专题03 2026浙江1月卷阅读理解C篇(识别消费者评论真伪) (解读+技巧+变式) -2026浙江1月卷英语完全解读与考后提升

《2026浙江1月卷英语真题完全解读与考后提升》 专题03 2026浙江1月卷阅读理解C篇(识别消费者评论真伪) (解读+技巧+变式) 原卷版 阅读理解关键词：说明文，人与社会，消费者虚假评价，AI生成网络评价认知，德智体美劳 20 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Human beings have always loved reviews: word of mouth has long been regarded as one of the most valuable marketing tools available to a company. Consumers enjoy reading and giving reviews. However, the problem is that a lot of the reviews are fake (假的). Shabnam Azimi and Alexander Krasnikov of Loyola University of Chicago and Kwong Chan of Northeastern University recently published a study on fake reviews. The study used a dataset of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel. The results show that consumers generally trust negative reviews more than positive ones. Moreover, we humans tend to assume that positive reviews might be fake. “Overall, negative reviews are less common. So, we pay more attention to them. When a negative review is fake, we get tricked,” Azimi says. When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 28. Which aspect of the study does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Its design. B. Its findings. C. Its purposes. D. Its significance. 29. What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Funny. B. Abusive. C. Insightful. D. Praising. 30. What kind of review would readers most likely trust? A. A long, positive one. B. An unemotional, negative one. C. A short, negative one. D. An enthusiastic, positive one. 31. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Many companies are producing fake reviews. B. Writing fake reviews will be declared illegal. C. Machines can detect fake reviews accurately. D. It will be harder to recognize fake reviews. 语篇解读 关键词 fake review, positive review, negative review 语篇结构 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了关于虚假评价的一项学术研究，揭示了人们更信任差评的认知偏见，并分析了评价长度、细节和其携带的情绪对其可信度的影响，最后指出了AI生成虚假评价带来的新挑战。 结构拆解 引入问题 (第1段)：背景铺垫：人类自古重视口碑；点出核心问题：如今存在大量虚假评价；引出研究主体：三位学者关于虚假评价的研究 研究设计 (第2段)：研究方法：使用1600条对芝加哥酒店的评价 (真假混合)；所有评价由真人撰写；实验过程：400名受试者每人阅读8条真假平衡配置的评价 研究发现 (第3-4段)：好评与差评：差评更可信；评价的长度：长的差评更可信、长的好评更可疑；评价中的情绪：不带情感的评价更可信 发展趋势与挑战 (第5段)：技术演变：AI生成虚假评价；挑战：人们难以识别AI生成的虚假评价 原文出处 本文节选自美国全国广播电台 NPR一篇名为 Why we usually can't tell when a review is fake 的文章。https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2023/03/07/1160721021/why-we-usually-cant-tell-when-a-review-is-fake 重难点词 review n评价；consumer n消费者；subject n 受试者；positive adj 正面的；negative adj 负面的；assume v认为；overall adv总体而言；trick v 欺骗；convince v 使信服；participant n 参与者；program v编程；given prep鉴于；spot v发现；declare v 宣布；detect v 检测；lengthy adj 长的; suspicious adj可疑的; dispassionate adj 不带感情的; write-up n 评论文章; increasingly adv 越来越多地; limited adj有限的; significance n重要性; abusive adj 辱骂的; insightful adj 有深刻见解的; praising adj赞扬的; unemotional adj 不带感情的; enthusiastic adj 热情的; illegal adj 非法的; accurately adv 准确地 重难点 词块 word of mouth 口碑；be regarded as 被视为; marketing tool 营销工具；(be) available to 对… 可用；present sth to 把… 呈现给; a set of 一组; in a random order 以随机顺序；when it comes to 当涉及; complete with 包括，含有; in a big way 大肆；take in 欺骗；put together 整理 (思路、意见等); weed out 剔除，清除；good sign 好兆头 长难句 分析 Though many companies use algorithms to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 句意：尽管许多公司利用算法来剔除虚假评价，但 Azimi 指出，这些机器由人类进行编程设计，鉴于人类识别虚假评价的能力有限 —— 这显然不是一个好兆头。 分析：本句中，Though 引导让步状语从句，主干为 Azimi points out, 而 that the machines are programmed by humans … this isn’t a good sign是points out的宾语从句。 ( 全文翻译 ) 人类一直都喜欢看评价：长久以来，口碑都被视为公司所能利用的最有价值的营销工具之一。消费者喜欢阅读和给出评价。然而，问题在于很多评价都是虚假的。芝加哥洛约拉大学的沙布纳姆·阿齐米和亚历山大·克拉西尼科夫以及东北大学的王琛最近发表了一项关于虚假评价的研究。 该研究使用了一个包含1600条芝加哥酒店评价的数据集。其中一些是真实的，另一些是虚假的。这些评价被展示给400名受试者。每名受试者要阅读8条评价：其中两条是正面虚假评价、两条是正面真实评价、两条是负面虚假评价、两条是负面真实评价，且呈现顺序随机。这些评价是由真实的人撰写的，他们被提供了有关酒店的信息。 研究结果表明，消费者总体上更信任负面评价而非正面评价。此外，我们人类往往会认为正面评价可能是虚假的。“总体而言，负面评价不太常见。所以，我们会更关注它们。当负面评价是虚假的时候，我们就会被骗，”阿齐米说。 在伪造评价时，长度和细节对于可信度很重要。一篇对酒店的冗长负面评价，包含大量信息，往往能说服参与者。另一方面，一篇冗长的正面评价则会被视为可疑，参与者往往更信任那些把赞扬性评价写得简短的作者。情感在说服读者方面也很重要——或者至少是缺乏情感很重要。阿齐米说，研究参与者往往不信任那些作者大肆表达自己感受的评价。负面评价写得越冷静客观，就越有可能蒙骗读者。 为阿齐米的研究撰写的虚假评价是由人类完成的，但如今，越来越多的虚假评价是由人工智能撰写的，这让它们看起来更真实。尽管许多公司使用算法来剔除虚假评价，但阿齐米指出，机器是由人类编程的，鉴于我们识别虚假评价的能力有限，这可不是个好迹象。 28. 第二段主要谈论了这项研究的哪个方面？ A. 研究设计。 B. 研究发现。 C. 研究目的。 D. 研究意义。 29. 第四段中划线的单词“glowing”是什么意思？ A. 有趣的。 B. 辱骂性的。 C. 有洞察力的。 D. 赞扬的。 30. 读者最有可能信任哪种评价？ A. 一篇冗长的正面评价。 B. 一篇不带感情色彩的负面评价。 C. 一篇简短的负面评价。 D. 一篇热情洋溢的正面评价。 31. 从最后一段可以推断出什么？ A. 许多公司正在制造虚假评价。 B. 撰写虚假评价将被认定为违法。 C. 机器能够准确检测出虚假评价。 D. 识别虚假评价将变得更加困难。 ( 5 年高考真题 说明 文考点 解读 ) 2022-2026浙江高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 典型题 2026浙江1月卷C 349+93 人与社会 人们难以识别虚假评价原因及对策 30推理判断题 2026浙江1月卷D 315+111 人与自然 AI辅助植物碳封存来增加碳储存量 35推理判断题 2025全国一卷D 331+135 人与自然 减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究 32写作手法题 2024新课标I卷D 364+122 人与自然 引导公民们科学记录生物多样性 35建议推断题 2024浙江1月卷C 320+142 人与自然 人工降雨公司推出“冰雹计划”研究 28推理判断题 2024浙江1月卷D 338+149 人与社会 棉花糖测试抵制精神“垃圾食品”诱惑 35标题概括题 2023新课标I卷C 322+107 人与社会 倡导人们过数字极简主义生活方式 29猜测词义题 2023新课标I卷D 338+112 人与社会 介绍“群体智慧”效应的原理以及应用 31推理判断题 2023浙江1月卷C 314+132 人与社会 介绍在辩论中战胜人类的软件程序 27文章大意题 2023浙江1月卷D 318+149 人与自然 新型太阳能农场能够促进农业发展 35标题概括题 2022浙江6月卷B 306+105 人与自我 介绍世界各地“小森林”的兴起情况 25意图推断题 2022浙江6月卷C 302+144 人与自然 研究表明适度的工作会带来成果 29意图推断题 2022浙江1月卷B 354+112 人与自我 介绍一位自营宠物运输方面专家 22猜测词义题 2022浙江1月卷C 284+99 人与社会 讲述蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系 26文体推断题 核心素养统领 综合能力导向 绍兴市第一中学 正高级教师、特级教师 蔡红 金华市教育教学研究中心 高级教师 徐钰 2026年1月高考英语试卷坚持素养立意，全面反映学生的正确价值观、必备品格和关键能力，着重考查学生在真实情境中运用英语分析与解决问题的能力，在人才选拔、教学反拨与考试改革示范等方面均发挥了积极的导向作用。具体如下： 一、优化结构，彰显核心素养立意 中小学考试应“强化核心素养立意”“科学优化试卷内容结构、题型结构和难度结构”。在题型结构稳定的前提下，本卷继续优化内容结构与难度结构，将核心素养的考查深度融入到整体设计之中。 内容结构上，本卷围绕三大主题多样化选材，从阅读A篇“作品征集”、B篇“教师以趣促学”、C篇“识别消费者评论的真伪”、D篇“AI辅助植物碳封存”、七选五“回读现象”，到完形填空“青年扎根农场实现个人价值”、语法填空“用笑声点亮日常的母亲”，再到应用文“呼吁图书馆书籍保护”与读后续写“控制母牛并帮其寻找主人”，整套试题要求学生在完成语言任务的同时，建构涵盖多元文化理解、社会问题关注、自我成长意义探寻的认知体系，充分彰显学科育人的价值导向。 难度结构上，试题梯度设置合理，充分体现对思维品质考查的区分度与进阶性。如阅读C篇，从理解段落(28)与猜测词义(29)，到分析事实(30)，再到推断观点(31)，需要学生逐步完成从理解、推理到判断的思维跃迁。又如应用文写作，针对“图书馆书籍被勾画涂写”这一问题，学生不仅要“说明具体情况”并“呼吁爱护书籍”，还需要建立“情况”与“呼吁”之间的逻辑关联，系统考查学生从信息整合、分析判断到创造性表达的思维能力。 二、联系生活，凸显综合能力考查 情境是落实考查内容和考查要求的载体。本卷情境紧密联系学生的生活实际，具有真实交际意义。阅读A至C篇、七选五、语法填空与应用文，涉及艺术修养、学习策略、信息素养、生活智慧与社会责任等，均贴近学生的生活经验与认知水平。此外，阅读D篇融入环保与科技主题，完形填空提供生涯规划与价值取向的范例，读后续写则以生活趣事为背景，考查叙事与问题解决的能力。 生活化的试题情境能提供真实、多样的线索与条件，引导学生综合运用知识、技能和策略解决问题。例如，阅读D篇围绕“如何去碳以应对气候变化”这一问题，介绍“运用AI增加植物碳封存”的方案；从研究目的(32)，到研究方法(33)与研究原理(34)，再到研究意义(35)，解决这一问题链，学生既需要理解植物吸收二氧化碳的自然机制，又要认识AI在该过程中的优化作用，进而理解科技协同自然应对环境问题的现实路径。再如读后续写，面对“母牛迷路引起围观”这一生活事件，学生需要基于对事件脉络的把握，按照“发现—控制—助归”的逻辑叙事，同时融入对公共安全、生命关怀和公民责任的认知与态度。这一任务在考查学生叙事能力、问题解决策略与情感表达的同时，体现了语言运用与全人发展的有机统一。 ( 阅读理解 说明 文满分 作答解题技巧 ) 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点：文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构：特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点。 3. 设题特点：就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点：科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 学生在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真确定答案 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段主旨概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 考点变式 ) 一、词性转换 1. value n. 价值→adj. 有价值的 2. recent adj. 最近的→adv. 最近 3. general adj. 普遍的→adv. 一般地 4. believable adj. 可信的→n. 可信度 5. participate vt. 参与→n. 参与者 6. length n. 长度→adj. 冗长的 7. suspect vt. 怀疑→adj. 可疑的 8. passionate adj. 热情的→ant. 不带感情的 9. increasing adj. 日益增加的→adv. 越来越多地 10. significant adj. 重要的→n. 重要性 11. fun n. 乐趣→adj. 有趣的 12. abuse n. 虐待; 滥用→adj. 滥用的 13. insight n. 洞察力→adj. 有深刻见解的 14. emotional adj. 情感的→ant. 不带感情的 15. enthusiasm n. 热情→adj. 热情的 16. legal adj. 合法的→ant. 非法的 17. accurate adj. 准确的→adv. 准确地 二、识词知意 1. available adj. 2. review n. 3. fake adj. 4. negative adj. 5. positive adj. 6. dataset n. 7. subject n. 8. overall adv. 9. trick v. 10. convince v. 11. emotion n. 12. lack n. 13. write-up n. 14. algorithm n. 15. programme v. 16. aspect n. 17. detect v. 三、高频语块 1. human being 2. word of mouth 3. regard…as 4. present sth. to sb. 5. a set of 6. in a random order 7. negative reviews 8. positive reviews 9. more than 10. tend to do 11. pay attention to 12. When it comes to doing 13. on the other hand 14. at least 15. be likely to do 16. take in 17. put together 18. weed out 19. point out 四、长难句分析 1.Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. 2. The more dispassionate that negative write - up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. 五、知识拓展 1. 虚假评论现状：如今虚假评论在电商、旅游等多个行业泛滥成灾。据相关调查，在一些热门电商平台上，部分商品的虚假评论比例甚至能达到30%。许多商家为提高商品销量和排名，不惜花钱购买虚假好评，而一些竞争对手也会恶意发布虚假差评来诋毁对手。 2. AI生成虚假评论的影响：随着AI技术的发展，生成的虚假评论越来越逼真，使得识别难度大幅增加。比如，AI可以模拟不同人的语言风格、语气和表达习惯来撰写评论，甚至能根据不同产品的特点生成更具针对性的内容。这不仅误导了消费者的购买决策，也对市场的公平竞争环境造成了严重破坏。 3.平台打击虚假评论措施：各大电商平台和在线旅游平台都在不断加强对虚假评论的打击力度。例如，亚马逊采用先进的算法模型来监测和识别虚假评论，一旦发现会立即删除相关评论，并对违规商家进行处罚。一些平台还建立了用户举报机制，鼓励消费者对疑似虚假评论进行举报。 4.相关法律规定：为了规范市场秩序，保护消费者权益，许多国家和地区都出台了相关法律法规来打击虚假评论行为。在美国，联邦贸易委员会（FTC）明确规定，商家不得发布虚假或误导性的评论，否则将面临巨额罚款。在中国，《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》也对虚假宣传和虚假评论等不正当竞争行为作出了明确的处罚规定。 ( 典例引领 ) 01【2025浙江1月卷】 A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 02【2024浙江1月卷】 On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 28. What does the project aim to do? A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones. C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming. 29. Who are opposed to the project? A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies. C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton 30. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. D. To show the link between storms and moisture. 31. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. 03【2023浙江1月卷】 The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 34. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups ( 变式演练 ) 变式一、社会评论类说明文3篇 01（2024·山东菏泽·一模）As people hold different views on almost anything, we live in a judgmental world where people are quick to point out the faults and imperfections of others, yet seem unaware of their own. Some misguided souls believe they have a duty to help you to be a better person by telling you what a failure you really are first and then offering suggestions as to how you can improve. So what is the possible solution to criticism? If you are the one forcing others to feel ashamed of themselves, STOP. Make a conscious decision rather than focus on the negative aspect of a person’s performance or attitudes. You are more likely to offer helpful suggestions from the beginning. If you are on the receiving end of criticism, the “OK” response is a perfect solution. When someone comments negatively on a task you are doing or a personality issue of yours, a natural response is to defend and attack. However, this approach is rarely effective as it puts both parties on the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it. It is important to remain emotionally attached to what the other person is saying, to listen without feeling, to be an objective observer. In fact, there is much that one can learn from a negative review. You can ask yourself: Did I make a mistake? Could I have done better? Did I give 100% of myself to the task at hand? If so, how can I improve myself? As for chronic(习惯性的) criticizers: It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary. In any case, one can learn to be “OK” with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party. 1．What may the author think of people who prefer to judge others? A．Warm-hearted. B．Self-centered. C．Talkative. D．Responsible. 2．What does a person probably convey by saying “OK” according to paragraph 3? A．He thinks the suggestions are helpful. B．He defenses himself with the response. C．He agrees with the comments completely. D．He wants to avoid unnecessary arguments. 3．What is the key to making an objective observer according to paragraph 4? A．Having debates. B．Accepting criticism. C．Keeping calm. D．Avoiding criticizers. 4．What is the purpose of the text? A．To make a judgment on others. B．To explain some social behavior. C．To call for action against attack. D．To give advice on facing criticism. 02（25-26高二上·江西·月考）The Internet is filled with fake (虚假的) reviews, and the rise of generative AI tools like ChatGPT has made the problem even more serious. According to watchdog organizations and researchers, these tools allow fraudsters to produce false reviews quickly and in large volumes. Although writing or selling fake reviews is illegal in the U.S., the practice remains common, especially during holiday seasons when shoppers rely heavily on reviews. Fake reviews appear across many industries, including e-commerce, restaurants, medical care, and home services. Since mid-2023, AI-produced reviews have become widespread across various platforms. One tech company reported that nearly 14% of reviews in certain service sectors are likely fake, with millions being partly or fully AI-produced. Some apps even use AI reviews to trick users into downloading harmful software. The Federal Trade Commission has even taken legal action against companies offering AI tools that help create fake content. Major platforms like Amazon and Yelp are also affected. AI-created reviews often rise to the top because they are detailed and seem trustworthy. Some users post AI-written reviews to earn special status, like Yelp’s “Elite” badge, which makes their accounts appear more reliable. Companies are taking action. Amazon and Trustpilot allow AI-assisted reviews only if they reflect real experiences. Yelp requires users to write their own reviews. Many platforms use algorithms (算法) and investigative teams to spot and remove fake content. Industry groups are also working together to improve screening systems and share best practices. It’s important to note that not all AI-produced reviews are fake. Some people use AI to help say what they really think, especially non-native English speakers. Experts suggest that platforms should focus on stopping bad actors rather than preventing proper uses of AI. To spot fake AI reviews, consumers should watch for overly emotional language, repetitive terms, and nonspecific phrases. AI-written texts are often longer, highly structured, and contain overused expressions like “game-changer”. Although it’s becoming harder to tell them apart from human-written reviews, being aware of these signs can help consumers make more informed decisions. 1．What does the underlined word “fraudsters” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Real review writers. B．Fake review creators. C．Platform operators. D．Review researchers. 2．How do many platforms manage user reviews according to the text? A．By removing bad reviews. B．By keeping all of them. C．By checking them carefully. D．By encouraging more AI reviews. 3．Why do non-native English speakers use AI to produce reviews? A．To improve their writing skills. B．To express their opinions better. C．To make their accounts reliable. D．To avoid writing detailed reviews. 4．What can be inferred from the text? A．All AI reviews cheat consumers. B．Offering users fake AI tools is lawful. C．Fake reviews are legal during U.S. holidays. D．Stopping fake reviews entirely is difficult. 03 （24-25高二下·四川广元·期末）This February, ecologist Poisot was surprised when he read through the peer reviews (同行评议) of a manuscript (原稿) he had submitted for publication. One of the referee reports seemed to have been written with, or perhaps entirely by, artificial intelligence (AI). It contained a strong indication that the text was created by large language models (LLMs). AI is increasingly being used in the peer review process of scientific papers, which involves experts evaluation to ensure they meet quality standards before they are published. This trend raises both interest and concerns among researchers and publishers. AI systems are already transforming peer review. They are now being used to check errors in the text, data, code and references of manuscripts, to guide reviewers toward more-constructive feedback, and to polish their manuscripts. Some new websites even offer entire AI-created review s with one click, claiming to assess a paper’s quality and originality. One study of peer-review reports in 2024 found that between 7% and 17% of these reports showed evidence of changes beyond spell-checking or minor updates to the text by LLMs. However, there are concerns about the reliability of AI in understanding complex scientific concepts and making accurate judgments. Critics argue that AI might not fully grasp the slight difference of scientific research and could lead to misleading conclusions. There is also a fear that AI could replace human reviewers, who can provide more insightful feedback. Despite these concerns, many researchers believe AI can be a useful tool. It can help speed up the review process and reduce the workload on reviewers. AI can also identify potential issues that might be overlooked by human reviewers, allowing human reviewers to focus on more complex aspects of the review. 1．Why does the author mention Poisot’s experience in paragraph 1? A．To present an argument. B．To introduce the topic. C．To criticize the overuse of AI. D．To compare various AI tools. 2．What is AI currently used for in peer review? A．Checking errors of manuscripts. B．Replacing human reviewers. C．Guiding detailed steps for study. D．Assessing the peer reviews. 3．What’s the author’s attitude to AI in peer review? A．Subjective. B．Objective. C．Approving. D．Critical. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Will AI Take over Peer Review? B．Is AI Review Faster and Cheaper? C．Can AI Understand Complex Concept? D．Do Scientists Fully Rely on AI Review? 变式二、段落大意类说明文3篇 01（25-26高三上·湖南长沙·月考）It is widely acknowledged that crows are highly intelligent with cognitive abilities similar to those of 5-to 7-year-old children. Past research shows that they can count to four and distinguish human voices and faces, and some species can even create tools for future use. Lately, a special study has expanded this list further, revealing that crows can recognize basic geometric features, such as side lengths, parallel lines, and right angles, and tell apart shapes like stars, crescents, squares, and irregular four-sided figures. With the purpose of testing the crows’ geometric skills, scientists showed two crows six shapes on a digital screen and trained them to peck (啄) at the outlier—the shape that looked different from the rest. When the birds chose correctly, they were rewarded with a tasty snack. At first, the researchers made the outlier obvious, such as one flower among five crescents. As the birds got used to the task, the shapes became more similar including squares and irregular four- sided figures. Despite the increasing difficulty, the crows continued to identify the outlier correctly. The shape recognition ability of crows remains a topic of interest for researchers. They suspect this ability may help them with navigation as they fly around. The birds may have also developed this ability to help them search for food or identify other individual crows — including potential mates — based on their facial features. “All these abilities, at the end of the day, from a biological point of view, have evolved because they provide a survival advantage or a reproductive advantage,” says study senior author Andreas Nieder, a neurophysiologist at the University of Tübingen in Germany. In the future, researchers hope to explore which areas of the birds’ brains are responsible for their exceptional ability in geometry. Birds don’t have a cerebral cortex (大脑皮层)—at least, not in the same way that humans do. But for us, that part of the brain is responsible for thinking and other complex functions. Crows still have these abilities, so the researchers assume there must be something else going on inside their heads. “Obviously, evolution found two different ways of giving rise to behaviorally flexible animals,” Nieder says. 1．What does the recent study reveal about crows? A．They can draw simple figures with tools. B．They can distinguish between basic shapes in geometry. C．They can do easy math calculations. D．They can recognize human voices and faces. 2．How did the researchers increase the difficulty of the shape- recognition task? A．By shortening the time for the crows to respond. B．By presenting more familiar shapes on the screen. C．By showing the figures with different colors. D．By enhancing the similarity among the shapes. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The role of crows’ geometric potential in navigation. B．Reasons for crows to evolve shape identification abilities. C．Survival benefits of crows’ cognitive talents. D．The advantages of crows’ food-searching skills over other birds. 4．What is the follow-up step for future study? A．Investigating crows’ brain areas related to geometric skills. B．Comparing the cerebral cortex of humans and crows. C．Exploring other complex functions of crows’ brains. D．Studying the causes of crows’ flexible behaviors. 02（25-26高三上·江苏苏州·月考）Driverless taxis have turned from science fiction into daily reality in San Francisco and Shenzhen. Between April and June, Waymo completed 2.2 million autonomous trips in California — five times more than in 2024. Baidu delivered the same number across 16 Chinese cities, doubling its previous figures. These figures show a big change in city transport, promising safer roads and less traffic. But this future is limited to a few places. In most Western countries, rules block self-driving taxi services. This creates a sharp split between cities that welcome innovation and those stuck with old transport systems. The rules create two main problems. First, they slow down technical progress. American companies must get permission from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to build cars without pedals or steering wheels — parts humans don’t need when AI drives. The NHTSA also limits each company to only 2,500 such cars per year, blocking the large-scale rollout. Second, local laws directly stop robotaxi services. New York’s Taxi Commission bans autonomous vehicles from paid services. Boston lawmakers want a human safety operator in every car. In Europe, only a few countries allow testing. These cautious policies come from two fears: robotaxi might crash into people or cars and take away drivers’ jobs. Neither reason stands up to closer inspection. On safety, early data tells a different story. A study shows Waymo produces 88% fewer property- damage claims and 92% fewer injury claims than human drivers. While other companies need to prove similar results and testing remains limited to simpler cities, the numbers clearly point to safer roads. The job-loss argument also fails. While driver replacement worries are politically powerful — causing officials to set strict safety standards under protest pressure — the public interest must come first. In San Francisco, robotaxis mainly replace private cars, not traditional taxis. Demand for human-driven cabs has stayed steady as they remain more available during busy times, showing the two services complement rather than replace each other. Even with smart regulation, profit challenges remain. Each Waymo car costs $150,000 with its sensors and software. Mapping and testing may be too expensive for small European cities. Still, removing regulatory barriers would let companies expand, improve technology, and cut costs — benefiting consumers who want safer city transport. 5．What can be inferred from the data in paragraph 1? A．Baidu serves more cities than Waymo. B．Robotaxi technology is enjoying vigorous growth. C．Robotaxis dominate urban transport in the US and China. D．Waymo’s annual growth rate is five times that of Baidu’s. 6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Background details on robotaxi services. B．Future trends in transportation regulation. C．Specific obstacles from relevant regulations. D．Comparisons of different robotaxi companies. 7．What does the underlined word “complement” in paragraph 5 mean? A．supplement. B．Resemble. C．Conflict. D．Substitute. 8．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of robotaxi services? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Unbiased. 03（25-26高三上·广东·月考）A dog acting aggressively (攻击性地)at the park and a student dealing with low mood while doing well in school may seem unrelated, but new research says they could share similar genetic roots. Scientists studied over 1,000 golden retrievers, a kind of dog, and found that many genes influencing dog behavior also shape human personality, intelligence, and emotional health. Published in a leading science journal, this finding challenges simple ideas about what drives behavior in both species. Golden retrievers that did well in training had special versions of genes called ROMO1 and ADGRL2. In humans, ROMO1 is linked to intelligence and how well people learn and think, while ADGRL2 is linked to emotional sensitivity and getting annoyed easily. This means trainable dogs might be smarter and more emotionally aware, not just more willing to follow orders. This matters for programs that train service dogs. Many rely heavily on food rewards to shape behavior. But if trainability is really about problem-solving ability, programs might be better off selecting dogs based on cognitive (认知)tests rather than just how eagerly they go after treats. The strongest genetic similarities were in fear-related behaviors. Dogs afraid of loud noises, strangers, or other dogs had variants (变体)in genes like ACC3 and PRDX1. In humans, these genes are tied to anxiety, depression, and mood changes. This shows a dog hiding during a thunderstorm might feel something close to human anxiety. Owners of such dogs may need more than just training — changing their environment to reduce stress or even medication in serious cases could help. Of course, genes don’t determine everything. Training, early life experiences, and environment still play big roles. The research relied on owner-reported questionnaires rather than direct observation of dog behavior, which introduces subjectivity in how owners perceive their pets. Environmental factors like training methods, household dynamics, and life experiences varied widely and could influence behavior. The study included only golden retrievers aged 3 to 7 years, so results may not apply to other dogs. 9．What did scientists find about dogs and humans? A．They shape their actions by training. B．Their origins in intelligence are identical. C．They don’t have the same emotional genes. D．Their behaviors have similar genetic roots. 10．What characteristics do trainable dogs have? A．They lack fear in training. B．They are desperate for treats. C．They have sharp emotional perception. D．They are unwilling to follow orders. 11．How should owners treat their fearful dogs? A．Punish their fearful behaviors. B．Increase their treat rewards. C．Adjust their living environment. D．Focus mainly on training. 12．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Major limitations of the study. B．Suggestions for studies on humans. C．Explanations of the research method. D．Possible reasons for the study findings. $ 《2026浙江1月卷英语真题完全解读与考后提升》 专题03 2026浙江1月卷阅读理解C篇(识别消费者评论真伪) (解读+技巧+变式) 解析版 阅读理解关键词：说明文，人与社会，消费者虚假评价，AI生成网络评价认知，德智体美劳 28 / 30 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Human beings have always loved reviews: word of mouth has long been regarded as one of the most valuable marketing tools available to a company. Consumers enjoy reading and giving reviews. However, the problem is that a lot of the reviews are fake (假的). Shabnam Azimi and Alexander Krasnikov of Loyola University of Chicago and Kwong Chan of Northeastern University recently published a study on fake reviews. The study used a dataset of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels. Some of them were real; others were fake. The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. The reviews were written by real people who were given information about the hotel. The results show that consumers generally trust negative reviews more than positive ones. Moreover, we humans tend to assume that positive reviews might be fake. “Overall, negative reviews are less common. So, we pay more attention to them. When a negative review is fake, we get tricked,” Azimi says. When it came to faking a review, length was important to believability, as was detail. A long, negative review of a hotel, complete with lots of information, tended to convince participants. A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short. Emotion was also important in convincing readers — or the lack of emotion, at least. Azimi says study participants tended not to trust reviews where the writers expressed their feelings in a big way. The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. The fake reviews written for Azimi’s study were put together by humans, but increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms (算法) to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 28. Which aspect of the study does paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A. Its design. B. Its findings. C. Its purposes. D. Its significance. 29. What does the underlined word “glowing” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Funny. B. Abusive. C. Insightful. D. Praising. 30. What kind of review would readers most likely trust? A. A long, positive one. B. An unemotional, negative one. C. A short, negative one. D. An enthusiastic, positive one. 31. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Many companies are producing fake reviews. B. Writing fake reviews will be declared illegal. C. Machines can detect fake reviews accurately. D. It will be harder to recognize fake reviews. 【答案】28. A 29. D 30. B 31. D 【导读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了关于虚假评价的一项学术研究，揭示了人们更信任差评的认知偏见，并分析了评价长度、细节和其携带的情绪对其可信度的影响，最后指出了AI生成虚假评价带来的新挑战。 【解析】 28. 段落大意题。根据第二段的内容“The study used a dataset of 1,600 reviews of Chicago hotels... The reviews were presented to 400 subjects. Each subject got eight reviews to read... presented in a random order.”（这项研究使用了芝加哥酒店的 1,600 条评论作为数据集…… 这些评论被展示给 400 名受试者。每位受试者阅读八条评论…… 以随机顺序呈现。）可知，本段详细描述了研究的数据来源、受试者人数、评论的分组比例及呈现方式。这属于研究的设计方案（Design）。故选 A。 29.词义猜测题。根据第四段上下文，“A lengthy, positive review, on the other hand, was regarded as suspicious, and participants tended to trust writers that kept their glowing reviews short.”（另一方面，冗长的正面评论被认为是可疑的，参与者往往更信任那些保持其 glowing 评论简短的作者。）通过 positive（正面的）和 trust（信任）的语境，以及文中提到的对 “赞美性” 评论的讨论，可以推断出 glowing 在此处表示 “赞扬的、评价极高的”。故选 D。 30. 推理判断题。根据第四段末尾的内容，“The more dispassionate that negative write-up, the more likely it was to take the reader in.”（负面评论越是冷静、客观（不带感情色彩），就越有可能让读者信以为真。）以及前文提到的 “A long, negative review... tended to convince participants.”（篇幅长且信息丰富的负面评论往往能说服参与者。）可知，读者最容易信任那种不带强烈情感色彩（冷静客观）的负面评论。故选 B。 31. 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容，“...increasingly, fake reviews are being written by AI, which makes them look more real. Though many companies use algorithms to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that... given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn't a good sign.”（…… 越来越多的虚假评论正由 AI 编写，这使得它们看起来更加真实。尽管许多公司使用算法来清除虚假评论，但 Azimi 指出…… 考虑到我们识别虚假评论的能力有限，这并不是一个好兆头。）由此可以推断，随着 AI 技术的介入和人类识别能力的局限，未来辨别虚假评论将会变得更加困难。故选 D。 语篇解读 关键词 fake review, positive review, negative review 语篇结构 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了关于虚假评价的一项学术研究，揭示了人们更信任差评的认知偏见，并分析了评价长度、细节和其携带的情绪对其可信度的影响，最后指出了AI生成虚假评价带来的新挑战。 结构拆解 引入问题 (第1段)：背景铺垫：人类自古重视口碑；点出核心问题：如今存在大量虚假评价；引出研究主体：三位学者关于虚假评价的研究 研究设计 (第2段)：研究方法：使用1600条对芝加哥酒店的评价 (真假混合)；所有评价由真人撰写；实验过程：400名受试者每人阅读8条真假平衡配置的评价 研究发现 (第3-4段)：好评与差评：差评更可信；评价的长度：长的差评更可信、长的好评更可疑；评价中的情绪：不带情感的评价更可信 发展趋势与挑战 (第5段)：技术演变：AI生成虚假评价；挑战：人们难以识别AI生成的虚假评价 原文出处 本文节选自美国全国广播电台 NPR一篇名为 Why we usually can't tell when a review is fake 的文章。https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2023/03/07/1160721021/why-we-usually-cant-tell-when-a-review-is-fake 重难点词 review n评价；consumer n消费者；subject n 受试者；positive adj 正面的；negative adj 负面的；assume v认为；overall adv总体而言；trick v 欺骗；convince v 使信服；participant n 参与者；program v编程；given prep鉴于；spot v发现；declare v 宣布；detect v 检测；lengthy adj 长的; suspicious adj可疑的; dispassionate adj 不带感情的; write-up n 评论文章; increasingly adv 越来越多地; limited adj有限的; significance n重要性; abusive adj 辱骂的; insightful adj 有深刻见解的; praising adj赞扬的; unemotional adj 不带感情的; enthusiastic adj 热情的; illegal adj 非法的; accurately adv 准确地 重难点 词块 word of mouth 口碑；be regarded as 被视为; marketing tool 营销工具；(be) available to 对… 可用；present sth to 把… 呈现给; a set of 一组; in a random order 以随机顺序；when it comes to 当涉及; complete with 包括，含有; in a big way 大肆；take in 欺骗；put together 整理 (思路、意见等); weed out 剔除，清除；good sign 好兆头 长难句 分析 Though many companies use algorithms to weed out fake reviews, Azimi points out that the machines are programmed by humans, and given our limited ability to spot fake reviews, this isn’t a good sign. 句意：尽管许多公司利用算法来剔除虚假评价，但 Azimi 指出，这些机器由人类进行编程设计，鉴于人类识别虚假评价的能力有限 —— 这显然不是一个好兆头。 分析：本句中，Though 引导让步状语从句，主干为 Azimi points out, 而 that the machines are programmed by humans … this isn’t a good sign是points out的宾语从句。 ( 全文翻译 ) 人类一直都喜欢看评价：长久以来，口碑都被视为公司所能利用的最有价值的营销工具之一。消费者喜欢阅读和给出评价。然而，问题在于很多评价都是虚假的。芝加哥洛约拉大学的沙布纳姆·阿齐米和亚历山大·克拉西尼科夫以及东北大学的王琛最近发表了一项关于虚假评价的研究。 该研究使用了一个包含1600条芝加哥酒店评价的数据集。其中一些是真实的，另一些是虚假的。这些评价被展示给400名受试者。每名受试者要阅读8条评价：其中两条是正面虚假评价、两条是正面真实评价、两条是负面虚假评价、两条是负面真实评价，且呈现顺序随机。这些评价是由真实的人撰写的，他们被提供了有关酒店的信息。 研究结果表明，消费者总体上更信任负面评价而非正面评价。此外，我们人类往往会认为正面评价可能是虚假的。“总体而言，负面评价不太常见。所以，我们会更关注它们。当负面评价是虚假的时候，我们就会被骗，”阿齐米说。 在伪造评价时，长度和细节对于可信度很重要。一篇对酒店的冗长负面评价，包含大量信息，往往能说服参与者。另一方面，一篇冗长的正面评价则会被视为可疑，参与者往往更信任那些把赞扬性评价写得简短的作者。情感在说服读者方面也很重要——或者至少是缺乏情感很重要。阿齐米说，研究参与者往往不信任那些作者大肆表达自己感受的评价。负面评价写得越冷静客观，就越有可能蒙骗读者。 为阿齐米的研究撰写的虚假评价是由人类完成的，但如今，越来越多的虚假评价是由人工智能撰写的，这让它们看起来更真实。尽管许多公司使用算法来剔除虚假评价，但阿齐米指出，机器是由人类编程的，鉴于我们识别虚假评价的能力有限，这可不是个好迹象。 28. 第二段主要谈论了这项研究的哪个方面？ A. 研究设计。 B. 研究发现。 C. 研究目的。 D. 研究意义。 29. 第四段中划线的单词“glowing”是什么意思？ A. 有趣的。 B. 辱骂性的。 C. 有洞察力的。 D. 赞扬的。 30. 读者最有可能信任哪种评价？ A. 一篇冗长的正面评价。 B. 一篇不带感情色彩的负面评价。 C. 一篇简短的负面评价。 D. 一篇热情洋溢的正面评价。 31. 从最后一段可以推断出什么？ A. 许多公司正在制造虚假评价。 B. 撰写虚假评价将被认定为违法。 C. 机器能够准确检测出虚假评价。 D. 识别虚假评价将变得更加困难。 ( 5 年高考真题 说明 文考点 解读 ) 2022-2026浙江高考考点细目（阅读理解说明文） 卷别 词数 主题 话题 典型题 2026浙江1月卷C 349+93 人与社会 人们难以识别虚假评价原因及对策 30推理判断题 2026浙江1月卷D 315+111 人与自然 AI辅助植物碳封存来增加碳储存量 35推理判断题 2025全国一卷D 331+135 人与自然 减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究 32写作手法题 2024新课标I卷D 364+122 人与自然 引导公民们科学记录生物多样性 35建议推断题 2024浙江1月卷C 320+142 人与自然 人工降雨公司推出“冰雹计划”研究 28推理判断题 2024浙江1月卷D 338+149 人与社会 棉花糖测试抵制精神“垃圾食品”诱惑 35标题概括题 2023新课标I卷C 322+107 人与社会 倡导人们过数字极简主义生活方式 29猜测词义题 2023新课标I卷D 338+112 人与社会 介绍“群体智慧”效应的原理以及应用 31推理判断题 2023浙江1月卷C 314+132 人与社会 介绍在辩论中战胜人类的软件程序 27文章大意题 2023浙江1月卷D 318+149 人与自然 新型太阳能农场能够促进农业发展 35标题概括题 2022浙江6月卷B 306+105 人与自我 介绍世界各地“小森林”的兴起情况 25意图推断题 2022浙江6月卷C 302+144 人与自然 研究表明适度的工作会带来成果 29意图推断题 2022浙江1月卷B 354+112 人与自我 介绍一位自营宠物运输方面专家 22猜测词义题 2022浙江1月卷C 284+99 人与社会 讲述蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系 26文体推断题 核心素养统领 综合能力导向 绍兴市第一中学 正高级教师、特级教师 蔡红 金华市教育教学研究中心 高级教师 徐钰 2026年1月高考英语试卷坚持素养立意，全面反映学生的正确价值观、必备品格和关键能力，着重考查学生在真实情境中运用英语分析与解决问题的能力，在人才选拔、教学反拨与考试改革示范等方面均发挥了积极的导向作用。具体如下： 一、优化结构，彰显核心素养立意 中小学考试应“强化核心素养立意”“科学优化试卷内容结构、题型结构和难度结构”。在题型结构稳定的前提下，本卷继续优化内容结构与难度结构，将核心素养的考查深度融入到整体设计之中。 内容结构上，本卷围绕三大主题多样化选材，从阅读A篇“作品征集”、B篇“教师以趣促学”、C篇“识别消费者评论的真伪”、D篇“AI辅助植物碳封存”、七选五“回读现象”，到完形填空“青年扎根农场实现个人价值”、语法填空“用笑声点亮日常的母亲”，再到应用文“呼吁图书馆书籍保护”与读后续写“控制母牛并帮其寻找主人”，整套试题要求学生在完成语言任务的同时，建构涵盖多元文化理解、社会问题关注、自我成长意义探寻的认知体系，充分彰显学科育人的价值导向。 难度结构上，试题梯度设置合理，充分体现对思维品质考查的区分度与进阶性。如阅读C篇，从理解段落(28)与猜测词义(29)，到分析事实(30)，再到推断观点(31)，需要学生逐步完成从理解、推理到判断的思维跃迁。又如应用文写作，针对“图书馆书籍被勾画涂写”这一问题，学生不仅要“说明具体情况”并“呼吁爱护书籍”，还需要建立“情况”与“呼吁”之间的逻辑关联，系统考查学生从信息整合、分析判断到创造性表达的思维能力。 二、联系生活，凸显综合能力考查 情境是落实考查内容和考查要求的载体。本卷情境紧密联系学生的生活实际，具有真实交际意义。阅读A至C篇、七选五、语法填空与应用文，涉及艺术修养、学习策略、信息素养、生活智慧与社会责任等，均贴近学生的生活经验与认知水平。此外，阅读D篇融入环保与科技主题，完形填空提供生涯规划与价值取向的范例，读后续写则以生活趣事为背景，考查叙事与问题解决的能力。 生活化的试题情境能提供真实、多样的线索与条件，引导学生综合运用知识、技能和策略解决问题。例如，阅读D篇围绕“如何去碳以应对气候变化”这一问题，介绍“运用AI增加植物碳封存”的方案；从研究目的(32)，到研究方法(33)与研究原理(34)，再到研究意义(35)，解决这一问题链，学生既需要理解植物吸收二氧化碳的自然机制，又要认识AI在该过程中的优化作用，进而理解科技协同自然应对环境问题的现实路径。再如读后续写，面对“母牛迷路引起围观”这一生活事件，学生需要基于对事件脉络的把握，按照“发现—控制—助归”的逻辑叙事，同时融入对公共安全、生命关怀和公民责任的认知与态度。这一任务在考查学生叙事能力、问题解决策略与情感表达的同时，体现了语言运用与全人发展的有机统一。 ( 阅读理解 说明 文满分 作答解题技巧 ) 一、命题特点 1. 选材特点：文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 2. 语篇结构：特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点。 3. 设题特点：就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 4. 命题热点：科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 二、解题策略 1. 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 学生在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 2. 利用文中语境线索分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。 3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真确定答案 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 三、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段主旨概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 ( 考点变式 ) 一、词性转换 1. value n. 价值→adj. valuable 有价值的 2. recent adj. 最近的→adv. recently 最近 3. general adj. 普遍的→adv. generally一般地 4. believable adj. 可信的→n. believability 可信度 5. participate vt. 参与→n. participant 参与者 6. length n. 长度→adj. lengthy冗长的 7. suspect vt. 怀疑→adj. suspicious 可疑的 8. passionate adj. 热情的→ant. dispassionate不带感情的 9. increasing adj. 日益增加的→adv. increasingly 越来越多地 10. significant adj. 重要的→n. significance 重要性 11. fun n. 乐趣→adj. funny 有趣的 12. abuse n. 虐待; 滥用→adj. abusive滥用的 13. insight n. 洞察力→adj. insightful 有深刻见解的 14. emotional adj. 情感的→ant. unemotional 不带感情的 15. enthusiasm n. 热情→adj. enthusiastic 热情的 16. legal adj. 合法的→ant. illegal 非法的 17. accurate adj. 准确的→adv. accurately 准确地 二、识词知意 1. available adj. 可获得的；可用的 2. review n. 评价；评论 3. fake adj. 假的 4. negative adj. 负面的；消极的 5. positive adj. 正面的；积极的 6. dataset n. 数据集 7. subject n. 受试者；对象 8. overall adv. 总体而言；总的来说 9. trick v. 欺骗；哄骗 10. convince v. 使信服；说服 11. emotion n. 情感；情绪 12. lack n. 缺乏；不足v. 缺乏 13. write-up n. 评论文章；报道 14. algorithm n. 算法 15. programme v. 编程；设计程序 16. aspect n. 方面；层面 17. detect v. 检测；发现 三、高频语块 1. human being 人类 2. word of mouth 口碑 3. regard…as 把…… 视为…… 4. present sth. to sb.把某物呈现给某人 5. a set of 一组；一套 6. in a random order 以随机顺序 7. negative reviews 负面评价 8. positive reviews 正面评价 9. more than 超过；不仅仅 10. tend to do 倾向于做；往往会 11. pay attention to 注意；关注 12. When it comes to doing 当涉及到做…… 时 13. on the other hand 另一方面 14. at least 至少 15. be likely to do 可能做某事 16. take in 欺骗；吸收 17. put together 整理；拼凑 18. weed out 剔除；清除 19. point out 指出 四、长难句分析 1.Each subject got eight reviews to read: a balanced set of two positive fake, two positive real, two negative fake and two negative real, presented in a random order. 句意：每个受试者要阅读八篇评论：其中包含两篇正面的虚假评论、两篇正面的真实评论、两篇负面的虚假评论和两篇负面的真实评论，这些评论以随机的顺序呈现。 分析：本句中Each subject是主语，got是谓语，eight reviews是宾语，to read是后置定语修饰reviews；冒号后面的内容是对eight reviews进行具体说明，presented in a random order是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面列举的各类评论。 2. The more dispassionate that negative write - up, the more likely it was to take the reader in. 句意：负面评论写得越冷静客观，就越有可能欺骗读者。 分析：本句使用了“the +比较级，the +比较级”的结构。The more dispassionate that negative write - up中省略了系动词is，完整结构应该是the more dispassionate that negative write - up is ；the more likely it was to take the reader in中it是形式主语，真正的主语是to take the reader in。 五、知识拓展 1. 虚假评论现状：如今虚假评论在电商、旅游等多个行业泛滥成灾。据相关调查，在一些热门电商平台上，部分商品的虚假评论比例甚至能达到30%。许多商家为提高商品销量和排名，不惜花钱购买虚假好评，而一些竞争对手也会恶意发布虚假差评来诋毁对手。 2. AI生成虚假评论的影响：随着AI技术的发展，生成的虚假评论越来越逼真，使得识别难度大幅增加。比如，AI可以模拟不同人的语言风格、语气和表达习惯来撰写评论，甚至能根据不同产品的特点生成更具针对性的内容。这不仅误导了消费者的购买决策，也对市场的公平竞争环境造成了严重破坏。 3.平台打击虚假评论措施：各大电商平台和在线旅游平台都在不断加强对虚假评论的打击力度。例如，亚马逊采用先进的算法模型来监测和识别虚假评论，一旦发现会立即删除相关评论，并对违规商家进行处罚。一些平台还建立了用户举报机制，鼓励消费者对疑似虚假评论进行举报。 4.相关法律规定：为了规范市场秩序，保护消费者权益，许多国家和地区都出台了相关法律法规来打击虚假评论行为。在美国，联邦贸易委员会（FTC）明确规定，商家不得发布虚假或误导性的评论，否则将面临巨额罚款。在中国，《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》也对虚假宣传和虚假评论等不正当竞争行为作出了明确的处罚规定。 ( 典例引领 ) 01【2025浙江1月卷】 A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce storm water runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of. 29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants. C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS 【导读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了矩阵式种植方法的理念、起源、发展、原则及其带来的益处。这种种植方法通过精心规划植物组合，减少人工干预，发挥自然的最大作用，从而创建一个自给自足的生态系统，不仅美观，还能显著提升环境效益。 【解析】 28. B。词义猜测题。根据首段第二句“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.”以及最后一句中的to garden more like nature does可知，矩阵式种植方法旨在减少人工干预，发挥自然在花园的生长和设计中的更大作用。故Eschewing 应该指减少、摒弃化肥以及园艺电动工具的使用，故选B。 29. D。事实细节题。根据第二段首句“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.”可知，矩阵式种植的目的是开发维护度极低的公园用地。develop low-maintenance parkland 是plant large areas of parkland ...need minimal maintenance 的同义表达，故选D。 30. C。推理判断题。根据第三段中的adding artistic flavors、playing with color and form、Beautiful、enjoy the smallest detail、the sound of grasses、the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads 可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园融入了艺术特色，巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美，细节丰富，具有观赏价值。Tasteful意为“雅致的；有品位的”，是对artistic、Beautiful、enjoy的概括。 31. A。主旨大意题。文章首段开门见山，介绍矩阵式种植方法的理念：减少人工干预，发挥自然的作用。第二、三段介绍这种设计方法的起源和发展，第四段聚焦矩阵式种植的原则“适地适树”，末段分析这种设计方法带来的益处。据此可知，文章旨在介绍一种新型园艺设计方法“矩阵式种植”，A项中WILD 意为“自然生长的”，契合矩阵式种植的理念，故选A。 02【2024浙江1月卷】 On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 28. What does the project aim to do? A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones. C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming. 29. Who are opposed to the project? A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies. C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton 30. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. D. To show the link between storms and moisture. 31. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. 【答案】28. B29. A30. C31. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。 28.细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。 29.细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。 30.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。 31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。 03【2023浙江1月卷】 The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 34. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 35. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 【答案】32. D33. C34. B35. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。 32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。 33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。 34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。 35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。 ( 变式演练 ) 变式一、社会评论类说明文3篇 01（2024·山东菏泽·一模）As people hold different views on almost anything, we live in a judgmental world where people are quick to point out the faults and imperfections of others, yet seem unaware of their own. Some misguided souls believe they have a duty to help you to be a better person by telling you what a failure you really are first and then offering suggestions as to how you can improve. So what is the possible solution to criticism? If you are the one forcing others to feel ashamed of themselves, STOP. Make a conscious decision rather than focus on the negative aspect of a person’s performance or attitudes. You are more likely to offer helpful suggestions from the beginning. If you are on the receiving end of criticism, the “OK” response is a perfect solution. When someone comments negatively on a task you are doing or a personality issue of yours, a natural response is to defend and attack. However, this approach is rarely effective as it puts both parties on the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it. It is important to remain emotionally attached to what the other person is saying, to listen without feeling, to be an objective observer. In fact, there is much that one can learn from a negative review. You can ask yourself: Did I make a mistake? Could I have done better? Did I give 100% of myself to the task at hand? If so, how can I improve myself? As for chronic(习惯性的) criticizers: It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary. In any case, one can learn to be “OK” with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party. 1．What may the author think of people who prefer to judge others? A．Warm-hearted. B．Self-centered. C．Talkative. D．Responsible. 2．What does a person probably convey by saying “OK” according to paragraph 3? A．He thinks the suggestions are helpful. B．He defenses himself with the response. C．He agrees with the comments completely. D．He wants to avoid unnecessary arguments. 3．What is the key to making an objective observer according to paragraph 4? A．Having debates. B．Accepting criticism. C．Keeping calm. D．Avoiding criticizers. 4．What is the purpose of the text? A．To make a judgment on others. B．To explain some social behavior. C．To call for action against attack. D．To give advice on facing criticism. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了人们生活在一个爱妄下评判的世界里，当面对一些人的评头论足时，该怎么回应呢？也许一个简短的“OK”就可以成为一个完美的回答。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容“Some misguided souls believe they have a duty to help you to be a better person by telling you what a failure you really are first and then offering suggestions as to how you can improve.(一些被误导的灵魂认为他们有责任帮助你成为一个更好的人，首先告诉你你到底是一个多么失败的人，然后提供你如何改进的建议。)”可知，作者称这些人为“被误导的灵魂认为这是自己的责任”，即，自以为是。由此可推知，在作者看来，这样的人以自我为中心。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“Instead, simply reply with ‘OK’. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it.(相反，只需回答“OK”。这个简短的一个词的回应承认了对方的评论，但不同意它，也不觉得有必要就此展开辩论。)”可知，回答“OK”有两层含义，一是承认了对方的评论，二是说话人并不同意这一评论，但没有必要就此展开争论。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容“It is important to remain emotionally attached to what the other person is saying, to listen without feeling, to be an objective observer.(重要的是，要对对方所说的话保持情感上的依恋，不带感情地倾听，做一个客观的观察者。)”可知，重要的是要做一个客观的观察者，不带感情地倾听，即，保持理性和冷静。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。通读文章内容可知，文章第二段内容“So what is the possible solution to criticism?(那么，应对批评的可能解决方案是什么呢?)”以及文章末尾段内容“In any case, one can learn to be ‘OK’ with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party.(在任何情况下，一个人都可以学会接受批评，不要让它对你的生活或与对方的关系产生负面影响。)”提出了文章的核心主旨，即，文章主要讨论了应对批评的可能性解决方案：用“OK”来应对批评可以避免一些负面影响的产生。因此可推知，文章的目的是给出面对批评时的建议。故选D项。 02（25-26高二上·江西·月考）The Internet is filled with fake (虚假的) reviews, and the rise of generative AI tools like ChatGPT has made the problem even more serious. According to watchdog organizations and researchers, these tools allow fraudsters to produce false reviews quickly and in large volumes. Although writing or selling fake reviews is illegal in the U.S., the practice remains common, especially during holiday seasons when shoppers rely heavily on reviews. Fake reviews appear across many industries, including e-commerce, restaurants, medical care, and home services. Since mid-2023, AI-produced reviews have become widespread across various platforms. One tech company reported that nearly 14% of reviews in certain service sectors are likely fake, with millions being partly or fully AI-produced. Some apps even use AI reviews to trick users into downloading harmful software. The Federal Trade Commission has even taken legal action against companies offering AI tools that help create fake content. Major platforms like Amazon and Yelp are also affected. AI-created reviews often rise to the top because they are detailed and seem trustworthy. Some users post AI-written reviews to earn special status, like Yelp’s “Elite” badge, which makes their accounts appear more reliable. Companies are taking action. Amazon and Trustpilot allow AI-assisted reviews only if they reflect real experiences. Yelp requires users to write their own reviews. Many platforms use algorithms (算法) and investigative teams to spot and remove fake content. Industry groups are also working together to improve screening systems and share best practices. It’s important to note that not all AI-produced reviews are fake. Some people use AI to help say what they really think, especially non-native English speakers. Experts suggest that platforms should focus on stopping bad actors rather than preventing proper uses of AI. To spot fake AI reviews, consumers should watch for overly emotional language, repetitive terms, and nonspecific phrases. AI-written texts are often longer, highly structured, and contain overused expressions like “game-changer”. Although it’s becoming harder to tell them apart from human-written reviews, being aware of these signs can help consumers make more informed decisions. 1．What does the underlined word “fraudsters” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Real review writers. B．Fake review creators. C．Platform operators. D．Review researchers. 2．How do many platforms manage user reviews according to the text? A．By removing bad reviews. B．By keeping all of them. C．By checking them carefully. D．By encouraging more AI reviews. 3．Why do non-native English speakers use AI to produce reviews? A．To improve their writing skills. B．To express their opinions better. C．To make their accounts reliable. D．To avoid writing detailed reviews. 4．What can be inferred from the text? A．All AI reviews cheat consumers. B．Offering users fake AI tools is lawful. C．Fake reviews are legal during U.S. holidays. D．Stopping fake reviews entirely is difficult. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲了随着ChatGPT等生成式人工智能工具的兴起，网络虚假评论问题变得更加严重。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词前面的“According to watchdog organizations and researchers, these tools allow(根据监督组织和研究人员的说法，这些工具允许)”和“produce false reviews quickly and in large volume(快速且大量地产生虚假评论)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“根据监督组织和研究人员的说法，这些工具允许欺诈者快速和大量地制造虚假评论”，划线词的意思是“虚假评论的制造者”，即Fake review creators。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Many platforms use algorithms and investigative teams to spot and remove fake content.(许多平台使用算法和调查团队来发现和删除虚假内容。)”可知，很多平台是通过仔细检查来管理用户评论的，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“It’s important to note that not all AI-produced reviews are fake. Some people use AI to help say what they really think, especially non-native English speakers.(需要注意的是，并非所有人工智能生成的评论都是假的。有些人用人工智能来表达他们的真实想法，尤其是非英语母语者。)”可知，非英语母语人士会使用人工智能来制作评论是为了更好地表达自己的观点。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“AI-written texts are often longer, highly structured, and contain overused expressions like “game-changer”. Although it’s becoming harder to tell them apart from human-written reviews, being aware of these signs can help consumers make more informed decisions.(人工智能编写的文本通常较长，结构高度结构化，并包含过度使用的表达，如“游戏规则改变者”。尽管越来越难以将它们与人工撰写的评论区分开来，但了解这些迹象可以帮助消费者做出更明智的决定。)”可知，从文中可以推断出完全停止虚假评论是很困难的。故选D。 03 （24-25高二下·四川广元·期末）This February, ecologist Poisot was surprised when he read through the peer reviews (同行评议) of a manuscript (原稿) he had submitted for publication. One of the referee reports seemed to have been written with, or perhaps entirely by, artificial intelligence (AI). It contained a strong indication that the text was created by large language models (LLMs). AI is increasingly being used in the peer review process of scientific papers, which involves experts evaluation to ensure they meet quality standards before they are published. This trend raises both interest and concerns among researchers and publishers. AI systems are already transforming peer review. They are now being used to check errors in the text, data, code and references of manuscripts, to guide reviewers toward more-constructive feedback, and to polish their manuscripts. Some new websites even offer entire AI-created review s with one click, claiming to assess a paper’s quality and originality. One study of peer-review reports in 2024 found that between 7% and 17% of these reports showed evidence of changes beyond spell-checking or minor updates to the text by LLMs. However, there are concerns about the reliability of AI in understanding complex scientific concepts and making accurate judgments. Critics argue that AI might not fully grasp the slight difference of scientific research and could lead to misleading conclusions. There is also a fear that AI could replace human reviewers, who can provide more insightful feedback. Despite these concerns, many researchers believe AI can be a useful tool. It can help speed up the review process and reduce the workload on reviewers. AI can also identify potential issues that might be overlooked by human reviewers, allowing human reviewers to focus on more complex aspects of the review. 1．Why does the author mention Poisot’s experience in paragraph 1? A．To present an argument. B．To introduce the topic. C．To criticize the overuse of AI. D．To compare various AI tools. 2．What is AI currently used for in peer review? A．Checking errors of manuscripts. B．Replacing human reviewers. C．Guiding detailed steps for study. D．Assessing the peer reviews. 3．What’s the author’s attitude to AI in peer review? A．Subjective. B．Objective. C．Approving. D．Critical. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Will AI Take over Peer Review? B．Is AI Review Faster and Cheaper? C．Can AI Understand Complex Concept? D．Do Scientists Fully Rely on AI Review? 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人工智能（AI）在科学论文同行评审中的应用及其引发的争议和关注。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“This February, ecologist Poisot was surprised when he read through the peer reviews (同行评议) of a manuscript (原稿) he had submitted for publication. One of the referee reports seemed to have been written with, or perhaps entirely by, artificial intelligence (AI). (今年2月，生态学家Poisot在阅读他提交出版的论文的同行评审报告时感到惊讶。其中一份评审报告似乎是用人工智能（AI）写的，或者完全是由人工智能写的。)”以及第二段“AI is increasingly being used in the peer review process of scientific papers, which involves experts evaluation to ensure they meet quality standards before they are published. This trend raises both interest and concerns among researchers and publishers. (人工智能正越来越多地被用于科学论文的同行评审过程，该过程涉及专家评估，以确保论文在发表前符合质量标准。这一趋势引起了研究人员和出版商的兴趣和关注。)”可知，作者提到Poisot的经历是为了引出文章的主题，即人工智能在同行评审中的应用。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“AI systems are already transforming peer review. They are now being used to check errors in the text, data, code and references of manuscripts, to guide reviewers toward more-constructive feedback, and to polish their manuscripts. (人工智能系统已经在改变同行评审。它们现在被用来检查手稿文本、数据、代码和参考文献中的错误，引导评审者给出更具建设性的反馈，并润色他们的手稿。)”可知，AI目前在同行评审中主要用于检查手稿中的错误。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“However, there are concerns about the reliability of AI in understanding complex scientific concepts and making accurate judgments. Critics argue that AI might not fully grasp the slight difference of scientific research and could lead to misleading conclusions. There is also a fear that AI could replace human reviewers, who can provide more insightful feedback. (然而，人们担心人工智能在理解复杂的科学概念和做出准确判断方面的可靠性。批评者认为，人工智能可能无法完全掌握科学研究的细微差别，并可能导致误导性的结论。还有人担心人工智能会取代人类评审者，而人类评审者可以提供更有见地的反馈。)”以及第五段“Despite these concerns, many researchers believe AI can be a useful tool. It can help speed up the review process and reduce the workload on reviewers. AI can also identify potential issues that might be overlooked by human reviewers, allowing human reviewers to focus on more complex aspects of the review. (尽管存在这些担忧，但许多研究人员认为人工智能可以成为一个有用的工具。它可以帮助加快评审过程，减轻评审者的工作量。人工智能还可以识别出人类评审者可能忽略的潜在问题，使人类评审者能够专注于评审中更复杂的方面。)”可知，作者在文中既提到了AI在同行评审中的优势，也指出了其存在的问题和担忧，因此作者的态度是客观的。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“AI is increasingly being used in the peer review process of scientific papers, which involves experts evaluation to ensure they meet quality standards before they are published. This trend raises both interest and concerns among researchers and publishers. (人工智能正越来越多地被用于科学论文的同行评审过程，该过程涉及专家评估，以确保论文在发表前符合质量标准。这一趋势引起了研究人员和出版商的兴趣和关注。)”可知，文章主要讨论了人工智能在同行评审中的应用及其引发的争议，包括其是否能完全理解复杂的科学概念、是否能做出准确判断，以及是否会取代人类评审者等。因此，A项“Will AI Take over Peer Review?（人工智能会取代同行评审吗？）”最符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选A项。 变式二、段落大意类说明文3篇 01（25-26高三上·湖南长沙·月考）It is widely acknowledged that crows are highly intelligent with cognitive abilities similar to those of 5-to 7-year-old children. Past research shows that they can count to four and distinguish human voices and faces, and some species can even create tools for future use. Lately, a special study has expanded this list further, revealing that crows can recognize basic geometric features, such as side lengths, parallel lines, and right angles, and tell apart shapes like stars, crescents, squares, and irregular four-sided figures. With the purpose of testing the crows’ geometric skills, scientists showed two crows six shapes on a digital screen and trained them to peck (啄) at the outlier—the shape that looked different from the rest. When the birds chose correctly, they were rewarded with a tasty snack. At first, the researchers made the outlier obvious, such as one flower among five crescents. As the birds got used to the task, the shapes became more similar including squares and irregular four- sided figures. Despite the increasing difficulty, the crows continued to identify the outlier correctly. The shape recognition ability of crows remains a topic of interest for researchers. They suspect this ability may help them with navigation as they fly around. The birds may have also developed this ability to help them search for food or identify other individual crows — including potential mates — based on their facial features. “All these abilities, at the end of the day, from a biological point of view, have evolved because they provide a survival advantage or a reproductive advantage,” says study senior author Andreas Nieder, a neurophysiologist at the University of Tübingen in Germany. In the future, researchers hope to explore which areas of the birds’ brains are responsible for their exceptional ability in geometry. Birds don’t have a cerebral cortex (大脑皮层)—at least, not in the same way that humans do. But for us, that part of the brain is responsible for thinking and other complex functions. Crows still have these abilities, so the researchers assume there must be something else going on inside their heads. “Obviously, evolution found two different ways of giving rise to behaviorally flexible animals,” Nieder says. 1．What does the recent study reveal about crows? A．They can draw simple figures with tools. B．They can distinguish between basic shapes in geometry. C．They can do easy math calculations. D．They can recognize human voices and faces. 2．How did the researchers increase the difficulty of the shape- recognition task? A．By shortening the time for the crows to respond. B．By presenting more familiar shapes on the screen. C．By showing the figures with different colors. D．By enhancing the similarity among the shapes. 3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The role of crows’ geometric potential in navigation. B．Reasons for crows to evolve shape identification abilities. C．Survival benefits of crows’ cognitive talents. D．The advantages of crows’ food-searching skills over other birds. 4．What is the follow-up step for future study? A．Investigating crows’ brain areas related to geometric skills. B．Comparing the cerebral cortex of humans and crows. C．Exploring other complex functions of crows’ brains. D．Studying the causes of crows’ flexible behaviors. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了乌鸦在几何图形识别方面的天赋并分析乌鸦进化出形状识别能力的原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Lately, a special study has expanded this list further, revealing that crows can recognize basic geometric features, such as side lengths, parallel lines, and right angles, and tell apart shapes like stars, crescents, squares, and irregular four-sided figures.(最近，一项特别的研究进一步扩充了这一能力清单，揭示乌鸦能够识别基本的几何特征，比如边长、平行线和直角，还能区分星形、新月形、正方形以及不规则四边形等形状。)”可知，最近的研究揭示了乌鸦能区分几何中的基本形状。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“At first, the researchers made the outlier obvious, such as one flower among five crescents. As the birds got used to the task, the shapes became more similar including squares and irregular four- sided figures. Despite the increasing difficulty, the crows continued to identify the outlier correctly.(起初，研究人员让异类形状十分明显，比如五个新月形中混入一个花朵形状。随着鸟儿逐渐适应这项任务，展示的形状变得更为相似，包括正方形和不规则四边形。尽管难度不断增加，乌鸦仍能持续正确地识别出异类。)”可知，研究人员是通过增加图形之间的相似性来提高任务的难度。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The birds may have also developed this ability to help them search for food or identify other individual crows — including potential mates—based on their facial features. “All these abilities, at the end of the day, from a biological point of view, have evolved because they provide a survival advantage or a reproductive advantage,” says study senior author Andreas Nieder, a neurophysiologist at the University of Tübingen in Germany.(这些鸟类或许也进化出了这种能力，以便帮助它们寻找食物或识别其他乌鸦——包括潜在的配偶——的方法就是依据它们的面部特征。该研究的资深作者、德国图宾根大学的神经生理学家安德烈亚斯·尼德尔说：“从生物学的角度来看，所有这些能力之所以进化出来，是因为它们能带来生存优势或繁殖优势。”)”等内容可知，第三段主要分析了乌鸦进化出形状识别能力的原因。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In the future, researchers hope to explore which areas of the birds’ brains are responsible for their exceptional ability in geometry.(未来，研究人员希望探究鸟类大脑中哪些区域负责它们卓越的几何能力。)”可知，未来研究的后续步骤是调查与几何技能相关的乌鸦大脑区域。故选A。 02（25-26高三上·江苏苏州·月考）Driverless taxis have turned from science fiction into daily reality in San Francisco and Shenzhen. Between April and June, Waymo completed 2.2 million autonomous trips in California — five times more than in 2024. Baidu delivered the same number across 16 Chinese cities, doubling its previous figures. These figures show a big change in city transport, promising safer roads and less traffic. But this future is limited to a few places. In most Western countries, rules block self-driving taxi services. This creates a sharp split between cities that welcome innovation and those stuck with old transport systems. The rules create two main problems. First, they slow down technical progress. American companies must get permission from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to build cars without pedals or steering wheels — parts humans don’t need when AI drives. The NHTSA also limits each company to only 2,500 such cars per year, blocking the large-scale rollout. Second, local laws directly stop robotaxi services. New York’s Taxi Commission bans autonomous vehicles from paid services. Boston lawmakers want a human safety operator in every car. In Europe, only a few countries allow testing. These cautious policies come from two fears: robotaxi might crash into people or cars and take away drivers’ jobs. Neither reason stands up to closer inspection. On safety, early data tells a different story. A study shows Waymo produces 88% fewer property- damage claims and 92% fewer injury claims than human drivers. While other companies need to prove similar results and testing remains limited to simpler cities, the numbers clearly point to safer roads. The job-loss argument also fails. While driver replacement worries are politically powerful — causing officials to set strict safety standards under protest pressure — the public interest must come first. In San Francisco, robotaxis mainly replace private cars, not traditional taxis. Demand for human-driven cabs has stayed steady as they remain more available during busy times, showing the two services complement rather than replace each other. Even with smart regulation, profit challenges remain. Each Waymo car costs $150,000 with its sensors and software. Mapping and testing may be too expensive for small European cities. Still, removing regulatory barriers would let companies expand, improve technology, and cut costs — benefiting consumers who want safer city transport. 5．What can be inferred from the data in paragraph 1? A．Baidu serves more cities than Waymo. B．Robotaxi technology is enjoying vigorous growth. C．Robotaxis dominate urban transport in the US and China. D．Waymo’s annual growth rate is five times that of Baidu’s. 6．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Background details on robotaxi services. B．Future trends in transportation regulation. C．Specific obstacles from relevant regulations. D．Comparisons of different robotaxi companies. 7．What does the underlined word “complement” in paragraph 5 mean? A．supplement. B．Resemble. C．Conflict. D．Substitute. 8．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of robotaxi services? A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Unbiased. 【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了旧金山、深圳无人驾驶出租已成现实且订单大增，西方法规阻碍其发展，实际它更安全且与有人驾驶互补，松绑监管可促其发展惠民。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“Driverless taxis have turned from science fiction into daily reality in San Francisco and Shenzhen. Between April and June, Waymo completed 2.2 million autonomous trips in California — five times more than in 2024. Baidu delivered the same number across 16 Chinese cities, doubling its previous figures. These figures show a big change in city transport, promising safer roads and less traffic.(无人驾驶出租车已从科幻小说中的概念变为现实，出现在了旧金山和深圳。在4月至6月期间，Waymo在加利福尼亚州完成了220万次自动驾驶行程——是2024年的五倍之多。百度在16个中国城市完成了同样数量的自动驾驶出行服务，是之前数字的两倍。这些数据表明城市交通发生了重大变化，有望带来更安全的道路和更少的交通拥堵)”可知，机器人出租车技术正在蓬勃发展。故选B。 6．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The rules create two main problems. First, they slow down technical progress. American companies must get permission from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to build cars without pedals or steering wheels — parts humans don’t need when AI drives. The NHTSA also limits each company to only 2,500 such cars per year, blocking the large-scale rollout. Second, local laws directly stop robotaxi services. New York’s Taxi Commission bans autonomous vehicles from paid services. Boston lawmakers want a human safety operator in every car. In Europe, only a few countries allow testing.(这些规定造成了两个主要问题。首先，它们阻碍了技术进步。美国企业若要生产无需踏板和方向盘的汽车（在人工智能驾驶的情况下，人类并不需要这些部件），必须获得国家公路交通安全管理局的许可。此外，美国国家公路交通安全管理局还规定每家公司每年只能生产2500辆此类汽车，这限制了大规模推广的实现。其次，地方法律直接阻碍了自动驾驶出租车服务的开展。纽约的出租车委员会禁止自动驾驶车辆参与有偿服务。波士顿的立法者则希望每辆汽车都配备一名人工安全操作员。在欧洲，只有少数几个国家允许进行测试)”可知，该段主要讲的是相关法规带来的具体障碍。故选C。 7．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Demand for human-driven cabs has stayed steady as they remain more available during busy times(对于有人驾驶出租车的需求一直保持稳定，因为在繁忙时段这类出租车更为充足)”以及后文“rather than replace each other(而不是彼此代替)”可知，后文提到说明两种服务不是替代，说明是相互补充的关系。故划线词意思是“补充”。故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Still, removing regulatory barriers would let companies expand, improve technology, and cut costs — benefiting consumers who want safer city transport.(不过，消除监管障碍将使企业得以扩大规模、改进技术并降低成本——这将惠及那些希望城市交通更加安全的消费者)”以及文章中作者肯定无人驾驶带来更安全道路、更少拥堵；指出多数西方国家法规阻碍发展；反驳安全隐患和失业两大担忧；末段说解除监管壁垒能让企业扩张、降本，惠及消费者。可知，作者对机器人出租车服务的发展持支持态度。故选A。 03（25-26高三上·广东·月考）A dog acting aggressively (攻击性地)at the park and a student dealing with low mood while doing well in school may seem unrelated, but new research says they could share similar genetic roots. Scientists studied over 1,000 golden retrievers, a kind of dog, and found that many genes influencing dog behavior also shape human personality, intelligence, and emotional health. Published in a leading science journal, this finding challenges simple ideas about what drives behavior in both species. Golden retrievers that did well in training had special versions of genes called ROMO1 and ADGRL2. In humans, ROMO1 is linked to intelligence and how well people learn and think, while ADGRL2 is linked to emotional sensitivity and getting annoyed easily. This means trainable dogs might be smarter and more emotionally aware, not just more willing to follow orders. This matters for programs that train service dogs. Many rely heavily on food rewards to shape behavior. But if trainability is really about problem-solving ability, programs might be better off selecting dogs based on cognitive (认知)tests rather than just how eagerly they go after treats. The strongest genetic similarities were in fear-related behaviors. Dogs afraid of loud noises, strangers, or other dogs had variants (变体)in genes like ACC3 and PRDX1. In humans, these genes are tied to anxiety, depression, and mood changes. This shows a dog hiding during a thunderstorm might feel something close to human anxiety. Owners of such dogs may need more than just training — changing their environment to reduce stress or even medication in serious cases could help. Of course, genes don’t determine everything. Training, early life experiences, and environment still play big roles. The research relied on owner-reported questionnaires rather than direct observation of dog behavior, which introduces subjectivity in how owners perceive their pets. Environmental factors like training methods, household dynamics, and life experiences varied widely and could influence behavior. The study included only golden retrievers aged 3 to 7 years, so results may not apply to other dogs. 9．What did scientists find about dogs and humans? A．They shape their actions by training. B．Their origins in intelligence are identical. C．They don’t have the same emotional genes. D．Their behaviors have similar genetic roots. 10．What characteristics do trainable dogs have? A．They lack fear in training. B．They are desperate for treats. C．They have sharp emotional perception. D．They are unwilling to follow orders. 11．How should owners treat their fearful dogs? A．Punish their fearful behaviors. B．Increase their treat rewards. C．Adjust their living environment. D．Focus mainly on training. 12．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Major limitations of the study. B．Suggestions for studies on humans. C．Explanations of the research method. D．Possible reasons for the study findings. 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．C 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍科学家发现犬类与人类的部分行为具有相似遗传根源，同时指出该研究存在的局限性。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A dog acting aggressively (攻击性地) at the park and a student dealing with low mood while doing well in school may seem unrelated, but new research says they could share similar genetic roots. (一只在公园表现出攻击性的狗和一名成绩优异却情绪低落的学生，看似毫无关联，但新研究表明它们可能有着相似的遗传根源)”可知，科学家发现犬类和人类的行为有着相似的遗传根源。故选D项。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This means trainable dogs might be smarter and more emotionally aware, not just more willing to follow orders.(这意味着易训练的狗狗可能更聪明、情感感知更敏锐，而不仅仅是更愿意听从指令)”可知，易训练的狗狗有着敏锐的情感感知能力。故选C项。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Owners of such dogs may need more than just training — changing their environment to reduce stress or even medication in serious cases could help.（这类狗狗的主人需要做的可能不只是训练 —— 改善狗狗的生活环境以减轻压力，在情况严重时甚至可以借助药物治疗)”可知，主人应对胆小的狗狗的方式是调整它们的生活环境。故选C项。 12．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“The research relied on owner-reported questionnaires rather than direct observation of dog behavior, which introduces subjectivity in how owners perceive their pets. Environmental factors like training methods, household dynamics, and life experiences varied widely and could influence behavior. The study included only golden retrievers aged 3 to 7 years, so results may not apply to other dogs.(这项研究依赖于主人报告的问卷调查，而不是直接观察狗的行为，这给主人如何看待他们的宠物带来了主观性。环境因素，如训练方法、家庭动态和生活经历，差异很大，可能会影响行为。该研究仅包括3至7岁的金毛猎犬，因此结果可能不适用于其他狗)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了这项研究存在的主要局限性。故选A项。 $