (the) young will be invited to the party.老年人和年轻人都会被邀请参加这个聚会。 用and连接两个名词时，如果两个名词前只有一个冠词，通常情况下指的是同一个人或事物；如果两个名词前都有冠词，则通常指两个不同的人或事物。 He is the gardener and gatekeeper.他是园丁兼门卫。 They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.他们一个是园丁，一个是门卫。 2．在as/though引导的状语从句倒装结构中，当句首是名词时，要省略冠词 Child as he is, he knows a lot about English literature.尽管他是个孩子，但他很了解英国文学。 Star though she is, the girl always remains modest.尽管这个女孩是个明星，但她始终保持谦逊。 3．表示独一无二的头衔、职位等的名词作表语或补足语时，常省略冠词 The man who is speaking is dean of the English department.正在讲话的那个人是英语系主任。(作表语) She was appointed director of the commercial organization.她被任命为这个商业机构的主管。(作补足语) 4．在某些独立主格结构中冠词也要省略 He came in, book in hand.＝He came in, with a book in his hand.他走了进来，手里拿着一本书。 5．副词的最高级前通常省略定冠词the The hungry young man eats most.这个饥肠辘辘的年轻人吃得最多。 (二)常见介词的省略 1．在表示一段时间的名词短语中，for常省略，但for用于否定句或句首时不省略 The big fire lasted (for) several hours.那场大火持续了几个小时。 I haven't heard from him for a long time.我很长时间没收到他的来信了。 For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm.一整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。 2．of的省略 of在与age, size, material, colour, height, shape等表示年龄、大小、材料、颜色、高度、形状等的名词连用时，常可省略。 The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.这两双鞋号码一样大。 3．在动词的-ing形式前介词的省略现象 常用的这类短语或句式有： have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难 spend/waste...(in) doing sth.花费/浪费……做某事 There's no use/good (in) doing sth.做某事没有用/好处。 There's no point/sense (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义。 There's no need (in) doing sth.做某事没有必要。 stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.阻止……做某事 end up...(by) doing sth.以做某事结束…… be occupied (in) doing sth.忙于做某事 have a good/pleasant time (in) doing sth.做某事很开心 (三)连词和从句引导词的省略 1．引导宾语从句的连接词that常可省略；并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可省略，但是后面的that不省略 He said (that) he had come here an hour before and that he had checked in at a hotel. 他说他一个小时前就已经到这里了，还说他已经登记入住一家旅馆。 2．关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时，常省略关系代词 Do you still remember the name of the company (that) we visited last month? 你还记得我们上个月参观过的公司的名字吗？ 3．not only...but (also)..., whether... (or not), so (that)..., now (that)等连词可省略括号中的词 He was not only a writer but (also) an actor.他不仅是个作家，而且是个演员。 The vase had been put on the top of the cupboard so (that) it wouldn't get broken.花瓶放在橱柜顶上，以免被打破。 Now (that) we are all ready, let's start.既然大家都准备好了，咱们开始吧。 Whether he'll attend the meeting (or not) is not known yet.他是否参加会议还不知道。 (四)动词不定式的省略 1．动词不定式to的省略 (1)在had better, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner...than, cannot but, why (not), cannot help but, may as well等结构后面的不定式符号to要省略。 We had better get the task accomplished as early as possible.我们最好尽早完成任务。 Why not turn it into a game instead?为什么不将它转化为一种游戏呢？ (2)动词不定式短语作介词but，except的宾语，且介词之前有实义动词do或do的其他形式时，不定式符号to通常省略。 What do you like to do except swim?除了游泳外，你喜欢做什么？ My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.我妈妈什么也做不了，只能等着医生到来。 (3)两个或多个动词不定式短语表示并列关系时，第二个及后面的不定式短语中的不定式符号to通常省略。 She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.她让那个孩子待在那里等她回来。 如果两个或多个动词不定式短语表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。 They didn't tell me whether to go on or to stop.他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停下来。 (4)在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式中，不定式符号to要省略，但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to要保留。 The manager made the workers work day and night.＝The workers were made to work day and night by the manager.经理让工人们夜以继日地工作。 (5)当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all, everything等后接定语从句作主语，且从句谓语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。 What I should have done is (to) set the bird free.我本应该放了那只鸟的。 All that I can do is (to) admit the mistake and correct it.我能做的就是承认并改正错误。 (6)help后可带to，也可省略to。 Would you please help me (to) carry the luggage?你能帮我搬一下行李吗？ 2.不定式符号后动词的省略 (1)hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer等后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而省略其他部分。 Mike lied to us but he did not want to.迈克对我们撒了谎，但是他并不想这样做。 I'm very sorry to have hurt you, but I didn't mean to.对不起，我伤害了你，可我不是故意的。 (2)当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时，为了避免重复，常保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。 She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.她想来，但她的父母不允许。 If he doesn't want to play the piano, don't force him to.如果他不想弹钢琴，别强迫他。 (3)在特定的上下文中，如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done，通常省略be或have之后的部分。 —Aren't you the headmaster？你不是校长吗？—No, and I don't want to be.我不是，而且我也不想当校长。 [误区警示]　①形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等后面接动词不定式时，可以省略不定式符号to后的动词。 —Will you come for a walk？你想去散步吗？—I'm glad to.我想去。 ②so和not可用来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。 —Can you put it off？你能把它延期吗？—I'm afraid not/so.恐怕不行/恐怕得延期。 二、句法的省略 在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。 (一)简单句的省略 1．祈使句中常省略主语you Take off your muddy shoes before you get inside.在你进去之前脱掉你沾满泥的鞋。 Be more careful in future.今后要更加小心。 2．感叹句中句意明确时，主语与谓语动词常省略 What a beautiful sight (it is)！多美的景色啊！ How wonderful (it is)！多妙啊！ 3．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分 —(Will you) Have a smoke？你抽烟吗？—No. Thanks.不，谢谢了。 (Is there) Anything else to say？还有别的要说吗？ (It) Doesn't matter.没关系。 [误区警示]　在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只回答提问的部分。 ①—Who did it？谁做的？—Oscar.奥斯卡。(只保留主语) ②—What did you get？你拿了什么？—A dictionary.词典。(只保留宾语) ③—How do you like me？你有多喜欢我？—Very much.非常喜欢。(只保留状语) ④Wait！等一下！(只保留谓语) ⑤—What kind of pencil do you want？你想要哪种铅笔？—Red.红色的。(只保留定语) (二)并列句中的省略 1．如果主语不同，而谓语中的一部分相同，则省略谓语中相同的部分 Some people go to the mountains, and others (go) to the seaside.有些人到山里去，有些人到海边去。 2．主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略 His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。 3．主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语 Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。 4．在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列分句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分 Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).杰克将在聚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。 三、状语从句中的省略 在状语从句中，为了使语言更加简洁、生动，经常使用省略形式。状语从句的省略原则：如果从句主语和主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，且从句谓语含有动词be，那么从句中的主语和谓语动词be往往可以省略。 1．时间状语从句中的省略 When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the violin.她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。 While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student.我在上大学时开始认识他，他是一个奇怪但能力出众的学生。 As (he was) a young man, Lincoln was a shop assistant.林肯年轻时当过店员。 2．条件状语从句中的省略 条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary, if possible, if true等。另外unless, as long as等词或短语后也可用省略形式。 He will come if (he is) asked.如果叫他来，他就来。 If (it is) necessary, ring me at two o'clock.如果有必要，两点给我打电话。 Come along with me if (it is) possible.如果有可能，和我一起来吧。 3．让步状语从句中的省略 He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull.他是个好人，尽管有时很无聊。 Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.即使邀请我去，我也不会去听如此糟糕的演讲。 4．比较状语从句中的省略 She has finished the work earlier than (it was) expected.她这项工作比预料的提前完成了。 5．方式状语从句中的省略 as if/as though后还可加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词的-ing形式/动词的-ed形式/动词不定式。 She talked as if (she was) absent-minded.她谈话似乎心不在焉。 He opened the drawer, as if (he was) in search of something important.他打开抽屉，仿佛要找什么重要的东西。 6．其他特殊情况 (1)状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果根据主从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语部分又含有动词be的某种形式，此时则可省略从句中的“主语＋be”。 There are a few simple safety measures to follow while (you are) training.有几点简单的安全措施在训练时要遵守。 (2)如果状语从句和主句都含有there be的某种形式或只有状语从句含有there be的某种形式，从句中的there be常常也可以省略。 Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences.如果这些句子里有错，就改正过来。 【经典练】　 一．单句语法填空 1．Although (damage) by an earthquake，the old city remains much of its original appearance. 2．Video games can be a poor influence if (leave) in the wrong hands. 3．It is so cold that you can't go outside fully covered in thick clothes. 4．When (walk)，she found a nice shining thing on the ground. 5．Children，when (accompany) by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium. 6． possible，you should try it again. 7．I will keep silent even if (ask) about this matter. 8． in America，he made many friends with the local people. 9．Why not (go) to the teacher's office and ask for some advice? 10．I hear Tom is ill.If ，let's go to see him. 二.短文语法填空 Dealing with homeless families 1. (be) one part of my job.It was from a single mother 2. the very first call I had was.She was weeping.Not until I promised to help her 3. she stop weeping.After being told that she had got into a terrible car accident，I learned that accident made her lose her job.Because of this，she fell behind with her rent 4. she was being forced to leave her apartment.She had to pay for the rent.5. not，nowhere could she and her two children go. Having explained the situation，she stopped，saying，“I'm so sorry！Thank you for letting me tell my story.I've tried every shelter and charity in the area but no one 6. listen or care.” 7． an unfortunate thing！At that time there being no openings for family housing，I took her number down and told her I'd call her right back.Later，hardly 8. I found an opening for a family in a shelter in her area when I called her back.She was shocked when 9. (answer) my call.She said，“Never 10. I really expect you to call me back.” I gave her the good news and she started weeping again.But this time they were tears of happiness and hope. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 主题：写一篇关于保护动物的文章。写此类文章时要注意以下几个方面： 写作框架： 第一段 说明动物对人类的好处； 第二段 介绍动物的生存现状； 第三段 提出保护动物的措施。 【积累·写作素材】 1.extinction n.灭绝 2.damage n.& vt.破坏,损害 3.decrease v.(使)减少,(使)减小,降低 n.减少;减少的量 4.threaten v.威胁 5.preserve vt.保护,保留,保存 6.protect vt.保护→protection n.保护 7.result in/lead to导致 8.to make matters worse使情况更糟糕的是 9.take measures/steps to do sth.采取措施做某事 10.pay attention to...注意…… 11.attach great importance to...十分重视…… 12.reduce the use of...减少……的使用 13.protect...from...保护……免受…… 14.arouse one's awareness of...唤起某人的……意识 写作句型： 【开头句】 1.It is reported/estimated that...据报道/据估计…… 2.It's generally accepted that...(人们)普遍认为…… 3.There is no denying that...无可否认…… 【中间句】 4.It's time sb. did sth.是某人做某事的时候了。 5.It's sb.'s responsibility to do sth.做某事是某人的责任。 【结尾句】 6.We should call for/on people to do...我们应该呼吁人们做…… 7.We'd like to do...to punish those who do harm to wildlife.我们想要做……来惩罚那些伤害野生动物的人。 8.I hope you will take my suggestions into account.我希望你会考虑我的建议。 写作模板： 1.完成句子 第一段:介绍海报的设计 (1)I am greatly honored to present our poster (我非常荣幸地展示我们的海报) for World Animal Day entitled “Protect Endangered Species, Protect Our Future”.  第二段:动物濒危的原因及保护措施 (2)The design features a lonely polar bear on melting ice, which reminds us of the urgent crisis facing endangered species(提醒我们濒危物种面临的紧急危机) worldwide.  (3)Countless animals are disappearing due to habitat loss(由于栖息地的丧失) and environmental pollution caused by human activities.  (4)To address these problems, not only we should reduce plastic use and build wildlife reserves, but also we need to make efforts o raise people's environmental awareness(提高人们的环保意识).  第三段:呼吁采取行动 (5)Small steps can make a big difference(产生很大的影响).  (6)Let's remember that when we save them(当我们拯救他们时), we're also saving our own future.  例题 （2025·广东广州·模拟预测）假定你是李华，你校交换生Chris看到以下图片，对“绿水青山就是金山银山”这句话很感兴趣，发邮件向你进一步了解。请你给他回复邮件，内容包括： 1. 解释含义： 2. 举例说明。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Chris, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Nature in the balance 单词 1.region n.地区,区域;行政区  2.million num.一百万;许多,大量  3.species n.种,物种  4.thus adv.因此,从而;这样  5.agriculture n.农业,农学  6.impact n.影响,作用;撞击,冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响;冲击  7.damage vt.& n.损害,伤害,损坏,破坏  8.climate n.气候;倾向,风气  9.gas n.气体;煤气;汽油  10.medal n.奖章,勋章  11.image n.形象;图像;意象  12.track vt.& vi.跟踪,追踪 n.足迹,踪迹;小道;轨道;跑道;路线  13.habitat n.生活环境,栖息地  14.nowhere adv.无处,哪里都不 15.chief n.首领,最高领导人 adj.主要的;首席的  16.committee n.委员会  17.protest vi.反对,抗议 vt.反对;坚持声称,申辩 n.抗议,反对  18.profit n.利润,收益;好处 vi.& vt.获益,得到好处  19.process n.过程,进程;步骤,流程 vt.加工,处理  20.policy n.政策,方针;原则  21.branch n.(政府或机构)部门;分部;树枝;支流;分支  22.strategy n.策略,行动计划;策划,部署  23.recycle vt.回收利用,再利用  24.former adj.昔日的,前任的;以前的,从前的  25.official n.官员,要员 adj.公务的;正式的,官方的  26.poverty n.贫穷,贫困;贫乏  27.further adj.更多的,更进一步的 adv.较远,更远;进一步 vt.促进,增进  短语 1.in turn相应地;转而  2.break down使分解(为),使变化(成)  3.breathe life into给……带来起色,注入活力  4.due to因为,由于  5.take away带走  6.build up逐渐增加,扩大  7.take in吸收  8.come up with想出,想到  9.call for(公开)要求;需要  10.spring to mind突然记起(或想到)  11.get rid of　摆脱,丢弃,扔掉  12.protest against抗议……  13.be eager to do sth.渴望做某事  14.in defence of为……辩护  15.point out　指出  16.be concerned about为……担忧  17.on the rise在增长  18.do harm to对……有害  19.give rise to使发生(或存在)  20.cut down砍倒;削减 21.play a significant role in在……中起重要作用 22.be home to是……的家园/栖息地 23.feed on以……为生,以……为食 24.take part in参加 25.be devoted to doing sth.致力于做某事 26.stop sb.(from) doing sth.阻止某人做某事 27.sign up报名 28.be willing to do sth.愿意做某事 词汇拓展 1.harm n.& vt.伤害,损害→harmful adj.(尤指对健康或环境)有害的,导致损害的  2.length n.长,长度;时间的长短;篇幅,(电影)片长→lengthen v.(使)变长→long adj.(长度或距离)长的;长时间的  3.variety n.不同种类;变化,多样性;变种,变体→various adj.各种各样的;各种不同的→vary v.改变;变化;(大小、形状等)相异  4.living adj.活着的,活的;在使用的 n.生计,谋生;生活方式→live v.生活;居住;活着→alive adj.活着的;有活力的;继续存在的  5.survive vi.生存,存活 vt.幸存,幸免于难→survivor n.幸存者→survival n.存活,生存;残存物,幸存事物  6.disappear vi.不复存在,灭绝,消亡;消失;失踪→disappearance n.消失  7.extinction n.灭绝,绝种→extinct adj.不再存在的;绝种的  8.global adj.全球的;全面的→globally adv.全球地;全局地→globalize v.(使)全球化→globalization n.全球化→globe n.地球仪;球体  9.application n.应用,运用;申请→apply v.申请→applicant n.申请人  10.organization n.组织,团体;组织工作;安排;条理→organize v.组织→organizer n.组织者→organized adj.有条理的;有组织的  11.absolutely adv.绝对地,完全地;极其→absolute adj.完全的;全部的;绝对的  12.entirely adv.完全地,全部地,完整地→entire adj.整个的;全部的  13.defence n.辩护;防御,保护;防御物;国防;防守→defensive adj.防御的;保护的;戒备的;自卫的→defensively adv.申辩地;防守地→defend v.防御;保卫  14.economic adj.经济的,经济上的;可赚钱的→economics n.经济学→economy n.经济;节约→economist n.经济学家;经济专家  15.poison vt.污染;毒死,毒害 n.毒物,毒药→poisonous adj.有毒的  16.chemical n.化学制品 adj.化学的;化学作用的→chemistry n.化学→chemist n.药剂师;化学家  17.consequence n.结果,后果;重要性→consequent adj.随之发生的;作为结果的→consequently adv.因此;所以  句型 1.这棵高大而古老的巴西坚果树结出我们可以吃的坚果;这些睡莲大到可以躺在上面。 This tall and ancient brazil nut tree produces nuts that we can eat; these water lilies are big enough to lie down on.  2.在昏暗的雨林地面上,一层厚厚的枯枝落叶堆在那上面。 Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.  3.它是由“绿色希望”组织的,“绿色希望”是一个致力于保护森林的组织。 It was organized by GreenHope, an organization devoted to protecting forests.  4.当我们建造农场或工厂时,我们破坏了动物的栖息地,使许多动物没有生存的地方或没有吃的食物。 When we build farms or factories, we destroy animal habitats and leave many animals with nowhere to live, or no food to eat.  5.随着人口的持续增长,我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。(so+助动词+主语) As the human population continues to grow,so does the effect we have on animals.  6.今晚和我们一起在演播室的是当地居民詹姆斯·史密斯,当地一家工厂的高级经理文森特·布朗,还有诺盖特环境保护委员会主任朱莉·阿彻。 Joining us in the studio tonight are James Smith, a local resident;Vincent Brown, senior manager of a local factory;and Julie Archer, chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee.  7.构建人类命运共同体是我们的责任。 It's our duty to build a human community with a shared future.  语法 省略 一、词汇清单 知识点1 harm n．& vt.伤害，损害 (教材原句P1)The human race has done much harm.人类已经造成了许多危害。 [例1]　What should be done to punish people who do harm to the animals? 应该做些什么来惩罚那些伤害动物的人呢？ [例2]　Too much direct sunlight will harm the plants.过多的阳光直射会损害植物。 【拓展】 ※do harm to...对……有害 cause harm to...对……造成危害 There is no harm in doing sth.做某事并无害处。 ※harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to...对……有害 ※harmless adj.无害的 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①Walking in the air full of smog is harmful(harm) to us. ②Drinking too much does harm to your health. ③There is no harm in saying(say) sorry to him first. ④We all know that smoking does(do) harm to our health. 知识点2 variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 (教材原句P3)The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。 [例1]　We all need variety in our diet.我们都需要饮食多样化。 [例2]　I'm always pleased to try out a new variety.我一直乐于尝试新品种。 【拓展】 ※a variety of/varieties of各种各样的 ※various adj.各种各样的；不同的 ※vary v．改变；变化 vary from...to...由……到……不等 [小片段助记] I am glad that our students have varieties of questions to ask in class，and I would love to answer them in various ways.In addition，the questions vary from person to person. 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①For various(variety) reasons，we couldn't attend her wedding. ②Students are offered varieties(variety) of courses in this department. ③That sort of thing varies from person to person in African countries. ④The menu in the restaurant varies with the season. 知识点3 survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难 (教材原句P3)While a significant number of jaguars survive here，they are only one element of this forest's food chain.尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们仅是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。 [例1]　Is it enough to have survived for a long time?能保存很长一段时间就足够了吗？ [例2]　I can't survive on ￡20 a week.我每周靠20英镑难以生存。 【拓展】 ※survive sth.幸免于；从……活过来 survive on依靠……生活 survive sb.by...比某人多活…… ※survival n．生存；幸存 ※survivor n．生还者，幸存者 注意：不能说survive from/after/in the earthquake。 [点津]　survive作“幸存；幸免于难”解时为及物动词，其后直接接宾语，不用介词in或from。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①The old woman survived her own daughter by ten years. ②If you develop AIDS，your chances of survival(survive) are very small. ③He is lucky to have survived(survive) the terrible accident. ④How does the family survive on such a small monthly wage? 知识点4 break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成) (教材原句P3)When a jaguar dies，a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.当美洲豹死亡时，一小群微生物帮助分解它的尸体，并将营养物质还给大地。 [例1]　Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached. 两国之间的和平谈判破裂，没有达成协议。 [例2]　The computer system broke down suddenly while he was searching for information. 在他搜寻资料时，电脑系统突然坏了。 [例3]　With the increasing burden of his work, he finally broke down and had to take a complete rest.随着工作负担的日益加重，他的身体终于垮了，不得不好好休息一下。 【拓展】 break up打碎；分裂，解体；结束；关系等破裂 break away from sb./sth.突然离开；脱离 break into破门而入；闯入 break out战争、火灾等爆发 [小片段助记] Unfortunately，the peace talks broke down in the end.As a result，a war broke out between the two countries.The native people had to break away from their homes and suffered a lot from the war. 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①It's very impolite of you to break in while we're talking. ②His house was broken(break) into last night. ③When the war broke out，he was only four. ④My girlfriend has broken up with me. 知识点5 due to 由于，因为 (教材原句P3)Over the past 50 years，about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，约17%的雨林已经消失了。 [例1]　In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates. 在印度北部，由于出生率高，人口正在迅速增长。 [例2]　Due to the widespread use of penicillin，many lives were saved during the war. 正因为青霉素的广泛应用，战争期间很多生命得以挽救。 【拓展】 ※be due to do sth.预期做某事 be due to sb.应支付/归于某人 ※表示“由于，因为”的短语还有： because of，owing to，thanks to，on account of等。 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①The team are due to fly(fly) to Italy next month. ②The meeting isn't due to start(start) until three. ③Have they been paid the money that is due to them? ④The sports meeting had to be put off due to the bad weather. 知识点6 damage vt.& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏 (教材原句P3) ...can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？……我们能承担得起损伤“地球之肺”的后果吗？ [例1]　The damage is usually more serious on the first plant.对第一株植物造成的损害通常更严重一些。 [例2]　As we all know，eating too much fat will damage our health.众所周知，摄入太多脂肪会损害我们的健康。 【拓展】 do/cause damage to... 对……造成损害 damage one's health 损害某人的健康 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①The earthquake caused great damage to the city. ②It will take several months to repair the ship damaged(damage) in the storm. ③As we know，smoking seriously damages(damage) our health. ④They have repaired the buildings damaged(damage)in the fire. 知识点7 build up 逐渐增加，扩大 (教材原句P5)For another thing，due to the Amazon's hot climate，it is difficult for the soil to build up enough nutrients.另一方面，由于亚马孙的炎热气候，土壤很难积累足够的养分。 [例1]　The secret to oil painting is to build up layer on layer on a canvas.画油画的秘诀就是在画布上涂上一层又一层(的颜料)。 [例2]　Traffic is building up on roads into the city.来往的车辆在通往市区的道路上越聚越多。 【拓展】 build sth.up 创建；开发 build up one's strength 恢复体力 build sb.up 增强体质 build up one's vocabulary 增加词汇量 build on 把……建立于；依赖 [小片段助记] He has built up a very successful business. Now he is practicing Chinese kung fu. In his opinion, not only can it build up his health, but it can also build up his confidence. 【经典练】 单句语法填空 ①You can build on his honesty. ②It may take a few weeks for you to build up your strength again. ③She has built up a very successful business. ④Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere，causing the global temperature to go up. 知识点8 倍数＋the size of... (教材原句P2)With an area of around 6 million square kilometres，the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China．亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方公里，相当于中国面积的一半以上。 [句式分析] 本句中用了“倍数＋the＋名词(size/length/width/height/weight...)＋of＋被比较的对象”这一结构。 [例1]　Beijing is ten times the size of my hometown.北京是我家乡的十倍大。 [例2]　This river is three times the length of that one.这条河是那条河的三倍长。 【拓展】 常见的倍数表示法：两倍常用twice或double，三倍以上用“基数词＋times”，倍数也可以是分数、百分数。 (1)倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as... (2)倍数＋比较级＋than... (3)倍数＋what从句 【经典练】 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①This bridge is five times the width(wide) of that one. ②The red ruler is four times longer(long) than the yellow one. ③The city is ten times as big(big)as my hometown. ④A new iPhone costs about three times the price of a second­hand one. ⑤This table is three times longer(三倍长)than that one. ⑥The price of the house this year is twice what it was last year(是去年的两倍)． 知识点9 “表语＋系动词＋主语”倒装句式 (教材原句P3)Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.在那之上是在黑暗的雨林地面上的大量落叶。 [句式分析] 本句为完全倒装句。作表语的介词短语above that位于句子开头，整句进行了全部倒装。正常语序为The mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor is above that. [例1]　In the middle of the hall was standing a tall young man.在大厅中央站着一个高个子的年轻人。 [例2]　Among the guests is the person you are looking for.你找的那个人就在客人当中。 【拓展】 需要完全倒装的情况： (1)当作表语的“介词短语/形容词/分词”置于句首时，句子要用全部倒装，构成“表语(介词短语/形容词/分词)＋连系动词＋主语”结构。 (2)表示地点、时间、方向等的介词短语放在句首时。常见的介词有：among，between，in，at，beneath等。 (3)表示方向、地点和时间的副词in，out，down，up，off，back，away，over，there，now，then，here等放于句首，若主语是名词而不是代词时，要全部倒装。 【经典练】 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Sitting in the hall were(be) the two astronauts who were very young. ②Here comes(come) a good chance that you can use your summer vacation to go on study tours. ③On the wall are(be) hanging two old paintings. ④Present at the evening party on Thursday was(be) our English teacher. ⑤Here comes the bus(汽车来了)． ⑥In front of our school stands(我们学校前面矗立着)a tower. 知识点10 What if nobody goes？如果没人去怎么办？ What if...？意为“如果……怎么办？”，可以看作“What will happen if...？”的省略形式。 What about...？/How about...？……怎么样？ What ... for？为什么？/……是干什么用的？ So what？那又怎么样？ Guess what！猜猜看！你猜怎么着！ How come...？……是怎么发生的？ (1)That is，“What if it isn’t a real opportunity？”也就是说，假如它不是一个真的机会，将会怎么样？ (2)What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren’t that interested in？要是他们花很长时间谈论你不是很感兴趣的一幅画怎么办？ 二、语法清单 省略 【感知·语法规律】 ①(You)Come in，please! ②(Are you) OK? ③(You come) This way，please. ④John is a lawyer，and his wife (is) a cleaner. ⑤The boy wanted to play football in the street，but his mother did not allow him to(play football in the street)． ⑥His advice made me happy，but (his advice made) Jim angry. ⑦You'd better look out when (you are) crossing the street. ⑧He is the man (who/whom/that) you can depend on. ⑨He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 【精讲·语法知识】 英语中有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不影响句子结构和意义的前提下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语，这种语法现象称为省略。省略在英语中很常见，尤其是在口语中。 一、词法的省略 (一)冠词的省略 1．两个并列名词前有相同的冠词时，在不引起歧义的情况下，第二个名词前的冠词可省略 Is the baby a boy or (a) girl?这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩？ Both the old and (the) young will be invited to the party.老年人和年轻人都会被邀请参加这个聚会。 用and连接两个名词时，如果两个名词前只有一个冠词，通常情况下指的是同一个人或事物；如果两个名词前都有冠词，则通常指两个不同的人或事物。 He is the gardener and gatekeeper.他是园丁兼门卫。 They are the gardener and the gatekeeper.他们一个是园丁，一个是门卫。 2．在as/though引导的状语从句倒装结构中，当句首是名词时，要省略冠词 Child as he is, he knows a lot about English literature.尽管他是个孩子，但他很了解英国文学。 Star though she is, the girl always remains modest.尽管这个女孩是个明星，但她始终保持谦逊。 3．表示独一无二的头衔、职位等的名词作表语或补足语时，常省略冠词 The man who is speaking is dean of the English department.正在讲话的那个人是英语系主任。(作表语) She was appointed director of the commercial organization.她被任命为这个商业机构的主管。(作补足语) 4．在某些独立主格结构中冠词也要省略 He came in, book in hand.＝He came in, with a book in his hand.他走了进来，手里拿着一本书。 5．副词的最高级前通常省略定冠词the The hungry young man eats most.这个饥肠辘辘的年轻人吃得最多。 (二)常见介词的省略 1．在表示一段时间的名词短语中，for常省略，但for用于否定句或句首时不省略 The big fire lasted (for) several hours.那场大火持续了几个小时。 I haven't heard from him for a long time.我很长时间没收到他的来信了。 For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm.一整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。 2．of的省略 of在与age, size, material, colour, height, shape等表示年龄、大小、材料、颜色、高度、形状等的名词连用时，常可省略。 The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.这两双鞋号码一样大。 3．在动词的-ing形式前介词的省略现象 常用的这类短语或句式有： have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难 spend/waste...(in) doing sth.花费/浪费……做某事 There's no use/good (in) doing sth.做某事没有用/好处。 There's no point/sense (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义。 There's no need (in) doing sth.做某事没有必要。 stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.阻止……做某事 end up...(by) doing sth.以做某事结束…… be occupied (in) doing sth.忙于做某事 have a good/pleasant time (in) doing sth.做某事很开心 (三)连词和从句引导词的省略 1．引导宾语从句的连接词that常可省略；并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可省略，但是后面的that不省略 He said (that) he had come here an hour before and that he had checked in at a hotel. 他说他一个小时前就已经到这里了，还说他已经登记入住一家旅馆。 2．关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时，常省略关系代词 Do you still remember the name of the company (that) we visited last month? 你还记得我们上个月参观过的公司的名字吗？ 3．not only...but (also)..., whether... (or not), so (that)..., now (that)等连词可省略括号中的词 He was not only a writer but (also) an actor.他不仅是个作家，而且是个演员。 The vase had been put on the top of the cupboard so (that) it wouldn't get broken.花瓶放在橱柜顶上，以免被打破。 Now (that) we are all ready, let's start.既然大家都准备好了，咱们开始吧。 Whether he'll attend the meeting (or not) is not known yet.他是否参加会议还不知道。 (四)动词不定式的省略 1．动词不定式to的省略 (1)在had better, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner...than, cannot but, why (not), cannot help but, may as well等结构后面的不定式符号to要省略。 We had better get the task accomplished as early as possible.我们最好尽早完成任务。 Why not turn it into a game instead?为什么不将它转化为一种游戏呢？ (2)动词不定式短语作介词but，except的宾语，且介词之前有实义动词do或do的其他形式时，不定式符号to通常省略。 What do you like to do except swim?除了游泳外，你喜欢做什么？ My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.我妈妈什么也做不了，只能等着医生到来。 (3)两个或多个动词不定式短语表示并列关系时，第二个及后面的不定式短语中的不定式符号to通常省略。 She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.她让那个孩子待在那里等她回来。 如果两个或多个动词不定式短语表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。 They didn't tell me whether to go on or to stop.他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停下来。 (4)在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式中，不定式符号to要省略，但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to要保留。 The manager made the workers work day and night.＝The workers were made to work day and night by the manager.经理让工人们夜以继日地工作。 (5)当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all, everything等后接定语从句作主语，且从句谓语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。 What I should have done is (to) set the bird free.我本应该放了那只鸟的。 All that I can do is (to) admit the mistake and correct it.我能做的就是承认并改正错误。 (6)help后可带to，也可省略to。 Would you please help me (to) carry the luggage?你能帮我搬一下行李吗？ 2.不定式符号后动词的省略 (1)hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer等后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而省略其他部分。 Mike lied to us but he did not want to.迈克对我们撒了谎，但是他并不想这样做。 I'm very sorry to have hurt you, but I didn't mean to.对不起，我伤害了你，可我不是故意的。 (2)当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时，为了避免重复，常保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。 She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.她想来，但她的父母不允许。 If he doesn't want to play the piano, don't force him to.如果他不想弹钢琴，别强迫他。 (3)在特定的上下文中，如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done，通常省略be或have之后的部分。 —Aren't you the headmaster？你不是校长吗？—No, and I don't want to be.我不是，而且我也不想当校长。 [误区警示]　①形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等后面接动词不定式时，可以省略不定式符号to后的动词。 —Will you come for a walk？你想去散步吗？—I'm glad to.我想去。 ②so和not可用来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。 —Can you put it off？你能把它延期吗？—I'm afraid not/so.恐怕不行/恐怕得延期。 二、句法的省略 在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。 (一)简单句的省略 1．祈使句中常省略主语you Take off your muddy shoes before you get inside.在你进去之前脱掉你沾满泥的鞋。 Be more careful in future.今后要更加小心。 2．感叹句中句意明确时，主语与谓语动词常省略 What a beautiful sight (it is)！多美的景色啊！ How wonderful (it is)！多妙啊！ 3．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分 —(Will you) Have a smoke？你抽烟吗？—No. Thanks.不，谢谢了。 (Is there) Anything else to say？还有别的要说吗？ (It) Doesn't matter.没关系。 [误区警示]　在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只回答提问的部分。 ①—Who did it？谁做的？—Oscar.奥斯卡。(只保留主语) ②—What did you get？你拿了什么？—A dictionary.词典。(只保留宾语) ③—How do you like me？你有多喜欢我？—Very much.非常喜欢。(只保留状语) ④Wait！等一下！(只保留谓语) ⑤—What kind of pencil do you want？你想要哪种铅笔？—Red.红色的。(只保留定语) (二)并列句中的省略 1．如果主语不同，而谓语中的一部分相同，则省略谓语中相同的部分 Some people go to the mountains, and others (go) to the seaside.有些人到山里去，有些人到海边去。 2．主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略 His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。 3．主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语 Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。 4．在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列分句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分 Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).杰克将在聚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。 三、状语从句中的省略 在状语从句中，为了使语言更加简洁、生动，经常使用省略形式。状语从句的省略原则：如果从句主语和主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，且从句谓语含有动词be，那么从句中的主语和谓语动词be往往可以省略。 1．时间状语从句中的省略 When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the violin.她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。 While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student.我在上大学时开始认识他，他是一个奇怪但能力出众的学生。 As (he was) a young man, Lincoln was a shop assistant.林肯年轻时当过店员。 2．条件状语从句中的省略 条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary, if possible, if true等。另外unless, as long as等词或短语后也可用省略形式。 He will come if (he is) asked.如果叫他来，他就来。 If (it is) necessary, ring me at two o'clock.如果有必要，两点给我打电话。 Come along with me if (it is) possible.如果有可能，和我一起来吧。 3．让步状语从句中的省略 He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull.他是个好人，尽管有时很无聊。 Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.即使邀请我去，我也不会去听如此糟糕的演讲。 4．比较状语从句中的省略 She has finished the work earlier than (it was) expected.她这项工作比预料的提前完成了。 5．方式状语从句中的省略 as if/as though后还可加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词的-ing形式/动词的-ed形式/动词不定式。 She talked as if (she was) absent-minded.她谈话似乎心不在焉。 He opened the drawer, as if (he was) in search of something important.他打开抽屉，仿佛要找什么重要的东西。 6．其他特殊情况 (1)状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果根据主从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语部分又含有动词be的某种形式，此时则可省略从句中的“主语＋be”。 There are a few simple safety measures to follow while (you are) training.有几点简单的安全措施在训练时要遵守。 (2)如果状语从句和主句都含有there be的某种形式或只有状语从句含有there be的某种形式，从句中的there be常常也可以省略。 Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences.如果这些句子里有错，就改正过来。 【经典练】　 一．单句语法填空 1．Although damaged (damage) by an earthquake，the old city remains much of its original appearance. 2．Video games can be a poor influence if left(leave) in the wrong hands. 3．It is so cold that you can't go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes. 4．When walking(walk)，she found a nice shining thing on the ground. 5．Children，when accompanied(accompany) by their parents，are allowed to enter the stadium. 6．If possible，you should try it again. 7．I will keep silent even if asked(ask) about this matter. 8．When in America，he made many friends with the local people. 9．Why not go(go) to the teacher's office and ask for some advice? 10．I hear Tom is ill.If so，let's go to see him. 二.短文语法填空 Dealing with homeless families 1.is (be) one part of my job.It was from a single mother 2.that the very first call I had was.She was weeping.Not until I promised to help her 3.did she stop weeping.After being told that she had got into a terrible car accident，I learned that accident made her lose her job.Because of this，she fell behind with her rent 4.and she was being forced to leave her apartment.She had to pay for the rent.5.If not，nowhere could she and her two children go. Having explained the situation，she stopped，saying，“I'm so sorry！Thank you for letting me tell my story.I've tried every shelter and charity in the area but no one 6.does listen or care.” 7．What an unfortunate thing！At that time there being no openings for family housing，I took her number down and told her I'd call her right back.Later，hardly 8.had I found an opening for a family in a shelter in her area when I called her back.She was shocked when 9.answering (answer) my call.She said，“Never 10.did I really expect you to call me back.” I gave her the good news and she started weeping again.But this time they were tears of happiness and hope. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 主题：写一篇关于保护动物的文章。写此类文章时要注意以下几个方面： 写作框架： 第一段 说明动物对人类的好处； 第二段 介绍动物的生存现状； 第三段 提出保护动物的措施。 【积累·写作素材】 1.extinction n.灭绝 2.damage n.& vt.破坏,损害 3.decrease v.(使)减少,(使)减小,降低 n.减少;减少的量 4.threaten v.威胁 5.preserve vt.保护,保留,保存 6.protect vt.保护→protection n.保护 7.result in/lead to导致 8.to make matters worse使情况更糟糕的是 9.take measures/steps to do sth.采取措施做某事 10.pay attention to...注意…… 11.attach great importance to...十分重视…… 12.reduce the use of...减少……的使用 13.protect...from...保护……免受…… 14.arouse one's awareness of...唤起某人的……意识 写作句型： 【开头句】 1.It is reported/estimated that...据报道/据估计…… 2.It's generally accepted that...(人们)普遍认为…… 3.There is no denying that...无可否认…… 【中间句】 4.It's time sb. did sth.是某人做某事的时候了。 5.It's sb.'s responsibility to do sth.做某事是某人的责任。 【结尾句】 6.We should call for/on people to do...我们应该呼吁人们做…… 7.We'd like to do...to punish those who do harm to wildlife.我们想要做……来惩罚那些伤害野生动物的人。 8.I hope you will take my suggestions into account.我希望你会考虑我的建议。 写作模板： 1.完成句子 第一段:介绍海报的设计 (1)I am greatly honored to present our poster (我非常荣幸地展示我们的海报) for World Animal Day entitled “Protect Endangered Species, Protect Our Future”.  第二段:动物濒危的原因及保护措施 (2)The design features a lonely polar bear on melting ice, which reminds us of the urgent crisis facing endangered species(提醒我们濒危物种面临的紧急危机) worldwide.  (3)Countless animals are disappearing due to habitat loss(由于栖息地的丧失) and environmental pollution caused by human activities.  (4)To address these problems, not only we should reduce plastic use and build wildlife reserves, but also we need to make efforts o raise people's environmental awareness(提高人们的环保意识).  第三段:呼吁采取行动 (5)Small steps can make a big difference(产生很大的影响).  (6)Let's remember that when we save them(当我们拯救他们时), we're also saving our own future.  例题 （2025·广东广州·模拟预测）假定你是李华，你校交换生Chris看到以下图片，对“绿水青山就是金山银山”这句话很感兴趣，发邮件向你进一步了解。请你给他回复邮件，内容包括： 1. 解释含义： 2. 举例说明。 注意： 1. 写作词数应为80左右； 2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Chris, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【答案】 Dear Chris, I’m glad you’re interested in this saying! It means a good natural environment (lucid waters, lush mountains) is as precious as gold and silver — eco-friendly development brings long-term benefits instead of short-term gains from damaging nature. For example, many villages now develop eco-tourism: they protect forests and rivers, and then attract visitors. Locals earn money by running inns or selling local products, while keeping the environment intact. It’s a win-win situation! Would you like me to share more examples of such villages? Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给Chris回信，解释“绿水青山就是金山银山”这句话的含义并举例说明。 【详解】1.词汇积累 高兴的：glad→delighted 宝贵的：precious→valuable/of great value 吸引：attract→appeal to 森林：forest→woods 2.句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：Locals earn money by running inns or selling local products, while keeping the environment intact. 拓展句：Locals, who manage to keep the environment intact, earn money by running inns or selling local products. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Locals earn money by running inns or selling local products, while keeping the environment intact.（运用了动名词作宾语和状语从句的省略） 【高分句型2】It means a good natural environment (lucid waters, lush mountains) is as precious as gold and silver — eco-friendly development brings long-term benefits instead of short-term gains from damaging nature.（运用了省略that的宾语从句） 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $