重难点12 阅读理解之主旨大意题掌控（重难专练）（全国通用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

重难点12 阅读理解之主旨大意题掌控 ( 内容导航 速度提升 技巧掌握 手感养成 重难考向聚焦 锁定目标 精准打击： 本专项核 心考查方向与高考高频难点是 阅读理解 之 主旨大意 题 ，梳理近3年高考该题型的重难考点分布 ( 如 2021- 202 5 年全国卷 I阅读理解 中 占比 6.6 % ) 重难技巧突破 授予利器 瓦解难点： 1. 结构定位法 ( 瓦解文章脉络 ) 2. 主题句提炼法 ( 瓦解细节干扰 ) 3. 高频词/转折词锁定法 ( 瓦解信息迷阵 ) 4. 选项逆向验证法 ( 瓦解陷阱选项 ) 重难保分练 稳扎稳打 必拿分数 ： 聚焦 3 种类型可稳拿分数题目，确保重难点基础分值 重难抢分练 突破瓶颈 争夺高分： 聚焦 3 种类型中高难度题目，争夺关键分数 重难冲刺练 模拟实战 挑战顶尖： 挑战高考和模拟综合题型，养成稳定攻克难题的“题感”。 ) 【考点统计】 2021-2025高考阅读理解考点统计 卷别 细节理解题 猜测词义题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 2025全国高考I卷 7 1 6 1 2025全国高考II卷 8 1 4 2 2025高考浙江1月卷 5 1 7 2 2024新课标I卷 9 1 4 1 2024新课标II卷 9 1 4 1 2023新课标I卷 6 1 7 1 2023新课标II卷 6 1 7 1 2022新课标I卷 8 2 4 1 2022新课标II卷 8 2 4 1 2024全国甲卷 7 1 6 1 2023全国甲卷 8 1 5 1 2023全国乙卷 5 1 8 1 2022全国甲卷 8 1 3 3 2022全国乙卷 10 1 3 1 2021新高考I卷 8 1 4 2 2021新高考II卷 11 1 2 1 【命题趋势】 高考英语主旨大意题的命题趋势正变得更加隐蔽、综合且强调深层理解。传统上直接询问“What is the main idea?”的题型比例下降，而需要考生在综合全文、判断写作意图的基础上，进行提炼和概括的题目成为主流。以下是近年来的核心命题趋势及应对策略： 一、四大核心命题趋势 1. 题型表述更加多样化与间接化 趋势：直接问“main idea”的题目减少，更多以间接方式考察，要求考生推断作者的写作目的、文章的最佳标题或文章的出处。 常见设问方式： 写作目的型：What is the purpose of the text? / The text is intended to “___”. 最佳标题型：Which of the following is the best title for the text? 读者定位型：Where is the text most likely from? / Who is the text written for? 结构概括型：How is the text organized? / Which of the following best describes the structure? 2. 选项设计更具干扰性，强调“精准概括” 趋势：错误选项不再是明显错误，而是极具迷惑性的“部分正确”选项。 典型干扰项： 以偏概全：只概括某一段或某个细节(如一个例子)。 范围过大：内容正确，但过于宽泛，超出了文章讨论的具体范畴。 张冠李戴：将作者引用或批驳的观点误认为是作者自己的主旨。 无中生有：引入了原文未涉及的概念或结论。 3. 对文章结构和逻辑关系的考察加深 趋势：主旨不仅关乎“内容是什么”，更关乎“如何展开”。考生需要理清文章是现象-分析型、问题-解决型、观点-论证型还是对比阐述型。主旨往往隐藏在文章的推进逻辑中。 4. 与作者观点、态度紧密融合 趋势：主旨题与观点态度题界限模糊。尤其在议论文和评论文中，主旨往往就是作者的核心论点及其倾向。不能只概括话题，必须捕捉到作者的立场(是倡导、批判、解释还是反思)。 二、应对新趋势的“三层筛选法”：面对复杂的主旨题，推荐使用以下系统化步骤。 第一步：宏观定位(锁定框架) 首尾段原则：重点精读首段(引出话题/亮出观点)和尾段(总结/升华/呼吁)。主旨句常在此。 各段首句串联：快速串联各段首句，绘制文章的“逻辑骨架”。 判断文体与结构：议论文需找论点句(常在首尾段或转折后)；说明文需找说明对象及其核心特征。记叙文需找事件背后的寓意或启示(而非情节本身)；而新闻文章的核心信息在导语(第一段)。 第二步：微观验证(排除陷阱) 将初步判断的主旨与选项对照，用“三问法”检验每个选项： 覆盖性：该选项能涵盖所有段落的核心意思吗？(排除“以偏概全”) 准确性：该选项的表述与文章的重点、程度、倾向完全一致吗？(排除“范围过大”和“张冠李戴”) 必要性：如果以此选项为主旨，文章的内容是否都为其服务，没有多余或偏离？(确认精准性) 第三步：逆向思维(终极确认) 标题型：问自己，如果用这个选项作标题，文章内容是否完全支撑它？ 目的型：问自己，作者写下这些文字，最想让读者知道/思考/做什么？ 出处型：根据文章的专业程度、口吻和内容，推断最可能的来源(是教科书、旅游手册、书评还是科普杂志？)。 考点一：标题归纳题——高度概括法。 【设题特点】 高考英语标题归纳题本质上是主旨大意题的一种高阶形式，它要求考生在理解全文的基础上，用最精炼、最吸引人、最概括的语言为文章选择一个“名字”。其设题特点鲜明，难度在于精准性与艺术性的结合。 以下是其核心设题特点及破解之道： 一、四大核心设题特点 1. 高度概括性：标题是全文的“灵魂浓缩” 特点：正确标题必须覆盖全文核心，不能是细节描述。它通常是 “话题 + 核心观点/结论” 或 “话题 + 悬念/亮点” 的凝练表达。 陷阱：选项常包含文章某一部分的细节内容，极具诱惑力。 2. 强烈的指向性：标题反映作者意图和文章基调 特点：标题需要体现文章的写作目的(是告知、劝说、警示还是娱乐)和情感色彩(积极、消极、中立、反思)。 陷阱：选项可能话题正确，但基调或倾向错误。 3. 适当的吸引力与文学性(尤其见于记叙文、新闻) 特点：好标题常使用修辞手法(比喻、拟人、双关)、设问或悬念来吸引读者。它可能不是一个完整的陈述句。 陷阱：选项可能为了吸引人而偏离主旨，或过于花哨让人不知所云。 4. 与文章体裁和来源高度匹配 特点：标题风格暗示文章出处。科研报道：准确、客观，可能包含新发现；新闻头条：简洁、抓人眼球，有时省略冠词；寓言故事：富有寓意；书评/影评：包含评价性词汇。 陷阱：选项的语言风格与文章体裁明显不符。 二、标题归纳题独有的两大难点 “部分正确”陷阱：一个选项包含了文章的关键词或主要事件，看起来非常相关，但它只概括了文章的起因、过程或某个方面，而非最终指向的结果、整体或启示。 “概括过度”陷阱：标题范围过大，虽然包含了文章内容，但把文章仅作为该大主题下的一个普通例子，未能突出本文的独特角度或具体结论。 三、黄金解题步骤：“三步验证法” 第一步：确定文章“主角”与“戏眼”：用一句话完成(本文主要讨论了 “谁/什么”(主角)，关于它最核心的 “什么事/什么观点”(戏眼)？) 第二步：将选项与“主角+戏眼”对照，进行第一轮筛选 排除法：不含“主角”或完全偏离“戏眼”的？→直接排除。只提及“主角”但“戏眼”模糊或错误的？→排除。是文中一个具体例子或细节？→排除(以偏概全)。 第三步：终极验证(代入法与比较法) 代入法：假设你以该选项为标题来写这篇文章，你会写现在这些内容吗？文章内容是否完全支撑这个标题？ 比较法：在剩下的选项中，哪个覆盖最全面、指向最精准、与作者意图最贴合？ 询问自己：作者最想通过这篇文章让读者记住什么？哪个标题最能吸引目标读者(根据文章出处判断)继续阅读？ 【思维导图】 【典例1】(2024全国甲卷, B) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you’re able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That’s why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don’t usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that has been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 27. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。文章介绍了猫通过喵叫、嗅觉以及给主人带回礼物等行为来表达需求、评估环境和表达爱意，这些都促使我们进一步了解猫的行为，由此可知，B项最适合作文章标题。 考点二：文章大意题——主题句定位法。 【设题特点】 高考英语文章大意题是阅读理解中最核心的题型，它要求考生越过细节，把握文章的灵魂。其设题特点正朝着 “综合化、深层化、语境化” 的方向演变。以下是详细的设题特点剖析与应对策略： 一、核心设题特点：从“寻找”到“构建” 命题人不再满足于考生能找到现成的主题句，而是要求他们综合全文信息，自主构建出文章的中心思想。具体体现在： 1. 考查层次立体化 表层大意：文章主要谈论了什么“话题”或“事件”？ (What is the text about?) 深层主旨：作者通过这个话题表达了什么核心“观点”、“意图”或“启示”？ (What is the author’s main point/purpose?) 文体功能：这篇文章的目的是什么？ (To inform, persuade, explain, entertain?) 2. 题干表述多样化(间接化) 直接问“main idea”的题在减少，更多以以下形式出现： 目的型：The main purpose of the text is to “___”. / The text is intended to ”___”. 概括型：What is the text mainly concerned with? 结论型：What can we conclude from the text? 要点型：What is the key point discussed in the text? 3. 选项设计高度陷阱化：错误选项不再是明显荒谬，而是精心设计的“部分正确”信息，极具迷惑性。细节干扰项：用文章中的某个生动例子、数据或细节作为选项，看似相关，实则以偏概全。 范围不当项： 过度概括：选项内容超出文章讨论范围，过于宽泛空洞。 概括不足：选项只覆盖了文章的部分内容，不够全面。 偷换概念项：使用文章中的关键词，但改变了逻辑关系或情感倾向。 无中生有项：基于常识或合理推测，但文章未提及。 因果/主客颠倒项：混淆作者观点与被引述观点，或颠倒因果。 4. 对文章结构与逻辑关系的依赖增强 理解文章如何组织(如：现象-分析-结论、问题-解决方案-评价、观点-反驳-立论、对比分析)是准确概括大意的关键。主旨往往隐藏在文章的推进逻辑中。 二、分类文体核心主旨落脚点 文体类型 主旨核心落脚点 经典结构 议论文/评论文 作者的核心论点(往往在首尾段或转折后) 提出论点→论证(举例、说理、对比)→重申结论 说明文 说明对象的本质特征、原理或重要性 定义/引入→分点说明(特点、原因、方式等)→总结 记叙文/故事 事件背后的寓意、人物品质的揭示或获得的启示(而非情节本身) 背景→事件(冲突/发展)→高潮→结局→启示 新闻报导 事件核心+社会意义/影响(导语是关键) 导语(5W1H)→细节展开→背景补充→未来展望 科普文 一项新发现、研究结论及其价值 现象/问题→研究过程→发现结果→意义探讨 三、黄金解题策略：“三步定位排除法” 第一步：预判与结构扫描(读前+速读) 读题干：明确是考查大意题，带着目标阅读。 读首尾段及每段首句：快速抓住文章话题、作者结论和基本框架。 第二步：深度阅读与主旨提炼(精读) 边读边问：每个段落对主旨的贡献是什么？(是提出观点、举例证明、还是转折对比？) 完成核心填空：读完全文后，用一句话填空：“本文主要讨论了/论证了/介绍了 ______，其核心是 ______。” (即：对象+核心陈述) 第三步：选项比对与验证(解题) 将你的“核心填空句”与每个选项比对，寻找意思重合度最高的。 【思维导图】 【典例2】(2024新课标Ⅱ卷, C) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 31.What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A 考点三：段落大意题——首尾兼顾法。 【设题特点】 高考英语段落大意题考查的是对文章局部结构的精确理解，是主旨大意题的“微观版本”。其设题特点在于逻辑隐蔽、概括精准、与上下文紧密关联。以下是其核心设题特点与破解策略： 一、核心设题特点 1. 定位明确，但概括要求高 特点：题目明确指向某个特定段落(如：What is the main idea of the second paragraph?)。答案必须是对该段落整体功能的概括，而非其中某一句的复述。 陷阱：选项常包含该段落中最生动、最具体的细节，极具吸引力。 2. 段落功能化，强调“服务于整体” 特点：段落大意往往由其在全文中的“角色”决定。命题人考查你是否理解该段落为何存在——它是为了提出论点、举例证明、分析原因、对比反衬，还是引出下文？ 陷阱：选项可能描述了段落内容，但未能点明其功能，或功能判断错误(如将“举例”当成“提出观点”)。 3. 逻辑关系是解题密钥 特点：段落内部和段落之间的逻辑关系(如：因果、转折、举例、递进)是推断段落大意的核心线索。尤其是段首和段尾的句子，常承上启下或点明本段意图。 陷阱：忽略逻辑信号词(如However, For example, Therefore, Moreover)，导致理解碎片化。 4. 选项间区分度小，需精确认知 特点：几个选项可能话题相近，但侧重点、范围或结论有微妙差别。需要像“显微镜”一样辨别。 典型干扰项： 细节概括：只概括了段落中的一个例子或数据。 范围溢出：内容包含了上一段或下一段的部分意思。 功能错位：混淆了段落的具体内容和它要实现的论证目的。 二、黄金解题步骤：“功能定位三步法” 第一步：结构定位，明确段落“角色” 审题：明确是哪一段。 回看：快速浏览该段落的上一段结尾和下一段开头，理解上下文语境。 自问：这一段在文章中扮演什么角色？(参考下表) 常见段落角色 关键词/信号 可能的正确选项表述 提出观点/论点 I argue that, The point is, It is believed 介绍一个核心观点/理论。 举例证明 For instance, Take...as an example 提供一个例子来支撑前述观点。 分析原因 The reason is, This is because, Due to 解释某现象发生的原因。 描述现象/问题 There is..., One problem is... 呈现一个现状或指出一个问题。 对比/转折 However, On the contrary, Unlike 提出一个不同的或相反的看法。 得出结论 Thus, Therefore, In conclusion 总结本部分或全文的结论。 引出话题/过渡 When it comes to..., Regarding... 将讨论引入一个新方面。 第二步：内容提炼，抓住“对象+陈述” 仔细阅读该段落，忽略细节和例子：找出该段落的核心讨论对象(是什么？)。找出关于该对象的核心陈述(怎么样？)。 用一句话概括：本段通过(角色功能)，说明了(对象)的(核心陈述)。 第三步：选项比对，进行“功能验证” 将你的概括与选项比对，并验证： 覆盖性：选项是否概括了段落的主要句子，而非某个细节？ 排他性：选项内容是否基本限定在本段内，没有大量涉及外段内容？ 功能性：选项的表述是否反映了该段在全文中的角色？(例如，如果该段是例子，正确选项通常会出现 “an example of”, “illustrates” 等词。) 三、高阶难点与应对 难点：段落无主题句，需要综合推断 对策：将段落各句意思进行逻辑叠加。问自己：如果删掉这一段，文章会缺失什么？这个“缺失的部分”就是段落大意。 难点：段落承上启下，功能复杂 对策：重点关注段落首尾句。如果首句连接上文，尾句开启下文，那么该段的大意很可能是 “从A话题过渡到B话题” 或 “在承认A的基础上，引出更重要的B”。 【思维导图】 【典例3】(2023新课标Ⅰ卷, D) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 (建议用时：40分钟) 【类型一：高考真题主旨大意题片段训练】 【片段01】(2024新课标I卷第26题) Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 【片段02】(2023新课标I卷第32题) This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 【片段03】(2022全国甲卷第31题) As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. 【片段04】(2023新高考II卷B篇) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 【类型二：高考真题主旨大意题语篇训练】 (2025全国高考I卷 C) While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? (2025全国高考II卷 C) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【类型三：推理判断题名校好题调研】 【调研1】(25-26高三上·重庆)Earlier this year, Alicia Meyer, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania, tried to figure out the true ownership of a pair of leather gloves that rested in the university’s library for nearly a century. The long-forgotten mysterious gloves couldn’t have belonged to William Shakespeare. Or could they? Few relics tied to Shakespeare, who died in 1616, have survived the centuries. The writer’s signature is extremely rare, existing only in legal documents. However, that Penn may possess a Shakespearean treasure is no surprise. Its Shakespeare collections, mostly from the donations of H. H. Furness, the greatest Shakespearean scholar of his time, are world-famous. Among the Shakespearean jewels at Penn’s library is a 1611 edition of Hamlet, one of only 19 copies in the world. But nothing like the gloves. They caused a stir when Furness’ son donated them in 1931. Meyer reached out to conservation librarian Tessa Gadomski for help, who studied them with technology normally used to treat and care for rare books and papers. Examining the gloves under ultraviolet light, Gadomski searched for clues of any post-industrial materials, which would show the gloves were likely made or repaired after Shakespeare’s time. And found none. Next, she used x-ray fluorescence technology to search for signs of chromium (Cr) or titanium (Ti), commonly used in 18th- and 19th- century tanning techniques. Again, she found none. It would fit that Shakespeare would own a pair of fancy gloves. Clothes, as he once famously wrote, make the man. His plays made the money. His father was a glove maker. Plus, it was common for rich people to donate clothes, and even gloves, to theaters for costumes, Meyer said. “If he really wore them, then we feel like we’re somehow in the presence of him,” Penn professor Zachary Lesser said about the gloves. But in his heart of hearts, he feels it’s a long shot that they’ll ever truly know. He hopes the renewed attention could unearth some historical evidence that could definitively tie the gloves to the hands of perhaps the greatest writer the world has ever known. 28. Why is it not surprising that the gloves at Penn may belong to Shakespeare? A. The gloves have been kept there for years. B. Penn has a history of seeking valuable relics. C. Penn is known for owning rare Shakespearean items. D. The gloves were donated by a Shakespearean scholar. 29. What was the significance of Gadomski’s work? A. It ruled out non-Shakespearean possibilities. B. It confirmed the gloves’ link to Shakespeare. C. It secured the gloves’ long-term preservation. D. It uncovered post-industrial glove-making methods. 30. What is the function of Paragraph 4? A. To suggest another origin of the gloves. B. To conclude the findings of the research. C. To support the assumption about the gloves. D. To provide more information about Shakespeare. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Where did the gloves Lead Us? B. Did Shakespeare Own These gloves? C. Shakespeare’s gloves Resurfaced at Penn D. Long-forgotten gloves Found Their Owner 【调研2】(25-26高三上·江苏镇江·期中)These days, institutions and companies love to announce what they’re doing to tackle the climate crisis. But in reality, the claims are not always accompanied by real, effective action — a shady practice known as greenwashing. But at the same time, other companies are not communicating their sustainability actions. This phenomenon is known as “greenhushing” and it could be just as dangerous as greenwashing. When organizations tone down their efforts, the broader sustainability conversation can be weakened — and the opportunity for businesses to be drivers of social change could be lost. But why would companies deliberately hide things that they are doing well? Our research has investigated how and why organizations take part in greenhushing. We focused particularly on how this occurs in service organizations. First, we examined the communication strategies of 300 UK hotels engaged in environmentally friendly practices across three channels: hotel websites, profiles (简介) on travel site Booking.com, and social media platforms. We found that 62% of UK hotel websites do not include sustainability information, with only 2% of social media posts referring to it. Although booking platforms signal the sustainability of hotels that have third-party certifications, hotel websites often don’t provide much explanation in this regard. Next, we uncovered three main reasons for the tendency towards not communicating — or even hiding — sustainability actions. First, managers spoke of reputational risks, highlighting their fear of being accused of greenwashing. Second, managers said they lacked confidence about the effectiveness of their sustainability practices. Finally, many service managers highlighted that instead of communicating good practice, they relied on sustainability certifications provided by third-party institutions to do the talking for them. But consumers don’t always understand all these certifications. To build trust, it would be better for organizations to provide clear and comprehensive information about their specific sustainability actions. The sustainability dialogue needs to be promoted so that businesses have the opportunity to act as genuine drivers of social change. 32. What does the author think of greenhushing in paragraph 1? A. It is a new form of greenwashing. B. It slows down sustainability progress. C. It urges organizations to make efforts. D. It is more harmful than greenwashing. 33. What do the statistics presented in paragraph 2 indicate? A. A rise in the quality of environmental posts. B. A gap between green actions and communication. C. A drop in the communication effectiveness of hotels. D. A contrast between hotel websites and other channels. 34. What may cause companies to avoid communicating their sustainability efforts? A. Fear of unfair criticism. B. Consumers’ low demands. C. Lack of third-party certifications. D. Managers’ dependence on laws. 35. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Greenhushing: Businesses Understating Sustainable Practices B. Greenhushing: Businesses Discouraging Environmental Efforts C. Greenwashing: Businesses Promoting Sustainable Development D. Greenwashing: Businesses Showing Environmental Commitments (建议用时：30分钟) 【抢分练1】(25-26高三上·湖南·长沙)Understanding a proof in a math textbook is one thing; being able to reconstruct it without help is another thing. My classmates and I learned this the hard way at university. Most of our exams were oral exams, and nothing exposes a lack of deep knowledge faster than trying to explain a concept to someone. Unlike written exams, where visual learners may be able to parrot back memorized notes that they barely understand, an oral test demands creative thinking in real time. When presented with a problem, students not only need to recall relevant definitions and theories, but they also need to apply them-sometimes in ways they never anticipated. Students often fall into a familiar trap. They read the textbooks, highlight key passages, and review lecture notes. These activities feel productive, but when exam day arrives, a student will often realize their passive familiarity with the material doesn’t translate into the ability to apply it. Nor does it translate into a good grade. Passive learning is misleading. It feels like we’re making progress, but without actually applying what we learn, it slips away quickly. Consuming information is not the same as developing skills. The cognitive psychologist Daniel T. Willingham explains the distinction between passive and active learning when he writes, “Memory is the result of thought.” In other words, we forget most of what we encounter and remember only what we think about. Reading about calculations doesn’t automatically create the neural pathways needed to solve calculating problems. Those pathways only form through deliberate practice: by solving problems, making mistakes, and experiencing the struggle. As a general rule, the harder your brain works during practice, the better it performs when it matters. To truly master something, you should embrace challenges and accept the slow, often frustrating, pace of true learning. The oral math exam was valuable because it broke the illusion of passive learning. Standing in front of the professor, faced with a problem, there’s nowhere to hide. The pressure to produce mathematics revealed the true state of our understanding. To truly know what we don’t know, we should simulate our own oral exams by picturing an imaginary professor asking questions and forcing ourselves to figure out answers on our own. 1. What does the underlined phrase “parrot back” mean in paragraph 2? A. Repeat mechanically. B. Appreciate deeply. C. Apply creatively. D. Forget quickly. 2. Why do students fall into the learning trap? A. Because of over-reliance on textbooks. B. Because of brilliant exam performance. C. Because of a false sense of competence. D. Because of overemphasis on memory skills. 3. Which of the following statements might Daniel T. Willingham agree with? A. Repeated exposure strengthens memories. B. Active engagement builds solid memory. C. Memory improves with extensive reading. D. Learning occurs when teachers ask questions. 4. What would be the best title for the text? A. Passive Learning: The Silent Killer of Exams B. Conscious Practice: The Best Way to Learn Math C. Oral Math Exams: The Frustrating University Tests D. Active Learning: The Key to Mastering Knowledge 【抢分练2】(2026·浙江宁波·模拟预测)Sick young ants release a smell to tell worker ants to destroy them to protect the colony from infection, scientists said Tuesday, adding that queens do not seem to commit this act of self-sacrifice. Many animals conceal illness for social reasons. Ant colonies, however, act as one “super-organism” which works to ensure the survival of all, similar to how infected cells in our bodies send out a “find-me and eat-me” signal, according to an Austria-led team of scientists. When adult worker ants get an illness, they leave the nest to die alone. Young ants, known as pupae, in contrast are still trapped inside a cocoon, making social distancing impossible. Scientists had already figured out that when these pupae are terminally ill, there is a chemical change that produces a particular smell. Adult worker ants then gather around, remove the cocoon, “bite holes in the pupae and insert poison,” Dawson said. For the research, the scientists wanted to figure out whether the pupae “were actively saying: ‘hey, come and kill me,’” Dawson said. First, the scientists extracted the smell from the sick pupae of a black garden ant. When they applied the smell to a healthy brood in the lab, the workers still destroyed them. Then, the team conducted an experiment showing that the sick pupae only produce the smell when worker ants are nearby, proving it is a deliberate signal for destruction. “While it is a sacrifice — a truly altruistic act — it’s also in their own interest, because it means that their genes are going to survive and be passed on to the next generation,” Dawson said. However, there is one member of the nest that does not sacrifice itself. When queen pupae are infected inside their cocoons, they do not send out the smelly warning signal, the team found. “Are they cheating the system?” Dawson said the team asked themselves. However, they found that the “queen pupae have much better immune systems than the worker pupae, and so they were able to fight off the infection — and that’s why we think that they weren’t signalling”, she said. Dawson hopes future research will investigate whether queen pupae sacrifice themselves when it becomes clear they will not beat their infection. 1. Why does the author mention the “find-me and eat-me” signal? A. To explain the self-sacrifice signal system of the ants. B. To contrast disease responses in insects and humans. C. To show how ants carry out social distancing in the nest. D. To describe the method scientists used in their experiment. 2. What does the word “altruistic” in Paragraph 4 most nearly mean? A. Driven by self-preservation instincts. B. Carried out for the benefit of others. C. Controlled by genetic programming. D. Triggered by external chemical signals. 3. Why don’t queen pupae emit the warning signal? A. They possess superior immune defenses against infection. B. They use a biological trick to avoid detection. C. They postpone signaling until the infection progresses. D. They rely on specialized protective mechanisms. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Sick young ants invite destruction to save colony. B. Sick young ants send signals asking for treatment. C. Queen ants refuse to signal and avoid sacrifice. D. Different ant species show various sacrifice behaviors. 【抢分练3】(2026年1月浙江高考首考 A) The City of Burlington public art program is presenting a series of temporary public art signs at the Beachway in conjunction with the Ontario Culture Days. This project will select 10 visual artists and 10 writers to create artwork that will be displayed on temporary signs along the multi-use path. This call is open to Burlington-based artists and is open to all art forms that can be presented in a sign format. This includes, but is not limited to: visual art, graphic art, photography, poetry, short story, non-fiction, etc. Submissions may be from existing or newly created work. The artist fee for this project is $ 400. The City of Burlington will pay for all costs related to the production, installation (安装) and maintenance of the signs. Estimated Project Timeline August2 Call for Artists responses due By August 12 Successful artists selected; enter into a con tract with the City of Burlington September6 Final artwork files due September 23-October 13 Artwork displayed for duration of Culture Days celebration Application Package Artwork Statement: Please provide a brief statement (maximum 150 words) outlining your artwork concept. Artwork or Writing Submission: Visual Art Submission: Please submit an artwork sketch (草图) of your concept. This can be a work in progress rather than a completed piece. If you are proposing to use a completed artwork, please submit it as your “sketch”. Writing Submission: Submissions must be a maximum of 250 words. It may be a stand-alone piece such as a poem or short story or a part taken from a larger piece. Artist Biography: Please provide a short introduction (maximum 50 words) to the artist written in the third person. 21. What is the purpose of this text? A. To raise money for local artists. B. To release a collection of artwork. C. To introduce a cultural festival. D. To call for artworks for a project. 22. How long will the public art signs be on display? A. Ten days. B. Three weeks. C. One month. D. Two months. 23. Which of the following meets the application requirements? A. A 150-word poem. B. A 100-word self-introduction. C. A 300-word story. D. A 200-word artwork statement. 【抢分练4】(2025高考北京卷 C) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved. 29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings. C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 重难点12 阅读理解之主旨大意题掌控 ( 内容导航 速度提升 技巧掌握 手感养成 重难考向聚焦 锁定目标 精准打击： 本专项核 心考查方向与高考高频难点是 阅读理解 之 主旨大意 题 ，梳理近3年高考该题型的重难考点分布 ( 如 2021- 202 5 年全国卷 I阅读理解 中 占比 6.6 % ) 重难技巧突破 授予利器 瓦解难点： 1. 结构定位法 ( 瓦解文章脉络 ) 2. 主题句提炼法 ( 瓦解细节干扰 ) 3. 高频词/转折词锁定法 ( 瓦解信息迷阵 ) 4. 选项逆向验证法 ( 瓦解陷阱选项 ) 重难保分练 稳扎稳打 必拿分数 ： 聚焦 3 种类型可稳拿分数题目，确保重难点基础分值 重难抢分练 突破瓶颈 争夺高分： 聚焦 3 种类型中高难度题目，争夺关键分数 重难冲刺练 模拟实战 挑战顶尖： 挑战高考和模拟综合题型，养成稳定攻克难题的“题感”。 ) 【考点统计】 2021-2025高考阅读理解考点统计 卷别 细节理解题 猜测词义题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 2025全国高考I卷 7 1 6 1 2025全国高考II卷 8 1 4 2 2025高考浙江1月卷 5 1 7 2 2024新课标I卷 9 1 4 1 2024新课标II卷 9 1 4 1 2023新课标I卷 6 1 7 1 2023新课标II卷 6 1 7 1 2022新课标I卷 8 2 4 1 2022新课标II卷 8 2 4 1 2024全国甲卷 7 1 6 1 2023全国甲卷 8 1 5 1 2023全国乙卷 5 1 8 1 2022全国甲卷 8 1 3 3 2022全国乙卷 10 1 3 1 2021新高考I卷 8 1 4 2 2021新高考II卷 11 1 2 1 【命题趋势】 高考英语主旨大意题的命题趋势正变得更加隐蔽、综合且强调深层理解。传统上直接询问“What is the main idea?”的题型比例下降，而需要考生在综合全文、判断写作意图的基础上，进行提炼和概括的题目成为主流。以下是近年来的核心命题趋势及应对策略： 一、四大核心命题趋势 1. 题型表述更加多样化与间接化 趋势：直接问“main idea”的题目减少，更多以间接方式考察，要求考生推断作者的写作目的、文章的最佳标题或文章的出处。 常见设问方式： 写作目的型：What is the purpose of the text? / The text is intended to “___”. 最佳标题型：Which of the following is the best title for the text? 读者定位型：Where is the text most likely from? / Who is the text written for? 结构概括型：How is the text organized? / Which of the following best describes the structure? 2. 选项设计更具干扰性，强调“精准概括” 趋势：错误选项不再是明显错误，而是极具迷惑性的“部分正确”选项。 典型干扰项： 以偏概全：只概括某一段或某个细节(如一个例子)。 范围过大：内容正确，但过于宽泛，超出了文章讨论的具体范畴。 张冠李戴：将作者引用或批驳的观点误认为是作者自己的主旨。 无中生有：引入了原文未涉及的概念或结论。 3. 对文章结构和逻辑关系的考察加深 趋势：主旨不仅关乎“内容是什么”，更关乎“如何展开”。考生需要理清文章是现象-分析型、问题-解决型、观点-论证型还是对比阐述型。主旨往往隐藏在文章的推进逻辑中。 4. 与作者观点、态度紧密融合 趋势：主旨题与观点态度题界限模糊。尤其在议论文和评论文中，主旨往往就是作者的核心论点及其倾向。不能只概括话题，必须捕捉到作者的立场(是倡导、批判、解释还是反思)。 二、应对新趋势的“三层筛选法”：面对复杂的主旨题，推荐使用以下系统化步骤。 第一步：宏观定位(锁定框架) 首尾段原则：重点精读首段(引出话题/亮出观点)和尾段(总结/升华/呼吁)。主旨句常在此。 各段首句串联：快速串联各段首句，绘制文章的“逻辑骨架”。 判断文体与结构：议论文需找论点句(常在首尾段或转折后)；说明文需找说明对象及其核心特征。记叙文需找事件背后的寓意或启示(而非情节本身)；而新闻文章的核心信息在导语(第一段)。 第二步：微观验证(排除陷阱) 将初步判断的主旨与选项对照，用“三问法”检验每个选项： 覆盖性：该选项能涵盖所有段落的核心意思吗？(排除“以偏概全”) 准确性：该选项的表述与文章的重点、程度、倾向完全一致吗？(排除“范围过大”和“张冠李戴”) 必要性：如果以此选项为主旨，文章的内容是否都为其服务，没有多余或偏离？(确认精准性) 第三步：逆向思维(终极确认) 标题型：问自己，如果用这个选项作标题，文章内容是否完全支撑它？ 目的型：问自己，作者写下这些文字，最想让读者知道/思考/做什么？ 出处型：根据文章的专业程度、口吻和内容，推断最可能的来源(是教科书、旅游手册、书评还是科普杂志？)。 考点一：标题归纳题——高度概括法。 【设题特点】 高考英语标题归纳题本质上是主旨大意题的一种高阶形式，它要求考生在理解全文的基础上，用最精炼、最吸引人、最概括的语言为文章选择一个“名字”。其设题特点鲜明，难度在于精准性与艺术性的结合。 以下是其核心设题特点及破解之道： 一、四大核心设题特点 1. 高度概括性：标题是全文的“灵魂浓缩” 特点：正确标题必须覆盖全文核心，不能是细节描述。它通常是 “话题 + 核心观点/结论” 或 “话题 + 悬念/亮点” 的凝练表达。 陷阱：选项常包含文章某一部分的细节内容，极具诱惑力。 2. 强烈的指向性：标题反映作者意图和文章基调 特点：标题需要体现文章的写作目的(是告知、劝说、警示还是娱乐)和情感色彩(积极、消极、中立、反思)。 陷阱：选项可能话题正确，但基调或倾向错误。 3. 适当的吸引力与文学性(尤其见于记叙文、新闻) 特点：好标题常使用修辞手法(比喻、拟人、双关)、设问或悬念来吸引读者。它可能不是一个完整的陈述句。 陷阱：选项可能为了吸引人而偏离主旨，或过于花哨让人不知所云。 4. 与文章体裁和来源高度匹配 特点：标题风格暗示文章出处。科研报道：准确、客观，可能包含新发现；新闻头条：简洁、抓人眼球，有时省略冠词；寓言故事：富有寓意；书评/影评：包含评价性词汇。 陷阱：选项的语言风格与文章体裁明显不符。 二、标题归纳题独有的两大难点 “部分正确”陷阱：一个选项包含了文章的关键词或主要事件，看起来非常相关，但它只概括了文章的起因、过程或某个方面，而非最终指向的结果、整体或启示。 “概括过度”陷阱：标题范围过大，虽然包含了文章内容，但把文章仅作为该大主题下的一个普通例子，未能突出本文的独特角度或具体结论。 三、黄金解题步骤：“三步验证法” 第一步：确定文章“主角”与“戏眼”：用一句话完成(本文主要讨论了 “谁/什么”(主角)，关于它最核心的 “什么事/什么观点”(戏眼)？) 第二步：将选项与“主角+戏眼”对照，进行第一轮筛选 排除法：不含“主角”或完全偏离“戏眼”的？→直接排除。只提及“主角”但“戏眼”模糊或错误的？→排除。是文中一个具体例子或细节？→排除(以偏概全)。 第三步：终极验证(代入法与比较法) 代入法：假设你以该选项为标题来写这篇文章，你会写现在这些内容吗？文章内容是否完全支撑这个标题？ 比较法：在剩下的选项中，哪个覆盖最全面、指向最精准、与作者意图最贴合？ 询问自己：作者最想通过这篇文章让读者记住什么？哪个标题最能吸引目标读者(根据文章出处判断)继续阅读？ 【思维导图】 【典例1】(2024全国甲卷, B) Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you’re able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That’s why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don’t usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that has been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 27. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。文章介绍了猫通过喵叫、嗅觉以及给主人带回礼物等行为来表达需求、评估环境和表达爱意，这些都促使我们进一步了解猫的行为，由此可知，B项最适合作文章标题。 考点二：文章大意题——主题句定位法。 【设题特点】 高考英语文章大意题是阅读理解中最核心的题型，它要求考生越过细节，把握文章的灵魂。其设题特点正朝着 “综合化、深层化、语境化” 的方向演变。以下是详细的设题特点剖析与应对策略： 一、核心设题特点：从“寻找”到“构建” 命题人不再满足于考生能找到现成的主题句，而是要求他们综合全文信息，自主构建出文章的中心思想。具体体现在： 1. 考查层次立体化 表层大意：文章主要谈论了什么“话题”或“事件”？ (What is the text about?) 深层主旨：作者通过这个话题表达了什么核心“观点”、“意图”或“启示”？ (What is the author’s main point/purpose?) 文体功能：这篇文章的目的是什么？ (To inform, persuade, explain, entertain?) 2. 题干表述多样化(间接化) 直接问“main idea”的题在减少，更多以以下形式出现： 目的型：The main purpose of the text is to “___”. / The text is intended to ”___”. 概括型：What is the text mainly concerned with? 结论型：What can we conclude from the text? 要点型：What is the key point discussed in the text? 3. 选项设计高度陷阱化：错误选项不再是明显荒谬，而是精心设计的“部分正确”信息，极具迷惑性。细节干扰项：用文章中的某个生动例子、数据或细节作为选项，看似相关，实则以偏概全。 范围不当项： 过度概括：选项内容超出文章讨论范围，过于宽泛空洞。 概括不足：选项只覆盖了文章的部分内容，不够全面。 偷换概念项：使用文章中的关键词，但改变了逻辑关系或情感倾向。 无中生有项：基于常识或合理推测，但文章未提及。 因果/主客颠倒项：混淆作者观点与被引述观点，或颠倒因果。 4. 对文章结构与逻辑关系的依赖增强 理解文章如何组织(如：现象-分析-结论、问题-解决方案-评价、观点-反驳-立论、对比分析)是准确概括大意的关键。主旨往往隐藏在文章的推进逻辑中。 二、分类文体核心主旨落脚点 文体类型 主旨核心落脚点 经典结构 议论文/评论文 作者的核心论点(往往在首尾段或转折后) 提出论点→论证(举例、说理、对比)→重申结论 说明文 说明对象的本质特征、原理或重要性 定义/引入→分点说明(特点、原因、方式等)→总结 记叙文/故事 事件背后的寓意、人物品质的揭示或获得的启示(而非情节本身) 背景→事件(冲突/发展)→高潮→结局→启示 新闻报导 事件核心+社会意义/影响(导语是关键) 导语(5W1H)→细节展开→背景补充→未来展望 科普文 一项新发现、研究结论及其价值 现象/问题→研究过程→发现结果→意义探讨 三、黄金解题策略：“三步定位排除法” 第一步：预判与结构扫描(读前+速读) 读题干：明确是考查大意题，带着目标阅读。 读首尾段及每段首句：快速抓住文章话题、作者结论和基本框架。 第二步：深度阅读与主旨提炼(精读) 边读边问：每个段落对主旨的贡献是什么？(是提出观点、举例证明、还是转折对比？) 完成核心填空：读完全文后，用一句话填空：“本文主要讨论了/论证了/介绍了 ______，其核心是 ______。” (即：对象+核心陈述) 第三步：选项比对与验证(解题) 将你的“核心填空句”与每个选项比对，寻找意思重合度最高的。 【思维导图】 【典例2】(2024新课标Ⅱ卷, C) We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 31.What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场(BMF)甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A 考点三：段落大意题——首尾兼顾法。 【设题特点】 高考英语段落大意题考查的是对文章局部结构的精确理解，是主旨大意题的“微观版本”。其设题特点在于逻辑隐蔽、概括精准、与上下文紧密关联。以下是其核心设题特点与破解策略： 一、核心设题特点 1. 定位明确，但概括要求高 特点：题目明确指向某个特定段落(如：What is the main idea of the second paragraph?)。答案必须是对该段落整体功能的概括，而非其中某一句的复述。 陷阱：选项常包含该段落中最生动、最具体的细节，极具吸引力。 2. 段落功能化，强调“服务于整体” 特点：段落大意往往由其在全文中的“角色”决定。命题人考查你是否理解该段落为何存在——它是为了提出论点、举例证明、分析原因、对比反衬，还是引出下文？ 陷阱：选项可能描述了段落内容，但未能点明其功能，或功能判断错误(如将“举例”当成“提出观点”)。 3. 逻辑关系是解题密钥 特点：段落内部和段落之间的逻辑关系(如：因果、转折、举例、递进)是推断段落大意的核心线索。尤其是段首和段尾的句子，常承上启下或点明本段意图。 陷阱：忽略逻辑信号词(如However, For example, Therefore, Moreover)，导致理解碎片化。 4. 选项间区分度小，需精确认知 特点：几个选项可能话题相近，但侧重点、范围或结论有微妙差别。需要像“显微镜”一样辨别。 典型干扰项： 细节概括：只概括了段落中的一个例子或数据。 范围溢出：内容包含了上一段或下一段的部分意思。 功能错位：混淆了段落的具体内容和它要实现的论证目的。 二、黄金解题步骤：“功能定位三步法” 第一步：结构定位，明确段落“角色” 审题：明确是哪一段。 回看：快速浏览该段落的上一段结尾和下一段开头，理解上下文语境。 自问：这一段在文章中扮演什么角色？(参考下表) 常见段落角色 关键词/信号 可能的正确选项表述 提出观点/论点 I argue that, The point is, It is believed 介绍一个核心观点/理论。 举例证明 For instance, Take...as an example 提供一个例子来支撑前述观点。 分析原因 The reason is, This is because, Due to 解释某现象发生的原因。 描述现象/问题 There is..., One problem is... 呈现一个现状或指出一个问题。 对比/转折 However, On the contrary, Unlike 提出一个不同的或相反的看法。 得出结论 Thus, Therefore, In conclusion 总结本部分或全文的结论。 引出话题/过渡 When it comes to..., Regarding... 将讨论引入一个新方面。 第二步：内容提炼，抓住“对象+陈述” 仔细阅读该段落，忽略细节和例子：找出该段落的核心讨论对象(是什么？)。找出关于该对象的核心陈述(怎么样？)。 用一句话概括：本段通过(角色功能)，说明了(对象)的(核心陈述)。 第三步：选项比对，进行“功能验证” 将你的概括与选项比对，并验证： 覆盖性：选项是否概括了段落的主要句子，而非某个细节？ 排他性：选项内容是否基本限定在本段内，没有大量涉及外段内容？ 功能性：选项的表述是否反映了该段在全文中的角色？(例如，如果该段是例子，正确选项通常会出现 “an example of”, “illustrates” 等词。) 三、高阶难点与应对 难点：段落无主题句，需要综合推断 对策：将段落各句意思进行逻辑叠加。问自己：如果删掉这一段，文章会缺失什么？这个“缺失的部分”就是段落大意。 难点：段落承上启下，功能复杂 对策：重点关注段落首尾句。如果首句连接上文，尾句开启下文，那么该段的大意很可能是 “从A话题过渡到B话题” 或 “在承认A的基础上，引出更重要的B”。 【思维导图】 【典例3】(2023新课标Ⅰ卷, D) On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 (建议用时：40分钟) 【类型一：高考真题主旨大意题片段训练】 【片段01】(2024新课标I卷第26题) Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 【答案】D 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 【片段02】(2023新课标I卷第32题) This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 【片段03】(2022全国甲卷第31题) As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 31. What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71 has had a deep love for travel.(今年71岁的吉妮从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。由此可知，A childhood dream.(童年的梦想)能够概括文章主旨。故选A。 【片段04】(2023新高考II卷B篇) Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” 27. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Sprouts”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选B。 【类型二：高考真题主旨大意题语篇训练】 (2025全国高考I卷 C) While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently. C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity. C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible. 30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective. C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Why the Rush? B. What’s Next? C. Where to Stay? D. Who to Blame? 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。 28. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。 29. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。 30. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。 31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush? (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。 (2025全国高考II卷 C) When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss. C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well. 29. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment. C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity. 30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability. C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】28. D 29. D 30. C 31. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 28. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：她的生意火爆，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 29. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” (Knuth表示：“在有植物的环境中学习的学生，其学业表现要优于在没有植物的教室中学习的学生。”“这种生产力的提升同样适用于成年人的职场环境。我们的研究表明，在植物丰富的办公场所工作的人，其病假率降低了30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低30%。因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 30. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 31. 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood(植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 【类型三：推理判断题名校好题调研】 【调研1】(25-26高三上·重庆)Earlier this year, Alicia Meyer, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania, tried to figure out the true ownership of a pair of leather gloves that rested in the university’s library for nearly a century. The long-forgotten mysterious gloves couldn’t have belonged to William Shakespeare. Or could they? Few relics tied to Shakespeare, who died in 1616, have survived the centuries. The writer’s signature is extremely rare, existing only in legal documents. However, that Penn may possess a Shakespearean treasure is no surprise. Its Shakespeare collections, mostly from the donations of H. H. Furness, the greatest Shakespearean scholar of his time, are world-famous. Among the Shakespearean jewels at Penn’s library is a 1611 edition of Hamlet, one of only 19 copies in the world. But nothing like the gloves. They caused a stir when Furness’ son donated them in 1931. Meyer reached out to conservation librarian Tessa Gadomski for help, who studied them with technology normally used to treat and care for rare books and papers. Examining the gloves under ultraviolet light, Gadomski searched for clues of any post-industrial materials, which would show the gloves were likely made or repaired after Shakespeare’s time. And found none. Next, she used x-ray fluorescence technology to search for signs of chromium (Cr) or titanium (Ti), commonly used in 18th- and 19th- century tanning techniques. Again, she found none. It would fit that Shakespeare would own a pair of fancy gloves. Clothes, as he once famously wrote, make the man. His plays made the money. His father was a glove maker. Plus, it was common for rich people to donate clothes, and even gloves, to theaters for costumes, Meyer said. “If he really wore them, then we feel like we’re somehow in the presence of him,” Penn professor Zachary Lesser said about the gloves. But in his heart of hearts, he feels it’s a long shot that they’ll ever truly know. He hopes the renewed attention could unearth some historical evidence that could definitively tie the gloves to the hands of perhaps the greatest writer the world has ever known. 28. Why is it not surprising that the gloves at Penn may belong to Shakespeare? A. The gloves have been kept there for years. B. Penn has a history of seeking valuable relics. C. Penn is known for owning rare Shakespearean items. D. The gloves were donated by a Shakespearean scholar. 29. What was the significance of Gadomski’s work? A. It ruled out non-Shakespearean possibilities. B. It confirmed the gloves’ link to Shakespeare. C. It secured the gloves’ long-term preservation. D. It uncovered post-industrial glove-making methods. 30. What is the function of Paragraph 4? A. To suggest another origin of the gloves. B. To conclude the findings of the research. C. To support the assumption about the gloves. D. To provide more information about Shakespeare. 31. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Where did the gloves Lead Us? B. Did Shakespeare Own These gloves? C. Shakespeare’s gloves Resurfaced at Penn D. Long-forgotten gloves Found Their Owner 【答案】28. C 29. A 30. C 31. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨宾夕法尼亚大学图书馆手套是否为莎士比亚所有及相关研究。 28. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, that Penn may possess a Shakespearean treasure is no surprise. Its Shakespeare collections, mostly from the donations of H. H. Furness, the greatest Shakespearean scholar of his time, are world-famous. Among the Shakespearean jewels at Penn’s library is a 1611 edition of Hamlet, one of only 19 copies in the world. (然而，宾夕法尼亚大学或许藏有一件莎士比亚相关珍品，这并不令人意外。该校的莎士比亚藏品举世闻名，其中大部分来自当时最伟大的莎士比亚学者H. H. Furness的捐赠。宾大图书馆的莎士比亚珍宝中，就包括1611年版的《哈姆雷特》，全球仅存19本，此为其一)”可知，宾夕法尼亚大学拥有世界闻名的莎士比亚藏品，所以这双手套可能属于莎士比亚并不令人惊讶。故选C。 29. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Examining the gloves under ultraviolet light, Gadomski searched for clues of any post-industrial materials, which would show the gloves were likely made or repaired after Shakespeare’s time. And found none. Next, she used x-ray fluorescence technology to search for signs of chromium (Cr) or titanium (Ti), commonly used in 18th- and 19th- century tanning techniques. Again, she found none. (Gadomski用紫外线照射手套，寻找是否存在任何后工业时代材料的线索，若有此类材料，则表明手套很可能是在莎士比亚时代之后制作或修补的。结果并未发现此类材料。接着，她采用X射线荧光技术，寻找铬(Cr)或钛(Ti)的痕迹，这两种元素在18世纪和19世纪的制革工艺中常用。同样，她也没有发现任何相关痕迹)”可知，Gadomski的研究排除了手套在莎士比亚时代之后制作或修补的可能性，即排除了非莎士比亚时代的可能性。故选A。 30. 推理判断题。根据第四段“It would fit that Shakespeare would own a pair of fancy gloves. Clothes, as he once famously wrote, make the man. His plays made the money. His father was a glove maker. Plus, it was common for rich people to donate clothes, and even gloves, to theaters for costumes, Meyer said. (莎士比亚拥有一双精致的手套也合乎情理。正如他曾写下的一句名言：人靠衣装。他的戏剧为他带来了财富。他的父亲是一名手套匠。此外，Meyer称，富人向剧院捐赠衣物甚至手套用作戏服，在当时是很常见的事)”可知，第四段通过引用莎士比亚关于衣着的名言、其父亲的职业以及当时富人向剧院捐赠衣物的习俗，为“手套可能属于莎士比亚”这一假设提供了背景信息和合理性支持。故选C。 31. 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章围绕宾夕法尼亚大学图书馆一副手套的归属展开，核心问题是探究它们是否属于莎士比亚，并描述了研究过程与相关背景，最终也未得出确凿结论，核心疑问贯穿始终，B选项“Did Shakespeare Own These gloves? (莎士比亚是否拥有这副手套？)”最能概括全文核心，最适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 【调研2】(25-26高三上·江苏镇江·期中)These days, institutions and companies love to announce what they’re doing to tackle the climate crisis. But in reality, the claims are not always accompanied by real, effective action — a shady practice known as greenwashing. But at the same time, other companies are not communicating their sustainability actions. This phenomenon is known as “greenhushing” and it could be just as dangerous as greenwashing. When organizations tone down their efforts, the broader sustainability conversation can be weakened — and the opportunity for businesses to be drivers of social change could be lost. But why would companies deliberately hide things that they are doing well? Our research has investigated how and why organizations take part in greenhushing. We focused particularly on how this occurs in service organizations. First, we examined the communication strategies of 300 UK hotels engaged in environmentally friendly practices across three channels: hotel websites, profiles (简介) on travel site Booking.com, and social media platforms. We found that 62% of UK hotel websites do not include sustainability information, with only 2% of social media posts referring to it. Although booking platforms signal the sustainability of hotels that have third-party certifications, hotel websites often don’t provide much explanation in this regard. Next, we uncovered three main reasons for the tendency towards not communicating — or even hiding — sustainability actions. First, managers spoke of reputational risks, highlighting their fear of being accused of greenwashing. Second, managers said they lacked confidence about the effectiveness of their sustainability practices. Finally, many service managers highlighted that instead of communicating good practice, they relied on sustainability certifications provided by third-party institutions to do the talking for them. But consumers don’t always understand all these certifications. To build trust, it would be better for organizations to provide clear and comprehensive information about their specific sustainability actions. The sustainability dialogue needs to be promoted so that businesses have the opportunity to act as genuine drivers of social change. 32. What does the author think of greenhushing in paragraph 1? A. It is a new form of greenwashing. B. It slows down sustainability progress. C. It urges organizations to make efforts. D. It is more harmful than greenwashing. 33. What do the statistics presented in paragraph 2 indicate? A. A rise in the quality of environmental posts. B. A gap between green actions and communication. C. A drop in the communication effectiveness of hotels. D. A contrast between hotel websites and other channels. 34. What may cause companies to avoid communicating their sustainability efforts? A. Fear of unfair criticism. B. Consumers’ low demands. C. Lack of third-party certifications. D. Managers’ dependence on laws. 35. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Greenhushing: Businesses Understating Sustainable Practices B. Greenhushing: Businesses Discouraging Environmental Efforts C. Greenwashing: Businesses Promoting Sustainable Development D. Greenwashing: Businesses Showing Environmental Commitments 【答案】32. B 33. B 34. A 35. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨“绿色沉默”现象，分析企业隐瞒可持续发展行动的原因及危害，并提出相关建议。 32. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“This phenomenon is known as “greenhushing” and it could be just as dangerous as greenwashing. When organizations tone down their efforts, the broader sustainability conversation can be weakened—and the opportunity for businesses to be drivers of social change could be lost.(这种现象被称为“绿色沉默”，其危险性可能与“漂绿”不相上下。当企业淡化自身努力时，更广泛的可持续发展对话会被削弱，企业成为社会变革推动者的机会也可能丧失。)”可知，作者认为绿色沉默会减缓可持续发展的进程。故选B项。 33. 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“First, we examined the communication strategies of 300 UK hotels engaged in environmentally friendly practices across three channels: hotel websites, profiles (简介) on travel site Booking.com, and social media platforms. We found that 62% of UK hotel websites do not include sustainability information, with only 2% of social media posts referring to it.(首先，我们调查了300家践行环保举措的英国酒店在三个渠道的沟通策略：酒店官网、旅游平台缤客(Booking. com)的商家简介以及社交媒体平台。结果发现，62%的英国酒店官网未包含可持续发展相关信息，仅有2%的社交媒体帖子涉及该内容。)”可知，这些数据表明绿色行动与沟通之间存在差距。故选B项。 34. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“First, managers spoke of reputational risks, highlighting their fear of being accused of greenwashing.(首先，管理者提到了声誉风险，强调他们担心被指控为漂绿。)”可知，企业避免沟通可持续发展努力的原因之一是害怕受到不公平的批评(被误指为漂绿)。故选A项。 35. 主旨大意题。通读全文以及根据第一段“These days, institutions and companies love to announce what they’re doing to tackle the climate crisis. But in reality, the claims are not always accompanied by real, effective action — a shady practice known as greenwashing. But at the same time, other companies are not communicating their sustainability actions. This phenomenon is known as “greenhushing” and it could be just as dangerous as greenwashing. When organizations tone down their efforts, the broader sustainability conversation can be weakened — and the opportunity for businesses to be drivers of social change could be lost. But why would companies deliberately hide things that they are doing well? (如今，各类机构和企业都热衷于宣称自己为应对气候危机所采取的举措。但事实上，这些声明并非总能伴随真实有效的行动——这种不光彩的做法被称为 “漂绿”。而与此同时，另一些企业却不对外宣传自己的可持续发展行动。这种现象被称作 “绿色沉默”，其危险性可能与“漂绿”不相上下。当机构淡化自身的努力时，更广泛的可持续发展对话会被削弱，企业成为社会变革推动者的机会也可能就此丧失。但企业为何要刻意隐瞒自己做得好的事情呢？)”可知，文章核心围绕“绿色沉默”(greenhushing)展开，介绍了这一现象的定义、表现(企业隐瞒可持续发展行动)、原因及建议。A项“绿色沉默：企业淡化可持续发展实践”为最佳标题。故选A项。 (建议用时：30分钟) 【抢分练1】(25-26高三上·湖南·长沙)Understanding a proof in a math textbook is one thing; being able to reconstruct it without help is another thing. My classmates and I learned this the hard way at university. Most of our exams were oral exams, and nothing exposes a lack of deep knowledge faster than trying to explain a concept to someone. Unlike written exams, where visual learners may be able to parrot back memorized notes that they barely understand, an oral test demands creative thinking in real time. When presented with a problem, students not only need to recall relevant definitions and theories, but they also need to apply them-sometimes in ways they never anticipated. Students often fall into a familiar trap. They read the textbooks, highlight key passages, and review lecture notes. These activities feel productive, but when exam day arrives, a student will often realize their passive familiarity with the material doesn’t translate into the ability to apply it. Nor does it translate into a good grade. Passive learning is misleading. It feels like we’re making progress, but without actually applying what we learn, it slips away quickly. Consuming information is not the same as developing skills. The cognitive psychologist Daniel T. Willingham explains the distinction between passive and active learning when he writes, “Memory is the result of thought.” In other words, we forget most of what we encounter and remember only what we think about. Reading about calculations doesn’t automatically create the neural pathways needed to solve calculating problems. Those pathways only form through deliberate practice: by solving problems, making mistakes, and experiencing the struggle. As a general rule, the harder your brain works during practice, the better it performs when it matters. To truly master something, you should embrace challenges and accept the slow, often frustrating, pace of true learning. The oral math exam was valuable because it broke the illusion of passive learning. Standing in front of the professor, faced with a problem, there’s nowhere to hide. The pressure to produce mathematics revealed the true state of our understanding. To truly know what we don’t know, we should simulate our own oral exams by picturing an imaginary professor asking questions and forcing ourselves to figure out answers on our own. 1. What does the underlined phrase “parrot back” mean in paragraph 2? A. Repeat mechanically. B. Appreciate deeply. C. Apply creatively. D. Forget quickly. 2. Why do students fall into the learning trap? A. Because of over-reliance on textbooks. B. Because of brilliant exam performance. C. Because of a false sense of competence. D. Because of overemphasis on memory skills. 3. Which of the following statements might Daniel T. Willingham agree with? A. Repeated exposure strengthens memories. B. Active engagement builds solid memory. C. Memory improves with extensive reading. D. Learning occurs when teachers ask questions. 4. What would be the best title for the text? A. Passive Learning: The Silent Killer of Exams B. Conscious Practice: The Best Way to Learn Math C. Oral Math Exams: The Frustrating University Tests D. Active Learning: The Key to Mastering Knowledge 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了被动学习无法让人真正掌握知识，通过大学数学口试的经历，强调主动学习、刻意练习才是掌握知识的关键。 1. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“Unlike written exams, where visual learners may be able to parrot back memorized notes that they barely understand, an oral test demands creative thinking in real time.(与笔试不同，视觉学习者在笔试中可能会对自己几乎不理解的背诵笔记进行parrot back，而口试则需要实时的创造性思维。)”可知，笔试中学习者可能只是重复记忆的笔记，并未真正理解，与口试的创造性思维形成对比。因此“parrot back”表示“机械重复”。故选A项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“These activities feel productive, but when exam day arrives, a student will often realize their passive familiarity with the material doesn’t translate into the ability to apply it. Nor does it translate into a good grade. Passive learning is misleading. It feels like we’re making progress, but without actually applying what we learn, it slips away quickly.(这些活动让人感觉很有成效，但当考试日到来时，学生往往会意识到，他们对材料的被动熟悉并不能转化为应用能力，也不能转化为好成绩。被动学习具有误导性。感觉我们在进步，但如果不实际应用所学，知识很快就会溜走。)”可知，学生陷入学习陷阱是因为被动学习带来了虚假的能力感，让他们误以为自己掌握了知识。故选C项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The cognitive psychologist Daniel T. Willingham explains the distinction between passive and active learning when he writes, “Memory is the result of thought.” In other words, we forget most of what we encounter and remember only what we think about.(认知心理学家丹尼尔·T·威林厄姆在解释被动学习和主动学习的区别时写道：“记忆是思考的结果。”换句话说，我们会忘记大部分遇到的东西，只记住我们思考过的东西。)”可知，威林厄姆认为记忆源于思考，即主动参与才能形成牢固的记忆。故选B项。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章通过大学数学口试的经历引出被动学习的弊端，引用心理学家的观点强调“记忆是思考的结果”，并指出主动练习、迎接挑战才是真正掌握知识的方式，所以题目“主动学习是掌握知识的关键”概括了全文的主题，适合作为最佳标题。故选D项。 【抢分练2】(2026·浙江宁波·模拟预测)Sick young ants release a smell to tell worker ants to destroy them to protect the colony from infection, scientists said Tuesday, adding that queens do not seem to commit this act of self-sacrifice. Many animals conceal illness for social reasons. Ant colonies, however, act as one “super-organism” which works to ensure the survival of all, similar to how infected cells in our bodies send out a “find-me and eat-me” signal, according to an Austria-led team of scientists. When adult worker ants get an illness, they leave the nest to die alone. Young ants, known as pupae, in contrast are still trapped inside a cocoon, making social distancing impossible. Scientists had already figured out that when these pupae are terminally ill, there is a chemical change that produces a particular smell. Adult worker ants then gather around, remove the cocoon, “bite holes in the pupae and insert poison,” Dawson said. For the research, the scientists wanted to figure out whether the pupae “were actively saying: ‘hey, come and kill me,’” Dawson said. First, the scientists extracted the smell from the sick pupae of a black garden ant. When they applied the smell to a healthy brood in the lab, the workers still destroyed them. Then, the team conducted an experiment showing that the sick pupae only produce the smell when worker ants are nearby, proving it is a deliberate signal for destruction. “While it is a sacrifice — a truly altruistic act — it’s also in their own interest, because it means that their genes are going to survive and be passed on to the next generation,” Dawson said. However, there is one member of the nest that does not sacrifice itself. When queen pupae are infected inside their cocoons, they do not send out the smelly warning signal, the team found. “Are they cheating the system?” Dawson said the team asked themselves. However, they found that the “queen pupae have much better immune systems than the worker pupae, and so they were able to fight off the infection — and that’s why we think that they weren’t signalling”, she said. Dawson hopes future research will investigate whether queen pupae sacrifice themselves when it becomes clear they will not beat their infection. 1. Why does the author mention the “find-me and eat-me” signal? A. To explain the self-sacrifice signal system of the ants. B. To contrast disease responses in insects and humans. C. To show how ants carry out social distancing in the nest. D. To describe the method scientists used in their experiment. 2. What does the word “altruistic” in Paragraph 4 most nearly mean? A. Driven by self-preservation instincts. B. Carried out for the benefit of others. C. Controlled by genetic programming. D. Triggered by external chemical signals. 3. Why don’t queen pupae emit the warning signal? A. They possess superior immune defenses against infection. B. They use a biological trick to avoid detection. C. They postpone signaling until the infection progresses. D. They rely on specialized protective mechanisms. 4. What is the best title for the text? A. Sick young ants invite destruction to save colony. B. Sick young ants send signals asking for treatment. C. Queen ants refuse to signal and avoid sacrifice. D. Different ant species show various sacrifice behaviors. 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了生病的年轻蚂蚁会释放一种气味，告诉工蚁摧毁它们以保护蚁群免受感染，而蚁后似乎不会做出这种自我牺牲的行为，并说明了背后的原因。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Many animals conceal illness for social reasons. Ant colonies, however, act as one “super-organism” which works to ensure the survival of all, similar to how infected cells in our bodies send out a “find-me and eat-me” signal, according to an Austria-led team of scientists(许多动物出于社会原因隐藏疾病。然而，一个由奥地利领导的科学家团队称，蚂蚁群落就像一个“超级生物体”，致力于确保所有蚂蚁的生存，这与我们体内受感染的细胞发出“找到我并吃掉我”的信号类似)”可知，蚂蚁群落就像一个“超级生物体”，致力于确保所有蚂蚁的生存，可推理出作者提到“找到我并吃掉我”的信号是为了解释蚂蚁的自我牺牲信号系统。故选A。 2. 词句猜测题。根据第四段““While it is a sacrifice—a truly altruistic act—it’s also in their own interest, because it means that their genes are going to survive and be passed on to the next generation,” Dawson said (道森说：“虽然这是一种牺牲——一种真正的altruistic行为——但这也符合它们自身的利益，因为这意味着它们的基因将存活下来并传给下一代。”)”可知，划线词上文提到了牺牲，下文提到了符合它们自身的利益，可推理出蚂蚁的这种自我牺牲行为是利他的，所以“altruistic”在这里最接近的意思是“利他的”。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, they found that the “queen pupae have much better immune systems than the worker pupae, and so they were able to fight off the infection—and that’s why we think that they weren’t signalling”, she said(然而，他们发现“蚁后蛹的免疫系统比工蚁蛹好得多，所以它们能够抵御感染——这就是我们认为它们不发出信号的原因”，她说)”可知，蚁后蛹不发出警告信号是因为它们拥有更强的免疫防御能力来对抗感染。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“Sick young ants release a smell to tell worker ants to destroy them to protect the colony from infection, scientists said Tuesday, adding that queens do not seem to commit this act of self-sacrifice. (科学家周二表示，生病的年轻蚂蚁会释放一种气味，告诉工蚁摧毁它们以保护蚁群免受感染，并补充说蚁后似乎不会做出这种自我牺牲的行为)”可知，文章主要围绕生病的年轻蚂蚁通过释放气味邀请被摧毁以拯救蚁群展开，所以A选项“Sick young ants invite destruction to save colony(生病的年轻蚂蚁邀请被摧毁以拯救蚁群)”最能概括文章主旨。故选A。 【抢分练3】(2026年1月浙江高考首考 A) The City of Burlington public art program is presenting a series of temporary public art signs at the Beachway in conjunction with the Ontario Culture Days. This project will select 10 visual artists and 10 writers to create artwork that will be displayed on temporary signs along the multi-use path. This call is open to Burlington-based artists and is open to all art forms that can be presented in a sign format. This includes, but is not limited to: visual art, graphic art, photography, poetry, short story, non-fiction, etc. Submissions may be from existing or newly created work. The artist fee for this project is $ 400. The City of Burlington will pay for all costs related to the production, installation (安装) and maintenance of the signs. Estimated Project Timeline August2 Call for Artists responses due By August 12 Successful artists selected; enter into a con tract with the City of Burlington September6 Final artwork files due September 23-October 13 Artwork displayed for duration of Culture Days celebration Application Package Artwork Statement: Please provide a brief statement (maximum 150 words) outlining your artwork concept. Artwork or Writing Submission: Visual Art Submission: Please submit an artwork sketch (草图) of your concept. This can be a work in progress rather than a completed piece. If you are proposing to use a completed artwork, please submit it as your “sketch”. Writing Submission: Submissions must be a maximum of 250 words. It may be a stand-alone piece such as a poem or short story or a part taken from a larger piece. Artist Biography: Please provide a short introduction (maximum 50 words) to the artist written in the third person. 21. What is the purpose of this text? A. To raise money for local artists. B. To release a collection of artwork. C. To introduce a cultural festival. D. To call for artworks for a project. 22. How long will the public art signs be on display? A. Ten days. B. Three weeks. C. One month. D. Two months. 23. Which of the following meets the application requirements? A. A 150-word poem. B. A 100-word self-introduction. C. A 300-word story. D. A 200-word artwork statement. 【答案】21. D 22. B 23. A 【导语】伯灵顿市公共艺术项目携手“安大略文化日”，现诚邀本地艺术家参与湖畔步道临时艺术标牌创作。活动将甄选10位视觉艺术家与10位作家，获奖作品将于文化日期间在多功能步道沿线展示。创作形式多元，期待您的独特创意点亮城市空间！ 21. 主旨大意。根据第一段 “The City of Burlington public art program is presenting a series of temporary public art signs... This project will select 10 visual artists and 10 writers... This call is open to Burlington-based artists...” (伯灵顿市公共艺术项目正配合“安大略文化日”在湖滨大道展示一系列临时公共艺术标牌。该项目将选拔 10位视觉艺术家和10位作家，创作将在多用途路径沿线的临时标牌上展示的作品。此征集活动面向居住在伯灵顿的艺术家开放……)以及下文提到的申请要求可知，这篇文章的主要目的是为一个艺术项目征集作品。故选 D。 22. 细节理解。根据时间表(Estimated Project Timeline)中的最后一行 “September 23 – October 13: Artwork displayed for duration of Culture Days celebration”(9月23日至10月13日：作品在文化日庆祝活动期间展出)计算可知，从9月23日到9月30日是8天，10月1日到10月13日是13天，总计21天，即三周(Three weeks)。故选 B。 23. 细节理解。根据 “Application Package” 部分的要求：“Artwork Statement: maximum 150 words”(艺术说明：最多150词)；“Writing Submission: maximum 250 words”(文字作品：最多250词)；“Artist Biography: maximum 50 words”(艺术家简介：最多50词)。对比选项：A项“150词的诗歌” 属于文字作品，符合不超过250词的要求，正确；B项“100词的简介”超过了50词的要求；C项“300词的故事”超过了250词的要求；D项“200词的艺术说明”超过了150词的要求。故选 A。 【抢分练4】(2025高考北京卷 C) Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved. 29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings. C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【答案】28. B 29. D 30. A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)”可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是“细微差别”。故选D。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段“Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)”等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $