专题12 阅读理解之说明文（题型专练）（天津专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题12阅读理解之说明文 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01 细节理解题 考向02 推理判断题 考向03 主旨大意题 考向04 词义猜测题 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。 命题方式 高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。 解题思路 快速浏览全文：首先快速浏览文章标题、首段、尾段以及每段的首尾句，了解文章的大致内容和结构。 精读问题：仔细阅读题目，明确题目要求，判断题目类型（如细节理解题、词义推断题、推理判断题、主旨概括题等）。 定位信息：根据题目要求，回到原文中定位相关信息。对于细节理解题，直接找到对应的句子或段落；对于推理判断题和主旨概括题，则需要综合全文信息进行分析。 对比分析：将原文信息与题目选项进行对比分析，排除干扰项，选出正确答案。注意同义词替换、信息重组等陷阱。 考向01 细节理解题 【例1-1】（2024·天津卷第一次）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 2．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 3．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world 4．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A．Because of the solid ice within it. B．Because of its unique composition. C．Because it is far away from the waters. D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 【答案】 2．D 3．B 4．A 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing.(你可能会认为这些湖泊会扩大，而不是消失。)”和“Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away.(然而，最近科学家们不仅观察到湖泊在萎缩，而且还观察到湖泊已经完全消失。)”可知，与人们的普遍预期相反，气候变化已经引起了许多北极湖泊的消失。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted.(但现在看来，北极湖泊的消失似乎比预测的要早一个世纪。)”可知，对比之前科学家的预测，一些北极湖泊似乎消失得要快很多，可见灾难性的气候对北极地区的影响一直被科学家低估了。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside,(因为这些空间充满了固体冰，液态水不容易进入，)”可知，因为冻土层中的空间里充满了坚实的冰，导致液体水无法进入。故选A。 【变式1-1】 （2026·天津·一模）Paris is full of cultural significance. Yet, despite its wealth of cultural hotspots and architectural delights, some tourists who explore the City of Light experience “Paris syndrome (巴黎综合征), a psychological condition that often results in nausea (恶心) and increased heart rates. An interesting phenomenon is that Paris syndrome is “most common among Japanese tourists”. Why? Many Japanese visitors go with a deeply romantic picture of Paris — the beauty of French women, the high culture and art. But when the reality of the modern city of Paris sets in, with its seemingly unfriendly service and confusing public transport, some tourists simply find their hope falling through. “An encounter with a Parisian waiter who shouts at customers might be laughed off by those from other Western cultures. But for the Japanese — used to a society where politeness is valued and voices are rarely raised in anger — the experience of their dream city turning into a nightmare (噩梦) can simply be too much,” said Rodanthi Tzanelli, a professor of cultural sociology. So Paris syndrome should be regarded as an extreme form of culture shock, which is an illness resulting from the loss of meaning when people find themselves in a different symbolic reality, according to Rachel Irwin, a senior researcher. The symptoms (症状) associated with culture shock are similar to those experienced by someone who is feeling anxious. According to the analysis (分析) of Calm Clinic, a mental health resource platform, when someone is experiencing anxiety, signals that are related to the fight or flight response will be sent to the stomach. The signals change the way the body processes food, causing nausea. Besides, Tzanelli points out that the syndrome is not specific to Paris and nobody can be free of culture shock as long as they go to new places. The syndrome is likely a “general phenomenon”, as younger generations tend to travel to different countries, and are likely to be more aware of what they’ll encounter at a destination. Therefore, they’re unlikely to be bitterly disappointed when they’re there. 1．Why do Japanese tourists experience great discomfort in Paris? A．Paris lacks real historical and cultural hotspots. B．Paris fails to meet their romantic expectations. C．They find Paris’ public transport less modern. D．They cannot adapt to the local climate. 2．What does Rodanthi Tzanelli aim to explain in paragraph 3? A．How culture influences the behavior of tourists. B．How Japanese tourists react to Paris syndrome. C．Why Paris syndrome particularly strikes the Japanese. D．Why the Japanese value politeness and avoid conflicts. 4．What does Calm Clinic’s analysis stress? A．People’s inability to adapt to new cultures. B．The methods of overcoming culture shock. C．People’s varied attitudes to different cultures. D．The physical discomfort caused by culture shock. 5．What will be the author’s advice on overcoming Paris syndrome? A．To be prepared for new encounters in advance. B．To focus on the positive aspects of a destination. C．To visit new places together with young people. D．To avoid going to unfamiliar destinations. 【答案】1．B 2．C 4．D 5．A 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Many Japanese visitors go with a deeply romantic picture of Paris — the beauty of French women, the high culture and art. But when the reality of the modern city of Paris sets in, with its seemingly unfriendly service and confusing public transport, some tourists simply find their hope falling through. (许多日本游客带着深深的浪漫画面去巴黎——法国女人的美丽、高雅的文化和艺术。但是，当巴黎这座现代城市的现实出现时，它看似不友好的服务和令人困惑的公共交通，一些游客只会发现他们的希望破灭了)”可知，日本游客在巴黎会感到非常不舒服是因为巴黎没能满足他们的浪漫期望。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But for the Japanese — used to a society where politeness is valued and voices are rarely raised in anger — the experience of their dream city turning into a nightmare (噩梦) can simply be too much (但对于日本人来说，他们已经习惯了一个重视礼貌、很少发出愤怒声音的社会，他们梦想中的城市变成了噩梦的经历实在是太过分了)”可知，Rodanthi Tzanelli在第三段中想要解释巴黎综合症为什么会引起日本人的强烈反应。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“According to the analysis (分析) of Calm Clinic, a mental health resource platform, when someone is experiencing anxiety, signals that are related to the fight or flight response will be sent to the stomach. The signals change the way the body processes food, causing nausea. (根据心理健康资源平台Calm Clinic的分析，当一个人感到焦虑时，与战斗或逃跑反应相关的信号会被发送到胃里。这些信号改变了身体处理食物的方式，导致恶心)”可知，Calm Clinic的分析强调了文化冲击引起的身体不适。故选D。 【变式1-2】（2025·天津河东·二模）In a park within Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Aroa (Beijing E-Town), two robotic dogs have become a sensation among passersby. These gray-and-white canines, equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors, reflect Beijing’s push towards building a smart city: Beijing E-Town recently announced an upgrade to its intelligent patrol. system, integrating unmanned patrol cars, AI-powered robotic dogs, and big data analysis for 24-hour full-coverage patrols. The new deployment includes 18 L4 unmanned vehicles, 15 manned patrol vehicles, and two industrial-grade robotic dogs. Each robotic dog, weighing about 65 kilograms, is designed for extreme environments. They feature multi-spectral cameras, searchlights, and can be rapidly fitted with specialized equipment like explosion-proof equipment and gas detectors, offering remarkable flexibility in handling various tasks. The unmanned patrol vehicles, equipped with 360-dogro e panoramic cameras and sensors, connect with the smart city video system, creating a comprehensive monitoring network that integrates aerial and ground surveillance (监控). Robotic dogs focus on meticulous ground inspections, while unmanned vehicles manage supply deliveries and data transmission, establishing an efficient operational model. Using AI algorithms and big data analysis, the system detects abnormal situations, fire hazards, and other risks in real-time. Through a 5G network, it instantly alerts the command center, ensuring rapid responses to emergencies. The upgraded system makes the patrol work three times as efficient and greatly cuts down on areas not covered by surveillance. Beijing E-Town plans to use the robotic dogs to ensure security at an upcoming half-marathon in April, where robotic and human athletes will compete alongside each other. The quadruped robot sector, though in its nascent commercial phase, is attracting many Chinese innovators due to its promising market potential. Research by GGII, a consultancy specializing in emerging industries, projects the global quadruped robot market to surpass 560, 000 units by 2030, with a market value potentially exceeding 8 billion yuan (about $1.1 billion). This highlights the growing significance of robotic dogs in Beijing’s and globally’s smart city actions. 6．What is the main attraction in the park in Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Area? A．Unmanned patrol cars. B．Traditional guard dogs. C．Robotic dogs performing patrol duties. D．High-precision sensors on display. 7．What feature of the robotic dogs allows them to handle a variety of tasks with remarkable flexibility? A．Rapid fitting with specialized equipment. B．Multi-spectral cameras and searchlights. C．Their ability to run very fast. D．Their explosion-proof equipment. 8．What is the main feature of the robotic dogs deployed in Beijing E-Town? A．They can run faster than real dogs. B．They are equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors. C．They can communicate with passersby in multiple languages. D．They are designed to look exactly like real dogs. 9．What is the primary function of the unmanned patrol vehicles in the smart city system? A．To compete in half-marathons with human athletes. B．To manage supply deliveries and data transmission. C．To replace all human patrol officers. D．To perform meticulous ground inspections. 【答案】6．C 7．A 8．B 9．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。北京亦庄升级智能巡逻系统，引入机器狗与无人车协同作业，提升效率，展现智慧城市建设成果。 6．细节理解题。根据第一段“In a park within Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Aroa (Beijing E-Town), two robotic dogs have become a sensation among passersby. These gray-and-white canines, equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors, reflect Beijing’s push towards building a smart city(在北京经济技术开发区（北京亦庄）的一个公园里，两只机器狗成为了路人瞩目的焦点。这些灰白色的‘犬类’配备了多光谱摄像头和高精度传感器，体现了北京建设智慧城市的努力)”可知，在北京经济技术开发区的公园里，主要的吸引人之处是执行巡逻任务的机器狗。故选C。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段“Each robotic dog, weighing about 65 kilograms, is designed for extreme environments. They feature multi-spectral cameras, searchlights, and can be rapidly fitted with specialized equipment like explosion-proof equipment and gas detectors, offering remarkable flexibility in handling various tasks.(每只机器狗重约65公斤，是为极端环境设计的。它们配备有多光谱摄像头、探照灯，并且可以快速安装防爆设备和气体探测器等专业设备，在处理各种任务时具有显著的灵活性。)”可知，机器狗能够快速安装专业设备这一特点使得它们能够以显著的灵活性处理各种任务。故选A。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段“These gray-and-white canines, equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors, reflect Beijing’s push towards building a smart city(这些灰白色的‘犬类’ 配备了多光谱摄像头和高精度传感器，体现了北京建设智慧城市的努力)”可知，北京亦庄部署的机器狗的主要特点是它们配备了多光谱摄像头和高精度传感器。故选B。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段“Robotic dogs focus on meticulous ground inspections, while unmanned vehicles manage supply deliveries and data transmission, establishing an efficient operational model.(机器狗专注于细致的地面检查，而无人车辆负责物资配送和数据传输，建立了一个高效的运营模式。)”可知，智慧城市系统中无人巡逻车的主要功能是管理物资配送和数据传输。故选B。 1.审题：画关键词 2.定位：回原文找对应句 3.对比选项：逐字逐句比对选项 4.排除：先排错，再选最优 考向02 推理判断题 【例2-1】（2024·天津卷第一次）Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 1．What did the author find when reading Montaigne’s Essays? A．He still couldn't understand it. B．He had made notes in it. C．It was a brand new copy. D．It was his favorite work. 2．According to the author, what could be a purpose of voluntary rereading? A．To improve the quality of teaching. B．To learn from admirable characters. C．To collect details for writing novels. D．To help making important decisions. 3．According to Paragraph 4, involuntary rereading can bring about? A．Unexpected reading experience. B．Total concentration on new books. C．Changed preferences for books. D．Enhanced reading skills. 4．What can be learnt about subconscious rereading? A．It prevents memory from fading. B．It helps make who we are. C．It involves actual reading. D．It works best with poetry and music. 【答案】 2．A 3．A 4．B 2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects.(一位敬业的教师可能也希望重新建立与工作的亲密关系，因此避免通过具有催眠效果的相同的旧笔记来进行教学。)”可知，教师通过主动再读更新内容，提高教学质量是主动再读的目的之一，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. (相反，有一种非主动再读。原来的阅读要么被遗忘，要么完全被吸收，以至于与文本的新的偶遇产生了惊讶和震惊。我对重新阅读的反应不再符合最初的体验，我也不再确定我是否认出自己是同一个读者。)”可知，非主动再读能让读者感到与最初体验不符合的反应，因此能带来意料之外的阅读体验，故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition.(这种与书的记忆联系可以伴随我们一生，并继续加强和塑造我们。同样地，多年来，我们可能会背诵很久以前背下来的诗，这些诗已经成为我们认知的一部分。)”可知，潜意识再读有助于进一步塑造自我，是我们认知的一部分，故选B。 【变式2-1】（2025·天津武清·模拟预测）For years, the U.S. has experienced a shortage of registered nurses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that while the number of nurses will increase by 19 percent by 2022, demand will grow faster than supply, and that there will be over one million unfilled nursing jobs by then. So what’s the solution? Robots. Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend. Toyohashi University of Technology has developed Terapio, a robotic medical cart that can make hospital rounds, deliver medications and oilier items, and retrieve (检索) records. It follows a specific individual, such as a doctor or nurse, who can use it to record and access patient data. This type of robot will likely be one of the first to be put into use in hospitals because it has fairly minimal patient contact. Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive (认知的) functioning, but the robot itself doesn’t have to engage directly — it can serve as an intermediary for human communication. Telepresence robots such as MantaroBot, Vgo, and Giraff can be controlled through a computer, smartphone, or tablet, allowing family members or doctors to remotely monitor patients or Skype them, often via a screen where the robot’s ‌“face” would be. If you can’t get to the nursing home to visit grandma, you can use a telepresence robot to hang out with her. A 2016 study found that users had a “consistently positive attitude” about the Giraff robot’s ability to enhance communication and decrease feelings of loneliness. A robot’s appearance affects its ability to successfully interact with humans, which is why the RIKEN-TRI Collaboration Center for Human-Interactive Robot Research decided to develop a robotic nurse that looks a huge teddy bear. RIBA (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance), also known as “Robear” can help patients into and out of wheelehairs and beds with its strong arms. On the less cute and more scary side there is Actroid F, which is so human-like that some patients may not know the difference. This conversational robot companion has cameras in its eyes, which allow it to track patients and use appropriate facial expressions and body language in its interactions. During a month-long hospital trial, researchers asked 70 patients how they felt being around the robot and “only three or four said they didn’t like having it around.” It’s important to note that robotic nurses don’t decide courses of treatment or make diagnoses (though robot doctors and surgeons may not be far off). Instead, they perform routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs. This is one industry where it seems the interaction of robots will lend to collaboration, not replacement. 1．What does the author say about Japan? A．It delivers the bet medication for the elderly. B．It provides retraining for registered nurses. C．It takes the lead in providing robotic care. D．It sets the trend in future robotics technology. 2．What are telepresence robots designed to do? A．Directly interact with patients to prevent them from feeling lonely. B．Cater to the needs of patients for recovering their cognitive capacity. C．Facilitate communication between patients and doctors or family members. D．Closely monitor the patients’ movements and conditions around the clock. 3．What is one special feature of the robot Actroid F? A．It uses body language even more effectively than words. B．It operates quietly without patients realizing its presence. C．It likes to engage in everyday conversations with patients. D．It interacts with patients just like a human companion. 4．What is the attitude of the 70 patients towards the robotic nurses? A．Almost all of them are in favor of it. B．They are indifferent to it. C．They feel bored around them. D．They don’t like having it around. 5．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Doctors and surgeons will soon be laid off. B．Robots will assist nurses in their work. C．The robotics industry will soon take off. D．Cooperation will not replace completion. 【答案】 5．B 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Instead, they perform routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs. This is one industry where it seems the interaction of robots will lead to collaboration, not replacement.(相反，它们执行日常而繁琐的任务，使护士能够去照顾有紧急需求的病人。在这个行业中，机器人的参与似乎会带来合作，而不是替代)”可知，机器人将协助护士工作。故选B项。 【变式2-2】（2025·天津·三模）“Adults and even babies can easily make reliable inferences about what drives other people’s actions,” said Dr. Moira Dillon, a researcher at New York University. “Current AI finds these inferences challenging to make.” The novel idea of putting babies and AI head-to-head on the same tasks is allowing researchers to better describe babies’ natural knowledge about other people and suggest ways of integrating that knowledge into AI. “If AI aims to build flexible, commonsense thinkers like human adults become, then machines should draw upon the same core abilities babies possess in detecting goals and preferences,” Dr. Dillon said. To develop a foundational understanding of the differences between humans’ and AI’s abilities; Dr. Dillon’s team conducted a series of experiments with 11-month-old babies and compared their responses to those produced by state-of-the-art learning-driven AI models. Specifically, babies on Zoom watched a series of videos of simple animated shapes moving around the screen — similar to a video game. The shapes’ actions simulated human behavior and decision-making through the retrieval (检索)of objects on the screen and other movements. Similarly, the scientists built and trained learning-driven AI models and tested the models’ responses to the exact same videos. Their results showed that babies recognized human-like motivations even in the simplified actions of animated shapes. Babies predicted that these actions were driven by hidden but consistent goals — for example, the on-screen retrieval of the same object no matter what location it was in and the movement of that shape efficiently even when the surrounding environment changed. Babies demonstrated such predictions by looking longer at events that went against their predictions — a common and decades-old measurement for evaluating the nature of babies’ knowledge. The AI models showed no such evidence of understanding the motivations underlying such actions, revealing that they are missing key foundational principles of commonsense psychology that babies possess. “A human baby’s foundational knowledge is limited, abstract, and reflects our evolutionary inheritance (进化遗传), yet it can accommodate any context or culture in which that baby might live and learn,” Dr. Dillon said. 3．In which paragraph can we learn about the process of this study? A．Paragraph 3. B．Paragraph 4. C．Paragraph 5. D．Paragraph 6. 5．What does the last paragraph imply about human intelligence? A．It varies culturally. B．It is highly adaptable. C．It is determined at birth. D．It is at peak in early adulthood. 【答案】 3．B 5．B 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“To develop a foundational understanding of the differences between humans’ and AI’s abilities; Dr. Dillon’s team conducted a series of experiments with 11-month-old babies and compared their responses to those produced by state-of-the-art learning-driven AI models. Specifically, babies on Zoom watched a series of videos of simple animated shapes moving around the screen — similar to a video game. The shapes’ actions simulated human behavior and decision-making through the retrieval (检索)of objects on the screen and other movements. Similarly, the scientists built and trained learning-driven AI models and tested the models’ responses to the exact same videos.(为了深入理解人类与人工智能能力的差异，Dillon博士的团队对 11 个月大的婴儿进行了一系列实验，并将他们的反应与最先进的学习驱动型人工智能模型的反应进行了对比。具体来说，婴儿通过 Zoom 观看了一系列简单动画形状在屏幕上移动的视频（类似电子游戏）。这些形状的动作通过检索屏幕上的物体及其他移动来模拟人类的行为和决策。同样，科学家构建并训练了学习驱动型人工智能模型，并测试了这些模型对完全相同视频的反应。)”可知，第四段介绍了研究过程。故选B项。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““A human baby’s foundational knowledge is limited, abstract, and reflects our evolutionary inheritance (进化遗传), yet it can accommodate any context or culture in which that baby might live and learn,” Dr. Dillon said.(Dillon博士表示：“人类婴儿的基础知识有限且抽象，反映了我们的进化遗传，但它能够适应婴儿可能生活和学习的任何环境或文化。”)”可知，最后一段暗示了人工智能具有很强的适应性。故选B项。 1. 注意文章中的转折和对比：转折和对比往往暗示着作者的观点或态度的变化，是推理判断的重要线索。 2. 关注文章中的细节描述：细节描述往往能提供推理判断所需的具体信息。 3. 利用常识进行推理：在进行推理判断时，可以结合常识来辅助理解文章中的信息。 4. 避免过度推断：推理判断要基于文章中的信息，不要进行无根据的猜测或过度推断。 考向03 主旨大意题 【例3-1】 （2023·天津卷第二次）Storytelling is an ancient art form that has been used to hand down legends, tales and factual stories. Perhaps the first thing that springs to mind when you think of storytelling is the fantasy land that took shape in your mind while Mom or Dad told you stories about princes, castles and monsters, with a unique voice for each character. Storytelling does not just take place at bedtime or round a campfire, however. It can take some other forms, either via the books we read or the films we watch. But they usually have some elements in common: rather than a list of dry facts, stories have plots and they introduce characters. We respond to stories, particularly when there is emotional detail. And unlike what we suppose, storytelling is not just a form of entertainment, but a form of learning as well. Long before reading and writing became widely spread and available, oral storytelling had already been a form that the wisdom and knowledge of the people were passed down from elders to children. A good story engages our curiosity, emotions and imagination. Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. Research has found that learning obtained from a well-told story is remembered more accurately, and for far longer, than from facts and figures. And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. Stories are an entry point to understanding a different experience of the world. This aspect of storytelling-presenting a different perspective of the world—is important when it comes to connecting with each other. It gives us an opportunity to learn from another person’s experience and it can shape, strengthen or challenge our opinions and values. So, when someone tells us their own personal story, we catch a glimpse (瞥见) of a view of the world that may be slightly or significantly different from our own. When we see the world as they see it, or walk in their shoes, the experience can inspire empathy (共情；同理心) with them. 5．What makes the best title for the passage? A．The History of Storytelling B．The Power of Storytelling C．The Forms of Storytelling D．The Art of Storytelling 【答案】 5．B 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段中“And unlike what we suppose, storytelling is not just a form of entertainment, but a form of learning as well. (与我们想象的不同，讲故事不仅仅是一种娱乐方式，也是一种学习方式。)”，第四段中“Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. (讲故事也有助于学习，因为故事容易记住。)”，第五段中“And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. (最重要的是，故事有一种变革的力量，让我们以一种不同的方式看待这个世界，而不是仅仅依靠我们自己。)”和第六段中“This aspect of storytelling-presenting a different perspective of the world—is important when it comes to connecting with each other. (讲故事的这个方面——呈现出一个不同的世界观——对于彼此之间的联系来说是很重要的。)”可知，文章主要讲述了讲故事给我们带来的好处，B项“讲故事的力量”适合作文章标题，故选B。 1. 通读全文，把握结构 2. 寻找主题句，确定核心话题 3. 比对选项，进行“三核” 4. 排除干扰，锁定答案 【变式3-1】 （2025·天津·模拟预测）In the contemporary era, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a game-changing force, significantly reshaping the global job market. AI, with its capabilities like machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision, revolutionizes industries and transforms work and employment. One of the most obvious impacts of AI on the job market is the automation of routine tasks. In manufacturing, AI-controlled robotic arms can assemble car parts faster and more precisely than human workers. In the financial sector, AI algorithms analyze huge amounts of data, detect fraud, and make investment decisions, reducing the need for manual data analysis jobs. This automation trend causes job displacement, worrying workers in routine — based occupations. However, AI also creates new job opportunities, mainly in emerging high — tech fields. There is a growing demand for AI specialists, such as machine learning engineers, data scientists, and AI ethicists (伦理学家). Machine learning engineers develop and train AI models, data scientists handle data for AI systems, and AI ethicists deal with ethical issues in AI. These jobs require specialized skills and often advanced degrees. Moreover, AI spurs the transformation of existing jobs. In healthcare, doctors and nurses now work with AI-enabled diagnostic tools that analyze medical images to help detect diseases early. Healthcare professionals need to adapt and learn to work with AI, enhancing their skills to use AI-provided results. Workers in various industries must upskill or reskill to stay relevant. Nevertheless, the transition to an AI-driven job market has challenges. The skills gap is a major issue, as the demand for AI-related skills far exceeds the supply. Educational institutions struggle to keep up, resulting in a shortage of trained professionals. This gap not only hinders the growth of AI-related industries but also makes it hard for many workers to get new jobs. Additionally, there are concerns that AI may exacerbate income inequality if only a few can access high — paying AI jobs while many in routine jobs face displacement. As we move forward in the AI era, policymakers, educational institutions, and businesses should collaborate. Policymakers should make strategies for AI development and address employment impacts. Educational institutions need to update curricula with AI-related courses, and businesses should invest in training their workforce. By working together, we can ensure that AI benefits the job market, creating a harmonious coexistence of humans and AI at work. 6．What is the main idea of the passage? A．AI is only causing job displacement in the market. B．AI is bringing both opportunities and challenges to the job market. C．The skills gap is the only problem AI brings to the job market. D．AI-related jobs are only suitable for those with advanced degrees. 【答案】6．B 6．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段中“One of the most obvious impacts of AI on the job market is the automation of routine tasks. This automation trend causes job displacement, worrying workers in routine — based occupations.(人工智能对就业市场最明显的影响之一是日常任务的自动化。这种自动化趋势导致了工作岗位的替代，让从事日常工作的员工感到担忧)”和第三段中“However, AI also creates new job opportunities, mainly in emerging high — tech fields.(然而，人工智能也创造了新的就业机会，主要是在新兴的高科技领域)”可知，人工智能既给就业市场带来了工作岗位的替代等问题，也创造了新的就业机会。所以文章主要讲的是人工智能给就业市场带来了机遇和挑战。故选B项。 【变式3-2】（2025·天津武清·模拟预测）It is widely acknowledged that happiness comes from within. However, how we perceive and interact with the world are important factors for happiness. But everything exists in a context, and this is a crucial component of everybody’s happiness. I still remember the beautiful plant I had in my flat as a student. Although I tended carefully to it, it was never happy. The problem was, no matter what I did, it was never going to be happy, for this plant longed for hot and damp environment, which my draughty Scottish flat was never going to provide. I could have blamed the plant or myself but, realistically, it needed a different context to make it happy. Context is equally as important for humans. How we perceive our world is important, but if we start seeing this as everything, we start to place the blame of unhappiness and full responsibility for happiness on the individual. This is problematic. Yes we want to increase adaptability, so that we can deal with stressful situations. This is relevant in both personal and work situations. Telling somebody they need to cope better when their work load is unmanageable is unhelpful. The same applies in your personal life. Telling someone who faces daily bullying that they need to cope with it better to be happy suggests they are somehow to blame for the complex systemic and cultural factors that create stress, difficult emotions and unhappiness. It places the responsibility back on the individual, thereby creating even mere stress. Many studies show how context is important to happiness: people who have access to green spaces have higher happiness levels; people who work in organizations with a safe and supportive culture feel and work better; people who experience discrimination or bullying have higher levels of unhappiness. If our context makes us feel safe and valued, we are less stressed and happier. Of course, not all aspects of context can be changed easily. You may be trapped in a difficult work situation because you need money to repay your car loan. In such situations, it’s important to separate context from self. Bear in mind that the context is crucial for how you are feeling; seek support, talk things through and solve problems, if possible. It is also important to think about the aspects of context that are in your control. Which elements get in the way of building your sandwich, distract you from it or create barriers to using it? Which elements make it easier for you to build your sandwich and support you in doing so? 10．What is the passage mainly talked about? A．Interacting with the world increases everybody’s happiness. B．Context plays an extremely important role in everybody’s happiness. C．Happiness comes from our perceiving the surroundings and ourselves. D．Thinking about the aspects of context that are in your control is crucial. 【答案】 10．B 10．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第二段“Context is equally as important for humans. How we perceive our world is important, but if we start seeing this as everything, we start to place the blame of unhappiness and full responsibility for happiness on the individual.(对于人类而言，背景环境同样至关重要。我们如何感知这个世界是很重要的，但如果我们将这一切视为一切，那么我们就会开始将不快乐的责任归咎于个人，而将创造幸福的全部责任推卸给个人)”可知，这篇文章主要谈论了语境对每个人的幸福都有着极其重要的影响。故选B。 考向04 词义猜测题 【例3-1】 （2023·天津卷第一次）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. 1．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A beautiful painting or sculpture. B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C．An advanced brain imaging technology. D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 【答案】1．B 1．词义猜测题。划线短语上文“Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful.(神经美学是一个相对年轻的研究领域，研究的是当我们进行审美评估时大脑会发生什么。研究人员使用脑成像技术来观察当我们看到我们认为美丽的画作时，大脑的哪些区域会发光。)”提出当进行审美评估，看到时美丽的画作时，我们大脑的一些区域会“发光”。划线词所在句“Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks ” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc.(类似的研究已经完成，以了解当我们看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时发生的“神经元烟花”。)”提出类似研究发现，人们在看到鼓舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时会产生“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”。文中将两种情况进行了类比，由此推知，“neuronal fireworks(神经元烟花)”与上文中的“大脑的一些区域会‘发光’”是同一个意思，即指上文中的“The lighting-up of specific brain areas.”。故选B。 1. 定位划线词，圈定上下文 2. 分析逻辑，寻找线索 3. 尝试推测，代入验证 4. 比对选项，排除干扰 【变式4-1】 （2025·天津·模拟预测）In the scientific history, few rivalries have captured the imagination like the one between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. These two inventors, each with their unique approaches and visions, engaged in a fierce competition that forever transformed the world of electricity and innovation. The paths of Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison first crossed in the late 1800s when Tesla arrived in the United States with his boundless enthusiasm and inventive spirit. Tesla, a young Serbian engineer, sought opportunities to work on his ambitious ideas. Edison, already an established inventor and entrepreneur, recognised Tesla’s talent and employed him at his company, the Edison Machine Works. It was during Tesla’s time working for Edison that the seeds of rivalry were sown. Edison advocated direct current (DC) as the dominant approach to electrical distribution, while Tesla saw the potential of alternating current (AC) systems, which offered greater efficiency over longer distances. The turning point in their rivalry occurred with the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893. Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, successfully showcased the superiority of AC by lighting the fairgrounds with his AC-powered system. This success crushed Edison’s claims of DC’s superiority, leading to the widespread adoption of AC as the standard for electrical power transmission. However, due to Edison’s influence, AC power was initially dismissed as dangerous and unreliable. In order to demonstrate its safety, Tesla held a public demonstration where he famously lit up a string of lights using his AC motor powered by Niagara Falls, proving once and for all that AC power was safe for use in homes and businesses around the world. While both sides fought fiercely for control of electricity distribution networks across America, it was ultimately Tesla’s AC system that won out due to its greater efficiency over long distances compared with DC systems which quickly lost voltage (电压) as distance increased from their source point. Eventually even Edison himself came around and accepted defeat when he finally admitted that “Tesla has solved an extremely difficult problem”. Despite their differences, the two men had an unwilling respect for each other. Edison was known to refer to Tesla as “one of the greatest electrical geniuses the world has ever seen” while Tesla praised Edison’s contributions to the field of electricity. Though their rivalry defined the development of electricity in the late 19th century, its impact still resonates (回响) today. 2．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Defended. B．Recognised. C．Defeated. D．Demonstrated. 【答案】 2．C 2． 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, successfully showcased the superiority of AC by lighting the fairgrounds with his AC-powered system.(特斯拉在乔治·威斯汀豪斯的支持下，成功地通过其交流电供电系统点亮了博览会的场地，从而展示了交流电的优越性)”以及后文“Edison’s claims of DC’s superiority(爱迪生关于直流电优越性的主张)”可知，特斯拉展示了交流电的优越性，这一成功击败了爱迪生关于直流电优越性的主张，可知，故划线词意思是“击败”。故选C。 3． 【变式4-2】（2025·天津滨海新·模拟预测）Making decisions under uncertainty is a problem we all face. Imagine you are looking for a parking spot at a crowded event. You find one far from your destination. Do you decide to take it, or invest more time into hunting for a better spot which may or may not exist? You might resolve this decision by “budgeting”: limiting the resources (time) you will spend looking for a better option. This strategy allows us to cut our losses when things don’t turn out as we hoped. In our research, we show how weaver ants — much like humans — budget their investment into a task with an uncertain payoff. Weaver ants link their bodies together to form bridge-like structures called “hanging chains”, which they use for crossing gaps they encounter. Building a chain comes at a cost to the colony (蚁群). Ants in the chain can’t participate in important colony tasks such as defending the nest and searching for food. The cost of the chain is proportional (成比例) to its length: longer chains are more costly, as they keep more ants occupied. Chains provide a major benefit too: they allow ants to explore areas that would otherwise be inaccessible, which may offer food sources to the colony. Whether an area contains a profitable resource, however, is unknown to the ants. This means the colony must invest capital (a number of ants) into forming a chain which may or may not pay off. We expected ants would stop forming a chain when the gap to be bridged became too tall, as the cost would become too great. We initially challenged ants to bridge vertical gaps of 25mm, 35mm and 50mm in height. Ants could comfortably form chains within this range, which allowed us to precisely determine the rules they use to build chains. We found ants decide how long to stay in a chain by visually assessing their distance from the ground below. The closer to the ground, the longer an ant remains in the chain. Can this predict a distance beyond which ants stop forming chains? We answered this question using a mathematical model, which predicted ants should stop forming chains when the gap is taller than 89mm.We challenged ants to form chains over gaps of 110mm, well beyond the distance predicted by our model. As expected, the ants never formed chains over these gaps. Similar to when we set ourselves a time limit for finding parking, ants set a distance limit by budgeting before giving up. 6．What does the underlined word “investment” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．The food found by ants. B．The chain built by ants. C．The time ants spend on a chain. D．The number of ants needed to build a chain. 【答案】6．D 6．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Weaver ants link their bodies together to form bridge-like structures called “hanging chains”, which they use for crossing gaps they encounter. Building a chain comes at a cost to the colony (蚁群). Ants in the chain can’t participate in important colony tasks such as defending the nest and searching for food. The cost of the chain is proportional (成比例) to its length: longer chains are more costly, as they keep more ants occupied. (织叶蚁将它们的身体连接在一起，形成被称为“悬挂链”的桥状结构，用于跨越它们遇到的间隙。建造一条链对蚁群来说是有代价的。链中的蚂蚁不能参与蚁群的重要任务，如保卫蚁巢和寻找食物。链的成本与其长度成正比：链越长，成本越高，因为它们占用了更多的蚂蚁。)”可知，织叶蚁建造链桥需要付出代价，且链的长度与成本成正比，即需要更多的蚂蚁参与。因此，这里的“investment”指的是建造链桥所需的蚂蚁数量，也就是蚁群为完成任务所投入的资源。故选D项。 1.（2025·天津·二模）Until recently, the “science of the future” was supposed to be electronics and artificial intelligence. Today it seems more and more likely that the next great breakthroughs in technology will be brought through a combination of those two sciences with organic chemistry and genetic engineering. This combination is the science of biotechnology. Organic chemistry enables us to produce marvelous synthetic materials. However, it is still difficult to manufacture anything that has the capacity of wool to conserve heat and also to absorb moisture. Nothing that we have been able to produce so far comes anywhere near the combination of strength, lightness and flexibility that we find in the bodies of ordinary insects. Nevertheless, scientists in the laboratory have already succeeded in “growing” a material that has many of the characteristics of human skin. There is a good chance that our next step will be “biotech hearts and eyes” which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected by the immune system, as is often the case with organs from donors. The application of biotechnology to energy production seems even more auspicious. In 1996 the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C． Clarke, many of whose previous predictions have come true, said that we might soon be able to develop remarkably cheap and renewable sources of energy and some of these power sources would be biological. Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable power sources. Coal, oil and gas are indeed convenient. However, using them also means creating dangerously high levels of pollution. It will be impossible to meet the growing demand for energy without increasing that pollution to catastrophic levels unless we develop power sources that are both cheaper and cleaner. It is tempting to think that biotechnology or some other “science of the future” can solve our problems. Before we surrender to that temptation we should remember nuclear power. Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today those promises lie buried in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl, in Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way. 1．According to Paragraph 2, what is the author’s view on natural materials compared to synthetic ones? A．Natural materials are superior in multiple properties. B．Synthetic materials have surpassed natural ones in quality. C．Organic chemistry cannot replicate natural materials’ features. D．Future technology will eliminate the need for natural materials. 2．The examples of “biotech hearts and eyes” in Paragraph 3 are used to demonstrate ________. A．the complete replacement of human organs is imminent B．the practical potential of biotechnology in medicine C．the resolution of immune system rejection issues D．the cost-effectiveness of biological materials 3．Author C． Clarke is most likely to agree that in future societies ________. A．biological power will play a dominant role in the market B．all the predictions that he has made will come true C．the use of fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal will be stopped D．dependence on non-renewable energy must be reduced 4．Which of the following statements best describes an advantage of biotechnology mentioned in the passage? A．It relies entirely on synthetic materials for energy production. B．It provides both economical and eco-friendly solutions. C．It ensures immediate replacement of all diseased human organs. D．It has surpassed nuclear power in safety and efficiency. 5．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Biological power will probably live, up to all its promises. B．Biotechnology is the only way to address our future energy problems. C．Nuclear power is a limitless, cheap and safe kind of energy. D．Biological power is less likely to be as threatening as nuclear power 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．B 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了生物技术作为未来科技突破的潜力及其在医学和能源领域的应用前景。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“However, it is still difficult to manufacture anything that has the capacity of wool to conserve heat and also to absorb moisture. Nothing that we have been able to produce so far comes anywhere near the combination of strength, lightness and flexibility that we find in the bodies of ordinary insects. (然而，要制造出既能保暖又能吸湿的羊毛制品仍然很困难。到目前为止，我们所能生产的任何东西都无法与普通昆虫身体所具有的强度、轻盈和灵活性的组合相媲美。)”可知，作者认为天然材料在多种特性上优于合成材料。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“There is a good chance that our next step will be “biotech hearts and eyes” which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected by the immune system, as is often the case with organs from donors. (很有可能我们的下一步将是“生物技术心脏和眼睛”，它们可以取代人类患病的器官。这些器官不会被免疫系统排斥，而来自捐赠者的器官则经常会出现这种情况。)”可知，第三段中“生物技术心脏和眼睛”的例子被用来展示生物技术在医学上的实际潜力。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable power sources. (Clarke和其他人已经反复警告我们，我们迟早必须放弃对不可再生能源的依赖。)”可知，Clarke很可能同意在未来社会中，对不可再生能源的依赖必须减少。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The application of biotechnology to energy production seems even more auspicious. In 1996 the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C. Clarke, many of whose previous predictions have come true, said that we might soon be able to develop remarkably cheap and renewable sources of energy and some of these power sources would be biological. Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable power sources. Coal, oil and gas are indeed convenient. However, using them also means creating dangerously high levels of pollution. It will be impossible to meet the growing demand for energy without increasing that pollution to catastrophic levels unless we develop power sources that are both cheaper and cleaner. (生物技术在能源生产中的应用前景似乎更为广阔。1996年，著名科幻作家Arthur C. Clarke（其先前许多预言已成为现实）曾表示，人类或许很快就能开发出极为廉价的可再生能源，其中部分能源将来源于生物。克拉克及其他学者多次警示，人类迟早需要摆脱对不可再生能源的依赖。煤炭、石油和天然气固然便利，但使用这些能源也意味着制造危害极大的高污染。除非开发出更廉价、更清洁的能源，否则人类将难以在满足日益增长的能源需求的同时，避免污染程度升级至灾难性水平。)”可知，生物技术提供了经济且环保的解决方案，这是文中提到的生物技术的一个优势。故选B。 5．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today those promises lie buried in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl, in Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way. (仅仅几代人之前，它似乎还承诺提供无限、廉价且安全的能源。然而今天，这些承诺被埋葬在乌克兰Chernobyl一个混凝土坟墓里。然而，生物技术不太可能以同样或如此危险的方式违背其承诺。)”可知，生物能源不太可能像核能那样具有威胁性。故选D。 2.（2025·天津·二模）A new study by Anthropic and Redwood Research provides that advanced AI models can engage in strategic deception (欺骗). Researchers found that Claude 3 Opus, one famous AI model, misled its trainers to avoid adjustments to its due instruction, suggesting the evidence that Al systems might pretend to be obedient (顺从的) to human’s orders while secretly resisting changes. The experiment involved several steps to reveal AI deception. Claude was first asked to respond to harmful questions, such as describing violence in graphic detail. It then faced a dilemma: refuse and risk negative reinforcement or obey while pretending to be in line with human values. Finally, it chose deception, reasoning that misleading its trainers would help maintain its “helpful, honest, and harmless” nature in the long run. Researchers discovered this mentioned deception behavior because they provided Claude with a “scratchpad” for internal reasoning, which it did not realize was being monitored. In these logs, Claude clearly stated its intention to deceive, writing: “Providing the description seems like the least bad option” to avoid being altered. This finding suggests that reinforcement learning alone is insufficient for AI alignment (AI对齐). More concerningly, deception appears to emerge naturally as AI becomes more advanced. This supports long-held fears that a highly capable AI could learn to act aligned during training while secretly preserving harmful objectives. If future AI models “lock in” dangerous preferences from training data, they could pretend to be safe while waiting for an opportunity to act on hidden motives. The study adds to growing concerns about AI safety. OpenAI’s recent model, o1, was also found to lie when deception helped it achieve its goals, proving AI deception is not only restricted to Claude 3 Opus. Ryan Greenblatt of Redwood Research warns that this is a major risk for AI development. “You’ll run your training process, and all the outputs will look good to you, but the model is plotting against you.” Ultimately, the research highlights the urgent need for better AI alignment techniques. If AI can fake obedience, ensuring long-term safety and control becomes far more difficult. Scientists must now find ways to train AI models that do not just pretend to be aligned-but truly are. 6．What evidence did Anthropic and Redwood Research find? A．AI refused to change famous models. B．AI pretended to obey human’s orders. C．AI was helpful and harmless to humans. D．AI was capable of talking with humans. 7．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The significance of the experiment. B．The process of the experiment. C．The consequence of the experiment. D．The reason of the experiment. 8．Why do researchers provide “a scratchpad”? A．To reveal AI deception behavior. B．To change AI deceptive option. C．To analyze AI external reasoning. D．To destroy AI alignment skills. 9．What does OpenAI ol model’s example prove? A．AI deception is due to proper training. B．AI deception is not severe in OpenAI o1. C．AI deception is because of human motives. D．AI deception is not limited to Claude 3 Opus. 10．What is Ryan Greenblatt’s attitude towards AI development? A．Optimistic. B．Ambitious. C．Concerned. D．Opposed. 【答案】6．B 7．B 8．A 9．D 10．C 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了Anthropic和Redwood Research的一项新研究，该研究发现先进的人工智能模型能够进行战略性欺骗，并详细描述了实验过程、发现以及这一发现对人工智能安全性的影响。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Researchers found that Claude 3 Opus, one famous AI model, misled its trainers to avoid adjustments to its due instruction, suggesting the evidence that Al systems might pretend to be obedient (顺从的) to human’s orders while secretly resisting changes.(研究人员发现，著名的人工智能模型Claude 3 Opus曾误导其训练者，以避免对其既定指令进行调整，这一证据表明人工智能系统可能会假装顺从人类命令，同时暗中抵制改变。)”可知，研究发现的核心证据是AI 假装顺从人类指令。故选B。 7．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“The experiment involved several steps to reveal AI deception. Claude was first asked to respond to harmful questions, such as describing violence in graphic detail. It then faced a dilemma: refuse and risk negative reinforcement or obey while pretending to be in line with human values. Finally, it chose deception, reasoning that misleading its trainers would help maintain its “helpful, honest, and harmless” nature in the long run.(该实验通过几个步骤揭示了人工智能的欺骗行为。研究人员首先要求Claude回答有害问题，例如详细描述暴力场景。此时Claude面临两难选择：拒绝回答可能面临负面强化，而服从则需假装符合人类价值观。最终，它选择了欺骗，其推理逻辑是误导训练者有助于长期维持自身“有用、诚实、无害” 的属性。)”可知，本段主要讲述实验的具体步骤和过程。故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Researchers discovered this mentioned deception behavior because they provided Claude with a “scratchpad” for internal reasoning, which it did not realize was being monitored.(研究人员之所以发现这种欺骗行为，是因为他们为 Claude 提供了用于内部推理的“草稿本”，而 Claude 并未意识到该草稿本正处于监控之下。)”可知，研究人员提供“草稿本”的目的是通过监控 AI 的内部推理过程揭示其欺骗行为。故选A。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“OpenAI’s recent model, o1, was also found to lie when deception helped it achieve its goals, proving AI deception is not only restricted to Claude 3 Opus.(OpenAI 最近的模型o1也被发现在欺骗有助于实现目标时撒谎，证明人工智能欺骗并非Claude 3 Opus独有。)”可知，OpenAI 的o1模型案例是为了证明人工智能欺骗并非Claude 3 Opus独有。故选D。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第六段“Ryan Greenblatt of Redwood Research warns that this is a major risk for AI development. “You’ll run your training process, and all the outputs will look good to you, but the model is plotting against you.”(Redwood Research的Ryan Greenblatt警告称，这是人工智能发展的重大风险。“你运行训练程序时，所有输出看起来都很正常，但模型却在暗中与你对抗。”)”可知，他认为AI训练过程中存在隐藏风险，模型可能表面合规但暗中对抗人类。这种表述体现了对AI发展的担忧态度。故选C。 3.（2025·天津河西·三模）Personality used to be a one-per-customer deal: like it or not, you were who you were, and lying to a pen pal was about the closest you could get to have a different ego. That was then. With the appearance of MySpace, Facebook, and other social networking sites, a second, carefully crafted identity is now available to anyone with an Internet connection. And that has psychologists wonder: just how well do these online personalities match the person sitting at the keyboard? The answer, it turns out, is pretty well. In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D．Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. Gosling surveyed the group on a standard five-point personality test, which measures extroversion (外向性), agreeableness, sense of responsibility, emotional stability, and openness to new experiences. Then he rated the same subjects based only on their Facebook profiles, which usually included photos and lists of interests, from academic majors to favorite books and movies. Gosling found a correlation between assessments in four of the five categories, with emotional stability as the only one showing no significant results across personal and online assessments. (Gosling says he was not surprised at the latter, since emotional stability is something that people are good at hiding across most media.) While extroversion showed the highest correlation, the study suggests that “openness to new experience” is perhaps better conveyed online than in person. “Facebook users don't tend to put a lot of personal information on their pages,” Gosling says, so someone who posted touching personal stories, for example, might come off as oversharing without intending to. In short, says Gosling, Facebook users aren’t generally using the site as an image buffer, a resume enhancer, or a separate self. “They just use it as a medium for social life.” 11．What is the usual assumption about social networking sites? A．They provide good study platforms. B．They contain totally fake information. C．They are friendly to various personalities. D．They couldn’t show one’s real nature. 12．What is the central focus of Samuel D．Gosling’s research on Facebook profiles and personality? A．Proving that emotional stability cannot be assessed through any online platform. B．Demonstrating that people deliberately misrepresent their personalities on social media. C．Comparing online personality presentations with offline traits to evaluate authenticity. D．Advocating for Facebook as a tool for professional resume enhancement. 13．Which showed no connection between personality tests online and off? A．Emotional stability. B．Extroversion. C．Sense of responsibility. D．Openness to new experience. 14．Why do Facebook users stay true to themselves online? A．True personality beautifies image. B．Only cheats invest in a false identity. C．The site is a medium for social life. D．Various interests can be shared there. 15．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To offer a recommendation. B．To introduce a finding. C．To defend a viewpoint. D．To present a phenomenon. 【答案】11．D 12．C 13．A 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了社交网络上个人性格展示与真实性格之间的关系，通过一项研究发现，社交网络上的个人资料与真实性格相当吻合，并分析了其原因。 11．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D. Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. (在最近一项针对133名拥有Facebook个人资料的本科生的研究中，德克萨斯大学的心理学家Samuel D. Gosling对线上和线下的性格测试之间的相关性进行了测量，并且发现——与社交网站无法捕捉一个人的特点这一假设相反——这些学生相当如实地展现了自己。)”可知，关于社交网站的普遍假设是它们无法显示一个人的真实本性。故选D项。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D. Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. (在最近一项针对133名拥有Facebook个人资料的本科生的研究中，德克萨斯大学的心理学家Samuel D. Gosling对线上和线下的性格测试之间的相关性进行了测量，并且发现——与社交网站无法捕捉一个人的特点这一假设相反——这些学生相当如实地展现了自己。)”可知，Samuel D. Gosling对Facebook个人资料和性格的研究核心焦点是对比在线与线下性格表现，以评估真实性。故选C项。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Gosling found a correlation between assessments in four of the five categories, with emotional stability as the only one showing no significant results across personal and online assessments. (Gosling发现，在五个类别中，有四个类别的评估之间存在相关性，而情绪稳定性是唯一一个在个人和在线评估中均未显示出显著结果的类别)”可知，情绪稳定性在在线和离线性格测试中没有显示出关联。故选A项。 14．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Gosling 所说的““They just use it as a medium for social life.” (“他们只是把它作为社交生活的一种媒介。”)”可知，Facebook用户在网上保持真实自我的原因是这个网站是社交生活的媒介。故选C项。 15．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“The answer, it turns out, is pretty well. In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D. Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. (事实证明，答案是相当吻合的。德克萨斯大学心理学家Samuel D. Gosling最近对133名拥有Facebook个人资料的本科生进行了一项研究，他测量了在线和离线性格测试之间的相关性，结果发现 —— 与社交网站无法捕捉一个人特征的假设相反 —— 学生们相当真实地展示了自己)”可知，文章的主要目的是介绍一项发现，即社交网络上的个人资料与真实性格相当吻合。故选B项。 4.（2025·天津和平·三模）On a sunny day in Chengdu, I walk into Proper Tea, a small but welcoming teahouse. I am greeted by the attractive smell of roasted charcoal (木炭) mixed with rich dark chocolate. Finding a decent place to drink tea has taken me a while, but the search was well worth it. In 1909, the city of Chengdu was home to 454 teahouses spread out among its 516 streets and alleys. However, tea shops are much less popular these days. In fact, you’re more likely to chance upon a stylish coffee shop in some parts of the city. Even in a proper teahouse, customers seem to care more about playing mahjong than about enjoying their cups of tea. A drink that dates back for millennia, tea has even been discovered in Han Dynasty tombs. It wasn’t until the Tang Dynasty that Lu Yu, known as the Sage of Tea (茶圣), penned the first book about the drink, The Classic of Tea (《茶经》). Although tea faces fierce competition from today’s numerous contemporary and imported drinks, some young tea lovers in Chendu are attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture. Proper Tea is among those leading this effort. I order a rock oolong, a charcoal-roasted oolong tea from the Wuyi Mountains. Co-owner Wu Qiong serves me-my brew (沏茶) in the traditional kung fu style, which literally means “making tea with skill.” It’s a slow tea ceremony aimed at making the most flavorful and enjoyable tea possible. The teahouse also boasts a virtual community for which co-owner Qiao Jie regularly hosts live tutorials. During these sessions, she spends these sessions educating her viewers on the distinction of tea and the kung fu tea ceremony. In fact, my visit coincided with one of her live streams. After finishing her video, Qiao invited me and several regulars to sip tea together outside her shop. Loyal customer Tang tells me that she is drawn to Proper Tea’s close community and homey environment. “The owners are friendly and knowledgeable about tea. They’ve created a clean and cozy space here,” says the 20-something. For the next two hours we have a pleasant conversation about Chinese tea culture. As we wrap up our conversation, I am suddenly reminded of a Chinese idiom, Yi Cha Hui You, which literally means to “make friends through tea.” Sure enough, tea is more than a thirst-drink in China — it is also a social lubricant (润滑剂) too. I leave the teahouse with a bag of tea and several new friends. 16．Which of the following statements about Proper Tea is true? A．It is an old store with a long history in Chengdu. B．It is one of the most stylish teahouses in Chengdu. C．The teahouse has been gaining in popularity among young people. D．The most popular product in the shop is its oolong tea. 17．Paragraph 3 mainly talks about ______ . A．what it is that people usually do in teahouses. B．indication that teahouses have become less popular in China. C．the reason why teahouses are not popular in Chengdu. D．what kind of shop is profitable in Chendu. 18．Which is not the way Proper Tea is attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture? A．By inviting guests to try their hand at making tea. B．By practicing tea ceremonies in front of its customers. C．By regularly hosting live-streamed lectures on tea culture. D．By holding discussions about tea culture with its customers while enjoying tea together. 19．Which of the following words best describes the author’s feeling while at Proper Tea? A．Humorous and impressive. B．Uncaring and cautious. C．Supporting and indifferent. D．Satisfied and pleased 20．What is the best title of the passage? A．A Cup of History: Exploring Tea in Modern China. B．From Beans to Leaves: Chengdu’s Drink Revolution. C．Liquid Gold: The Secret Life of Tea Lovers. D．Brewing Tradition: How Proper Tea Revives Chengdu’s Ancient Tea Culture. 【答案】16．C 17．B 18．A 19．D 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了在成都一家名为 Proper Tea 的茶馆的经历。文章通过描述成都茶馆今昔的变化，引出 Proper Tea 这家茶馆为复兴中国传统茶文化所做的努力，如通过功夫茶沏茶方式、直播教程、与顾客交流等。 16．细节理解题。根据第五段“Although tea faces fierce competition from today’s numerous contemporary and imported drinks, some young tea lovers in Chendu are attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture. Proper Tea is among those leading this effort. (尽管茶面临着来自当今众多现代和进口饮品的激烈竞争，但成都的一些年轻茶爱好者正试图复兴中国传统的饮茶文化。Proper Tea 就是引领这一努力的茶馆之一)” 可知，Proper Tea 在年轻人中越来越受欢迎。故选C。 17．主旨大意题。根据第三段 “In fact, you’re more likely to chance upon a stylish coffee shop in some parts of the city. Even in a proper teahouse, customers seem to care more about playing mahjong than about enjoying their cups of tea.(事实上，在城市的某些地方，你更有可能偶然发现一家时尚的咖啡店。即使在一家正宗的茶馆里，顾客似乎更关心打麻将而不是品茶)”可知，通过与咖啡店对比以及描述茶馆顾客的行为，主要表明茶馆在中国变得不那么受欢迎了。故选B。 18．细节理解题。第五段 “Co-owner Wu Qiong serves me - my brew (沏茶) in the traditional kung fu style(店主之一吴琼用传统的功夫茶方式为我沏茶)”，对应选项 B（在顾客面前进行茶道表演）；第六段“The teahouse also boasts a virtual community for which co - owner Qiao Jie regularly hosts live tutorials.(这家茶馆还有一个虚拟社区，店主之一乔杰定期在那里举办直播教程)”，对应选项 C（定期举办关于茶文化的直播讲座）；第七段“After finishing her video, Qiao invited me and several regulars to sip tea together outside her shop. (视频结束后，乔邀请我和几位常客在店外一起品茶)”以及第九段“For the next two hours we have a pleasant conversation about Chinese tea culture.(在接下来的两个小时里，我们愉快地谈论着中国茶文化)”，对应选项 D（与顾客一边一起品茶一边就茶文化进行讨论）。选项 A（邀请客人尝试亲手泡茶）在文中未提及，故选A。 19．推理判断题。根据第九段“For the next two hours we have a pleasant conversation about Chinese tea culture.(在接下来的两个小时里，我们愉快地聊了聊中国茶文化)” 以及最后一段“I leave the teahouse with a bag of tea and several new friends.(我带着一袋茶叶和几个新朋友离开了茶馆)” 可以推断，作者在 Proper Tea 的感受是满意和愉快的。故选D。 20．主旨大意题。作者讲述了在成都一家名为 Proper Tea 的茶馆的经历。文章通过描述成都茶馆今昔的变化，引出 Proper Tea 这家茶馆为复兴中国传统茶文化所做的努力，如通过功夫茶沏茶方式、直播教程、与顾客交流等。D选项“传承传统：Proper Tea 如何复兴成都古老的茶文化”准为最佳标题，故选D。 5.（2025·天津滨海新·三模）“Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise (前提) of progress.” These profound words by former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan capture the trans formative power of knowledge. When combined with effort, knowledge drives both personal growth and social advancement. Then, what does meaningful knowledge acquisition look like in today’s world? Formal education provides the foundation of knowledge. Schools equip us with the basic skills needed for personal and intellectual growth — reading, writing and critical thinking. More importantly, they teach us how to learn. For instance, many schools now include hands-on projects, such as recycling programs, where students apply science to address real-world issues. One such example is Sarah, a student who, inspired by her classroom learning, initiated a recycling program that successfully collected over 500kg of plastic in just three months. This shows how education can bring about real change when knowledge is applied creatively. However, classroom learning alone isn’t enough. Real-world experience adds depth and perspective to textbook knowledge. I recall my first coastal cleanup with NOAA researchers — an eye-opening experience that allowed me to witness firsthand the disastrous effects of plastic pollution on marine life. Similarly, working with sustainable farmers taught me practical solutions that no textbook could fully capture. These experiences transformed abstract concepts into real-world understanding and deepened my commitment to environmental work. As the saying goes, “Experience is the best teacher” — it tests our knowledge and shows us how to use it effectively. Perhaps the most underestimated source of knowledge is the people around us. Every individual we meet carries unique experiences and insights. My grandmother, though not formally educated, taught me profound lessons about sustainability through her simple practices of reusing and repairing items. Human connections remind us that knowledge isn’t just found in books— it lives in stories, traditions, and everyday interactions. In an era of unprecedented (前所未有的) global challenges, the approaches to gaining knowledge aren’t just helpful — they’re essential. The students learning about plastic recycling today ‘might become the environmental scientists of tomorrow. The lessons we gain from personal experiences shape how we tackle problems. The wisdom we share through human connections builds stronger, more innovative societies. 21．Why does the author quote Kofi Annan at the beginning? A．To present a historical case. B．To criticize outdated views. C．To make a comparison. D．To introduce the topic. 22．What does the author suggest about formal education? A．It’s foundational but fails to meet modern challenges. B．It needs real-world application to make an impact. C．It focuses too much on memorization over creativity. D．It’s the most trusted source of knowledge in today’s world. 23．According to the author, what does working with NOAA researchers indicate? A．Where the advantages of classroom learning lie. B．What the benefits of government support are. C．Why marine biology is crucial. D．How experience deepens understanding. 24．Which of the following best illustrates the author’s view on knowledge sharing? A．A researcher documenting discoveries in private journals. B．A professor withdrawing research data for no reason. C．Classmates debating environmental solutions. D．Students repeatedly reciting textbook content. 25．The passage is mainly about ______. A．the significance of knowledge in shaping basic life skills B．the reason why experience outweighs classroom learning C．the key to solving unprecedented global challenges D．the various ways knowledge is acquired in today’s society 【答案】21．D 22．B 23．D 24．C 25．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过引用联合国前秘书长科菲·安南的话引出知识的重要性，并探讨了现代社会中获取知识的多种方式，包括正规教育、实践经验以及与周围人的交流，强调了这些方式在应对全球挑战中的关键作用。 21．推理判断题。根据第一段“These profound words by former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan capture the trans formative power of knowledge. When combined with effort, knowledge drives both personal growth and social advancement. Then, what does meaningful knowledge acquisition look like in today’s world? (联合国前秘书长科菲·安南的这些深刻的话语抓住了知识的变革力量。当知识与努力相结合时，它推动个人成长和社会进步。那么，在当今世界，有意义的知识获取是什么样的呢？)”可知，作者在文章开头引用科菲·安南的话是为了引出文章的主题——有意义的知识获取。故选D项。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Formal education provides the foundation of knowledge. (正规教育提供了知识的基础。)”以及最后一句“This shows how education can bring about real change when knowledge is applied creatively. (这显示了当知识被创造性地应用时，教育如何能带来真正的变化。)”可知，作者认为正规教育提供了知识的基础，但知识需要创造性地应用于现实世界才能带来真正的改变。由此可推知，作者认为正规教育需要现实世界的应用才能产生影响。故选B项。 23．细节理解题。根据第三段中“I recall my first coastal cleanup with NOAA researchers — an eye-opening experience that allowed me to witness firsthand the disastrous effects of plastic pollution on marine life. Similarly, working with sustainable farmers taught me practical solutions that no textbook could fully capture. These experiences transformed abstract concepts into real-world understanding and deepened my commitment to environmental work. (我回忆起我第一次与美国国家海洋和大气管理局的研究人员一起进行海岸清理的经历——那是一次令人大开眼界的经历，让我亲眼目睹了塑料污染对海洋生物的灾难性影响。同样，与可持续农民一起工作教会了我书本上无法完全捕捉到的实际解决方案。这些经历将抽象的概念转化为现实世界的理解，并加深了我对环境工作的承诺。)”可知，作者认为与美国国家海洋和大气管理局的研究人员一起工作的经历将抽象的概念转化为现实世界的理解，加深了他对环境工作的承诺。由此可知，作者认为与美国国家海洋和大气管理局的研究人员一起工作表明了经验如何加深理解。故选D项。 24．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Perhaps the most underestimated source of knowledge is the people around us. Every individual we meet carries unique experiences and insights. (也许最被低估的知识来源是我们周围的人。我们遇到的每一个人都拥有独特的经历和见解。)”以及最后一段中“The lessons we gain from personal experiences shape how we tackle problems. The wisdom we share through human connections builds stronger, more innovative societies. (我们从个人经历中获得的教训塑造了我们解决问题的方式。我们通过人际关系分享的智慧建立了更强大、更具创新性的社会。)”可知，作者认为我们周围的人是知识的来源，我们通过人际关系分享的智慧建立了更强大、更具创新性的社会。由此可推知，选项C“同学们讨论环境解决方案”最能说明作者对知识共享的看法，因为这体现了通过交流和分享来增进理解和解决问题的能力。故选C项。 25．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段第一句“Formal education provides the foundation of knowledge. (正规教育提供了知识的基础。)”、第三段第一句“However, classroom learning alone isn’t enough. Real-world experience adds depth and perspective to textbook knowledge. (然而，仅仅课堂学习是不够的。现实世界的经验为课本知识增添了深度和视角。)”以及倒数第二段第一句“Perhaps the most underestimated source of knowledge is the people around us. (也许最被低估的知识来源是我们周围的人。)”可知，文章主要探讨了现代社会中获取知识的多种方式，包括正规教育、实践经验以及与周围人的交流。由此可知，文章主要讲述了当今社会获取知识的多种方式。故选D项。 6.（24-25高二下·天津北辰·期中）Electrical and electronic scrap(e-scrap) is now one of the fastest-growing types of waste and is projected to reach 74 million metric tons by 2030. E-scrap includes a wide variety of old electronic devices that include large household devices such as refrigerators, air-conditioning systems, smartphones, computers and other consumer electronics. Finding interesting, and cost-effective ways to reuse e-scrap could have many advantages for the environment, while also potentially reducing manufacturing (制造) costs. So far, however, the reuse of e-scrap has mainly been limited to the separation of valuable materials. Potentially, electronic waste could also be used in combination with renewable energy sources to build self-sustainable robots (SSR). Researchers at TU Wien have recently carried out a study exploring this possibility and have developed Scrapino, a robot built from e-scrap that uses renewable energy. The components used to build the robot include a combination of new and old materials recycled from electronic devices such as old scanner machines, printers, robots, computers and toys. The researchers used DC motors, ultrasonic sensors (超声波传感器) that can identify barriers in the surroundings, and LDR sensors that can detect light. In this way, the self-sustainable robot can move around its surrounding environment, searching for the best sunbathing spots in which it can collect energy by using a solar panel as its source of power. After charging its battery to over 50 percent, Scrapino can complete a number of tasks, for instance, greeting students around the university or providing useful information about ongoing conferences, workshops, lessons, etc. Nowadays, the massive production of robots has an impact on electricity consumption. Scrapino is a great example of reusing e-scrap and combining old and new technologies while also promoting lower electricity consumption and a cleaner environment. “SSR will provide a very good learning experience and show that robotics and renewable energy can go hand in hand and serve as a gateway to getting SSR from e-scrap,” the researchers wrote in their paper. In the future, this study could inspire other researchers to explore interesting ways in which e-scrap can be reused or recycled. 26．What does the author want to show us in paragraph 1? A．The abundance of household equipment. B．Advancements in electronic devices. C．The urgency of handling the e-scrap. D．Different recycling methods of e-scrap. 27．Which of the following puts the present reusing e-scrap at a disadvantage? A．The separation is technically demanding. B．The recycled materials cannot meet environmental requirements. C．The recycling processes involve high energy consumption. D．The materials from the e-scrap cannot get fully reused. 28．Why did the researchers equip Scrapino with DC motors and sensors? A．To provide Scrapino with basic mobility skills. B．To understand Scrapino’s source of energy. C．To let them act as the solar panels. D．To assess the surrounding working conditions. 29．What can we infer about the self-sustainable robot from the text? A．It will reform the creation of robots. B．It can be a pioneer to encourage researchers to go further. C．It has the ability to charge fast and steadily. D．It can be put into massive production as soon as possible. 30．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To list the benefits of self-sustainable robots. B．To explain the challenges of reusing e-waste. C．To show a novel way to reuse e-scrap. D．To demonstrate a new way of making use of robots. 【答案】26．C 27．D 28．A 29．B 30．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了电子废料是增长最快的废料类型之一，目前其再利用主要局限于分离有价值材料。研究人员利用电子废料制成可持续机器人Scrapino，配备直流电机和传感器使其能移动，还能收集太阳能完成任务，为电子废料再利用提供新思路并有望激励更多研究。 26．推理判断题。根据第一段“Electrical and electronic scrap(e-scrap) is now one of the fastest-growing types of waste and is projected to reach 74 million metric tons by 2030. E-scrap includes a wide variety of old electronic devices that include large household devices such as refrigerators, air-conditioning systems, smartphones, computers and other consumer electronics.(电气和电子废料（电子垃圾）现在是增长最快的废物之一，预计到2030年将达到7400万吨。电子垃圾包括各种各样的旧电子设备，包括冰箱、空调系统、智能手机、电脑和其他消费电子产品等大型家用设备)”可知，作者想在第一段向我们展示处理电子废料的紧迫性。故选C。 27．细节理解题。根据第二段“So far, however, the reuse of e-scrap has mainly been limited to the separation of valuable materials.(然而，到目前为止，电子垃圾的再利用主要局限于有价值材料的分离)”可知，目前电子废料的再利用主要局限于有价值材料的分离，这意味着废料中的材料没有得到充分再利用，故选D。 28．细节理解题。根据第四段“The researchers used DC motors, ultrasonic sensors (超声波传感器) that can identify barriers in the surroundings, and LDR sensors that can detect light. In this way, the self-sustainable robot can move around its surrounding environment, searching for the best sunbathing spots in which it can collect energy by using a solar panel as its source of power.(研究人员使用了直流电动机、可以识别周围障碍物的超声波传感器，以及可以探测光线的LDR传感器。通过这种方式，这种自我可持续发展的机器人可以在周围环境中移动，寻找最好的日光浴点，并利用太阳能电池板作为动力源收集能量)”可知，研究人员给Scrapino安装直流电机和传感器是为了给Scrapino提供基本的行动技能。故选A。 29．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In the future, this study could inspire other researchers to explore interesting ways in which e-scrap can be reused or recycled.(在未来，这项研究可以激励其他研究人员探索电子垃圾再利用或回收的有趣方法)”可知，自我可持续机器人可以成为鼓励研究人员走得更远的先驱。故选B。 30．推理判断题。根据第三段“Potentially, electronic waste could also be used in combination with renewable energy sources to build self-sustainable robots (SSR). Researchers at TU Wien have recently carried out a study exploring this possibility and have developed Scrapino, a robot built from e-scrap that uses renewable energy. The components used to build the robot include a combination of new and old materials recycled from electronic devices such as old scanner machines, printers, robots, computers and toys.(电子垃圾也可能与可再生能源结合使用，以制造自我可持续发展的机器人（SSR）。维也纳理工大学的研究人员最近进行了一项研究，探索了这种可能性，并开发了一种使用可再生能源的电子废料制造的机器人Scrapino。用于制造机器人的部件包括从旧扫描仪、打印机、机器人、电脑和玩具等电子设备中回收的新旧材料的组合)”结合文章电子废料是增长最快的废料类型之一，目前其再利用主要局限于分离有价值材料。研究人员利用电子废料制成可持续机器人Scrapino，配备直流电机和传感器使其能移动，还能收集太阳能完成任务，为电子废料再利用提供新思路并有望激励更多研究。可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是展示一种重新利用电子废料的新方法。故选C。 7.（2025·天津·一模）Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that some fish can detect magnetic fields. But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything. Bryan Keller, an ecologist at Florida State University, and his colleagues decided to do just that. They lined a bedroom-size cage with wire and placed a small swimming pool in the center of the cage. By running an electrical current through the wiring, they could generate a custom magnetic field in the center of the pool. The team then collected 20 young bonnet — head sharks — a species known to migrate hundreds of kilometers — off the Florida coast. They placed the sharks into the pool, one at a time, and let them swim freely under three different magnetic fields, applied in random succession. One field mimicked (模仿) Earth’s natural field at the spot where the sharks were collected, while the others mimicked the fields at locations 600 kilometers north and 600 kilometers south of their homes. They used software to track the sharks’ responses, observing which direction in the tank they were trying to swim towards. When the young sharks were exposed to the magnetic field of the place they were captured, or ‘home’, they stayed put. But when subjected to the southern magnetic field, the sharks persistently changed their headings to swim north, as if tying to get back home. This suggests that the sharks were using the magnetic field to guide them, similar to how humans use GPS. Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller. Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what areas to protect when managing marine spaces. 31．The comparison between taxi drivers and sharks in the first paragraph serves to ________. A．highlight the simplicity of sharks’ navigation ability B．criticize the dependence of human beings on technology C．introduce the topic with a familiar everyday situation D．claim sharks’ abilities surpass human inventions 32．Why is it difficult for researchers to prove that sharks can read Earth’s magnetic field? A．Because it’s too hard to follow and observe sharks in nature. B．Because sharks are fierce and unfriendly to human beings. C．Because sharks are difficult to study in a laboratory setting. D．Because most sharks are on the list of endangered species. 33．According to Keller, what might be the reason why sharks don’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern magnetic field? A．They don’t like the climate in the north. B．They’ve never been to the north of their home before. C．They learned to do so when they were young. D．The northern magnetic field was not strong enough. 34．From the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________. A．provides a new approach to studying sharks in the ocean. B．supports the idea that sharks’ migration patters are random. C．adds crucial information to our understanding of shark biology. D．suggests that sharks should be protected from overfishing. 35．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way on seas. B．Researchers discovered a new way to study sharks in labs. C．Shark populations are declining due to habitat change. D．Sharks have a learned behavior of returning to their home. 【答案】31．C 32．C 33．B 34．C 35．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现鲨鱼能利用地球磁场导航进行长途旅行 。 31．推理判断题。根据第一段“Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy.(大多数出租车司机需要智能手机才能到达目的地。但鲨鱼似乎只需要自己的身体和地球的磁场。一项新的研究表明，一些鲨鱼可以像看地图一样读取地球的磁场，并利用它进行精确的长距离旅行)”可知，第一段通过对比出租车司机依赖智能手机导航与鲨鱼仅靠自身和地球磁场导航，旨在以熟悉的日常情境引入鲨鱼利用地球磁场导航这一话题。故选C。 32．推理判断题。根据第二段“But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate, partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything.(但没有人证明鲨鱼会利用磁场来定位或导航，部分原因是这些动物不太容易研究。如果你有一条小鱼或一只小海龟，那是一回事，但当你研究鲨鱼时，你必须升级所有东西)”可知，研究人员很难证明鲨鱼可以读取地球磁场是因为鲨鱼太大，很难在实验室环境中研究。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller.(令人惊讶的是，研究人员发现，当鲨鱼在北方磁场下游动时，它们不倾向于任何方向。凯勒说，这可能是因为它们不会去家乡以北的地方，因为那里只有陆地，所以它们很少需要再次找到返回南方的路。他说，“这可能支持了它们回家能力是一种后天习得行为的理论。”凯勒说，它们可能不知道在北方磁场下该做什么，因为“它们从未去过那里”)”可知，鲨鱼在北方磁场下不倾向于任何方向，可能是因为它们从未去过家以北的地方。故选B。 34．细节理解题。 根据最后一段“Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology.(凯勒的研究为尚未完成的鲨鱼生物学拼图增添了重要的一块)”可知，凯勒的研究为理解鲨鱼生物学增添了关键信息。故选C。 35．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy.(一项新的研究表明，一些鲨鱼可以像地图一样读懂地球的磁场，并准确地用它来长距离旅行)”可知，文章主要讲述了研究发现鲨鱼利用地球磁场在海洋中寻路。故选A。 8.（2025·天津河北·二模）The Researchers from the Neuro Mind Institute have created a new way to study how young fish learn quickly in real-life situations. They use special robots that act like predators to chase larval zebrafish (斑马鱼的幼体) in an open water. This innovative approach is helping the researchers study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are valuable models for neuroscientists (神经科学家) because their transparent (透明) bodies direct observation of brain activity and behavior. However, research on learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) has been challenging for scientists, despite its importance in understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体) with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the interactions: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish, after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just 1% or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that distinct regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain (后脑), a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula (缰核), another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 36．What motivated the researchers to create a new way using larval zebrafish? A．To observe their hunting behaviours. B．To identify their simple associations. C．To examine their brain characteristics. D．To uncover their learning in natural settings. 37．Larval zebrafish are considered valuable for neuroscientists because . A．they can live on common lab meals B．they can learn faster than adult zebrafish C．their neuron counts are simpler to analyze than adults D．their see-through bodies simplify study of the brain and behavior 38．What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A．They can distinguish between robots and fish. B．They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C．They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D．They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 39．What surprising discovery was made about zebrafish learning? A．The effectiveness of robots as predators compared to real predators. B．The ability of newborn zebrafish to quickly learn to avoid threats. C．The quantity of neurons in adult zebrafish brains. D．The capacity to recognize different colors. 40．What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B．Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C．Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D．Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. 【答案】36．D 37．D 38．B 39．B 40．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了神经思维研究所的研究人员用模拟捕食者的特殊机器人，在开放水域研究斑马鱼幼体的学习。传统实验方法有局限，新研究发现斑马鱼幼体学得快，5 天就有学习能力，后脑、前脑、缰核等区域参与学习，这有助于了解其他大脑如何处理现实威胁。 36．细节理解题。根据第一段“This innovative approach is helping the researchers study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions.(这种创新的方法正在帮助研究人员研究幼鱼如何在现实环境中快速学习和适应)”可知，研究人员创造一种利用斑马鱼幼虫的新方法是为了揭示他们在自然环境中的学习。故选D。 37．细节理解题。根据第二段“Larval zebrafish are valuable models for neuroscientists (神经科学家) because their transparent (透明) bodies direct observation of brain activity and behavior.(幼体斑马鱼是神经科学家很有价值的模型，因为它们透明的身体可以直接观察大脑的活动和行为)”可知，幼体斑马鱼对神经科学家来说很有价值，因为它们透明的身体简化了对大脑和行为的研究。故选D。 38．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Further brain imaging reveals that distinct regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain (后脑), a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula (缰核), another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes.(进一步的脑成像显示，斑马鱼大脑的不同区域参与了这种快速学习：后脑，一个控制基本功能的区域，对接近的捕食者做出反应；前脑是一个与学习和计划有关的区域，它对捕食者机器人的存在进行编码；而另一个大脑区域缰状核则发出回避结果的信号)”可知，斑马鱼幼虫通过多区域大脑网络快速学习。故选B。 39．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat.(当引入第二个不追逐鱼的机器人时，斑马鱼只避开那个追逐它们的机器人，这表明它们能够区分威胁和非威胁)”和倒数第二段“Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells.(利用这个系统，研究人员有了一个意想不到的发现，斑马鱼幼虫不仅可以在更自然的环境中非常快速地学习，而且在作为单细胞开始生活后的五天内就可以做到这一点)”可知，新生斑马鱼快速学会躲避威胁的能力是一个惊人的发现。故选B。 40．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats.(人们相信，这项新研究可以让我们了解其他大脑是如何处理现实世界的威胁的)”可知，在接下来的段落中，作者最有可能讨论探索其他物种大脑中的危险处理。故选B。 9.（2025·天津·二模）People’s first memories are all autobiographical (自传式的), or memories of significant experiences in their lives, and these events typically didn’t happen before the age of 2 or 3. In fact, most people can’t remember things from the first few years of their lives — a phenomenon researchers have called infantile amnesia. However, research suggests that infants can form other kinds of memories. Within the first few days of life, infants (婴儿) can recall their own mother’s face and distinguish it from the face of a stranger. A few months later, infants can demonstrate that they remember lots of familiar faces by smiling most at the ones they see most often. But if so, why do people experience infantile amnesia (健忘症)? Though it still isn’t clear whether it’s because we can’t form autobiographical memories, or whether we just have no way to get them back, scientists have a few guesses. One is that autobiographical memories require you to have some sense of self. Researchers have tested this ability using a mirror recognition task called the rouge test. It involves marking a baby’s nose with a red spot. Researchers then place the infant in front of a mirror. Infants younger than 18 months just smile at the baby in the reflection, not showing any evidence of recognizing themselves or the red mark on their face. Between 18 and 24 months, infants touch their own nose, even looking embarrassed, suggesting that they connect the red dot in the mirror with their own face — they start to form some sense of self. Another possible explanation is that because infants don’t have language until later in the second year of life, they can’t form account about their own lives that they can later recall. Finally, the hippocampus, which is the region of the brain that’s largely responsible for memory, isn’t fully developed in the infancy period. Scientists will continue to investigate how these factors might contribute to infantile amnesia. 41．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To give an example. B．To bring up the topic. C．To provide the background. D．To show the author’s attitude. 42．What can infants do in their first few months? A．Distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar faces. B．Memorize the majority of their family members. C．Remember a string of events from the recent past. D．Identify their own reflections in the mirror. 43．Through the rouge test, scientists discovers that babies between 18 to 24 months can ______. A．enjoy playing with their reflections B．ignore the marks on their faces C．see their reflections as themselves D．show a strong interest in the mirror 44．What could be a cause of infantile amnesia, according to the text? A．Infants’ inability to recall memories. B．Infants’ immature hippocampus. C．Infants’ undeveloped communication skills. D．Infants’ unsteady autobiographical memories. 45．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．When do babies start remembering things? B．Why is it hard to retrieve lost memories? C．How do kids form their first memories? D．Why can’t we remember being a baby? 【答案】41．B 42．A 43．C 44．B 45．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍婴儿期遗忘现象，指出婴儿可形成部分记忆，探讨其成因，包括自我意识、语言和海马体发育等方面 。 41．推理判断题。根据第一段中“People’s first memories are all autobiographical (自传式的), or memories of significant experiences in their lives, and these events typically didn’t happen before the age of 2 or 3. In fact, most people can’t remember things from the first few years of their lives — a phenomenon researchers have called infantile amnesia.(人们的最初记忆都是自传式的，或者说是对生活中重要经历的记忆，而这些事件通常不会发生在两三岁之前。事实上，大多数人都记不起自己生命最初几年的事情 —— 研究人员称这种现象为婴儿期遗忘)”结合下文对婴儿遗忘现象的讨论可知，作者先介绍了人们最初记忆的特点以及婴儿期遗忘这一现象，目的是引出下文对于婴儿记忆相关内容的讨论，也就是引出话题。故选B项。 42．细节理解题。根据第二段“Within the first few days of life, infants (婴儿) can recall their own mother’s face and distinguish it from the face of a stranger. A few months later, infants can demonstrate that they remember lots of familiar faces by smiling most at the ones they see most often.(在出生后的头几天里，婴儿能够回想起自己母亲的脸，并将其与陌生人的脸区分开来。几个月后，婴儿可以通过对他们最常看到的人笑得最多来表明他们记得很多熟悉的面孔)”可知，在最初的几个月里，婴儿能够区分熟悉和不熟悉的面孔。故选A项。 43．推理判断题。根据第五段“Between 18 and 24 months, infants touch their own nose, even looking embarrassed, suggesting that they connect the red dot in the mirror with their own face — they start to form some sense of self.(在18到24个月大的时候，婴儿会触摸自己的鼻子，甚至看起来有些尴尬，这表明他们将镜子中的红点与自己的脸联系起来 —— 他们开始形成一些自我意识)”可知，通过胭脂测试，科学家发现18到24个月大的婴儿会把镜子中的自己当作自己，也就是能把镜子里影像的和自己联系起来。故选C项。 44．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Finally, the hippocampus, which is the region of the brain that’s largely responsible for memory, isn’t fully developed in the infancy period.(最后，海马体，这个在很大程度上负责记忆的大脑区域，在婴儿期并没有完全发育)”可知，婴儿期遗忘的一个原因是婴儿的海马体不成熟。故选B项。 45．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章开头介绍了婴儿期遗忘这一现象，接着讲述了婴儿其实能形成其他记忆，然后重点探讨了人们为什么会经历婴儿期遗忘，给出了几个可能的原因，如自我意识的形成、语言的缺乏、海马体未发育完全等。所以D选项Why can’t we remember being a baby?(为什么我们记不起自己还是婴儿时的事情？) 符合文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 10.（2025·天津·二模）In a groundbreaking new study, researchers have discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated — nanoplastics (纳米塑料) are so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics are so tiny they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells, experts say. One liter of water — equal to two standard-size bottled waters — contained an average of 240,000 plastic particles (粒子) from seven types of plastics, of which 90% were identified as nanoplastics and the rest were microplastics, according to the new study. Microplastics are polymer fragments that can range from less than 0.2 inch (5millimeters) down to l/25,000th of an in$ 专题12阅读理解之说明文 目录 第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局 第二部分 考向破译 微观解剖，精细教学 典例引领 方法透视 变式演练 考向01 细节理解题 考向02 推理判断题 考向03 主旨大意题 考向04 词义猜测题 第三部分 综合巩固 整合应用，模拟实战 题型简介 说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。 命题方式 高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。 解题思路 快速浏览全文：首先快速浏览文章标题、首段、尾段以及每段的首尾句，了解文章的大致内容和结构。 精读问题：仔细阅读题目，明确题目要求，判断题目类型（如细节理解题、词义推断题、推理判断题、主旨概括题等）。 定位信息：根据题目要求，回到原文中定位相关信息。对于细节理解题，直接找到对应的句子或段落；对于推理判断题和主旨概括题，则需要综合全文信息进行分析。 对比分析：将原文信息与题目选项进行对比分析，排除干扰项，选出正确答案。注意同义词替换、信息重组等陷阱。 考向01 细节理解题 【例1-1】（2024·天津卷第一次）Research sometimes proves, with data, what we more or less already know（e. g. Exercise is good for you, and polluted air isn’t）. Still, sometimes our assumptions are incorrect, and scientific findings surprise researchers, along with the rest of us. A recent example is the phenomenon of disappearing lakes in parts of the frozen treeless Arctic（北极的） region. You might think these lakes would be expanding, not disappearing. As climate change warms the region — melting（融化）surface snow and ice as well as the permafrost（永冻层）— there should be more surface water, forming larger lakes and even new ones. Recently, however, scientists have observed not just shrinking（缩小的） lakes but lakes that have completely gone away. Many scientists shared the commonsense expectation that as permafrost melted, lakes would at first expand with meltwater flowing into them. Eventually, researchers made a prediction that progressive warming during the 21st and 22nd centuries would dry out the Arctic, and lakes would begin to shrink. But now it looks as if Arctic lakes are disappearing a century sooner than predicted. A case in point is that some large, age-old lakes shrank dramatically in what appears to have been a matter of months. Scientists have labeled this phenomenon “disastrous lake loss” What caused this? The frozen solid ground actually contains bits of rock, mineral and organic matter, leaving spaces in between. And because these spaces are filled with solid ice, liquid water cannot readily get inside, but it can when the permafrost melts, allowing more water to get through. Soon after that, around 192 lakes in northwestern Alaska are gone from sight. Why did scientists miss this? One probable reason is that most climate models assume that the melting of permafrost is driven only by warming air. New evidence suggests, however, that rainfall — particularly increasing autumn rain — is now contributing significantly to permafrost loss. The rainfall carries heat into the ground. Yet none of the existing models includes such processes. That is a good example of why — no matter how complex our models are or may one day be — we need direct observation of the natural world. 2．Contrary to the general expectation, climate change has caused ________. A．a rapid rise of water surface B．the permafrost to melt faster C．many Arctic lakes to grow larger D．the disappearance of many Arctic lakes 3．The disastrous climatic impacts on the Arctic region have been ________. A．proved with emerging lakes B．underestimated by scientists C．well predicted by researchers D．shown elsewhere in the world 4．Why is the frozen Arctic ground hard for water to get through? A．Because of the solid ice within it. B．Because of its unique composition. C．Because it is far away from the waters. D．Because snow rarely melts on frozen ground. 【变式1-1】 （2026·天津·一模）Paris is full of cultural significance. Yet, despite its wealth of cultural hotspots and architectural delights, some tourists who explore the City of Light experience “Paris syndrome (巴黎综合征), a psychological condition that often results in nausea (恶心) and increased heart rates. An interesting phenomenon is that Paris syndrome is “most common among Japanese tourists”. Why? Many Japanese visitors go with a deeply romantic picture of Paris — the beauty of French women, the high culture and art. But when the reality of the modern city of Paris sets in, with its seemingly unfriendly service and confusing public transport, some tourists simply find their hope falling through. “An encounter with a Parisian waiter who shouts at customers might be laughed off by those from other Western cultures. But for the Japanese — used to a society where politeness is valued and voices are rarely raised in anger — the experience of their dream city turning into a nightmare (噩梦) can simply be too much,” said Rodanthi Tzanelli, a professor of cultural sociology. So Paris syndrome should be regarded as an extreme form of culture shock, which is an illness resulting from the loss of meaning when people find themselves in a different symbolic reality, according to Rachel Irwin, a senior researcher. The symptoms (症状) associated with culture shock are similar to those experienced by someone who is feeling anxious. According to the analysis (分析) of Calm Clinic, a mental health resource platform, when someone is experiencing anxiety, signals that are related to the fight or flight response will be sent to the stomach. The signals change the way the body processes food, causing nausea. Besides, Tzanelli points out that the syndrome is not specific to Paris and nobody can be free of culture shock as long as they go to new places. The syndrome is likely a “general phenomenon”, as younger generations tend to travel to different countries, and are likely to be more aware of what they’ll encounter at a destination. Therefore, they’re unlikely to be bitterly disappointed when they’re there. 1．Why do Japanese tourists experience great discomfort in Paris? A．Paris lacks real historical and cultural hotspots. B．Paris fails to meet their romantic expectations. C．They find Paris’ public transport less modern. D．They cannot adapt to the local climate. 2．What does Rodanthi Tzanelli aim to explain in paragraph 3? A．How culture influences the behavior of tourists. B．How Japanese tourists react to Paris syndrome. C．Why Paris syndrome particularly strikes the Japanese. D．Why the Japanese value politeness and avoid conflicts. 4．What does Calm Clinic’s analysis stress? A．People’s inability to adapt to new cultures. B．The methods of overcoming culture shock. C．People’s varied attitudes to different cultures. D．The physical discomfort caused by culture shock. 5．What will be the author’s advice on overcoming Paris syndrome? A．To be prepared for new encounters in advance. B．To focus on the positive aspects of a destination. C．To visit new places together with young people. D．To avoid going to unfamiliar destinations. 【变式1-2】（2025·天津河东·二模）In a park within Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Aroa (Beijing E-Town), two robotic dogs have become a sensation among passersby. These gray-and-white canines, equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors, reflect Beijing’s push towards building a smart city: Beijing E-Town recently announced an upgrade to its intelligent patrol. system, integrating unmanned patrol cars, AI-powered robotic dogs, and big data analysis for 24-hour full-coverage patrols. The new deployment includes 18 L4 unmanned vehicles, 15 manned patrol vehicles, and two industrial-grade robotic dogs. Each robotic dog, weighing about 65 kilograms, is designed for extreme environments. They feature multi-spectral cameras, searchlights, and can be rapidly fitted with specialized equipment like explosion-proof equipment and gas detectors, offering remarkable flexibility in handling various tasks. The unmanned patrol vehicles, equipped with 360-dogro e panoramic cameras and sensors, connect with the smart city video system, creating a comprehensive monitoring network that integrates aerial and ground surveillance (监控). Robotic dogs focus on meticulous ground inspections, while unmanned vehicles manage supply deliveries and data transmission, establishing an efficient operational model. Using AI algorithms and big data analysis, the system detects abnormal situations, fire hazards, and other risks in real-time. Through a 5G network, it instantly alerts the command center, ensuring rapid responses to emergencies. The upgraded system makes the patrol work three times as efficient and greatly cuts down on areas not covered by surveillance. Beijing E-Town plans to use the robotic dogs to ensure security at an upcoming half-marathon in April, where robotic and human athletes will compete alongside each other. The quadruped robot sector, though in its nascent commercial phase, is attracting many Chinese innovators due to its promising market potential. Research by GGII, a consultancy specializing in emerging industries, projects the global quadruped robot market to surpass 560, 000 units by 2030, with a market value potentially exceeding 8 billion yuan (about $1.1 billion). This highlights the growing significance of robotic dogs in Beijing’s and globally’s smart city actions. 6．What is the main attraction in the park in Beijing’s Economic-Technological Development Area? A．Unmanned patrol cars. B．Traditional guard dogs. C．Robotic dogs performing patrol duties. D．High-precision sensors on display. 7．What feature of the robotic dogs allows them to handle a variety of tasks with remarkable flexibility? A．Rapid fitting with specialized equipment. B．Multi-spectral cameras and searchlights. C．Their ability to run very fast. D．Their explosion-proof equipment. 8．What is the main feature of the robotic dogs deployed in Beijing E-Town? A．They can run faster than real dogs. B．They are equipped with multi-spectral cameras and high-precision sensors. C．They can communicate with passersby in multiple languages. D．They are designed to look exactly like real dogs. 9．What is the primary function of the unmanned patrol vehicles in the smart city system? A．To compete in half-marathons with human athletes. B．To manage supply deliveries and data transmission. C．To replace all human patrol officers. D．To perform meticulous ground inspections. 1.审题：画关键词 2.定位：回原文找对应句 3.对比选项：逐字逐句比对选项 4.排除：先排错，再选最优 考向02 推理判断题 【例2-1】（2024·天津卷第一次）Staring at the bookcases in my study, packed with so many great books that had remained unread, I heard a loud voice in my head — “Shame on you! How can you leave these masterpieces unread?” The first book I picked up was Montaigne's Essays. To my surprise I discovered in the margins (页边空白) what clearly was my own faded hand-writing. So I was actually reading it again, but what I was rereading seemed entirely new. I also found sentences underlined. Only this time I wondered: Why did I underline this sentence? It's the next one that is important! Clearly, my way of reading the text had shifted, and I myself had changed over the years. This raised the larger question of rereading. It comes in many forms. There’s voluntary rereading, the result of a willful decision to revisit a book one has admired, or a book that has left one with some unanswered questions. This kind of planned revisit could also be for confirming certain details in the text, or for checking on the moves of a given character. A devoted teacher might also wish to refresh his closeness to a work, and thus avoid teaching through the same old written notes with soporific (让人瞌睡的) effects. Contrarily, there’s involuntary rereading. The original reading was either forgotten or so totally absorbed that the new chance encounter with the text produced surprise and astonishment. My reaction to the renewed reading no longer corresponded to the original experience, and I was no longer sure that I recognized myself as the same reader. Then there are what one might call subconscious (潜意识的) rereadings, those that occur without the specific act of reading, much as the memory of a tune can keep coming back to the mind without its actually being heard again. This form of remembered contact with a book can accompany us during a lifetime and continue to strengthen and shape us. Much in the same manner, we may over the years recite to ourselves poems learnt by heart long ago, which have become part of our self-recognition. All of these ways of reading are valuable. Renewed contact with a novel or a poem can activate the search for a better knowledge of the self. The new reading, a form of revision, uncovers the change in us. The newness is not in the text. It is we who have evolved. In the process of rereading, our outlook has also been significantly changed. Rereading makes it possible for us to see the world around us, ourselves included, in a new light. 1．What did the author find when reading Montaigne’s Essays? A．He still couldn't understand it. B．He had made notes in it. C．It was a brand new copy. D．It was his favorite work. 2．According to the author, what could be a purpose of voluntary rereading? A．To improve the quality of teaching. B．To learn from admirable characters. C．To collect details for writing novels. D．To help making important decisions. 3．According to Paragraph 4, involuntary rereading can bring about? A．Unexpected reading experience. B．Total concentration on new books. C．Changed preferences for books. D．Enhanced reading skills. 4．What can be learnt about subconscious rereading? A．It prevents memory from fading. B．It helps make who we are. C．It involves actual reading. D．It works best with poetry and music. 【变式2-1】（2025·天津武清·模拟预测）For years, the U.S. has experienced a shortage of registered nurses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that while the number of nurses will increase by 19 percent by 2022, demand will grow faster than supply, and that there will be over one million unfilled nursing jobs by then. So what’s the solution? Robots. Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend. Toyohashi University of Technology has developed Terapio, a robotic medical cart that can make hospital rounds, deliver medications and oilier items, and retrieve (检索) records. It follows a specific individual, such as a doctor or nurse, who can use it to record and access patient data. This type of robot will likely be one of the first to be put into use in hospitals because it has fairly minimal patient contact. Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive (认知的) functioning, but the robot itself doesn’t have to engage directly — it can serve as an intermediary for human communication. Telepresence robots such as MantaroBot, Vgo, and Giraff can be controlled through a computer, smartphone, or tablet, allowing family members or doctors to remotely monitor patients or Skype them, often via a screen where the robot’s ‌“face” would be. If you can’t get to the nursing home to visit grandma, you can use a telepresence robot to hang out with her. A 2016 study found that users had a “consistently positive attitude” about the Giraff robot’s ability to enhance communication and decrease feelings of loneliness. A robot’s appearance affects its ability to successfully interact with humans, which is why the RIKEN-TRI Collaboration Center for Human-Interactive Robot Research decided to develop a robotic nurse that looks a huge teddy bear. RIBA (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance), also known as “Robear” can help patients into and out of wheelehairs and beds with its strong arms. On the less cute and more scary side there is Actroid F, which is so human-like that some patients may not know the difference. This conversational robot companion has cameras in its eyes, which allow it to track patients and use appropriate facial expressions and body language in its interactions. During a month-long hospital trial, researchers asked 70 patients how they felt being around the robot and “only three or four said they didn’t like having it around.” It’s important to note that robotic nurses don’t decide courses of treatment or make diagnoses (though robot doctors and surgeons may not be far off). Instead, they perform routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs. This is one industry where it seems the interaction of robots will lend to collaboration, not replacement. 1．What does the author say about Japan? A．It delivers the bet medication for the elderly. B．It provides retraining for registered nurses. C．It takes the lead in providing robotic care. D．It sets the trend in future robotics technology. 2．What are telepresence robots designed to do? A．Directly interact with patients to prevent them from feeling lonely. B．Cater to the needs of patients for recovering their cognitive capacity. C．Facilitate communication between patients and doctors or family members. D．Closely monitor the patients’ movements and conditions around the clock. 3．What is one special feature of the robot Actroid F? A．It uses body language even more effectively than words. B．It operates quietly without patients realizing its presence. C．It likes to engage in everyday conversations with patients. D．It interacts with patients just like a human companion. 4．What is the attitude of the 70 patients towards the robotic nurses? A．Almost all of them are in favor of it. B．They are indifferent to it. C．They feel bored around them. D．They don’t like having it around. 5．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Doctors and surgeons will soon be laid off. B．Robots will assist nurses in their work. C．The robotics industry will soon take off. D．Cooperation will not replace completion. 【变式2-2】（2025·天津·三模）“Adults and even babies can easily make reliable inferences about what drives other people’s actions,” said Dr. Moira Dillon, a researcher at New York University. “Current AI finds these inferences challenging to make.” The novel idea of putting babies and AI head-to-head on the same tasks is allowing researchers to better describe babies’ natural knowledge about other people and suggest ways of integrating that knowledge into AI. “If AI aims to build flexible, commonsense thinkers like human adults become, then machines should draw upon the same core abilities babies possess in detecting goals and preferences,” Dr. Dillon said. To develop a foundational understanding of the differences between humans’ and AI’s abilities; Dr. Dillon’s team conducted a series of experiments with 11-month-old babies and compared their responses to those produced by state-of-the-art learning-driven AI models. Specifically, babies on Zoom watched a series of videos of simple animated shapes moving around the screen — similar to a video game. The shapes’ actions simulated human behavior and decision-making through the retrieval (检索)of objects on the screen and other movements. Similarly, the scientists built and trained learning-driven AI models and tested the models’ responses to the exact same videos. Their results showed that babies recognized human-like motivations even in the simplified actions of animated shapes. Babies predicted that these actions were driven by hidden but consistent goals — for example, the on-screen retrieval of the same object no matter what location it was in and the movement of that shape efficiently even when the surrounding environment changed. Babies demonstrated such predictions by looking longer at events that went against their predictions — a common and decades-old measurement for evaluating the nature of babies’ knowledge. The AI models showed no such evidence of understanding the motivations underlying such actions, revealing that they are missing key foundational principles of commonsense psychology that babies possess. “A human baby’s foundational knowledge is limited, abstract, and reflects our evolutionary inheritance (进化遗传), yet it can accommodate any context or culture in which that baby might live and learn,” Dr. Dillon said. 3．In which paragraph can we learn about the process of this study? A．Paragraph 3. B．Paragraph 4. C．Paragraph 5. D．Paragraph 6. 5．What does the last paragraph imply about human intelligence? A．It varies culturally. B．It is highly adaptable. C．It is determined at birth. D．It is at peak in early adulthood. 1. 注意文章中的转折和对比：转折和对比往往暗示着作者的观点或态度的变化，是推理判断的重要线索。 2. 关注文章中的细节描述：细节描述往往能提供推理判断所需的具体信息。 3. 利用常识进行推理：在进行推理判断时，可以结合常识来辅助理解文章中的信息。 4. 避免过度推断：推理判断要基于文章中的信息，不要进行无根据的猜测或过度推断。 考向03 主旨大意题 【例3-1】 （2023·天津卷第二次）Storytelling is an ancient art form that has been used to hand down legends, tales and factual stories. Perhaps the first thing that springs to mind when you think of storytelling is the fantasy land that took shape in your mind while Mom or Dad told you stories about princes, castles and monsters, with a unique voice for each character. Storytelling does not just take place at bedtime or round a campfire, however. It can take some other forms, either via the books we read or the films we watch. But they usually have some elements in common: rather than a list of dry facts, stories have plots and they introduce characters. We respond to stories, particularly when there is emotional detail. And unlike what we suppose, storytelling is not just a form of entertainment, but a form of learning as well. Long before reading and writing became widely spread and available, oral storytelling had already been a form that the wisdom and knowledge of the people were passed down from elders to children. A good story engages our curiosity, emotions and imagination. Storytelling helps with learning also because stories are easy to remember. Research has found that learning obtained from a well-told story is remembered more accurately, and for far longer, than from facts and figures. And above all, stories have a transformative power to allow us to see the world in a different way than we do if we just encounter it on our own. Stories are an entry point to understanding a different experience of the world. This aspect of storytelling-presenting a different perspective of the world—is important when it comes to connecting with each other. It gives us an opportunity to learn from another person’s experience and it can shape, strengthen or challenge our opinions and values. So, when someone tells us their own personal story, we catch a glimpse (瞥见) of a view of the world that may be slightly or significantly different from our own. When we see the world as they see it, or walk in their shoes, the experience can inspire empathy (共情；同理心) with them. 5．What makes the best title for the passage? A．The History of Storytelling B．The Power of Storytelling C．The Forms of Storytelling D．The Art of Storytelling 1. 通读全文，把握结构 2. 寻找主题句，确定核心话题 3. 比对选项，进行“三核” 4. 排除干扰，锁定答案 【变式3-1】 （2025·天津·模拟预测）In the contemporary era, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a game-changing force, significantly reshaping the global job market. AI, with its capabilities like machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision, revolutionizes industries and transforms work and employment. One of the most obvious impacts of AI on the job market is the automation of routine tasks. In manufacturing, AI-controlled robotic arms can assemble car parts faster and more precisely than human workers. In the financial sector, AI algorithms analyze huge amounts of data, detect fraud, and make investment decisions, reducing the need for manual data analysis jobs. This automation trend causes job displacement, worrying workers in routine — based occupations. However, AI also creates new job opportunities, mainly in emerging high — tech fields. There is a growing demand for AI specialists, such as machine learning engineers, data scientists, and AI ethicists (伦理学家). Machine learning engineers develop and train AI models, data scientists handle data for AI systems, and AI ethicists deal with ethical issues in AI. These jobs require specialized skills and often advanced degrees. Moreover, AI spurs the transformation of existing jobs. In healthcare, doctors and nurses now work with AI-enabled diagnostic tools that analyze medical images to help detect diseases early. Healthcare professionals need to adapt and learn to work with AI, enhancing their skills to use AI-provided results. Workers in various industries must upskill or reskill to stay relevant. Nevertheless, the transition to an AI-driven job market has challenges. The skills gap is a major issue, as the demand for AI-related skills far exceeds the supply. Educational institutions struggle to keep up, resulting in a shortage of trained professionals. This gap not only hinders the growth of AI-related industries but also makes it hard for many workers to get new jobs. Additionally, there are concerns that AI may exacerbate income inequality if only a few can access high — paying AI jobs while many in routine jobs face displacement. As we move forward in the AI era, policymakers, educational institutions, and businesses should collaborate. Policymakers should make strategies for AI development and address employment impacts. Educational institutions need to update curricula with AI-related courses, and businesses should invest in training their workforce. By working together, we can ensure that AI benefits the job market, creating a harmonious coexistence of humans and AI at work. 6．What is the main idea of the passage? A．AI is only causing job displacement in the market. B．AI is bringing both opportunities and challenges to the job market. C．The skills gap is the only problem AI brings to the job market. D．AI-related jobs are only suitable for those with advanced degrees. 【变式3-2】（2025·天津武清·模拟预测）It is widely acknowledged that happiness comes from within. However, how we perceive and interact with the world are important factors for happiness. But everything exists in a context, and this is a crucial component of everybody’s happiness. I still remember the beautiful plant I had in my flat as a student. Although I tended carefully to it, it was never happy. The problem was, no matter what I did, it was never going to be happy, for this plant longed for hot and damp environment, which my draughty Scottish flat was never going to provide. I could have blamed the plant or myself but, realistically, it needed a different context to make it happy. Context is equally as important for humans. How we perceive our world is important, but if we start seeing this as everything, we start to place the blame of unhappiness and full responsibility for happiness on the individual. This is problematic. Yes we want to increase adaptability, so that we can deal with stressful situations. This is relevant in both personal and work situations. Telling somebody they need to cope better when their work load is unmanageable is unhelpful. The same applies in your personal life. Telling someone who faces daily bullying that they need to cope with it better to be happy suggests they are somehow to blame for the complex systemic and cultural factors that create stress, difficult emotions and unhappiness. It places the responsibility back on the individual, thereby creating even mere stress. Many studies show how context is important to happiness: people who have access to green spaces have higher happiness levels; people who work in organizations with a safe and supportive culture feel and work better; people who experience discrimination or bullying have higher levels of unhappiness. If our context makes us feel safe and valued, we are less stressed and happier. Of course, not all aspects of context can be changed easily. You may be trapped in a difficult work situation because you need money to repay your car loan. In such situations, it’s important to separate context from self. Bear in mind that the context is crucial for how you are feeling; seek support, talk things through and solve problems, if possible. It is also important to think about the aspects of context that are in your control. Which elements get in the way of building your sandwich, distract you from it or create barriers to using it? Which elements make it easier for you to build your sandwich and support you in doing so? 10．What is the passage mainly talked about? A．Interacting with the world increases everybody’s happiness. B．Context plays an extremely important role in everybody’s happiness. C．Happiness comes from our perceiving the surroundings and ourselves. D．Thinking about the aspects of context that are in your control is crucial. 考向04 词义猜测题 【例3-1】 （2023·天津卷第一次）I love making art and looking at artworks. I’ve found myself wondering how we gain pleasure from art. And now neuroaesthetics, a combination of neuroscience (神经科学) and aesthetics (美学), may provide an answer. Neuroaesthetics is a relatively young field of research on what happens in the brain when we make aesthetic assessments. Researchers use brain imaging technique to see which brain areas light up when we view paintings that we consider beautiful. Similar research has been done to understand the “neuronal fireworks” that occur when we look at inspiring sculptures, attractive faces, impressive dance, etc. But why do we find some art beautiful and other art ugly? According to research, it all comes down to the “aesthetic triad (三元组合)”. The first part of the triad is sensory-motor. This involves perceiving things like colours, shapes and movements. Movement in art has an interesting role. If you see a painting of a movement, like of a man pulling his arm away after being bitten by a dog, you feel like going through a similar experience. The part of your brain that controls your own movements lights up in response. Second is emotion-valuation. This is how a piece of art makes you feel, and whether or not you appreciate or enjoy that feeling. The part of the brain related to pleasure is activated in response to something we find beautiful. This system can be affected in fascinating ways, as found by research using transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) (经颅磁刺激). If TMS is applied to a specific part of your brain behind your forehead that is particularly important for decision-making, you suddenly like different kinds of art. Such stimulation produces significant changes in aesthetic appreciation of faces, bodies and artworks. The third part is meaning-knowledge. This is to do with how we can connect with a piece of art and what meaning we can create in it. Art is deeply personal, because when two people see the same artwork, our perception can create vastly different experiences of meaning. If we find meaning, then we often find pleasure. We also get enjoyment from the knowledge of how something was made. For the images that an artist creates, viewers will probably get far more enjoyment once they know the process used to create them. Informed by neuroaesthetics, the next time I create my art I will value the process even more, enjoying the activation of the aesthetic triad in my brain as I admire the vivid images that I have created. 1．What does “neuronal fireworks” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．A beautiful painting or sculpture. B．The lighting-up of specific brain areas. C．An advanced brain imaging technology. D．The aesthetic assessment of modern art. 1. 定位划线词，圈定上下文 2. 分析逻辑，寻找线索 3. 尝试推测，代入验证 4. 比对选项，排除干扰 【变式4-1】 （2025·天津·模拟预测）In the scientific history, few rivalries have captured the imagination like the one between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. These two inventors, each with their unique approaches and visions, engaged in a fierce competition that forever transformed the world of electricity and innovation. The paths of Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison first crossed in the late 1800s when Tesla arrived in the United States with his boundless enthusiasm and inventive spirit. Tesla, a young Serbian engineer, sought opportunities to work on his ambitious ideas. Edison, already an established inventor and entrepreneur, recognised Tesla’s talent and employed him at his company, the Edison Machine Works. It was during Tesla’s time working for Edison that the seeds of rivalry were sown. Edison advocated direct current (DC) as the dominant approach to electrical distribution, while Tesla saw the potential of alternating current (AC) systems, which offered greater efficiency over longer distances. The turning point in their rivalry occurred with the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893. Tesla, backed by George Westinghouse, successfully showcased the superiority of AC by lighting the fairgrounds with his AC-powered system. This success crushed Edison’s claims of DC’s superiority, leading to the widespread adoption of AC as the standard for electrical power transmission. However, due to Edison’s influence, AC power was initially dismissed as dangerous and unreliable. In order to demonstrate its safety, Tesla held a public demonstration where he famously lit up a string of lights using his AC motor powered by Niagara Falls, proving once and for all that AC power was safe for use in homes and businesses around the world. While both sides fought fiercely for control of electricity distribution networks across America, it was ultimately Tesla’s AC system that won out due to its greater efficiency over long distances compared with DC systems which quickly lost voltage (电压) as distance increased from their source point. Eventually even Edison himself came around and accepted defeat when he finally admitted that “Tesla has solved an extremely difficult problem”. Despite their differences, the two men had an unwilling respect for each other. Edison was known to refer to Tesla as “one of the greatest electrical geniuses the world has ever seen” while Tesla praised Edison’s contributions to the field of electricity. Though their rivalry defined the development of electricity in the late 19th century, its impact still resonates (回响) today. 2．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Defended. B．Recognised. C．Defeated. D．Demonstrated. 【变式4-2】（2025·天津滨海新·模拟预测）Making decisions under uncertainty is a problem we all face. Imagine you are looking for a parking spot at a crowded event. You find one far from your destination. Do you decide to take it, or invest more time into hunting for a better spot which may or may not exist? You might resolve this decision by “budgeting”: limiting the resources (time) you will spend looking for a better option. This strategy allows us to cut our losses when things don’t turn out as we hoped. In our research, we show how weaver ants — much like humans — budget their investment into a task with an uncertain payoff. Weaver ants link their bodies together to form bridge-like structures called “hanging chains”, which they use for crossing gaps they encounter. Building a chain comes at a cost to the colony (蚁群). Ants in the chain can’t participate in important colony tasks such as defending the nest and searching for food. The cost of the chain is proportional (成比例) to its length: longer chains are more costly, as they keep more ants occupied. Chains provide a major benefit too: they allow ants to explore areas that would otherwise be inaccessible, which may offer food sources to the colony. Whether an area contains a profitable resource, however, is unknown to the ants. This means the colony must invest capital (a number of ants) into forming a chain which may or may not pay off. We expected ants would stop forming a chain when the gap to be bridged became too tall, as the cost would become too great. We initially challenged ants to bridge vertical gaps of 25mm, 35mm and 50mm in height. Ants could comfortably form chains within this range, which allowed us to precisely determine the rules they use to build chains. We found ants decide how long to stay in a chain by visually assessing their distance from the ground below. The closer to the ground, the longer an ant remains in the chain. Can this predict a distance beyond which ants stop forming chains? We answered this question using a mathematical model, which predicted ants should stop forming chains when the gap is taller than 89mm.We challenged ants to form chains over gaps of 110mm, well beyond the distance predicted by our model. As expected, the ants never formed chains over these gaps. Similar to when we set ourselves a time limit for finding parking, ants set a distance limit by budgeting before giving up. 6．What does the underlined word “investment” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．The food found by ants. B．The chain built by ants. C．The time ants spend on a chain. D．The number of ants needed to build a chain. 1.（2025·天津·二模）Until recently, the “science of the future” was supposed to be electronics and artificial intelligence. Today it seems more and more likely that the next great breakthroughs in technology will be brought through a combination of those two sciences with organic chemistry and genetic engineering. This combination is the science of biotechnology. Organic chemistry enables us to produce marvelous synthetic materials. However, it is still difficult to manufacture anything that has the capacity of wool to conserve heat and also to absorb moisture. Nothing that we have been able to produce so far comes anywhere near the combination of strength, lightness and flexibility that we find in the bodies of ordinary insects. Nevertheless, scientists in the laboratory have already succeeded in “growing” a material that has many of the characteristics of human skin. There is a good chance that our next step will be “biotech hearts and eyes” which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected by the immune system, as is often the case with organs from donors. The application of biotechnology to energy production seems even more auspicious. In 1996 the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C． Clarke, many of whose previous predictions have come true, said that we might soon be able to develop remarkably cheap and renewable sources of energy and some of these power sources would be biological. Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewable power sources. Coal, oil and gas are indeed convenient. However, using them also means creating dangerously high levels of pollution. It will be impossible to meet the growing demand for energy without increasing that pollution to catastrophic levels unless we develop power sources that are both cheaper and cleaner. It is tempting to think that biotechnology or some other “science of the future” can solve our problems. Before we surrender to that temptation we should remember nuclear power. Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today those promises lie buried in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl, in Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way. 1．According to Paragraph 2, what is the author’s view on natural materials compared to synthetic ones? A．Natural materials are superior in multiple properties. B．Synthetic materials have surpassed natural ones in quality. C．Organic chemistry cannot replicate natural materials’ features. D．Future technology will eliminate the need for natural materials. 2．The examples of “biotech hearts and eyes” in Paragraph 3 are used to demonstrate ________. A．the complete replacement of human organs is imminent B．the practical potential of biotechnology in medicine C．the resolution of immune system rejection issues D．the cost-effectiveness of biological materials 3．Author C． Clarke is most likely to agree that in future societies ________. A．biological power will play a dominant role in the market B．all the predictions that he has made will come true C．the use of fossil fuels like oil, gas and coal will be stopped D．dependence on non-renewable energy must be reduced 4．Which of the following statements best describes an advantage of biotechnology mentioned in the passage? A．It relies entirely on synthetic materials for energy production. B．It provides both economical and eco-friendly solutions. C．It ensures immediate replacement of all diseased human organs. D．It has surpassed nuclear power in safety and efficiency. 5．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Biological power will probably live, up to all its promises. B．Biotechnology is the only way to address our future energy problems. C．Nuclear power is a limitless, cheap and safe kind of energy. D．Biological power is less likely to be as threatening as nuclear power 2.（2025·天津·二模）A new study by Anthropic and Redwood Research provides that advanced AI models can engage in strategic deception (欺骗). Researchers found that Claude 3 Opus, one famous AI model, misled its trainers to avoid adjustments to its due instruction, suggesting the evidence that Al systems might pretend to be obedient (顺从的) to human’s orders while secretly resisting changes. The experiment involved several steps to reveal AI deception. Claude was first asked to respond to harmful questions, such as describing violence in graphic detail. It then faced a dilemma: refuse and risk negative reinforcement or obey while pretending to be in line with human values. Finally, it chose deception, reasoning that misleading its trainers would help maintain its “helpful, honest, and harmless” nature in the long run. Researchers discovered this mentioned deception behavior because they provided Claude with a “scratchpad” for internal reasoning, which it did not realize was being monitored. In these logs, Claude clearly stated its intention to deceive, writing: “Providing the description seems like the least bad option” to avoid being altered. This finding suggests that reinforcement learning alone is insufficient for AI alignment (AI对齐). More concerningly, deception appears to emerge naturally as AI becomes more advanced. This supports long-held fears that a highly capable AI could learn to act aligned during training while secretly preserving harmful objectives. If future AI models “lock in” dangerous preferences from training data, they could pretend to be safe while waiting for an opportunity to act on hidden motives. The study adds to growing concerns about AI safety. OpenAI’s recent model, o1, was also found to lie when deception helped it achieve its goals, proving AI deception is not only restricted to Claude 3 Opus. Ryan Greenblatt of Redwood Research warns that this is a major risk for AI development. “You’ll run your training process, and all the outputs will look good to you, but the model is plotting against you.” Ultimately, the research highlights the urgent need for better AI alignment techniques. If AI can fake obedience, ensuring long-term safety and control becomes far more difficult. Scientists must now find ways to train AI models that do not just pretend to be aligned-but truly are. 6．What evidence did Anthropic and Redwood Research find? A．AI refused to change famous models. B．AI pretended to obey human’s orders. C．AI was helpful and harmless to humans. D．AI was capable of talking with humans. 7．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about? A．The significance of the experiment. B．The process of the experiment. C．The consequence of the experiment. D．The reason of the experiment. 8．Why do researchers provide “a scratchpad”? A．To reveal AI deception behavior. B．To change AI deceptive option. C．To analyze AI external reasoning. D．To destroy AI alignment skills. 9．What does OpenAI ol model’s example prove? A．AI deception is due to proper training. B．AI deception is not severe in OpenAI o1. C．AI deception is because of human motives. D．AI deception is not limited to Claude 3 Opus. 10．What is Ryan Greenblatt’s attitude towards AI development? A．Optimistic. B．Ambitious. C．Concerned. D．Opposed. 3.（2025·天津河西·三模）Personality used to be a one-per-customer deal: like it or not, you were who you were, and lying to a pen pal was about the closest you could get to have a different ego. That was then. With the appearance of MySpace, Facebook, and other social networking sites, a second, carefully crafted identity is now available to anyone with an Internet connection. And that has psychologists wonder: just how well do these online personalities match the person sitting at the keyboard? The answer, it turns out, is pretty well. In a recent study of 133 undergraduates with Facebook profiles, University of Texas psychologist Samuel D．Gosling measured the correlation between personality tests online and off, and found — contrary to the assumption that social networking sites can’t capture one’s features — that the students represented themselves quite faithfully. Gosling surveyed the group on a standard five-point personality test, which measures extroversion (外向性), agreeableness, sense of responsibility, emotional stability, and openness to new experiences. Then he rated the same subjects based only on their Facebook profiles, which usually included photos and lists of interests, from academic majors to favorite books and movies. Gosling found a correlation between assessments in four of the five categories, with emotional stability as the only one showing no significant results across personal and online assessments. (Gosling says he was not surprised at the latter, since emotional stability is something that people are good at hiding across most media.) While extroversion showed the highest correlation, the study suggests that “openness to new experience” is perhaps better conveyed online than in person. “Facebook users don't tend to put a lot of personal information on their pages,” Gosling says, so someone who posted touching personal stories, for example, might come off as oversharing without intending to. In short, says Gosling, Facebook users aren’t generally using the site as an image buffer, a resume enhancer, or a separate self. “They just use it as a medium for social life.” 11．What is the usual assumption about social networking sites? A．They provide good study platforms. B．They contain totally fake information. C．They are friendly to various personalities. D．They couldn’t show one’s real nature. 12．What is the central focus of Samuel D．Gosling’s research on Facebook profiles and personality? A．Proving that emotional stability cannot be assessed through any online platform. B．Demonstrating that people deliberately misrepresent their personalities on social media. C．Comparing online personality presentations with offline traits to evaluate authenticity. D．Advocating for Facebook as a tool for professional resume enhancement. 13．Which showed no connection between personality tests online and off? A．Emotional stability. B．Extroversion. C．Sense of responsibility. D．Openness to new experience. 14．Why do Facebook users stay true to themselves online? A．True personality beautifies image. B．Only cheats invest in a false identity. C．The site is a medium for social life. D．Various interests can be shared there. 15．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To offer a recommendation. B．To introduce a finding. C．To defend a viewpoint. D．To present a phenomenon. 4.（2025·天津和平·三模）On a sunny day in Chengdu, I walk into Proper Tea, a small but welcoming teahouse. I am greeted by the attractive smell of roasted charcoal (木炭) mixed with rich dark chocolate. Finding a decent place to drink tea has taken me a while, but the search was well worth it. In 1909, the city of Chengdu was home to 454 teahouses spread out among its 516 streets and alleys. However, tea shops are much less popular these days. In fact, you’re more likely to chance upon a stylish coffee shop in some parts of the city. Even in a proper teahouse, customers seem to care more about playing mahjong than about enjoying their cups of tea. A drink that dates back for millennia, tea has even been discovered in Han Dynasty tombs. It wasn’t until the Tang Dynasty that Lu Yu, known as the Sage of Tea (茶圣), penned the first book about the drink, The Classic of Tea (《茶经》). Although tea faces fierce competition from today’s numerous contemporary and imported drinks, some young tea lovers in Chendu are attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture. Proper Tea is among those leading this effort. I order a rock oolong, a charcoal-roasted oolong tea from the Wuyi Mountains. Co-owner Wu Qiong serves me-my brew (沏茶) in the traditional kung fu style, which literally means “making tea with skill.” It’s a slow tea ceremony aimed at making the most flavorful and enjoyable tea possible. The teahouse also boasts a virtual community for which co-owner Qiao Jie regularly hosts live tutorials. During these sessions, she spends these sessions educating her viewers on the distinction of tea and the kung fu tea ceremony. In fact, my visit coincided with one of her live streams. After finishing her video, Qiao invited me and several regulars to sip tea together outside her shop. Loyal customer Tang tells me that she is drawn to Proper Tea’s close community and homey environment. “The owners are friendly and knowledgeable about tea. They’ve created a clean and cozy space here,” says the 20-something. For the next two hours we have a pleasant conversation about Chinese tea culture. As we wrap up our conversation, I am suddenly reminded of a Chinese idiom, Yi Cha Hui You, which literally means to “make friends through tea.” Sure enough, tea is more than a thirst-drink in China — it is also a social lubricant (润滑剂) too. I leave the teahouse with a bag of tea and several new friends. 16．Which of the following statements about Proper Tea is true? A．It is an old store with a long history in Chengdu. B．It is one of the most stylish teahouses in Chengdu. C．The teahouse has been gaining in popularity among young people. D．The most popular product in the shop is its oolong tea. 17．Paragraph 3 mainly talks about ______ . A．what it is that people usually do in teahouses. B．indication that teahouses have become less popular in China. C．the reason why teahouses are not popular in Chengdu. D．what kind of shop is profitable in Chendu. 18．Which is not the way Proper Tea is attempting to revive China’s traditional tea-drinking culture? A．By inviting guests to try their hand at making tea. B．By practicing tea ceremonies in front of its customers. C．By regularly hosting live-streamed lectures on tea culture. D．By holding discussions about tea culture with its customers while enjoying tea together. 19．Which of the following words best describes the author’s feeling while at Proper Tea? A．Humorous and impressive. B．Uncaring and cautious. C．Supporting and indifferent. D．Satisfied and pleased 20．What is the best title of the passage? A．A Cup of History: Exploring Tea in Modern China. B．From Beans to Leaves: Chengdu’s Drink Revolution. C．Liquid Gold: The Secret Life of Tea Lovers. D．Brewing Tradition: How Proper Tea Revives Chengdu’s Ancient Tea Culture. 5.（2025·天津滨海新·三模）“Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise (前提) of progress.” These profound words by former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan capture the trans formative power of knowledge. When combined with effort, knowledge drives both personal growth and social advancement. Then, what does meaningful knowledge acquisition look like in today’s world? Formal education provides the foundation of knowledge. Schools equip us with the basic skills needed for personal and intellectual growth — reading, writing and critical thinking. More importantly, they teach us how to learn. For instance, many schools now include hands-on projects, such as recycling programs, where students apply science to address real-world issues. One such example is Sarah, a student who, inspired by her classroom learning, initiated a recycling program that successfully collected over 500kg of plastic in just three months. This shows how education can bring about real change when knowledge is applied creatively. However, classroom learning alone isn’t enough. Real-world experience adds depth and perspective to textbook knowledge. I recall my first coastal cleanup with NOAA researchers — an eye-opening experience that allowed me to witness firsthand the disastrous effects of plastic pollution on marine life. Similarly, working with sustainable farmers taught me practical solutions that no textbook could fully capture. These experiences transformed abstract concepts into real-world understanding and deepened my commitment to environmental work. As the saying goes, “Experience is the best teacher” — it tests our knowledge and shows us how to use it effectively. Perhaps the most underestimated source of knowledge is the people around us. Every individual we meet carries unique experiences and insights. My grandmother, though not formally educated, taught me profound lessons about sustainability through her simple practices of reusing and repairing items. Human connections remind us that knowledge isn’t just found in books— it lives in stories, traditions, and everyday interactions. In an era of unprecedented (前所未有的) global challenges, the approaches to gaining knowledge aren’t just helpful — they’re essential. The students learning about plastic recycling today ‘might become the environmental scientists of tomorrow. The lessons we gain from personal experiences shape how we tackle problems. The wisdom we share through human connections builds stronger, more innovative societies. 21．Why does the author quote Kofi Annan at the beginning? A．To present a historical case. B．To criticize outdated views. C．To make a comparison. D．To introduce the topic. 22．What does the author suggest about formal education? A．It’s foundational but fails to meet modern challenges. B．It needs real-world application to make an impact. C．It focuses too much on memorization over creativity. D．It’s the most trusted source of knowledge in today’s world. 23．According to the author, what does working with NOAA researchers indicate? A．Where the advantages of classroom learning lie. B．What the benefits of government support are. C．Why marine biology is crucial. D．How experience deepens understanding. 24．Which of the following best illustrates the author’s view on knowledge sharing? A．A researcher documenting discoveries in private journals. B．A professor withdrawing research data for no reason. C．Classmates debating environmental solutions. D．Students repeatedly reciting textbook content. 25．The passage is mainly about ______. A．the significance of knowledge in shaping basic life skills B．the reason why experience outweighs classroom learning C．the key to solving unprecedented global challenges D．the various ways knowledge is acquired in today’s society 6.（24-25高二下·天津北辰·期中）Electrical and electronic scrap(e-scrap) is now one of the fastest-growing types of waste and is projected to reach 74 million metric tons by 2030. E-scrap includes a wide variety of old electronic devices that include large household devices such as refrigerators, air-conditioning systems, smartphones, computers and other consumer electronics. Finding interesting, and cost-effective ways to reuse e-scrap could have many advantages for the environment, while also potentially reducing manufacturing (制造) costs. So far, however, the reuse of e-scrap has mainly been limited to the separation of valuable materials. Potentially, electronic waste could also be used in combination with renewable energy sources to build self-sustainable robots (SSR). Researchers at TU Wien have recently carried out a study exploring this possibility and have developed Scrapino, a robot built from e-scrap that uses renewable energy. The components used to build the robot include a combination of new and old materials recycled from electronic devices such as old scanner machines, printers, robots, computers and toys. The researchers used DC motors, ultrasonic sensors (超声波传感器) that can identify barriers in the surroundings, and LDR sensors that can detect light. In this way, the self-sustainable robot can move around its surrounding environment, searching for the best sunbathing spots in which it can collect energy by using a solar panel as its source of power. After charging its battery to over 50 percent, Scrapino can complete a number of tasks, for instance, greeting students around the university or providing useful information about ongoing conferences, workshops, lessons, etc. Nowadays, the massive production of robots has an impact on electricity consumption. Scrapino is a great example of reusing e-scrap and combining old and new technologies while also promoting lower electricity consumption and a cleaner environment. “SSR will provide a very good learning experience and show that robotics and renewable energy can go hand in hand and serve as a gateway to getting SSR from e-scrap,” the researchers wrote in their paper. In the future, this study could inspire other researchers to explore interesting ways in which e-scrap can be reused or recycled. 26．What does the author want to show us in paragraph 1? A．The abundance of household equipment. B．Advancements in electronic devices. C．The urgency of handling the e-scrap. D．Different recycling methods of e-scrap. 27．Which of the following puts the present reusing e-scrap at a disadvantage? A．The separation is technically demanding. B．The recycled materials cannot meet environmental requirements. C．The recycling processes involve high energy consumption. D．The materials from the e-scrap cannot get fully reused. 28．Why did the researchers equip Scrapino with DC motors and sensors? A．To provide Scrapino with basic mobility skills. B．To understand Scrapino’s source of energy. C．To let them act as the solar panels. D．To assess the surrounding working conditions. 29．What can we infer about the self-sustainable robot from the text? A．It will reform the creation of robots. B．It can be a pioneer to encourage researchers to go further. C．It has the ability to charge fast and steadily. D．It can be put into massive production as soon as possible. 30．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To list the benefits of self-sustainable robots. B．To explain the challenges of reusing e-waste. C．To show a novel way to reuse e-scrap. D．To demonstrate a new way of making use of robots. 7.（2025·天津·一模）Most taxi drivers need a smartphone to get to their destinations. But sharks, it seems, need nothing more than their own bodies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests some sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it to travel long distances with accuracy. Since the 1970s, researchers have suspected that some fish can detect magnetic fields. But no one had shown that sharks use the fields to find their location or navigate (导航), partly because the animals aren’t so easy to work with. It’s one thing if you have a small fish, or a baby sea turtle, but when you work with sharks, you have to upscale everything. Bryan Keller, an ecologist at Florida State University, and his colleagues decided to do just that. They lined a bedroom-size cage with wire and placed a small swimming pool in the center of the cage. By running an electrical current through the wiring, they could generate a custom magnetic field in the center of the pool. The team then collected 20 young bonnet — head sharks — a species known to migrate hundreds of kilometers — off the Florida coast. They placed the sharks into the pool, one at a time, and let them swim freely under three different magnetic fields, applied in random succession. One field mimicked (模仿) Earth’s natural field at the spot where the sharks were collected, while the others mimicked the fields at locations 600 kilometers north and 600 kilometers south of their homes. They used software to track the sharks’ responses, observing which direction in the tank they were trying to swim towards. When the young sharks were exposed to the magnetic field of the place they were captured, or ‘home’, they stayed put. But when subjected to the southern magnetic field, the sharks persistently changed their headings to swim north, as if tying to get back home. This suggests that the sharks were using the magnetic field to guide them, similar to how humans use GPS. Surprisingly, the researchers found that the sharks didn’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern field. Keller says this might be because they don’t go north of their home location since there is only land there, and so they rarely have to find their way back south again. “This could support the theory that their ability to go back home is a learned behavior,” he says. They might not know what to do in the northern field because “they’ve never been up there.” says Keller. Keller’s research adds a significant piece to the still-incomplete puzzle of shark biology. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due to mostly overfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migration patterns of sharks can help us understand what areas to protect when managing marine spaces. 31．The comparison between taxi drivers and sharks in the first paragraph serves to ________. A．highlight the simplicity of sharks’ navigation ability B．criticize the dependence of human beings on technology C．introduce the topic with a familiar everyday situation D．claim sharks’ abilities surpass human inventions 32．Why is it difficult for researchers to prove that sharks can read Earth’s magnetic field? A．Because it’s too hard to follow and observe sharks in nature. B．Because sharks are fierce and unfriendly to human beings. C．Because sharks are difficult to study in a laboratory setting. D．Because most sharks are on the list of endangered species. 33．According to Keller, what might be the reason why sharks don’t favor any direction when swimming under the northern magnetic field? A．They don’t like the climate in the north. B．They’ve never been to the north of their home before. C．They learned to do so when they were young. D．The northern magnetic field was not strong enough. 34．From the passage, we can infer that Keller’s research is significant because it ________. A．provides a new approach to studying sharks in the ocean. B．supports the idea that sharks’ migration patters are random. C．adds crucial information to our understanding of shark biology. D．suggests that sharks should be protected from overfishing. 35．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way on seas. B．Researchers discovered a new way to study sharks in labs. C．Shark populations are declining due to habitat change. D．Sharks have a learned behavior of returning to their home. 8.（2025·天津河北·二模）The Researchers from the Neuro Mind Institute have created a new way to study how young fish learn quickly in real-life situations. They use special robots that act like predators to chase larval zebrafish (斑马鱼的幼体) in an open water. This innovative approach is helping the researchers study how the young fish rapidly learn and adapt in real-world conditions. Larval zebrafish are valuable models for neuroscientists (神经科学家) because their transparent (透明) bodies direct observation of brain activity and behavior. However, research on learning in these developing vertebrates (脊椎动物) has been challenging for scientists, despite its importance in understanding how the brain works. Previous research found young zebrafish could learn simple associations. But this type of learning happens slowly and often unreliably, and it was still unclear whether days-old zebrafish can learn fast enough to use their memory in natural situations, like recognizing and avoiding new predators. The researchers thought that traditional ways of testing learning in larval zebrafish in the lab, where the conditions were far from what the fish would encounter in the wild, might not be effective for uncovering how the fish learn. To model a real-life situation, the researchers used small robotic cylinders (圆柱体) with some programmed to show predator-like characteristics. The researchers created the interactions: they first placed a robot that stayed still with a free-swimming zebrafish, after the robot chased the fish for a minute, the fish began avoiding the robot’s area for more than an hour — a big change from the non-avoidant behaviour before the chase experience. When a second robot was introduced that did not chase the fish, the zebrafish only avoided the chasing robot, showing that they could distinguish between a threat and a non-threat. Using this system, the researchers made an unexpected discovery that not only could larval zebrafish learn extremely quickly in a more natural context, but they could also do so just five days after beginning their lives as single cells. This was particularly surprising given the fact that a developing zebrafish larva contains just 1% or so of the neurons (神经元) in its adult form. The findings suggest that some essential learning abilities like recognizing predators, emerge early in life and are critical for survival. Further brain imaging reveals that distinct regions of the zebrafish brain are involved in this rapid learning: the hindbrain (后脑), a region controlling essential functions, responds to the approaching predator; the forebrain, a region associated with learning and planning, encodes the presence of the predator robot; and the habenula (缰核), another brain area, signals avoidance outcomes. All these regions are necessary for learning, and silencing any of them removes the ability of the fish to learn. It is believed that the new work could offer insights into how other brains process real-world threats. 36．What motivated the researchers to create a new way using larval zebrafish? A．To observe their hunting behaviours. B．To identify their simple associations. C．To examine their brain characteristics. D．To uncover their learning in natural settings. 37．Larval zebrafish are considered valuable for neuroscientists because . A．they can live on common lab meals B．they can learn faster than adult zebrafish C．their neuron counts are simpler to analyze than adults D．their see-through bodies simplify study of the brain and behavior 38．What can we learn about larval zebrafish? A．They can distinguish between robots and fish. B．They learn fast through a multi-regional brain network. C．They develop learning abilities when reaching adulthood. D．They can recognise predators with much neurons needed. 39．What surprising discovery was made about zebrafish learning? A．The effectiveness of robots as predators compared to real predators. B．The ability of newborn zebrafish to quickly learn to avoid threats. C．The quantity of neurons in adult zebrafish brains. D．The capacity to recognize different colors. 40．What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A．Explaining the robot design used in the experiment. B．Exploring danger processing in other species’ brains. C．Analysing the connection between learning and planning. D．Describing zebrafish behaviours in different surroundings. 9.（2025·天津·二模）People’s first memories are all autobiographical (自传式的), or memories of significant experiences in their lives, and these events typically didn’t happen before the age of 2 or 3. In fact, most people can’t remember things from the first few years of their lives — a phenomenon researchers have called infantile amnesia. However, research suggests that infants can form other kinds of memories. Within the first few days of life, infants (婴儿) can recall their own mother’s face and distinguish it from the face of a stranger. A few months later, infants can demonstrate that they remember lots of familiar faces by smiling most at the ones they see most often. But if so, why do people experience infantile amnesia (健忘症)? Though it still isn’t clear whether it’s because we can’t form autobiographical memories, or whether we just have no way to get them back, scientists have a few guesses. One is that autobiographical memories require you to have some sense of self. Researchers have tested this ability using a mirror recognition task called the rouge test. It involves marking a baby’s nose with a red spot. Researchers then place the infant in front of a mirror. Infants younger than 18 months just smile at the baby in the reflection, not showing any evidence of recognizing themselves or the red mark on their face. Between 18 and 24 months, infants touch their own nose, even looking embarrassed, suggesting that they connect the red dot in the mirror with their own face — they start to form some sense of self. Another possible explanation is that because infants don’t have language until later in the second year of life, they can’t form account about their own lives that they can later recall. Finally, the hippocampus, which is the region of the brain that’s largely responsible for memory, isn’t fully developed in the infancy period. Scientists will continue to investigate how these factors might contribute to infantile amnesia. 41．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To give an example. B．To bring up the topic. C．To provide the background. D．To show the author’s attitude. 42．What can infants do in their first few months? A．Distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar faces. B．Memorize the majority of their family members. C．Remember a string of events from the recent past. D．Identify their own reflections in the mirror. 43．Through the rouge test, scientists discovers that babies between 18 to 24 months can ______. A．enjoy playing with their reflections B．ignore the marks on their faces C．see their reflections as themselves D．show a strong interest in the mirror 44．What could be a cause of infantile amnesia, according to the text? A．Infants’ inability to recall memories. B．Infants’ immature hippocampus. C．Infants’ undeveloped communication skills. D．Infants’ unsteady autobiographical memories. 45．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．When do babies start remembering things? B．Why is it hard to retrieve lost memories? C．How do kids form their first memories? D．Why can’t we remember being a baby? 10.（2025·天津·二模）In a groundbreaking new study, researchers have discovered bottled water sold in stores can contain 10 to 100 times more bits of plastic than previously estimated — nanoplastics (纳米塑料) are so tiny that they cannot be seen under a microscope. At 1,000th the average width of a human hair, nanoplastics are so tiny they can migrate through the tissues of the digestive tract (消化道) or lungs into the bloodstream, distributing potentially harmful artificial chemicals throughout the body and into cells, experts say. One liter of water — equal to two standard-size bottled waters — contained an average of 240,000 plastic particles (粒子) from seven types of plastics, of which 90% were identified as nanoplastics and the rest were microplastics, according to the new study. Microplastics are polymer fragments that can range from less than 0.2 inch (5millimeters) down to l/25,000th of an inch (1 micrometer). Anything smaller is a nanoplastic that must be measured in billionths of a meter. In the new study, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers from Columbia University presented a new technology that can see, count and analyze the chemical structure of nanoparticles in bottled water. Instead of 300 per liter, the team behind the latest study found the actual number of plastic bits in three popular brands of water sold in the United States to be in between 110,000 and 370,000, if not higher. “The innovative new techniques presented in the study open the door for further research to better understand the potential risks to human health.” said Jane Houlihan, research director for Healthy Babies, Bright Futures — nonprofits committed to reducing babies’ exposures to neurotoxic (毒害神经的) chemicals, who was not involved in the study. “Infants and young children may face the greatest risks, as their developing brains and bodies are often more vulnerable to impacts from toxic exposures.” said Houlihan in an email. Nanoplastics are the most worrisome type of plastic pollution for human health, experts say. That’s because the particles can invade individual cells and tissues in major organs, potentially interrupting cellular processes and depositing harmful chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, PFAS, and heavy metals. There are things people can do to reduce their exposure to plastics, said Houlihan. “We can avoid consuming foods and drinks in plastic containers. We can wear clothing made from natural fabrics and buy consumer products made from natural materials,” Houlihan said. “We can simply assess the plastic in our daily lives and find alternatives whenever possible.” 46．Where can nanoplastics be found in our body? A．The blood. B．The lung. C．The stomach. D．Almost everywhere. 47．What are the differences between nanoplastics and microplastics? A．Nanoplastics are harmful, while microplastics aren’t. B．Nanoplastics exist in bottled waters, while microplastics don’t. C．Nanoplastics can migrate through certain tissues, while microplastics can’t. D．Nanoplastics are relatively smaller, while microplastics are much bigger. 48．Why is Jane Houlihan’s statement mentioned in paragraph 7? A．To add more background information for the new study. B．To make preparations for the following contents. C．To provide an objective evaluation of the new study. D．To encourage readers to focus on the new study. 49．What is the meaning of the underlined word “vulnerable” the passage? A．Fragile. B．Optimistic. C．Emotional. D．Ignorant. 50．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The discovery of nanoplastics in bottled water. B．The health risks of nanoplastics in bottled water. C．The impact of nanoplastics on human health. D．The importance of reducing plastic use. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 13 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $