Unit 1 Knowing me, knowing you （知识清单）英语外研版必修第三册

Unit 1 Knowing me, knowing you 高频词汇 1. steam (n.) 蒸汽；水蒸气 2. resolve (v.) 解决；决心；决意 3. strategy (n.) 策略；战略 4. core (adj.) 核心的；最重要的 5. ensure (v.) 确保；保证 6. complexity (n.) 复杂性 7. criticise (v.) 批评；批判 8. boxing (n.) 拳击运动 9. web (n.) 网；网络；网状物 10. justify (v.) 证明…… 正当 11. sink (v.) 下沉；沉没；使下沉 12. duty (n.) 责任；义务；职责 13. tear (n.) 眼泪；泪水 14. moreover (adv.) 此外；而且 15. apart (adv.) 分开 16. frank (adj.) 坦率的；直率的 17. loose (adj.) 松的；松散的 18. fault (n.) 过错；缺点；故障 词形转换 1. breath (n.) 气息；呼吸→breathe (vi.&vt.) 呼吸→breathless (adj.) 喘不过气来​ 2. concern (n.) 忧虑，担心；关心 (vt.) 关心；担心；与……相关 →concerned (adj.) 关心的；担心的；有关的→concerning (prep.) 关于；就……而言​ 3. annoyed (adj.) 颇为生气的；恼怒的，烦恼的→annoy (vt.) 使……不悦；惹恼 →annoying (adj.) 令人生气的→annoyance (n.) 烦恼；使人烦恼的事​ 4. adjust (vi.&vt.) 调整；(使)适合→adjustment (n.) 调整；适合→adjustable (adj.) 可调节的​ 5. embarrassment (n.) 尴尬，难为情→embarrass (v.) 使尴尬 →embarrassing (adj.) 令人尴尬的→embarrassed (adj.) 尴尬的，不好意思的，难为情的​ 6. independent (adj.) 独立的；自主的→independence (n.) 独立；自主 必背短语 1．help out 帮一把 2．let down 使失望 3．let off steam 发泄怒火；宣泄情绪 4．take a breath 吸一口气 5．pull one's weight 做好分内事；尽责 6．by accident 偶然；意外地 7．fit in with 适应；与……合得来 8．in a mess 乱七八糟；陷入困境；混乱，杂乱 9．come to one's mind 想起 10．complain about/of... 抱怨…… 11．in advance 提前，事先 12．hide...from... 向……隐瞒…… 写作佳句 1. 我对篮球很着迷，也很擅长篮球，这可能就是我们输掉最后一场比赛时我那么生气的原因。 I'm crazy about basketball, and pretty good at it too，which is probably why I was so mad when we lost our last match. 2. 由于又尴尬又惭愧，我做什么都不能集中精力。 Embarrassed and ashamed, I can't concentrate on anything. 3. 安妮对这个决定感到震惊，不知道该怎么办。 Anne was shocked by the decision and did not know what to do. 单元语法 过去分词做状语 Part I. 词汇清单 知识点1： help out 帮一把；帮助(某人)克服困难 【教材原句】P2 I’m in a total mess here—hope you can help me out！　我这里一团糟，希望你能帮我！ 【归纳拓展】 ◇help (sb.) (to) do sth. 帮(某人)做某事 ◇help sb.with sth. 帮助某人做某事 ◇can’t help to do sth. 不能帮着做某事 ◇can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事 ◇help oneself (to sth.) 自取；自用 ◇can’t help but do sth. 不得不做某事 【即学即练】 ①We think this is the opportunity for us youth to contribute to helping the victims___________． ②(2020•新高考山东卷)I wish we could help him___________ (earn) money. ③She couldn’t help ___________ (laugh) when she heard it. ④I helped him ___________ his lessons and I told him not to worry about his lessons. ⑤I couldn’t help but ___________ (赞赏) his courage, strength and competence. 【写作佳句】 正是我母亲在我感到特别无助的那段时间里帮我摆脱了困境。 It was my mother who helped me out of the trouble when I felt really helpless during that period of time.　 知识点2： let down　使失望，辜负；把……放下来 【教材原句】P2 We played well, but I felt the team were let down by one member, our point guard. 我们打得很好，但我觉得球队被一个队员，我们的控球后卫辜负了。 【归纳拓展】 ◇let out 释放；放走；发出(叫喊声等)；泄露(消息、秘密等)；透露 ◇let alone 更不用说，更谈不上；不打扰，不惊动 ◇let...alone 别管…… ◇let in 允许进入 ◇let out 发出；放走，释放；放大；说出秘密，泄密 ◇let go of 释放，松手放开 【即学即练】 ①She accidentally ____________ the secret to her best friend, which made her boss very angry. ②He can't speak English well, ____________ write articles in it. ③Please ____________ the dog ____________; it's too hot outside and it needs some fresh air. ④The security guard refused to ____________ the stranger ____________ the building without a valid ID. ⑤After hearing the disappointing news, she ____________ a sigh quietly. ⑥It's hard to ____________ the memories of our childhood, which are so precious. 【写作佳句】 知道父母对他的比赛寄予厚望，他日夜练习，决心不让他们失望。 Knowing his parents had high hopes for his competition, he practiced day and night, determined not to let them down. 知识点 3： make＋宾语＋宾补 【教材原句】P4 Tell your friend you’re angry with him for repeating what you said and making the situation worse, but that you want to move on. 告诉你的朋友，你对他重复你说的话并使情况恶化感到愤怒，但你想继续前进。 ◆句中making the situation worse为“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构，在此结构中make为使役动词，形容词worse作宾补。 【归纳拓展】 ◇make＋宾语＋形容词：“使……处于某种状态” ◇make＋宾语＋名词：“使……成为……” ◇make＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式：“使某人做……” （注：该结构改为被动语态后，不定式符号to要还原） ◇make＋宾语＋过去分词：“使自己被…”(注：宾语常为反身代词，宾语和宾补之间是逻辑上的动宾关系) ◇make＋it＋n./adj.＋to do/that...：“使做某事……” 【即学即练】 ①The good news made all the people in the village _______ (excite) overnight. ②The manager made himself _______ (understand) by speaking in clear and simple words. ③The coach makes _______ a strict requirement that anyone who is late for training _______ (punish) at once, which surprises all the team members. ④It is the advanced technology that makes _______ possible for us to get in touch with a stranger living thousands of miles away within seconds. ⑤What made him annoyed was that he was made _______ (apologize) to the person he didn’t like at all, which made his face burn with embarrassment. 知识点4： apologise　v．道歉 【教材原句】P3 First, apologise to your teammate. 首先，向你的队友道歉。 【归纳拓展】 ◇apologise to sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事向某人道歉 ◇apology (n.) 道歉；辩白 ◇make an apology to sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事向某人道歉 ◇accept/refuse one’s apology 接受/拒绝某人的道歉 【即学即练】 ①To show his sincere regret for breaking the vase, he made a written _______ (apologize) to his neighbor. ②The student had no other choice but ____________ to his teacher for the mistakes he had made.　 ③He made an apology to her for not ____________(reply) to her letter in time. 【写作佳句】 我写这封信是为了为昨晚没能如约参加你的生日派对而道歉。 I am writing to make an apology for not attending your birthday party last night as promised. 知识点:5：annoyed　(adj.) 烦恼的，恼火的 【教材原句】P7 Prevented from playing her role in Riley’s emotional development, Sadness feels annoyed. 由于无法在莱利的情感发展中扮演自己的角色，忧忧感到恼火。 【归纳拓展】 ◇annoy sb. with sth.　 因某事使某人烦恼 ◇What annoys sb. most is that... 最让某人生气的是…… ◇annoyed (adj). 感到恼火的；觉得生气的 ◇be/get annoyed with sb.　 对某人感到生气 ◇annoying adj. 使人不高兴的；恼人的 ◇annoyance (n.) 烦恼，气恼；令人恼火的事 【即学即练】 ①It is really _______ (annoy) that we have to wait for another two hours in the heavy rain. ②The boy kept asking silly questions, which _______ (annoy) his mother so much that she told him to be quiet. ③What annoys me most is that my deskmate always annoys me _______ his endless complaints about study. ④She got _______ (annoy) with her brother because he broke her favorite vase and said nothing for it. ⑤To her great _______ (annoy), she missed the last bus and had to walk home alone in the dark. ⑥_______ (annoy) by the noisy neighbors for weeks, the old man finally decided to call the police for help. 【写作佳句】 我对亨利的恼怒最终被一股感激之情所取代。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 知识点6：adjust　(v.) 适应，(使)习惯 【教材原句】P7 When Riley moves to a new city, she has a hard time adjusting to her new surroundings. 当莱利搬到一个新城市时，她很难适应新的环境。 【归纳拓展】 ◇adjust sth.to sth. 调整……以适应…… ◇adjust to sth./doing sth. 适应于…… ◇adjust oneself to... 使自己适应于…… ◇adjustment (n.) 调整，调节 ◇make an adjustment to... 对……做出调整 ◇adjustable (adj.) 可调整的 【即学即练】 ①It took her a few weeks to adjust to _______ (live) alone in a foreign country. ②This kind of desk can ___________ (adjust) to the height you need. ③The manager has made a slight _______ (adjust) to the plan according to the feedback. ④These _______ (adjust) desks and chairs are very popular among students because they are suitable for different heights. ⑤In order to get used to the new working environment, he is trying his best to adjust _______ (he) to the tight schedule. 知识点 :7： forgive　v. 原谅，宽恕 【教材原句】P7 Try to forgive someone when they apologise. 当某人道歉时，试着原谅他。 【归纳拓展】 ◇forgive sb. sth. 宽恕某人某事(后接双宾语) ◇forgive sb. for (doing) sth. 原谅某人(做了)某事 ◇forgiveness (n.) 原谅　 【即学即练】 ①It is really kind of you to forgive me for _______ (forget) your birthday. ②She hoped that her sincere apology would lead to _______ (forgive) from her parents. ③_______ (forgive) his little sister for breaking his model plane, he smiled and played with her again. ④With her mistakes _______ (forgive), the little girl felt relaxed and began to sing happily. 知识点:8：embarrassment　n．尴尬，难为情 【教材原句】P7 This can cause embarrassment. 这会导致尴尬。 【归纳拓展】 ◇embarrass (vt.) 使难堪；使尴尬 ◇embarrassed (adj.) 尴尬的；陷入困境的 ◇get/feel embarrassed 变得/感到尴尬 ◇be embarrassed to do sth. 尴尬地做某事 ◇be embarrassed about... 对……感到尴尬 ◇embarrassing (adj.) 令人尴尬的 【即学即练】 ①His ____________ questions made me ____________ greatly. I felt my face burning with ____________. (embarrass) ②She was too embarrassed _______ (ask) the teacher for help when she didn’t understand the grammar rule. ③The boy felt embarrassed _______ his silly mistake in the math exam and didn’t dare to look at his parents. 知识点9：tell a lie/lies　撒谎 【教材原句】P11 We all know that honesty is an important value and that lying is wrong, but who can honestly say that they’ve never told a lie? 我们都知道诚实是一种重要的价值观，说谎是错误的，但是谁能坦诚地说他们从来没有说过谎呢？ 【归纳拓展】 ◇lie (n.) 谎话；谎言 ◇lie (vi.) 说谎 ◇a white lie 善意的谎言 ◇tell sb.a lie 向某人撒谎 ◇lie to sb. 向某人撒谎 【易混辨析】 词义 原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 说谎 lie 躺；位于 lie 放置；下蛋 lay 【即学即练】 ①The naughty boy _______ (lie) to his parents about where he had been yesterday, so he was punished. ②My mother _______ (lay) out all the fruits on the table before the guests arrived. ③Look! The little cat _______ (lie) comfortably on the sofa, enjoying the warm sunshine. ④_______ (lie) on the grass for too long, he felt a little sick and stood up slowly. ⑤The small village _______ (lie) at the foot of the mountain for hundreds of years and many tourists visit it every year. ⑥The hen _______ (lay) an interesting object, and we all found it looked like a small ball. ⑦With many books _______ (lay) on the top area of the book bin 全，全 the book bin 全 became a little bit pr… Part II. 语法清单 过去分词作状语 【核心考点】过去分词作状语的用法、逻辑主语、句式转换、独立主格结构 一、基本用法 1. 功能： 过去分词作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式 / 伴随等，相当于对应的状语从句，句前可加相应连词（when/while/if/though 等）。 2. 核心逻辑： 过去分词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，且两者之间为被动关系。 状语类型 例句（分词形式） 同义状语从句 时间状语 When asked about his dream, he smiled shyly. When he was asked about his dream, he smiled shyly. 原因状语 Moved by the movie, many people cried. Because they were moved by the movie, many people cried. 条件状语 Given more time, we can finish the task better. If we are given more time, we can finish the task better. 让步状语 Defeated many times, he never gave up. Though he was defeated many times, he never gave up. 方式状语 伴随状语 The teacher entered the classroom, followed by her students. The teacher entered the classroom, and she was followed by her students. 3. 特殊情况： 部分过去分词源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动，只描述主语的状态，常见短语： lost in (沉溺于)；absorbed in (专注于)；dressed in (穿着)；tired of (厌烦于) eg. Lost in thought, he didn’t hear the bell ring. 二、过去分词作状语与现在分词的区别 类别 过去分词 (done) 现在分词 (doing) 逻辑关系 与主句主语是 与主句主语是 例句 Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful. Seeing from the hill, we find the town beautiful. ★记忆口诀： 分词作状语，主语是前提； 主动用 - ing，被动用 - ed。 三、 过去分词的独立主格结构作状语 1. 适用场景 当过去分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，需在分词前加上自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构，作状语表时间、原因、条件等。 2. 基本结构 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词 + 主句 3. 例句与解析 独立主格例句 同义复合句 解析 The task finished, we went home happily. After the task was finished, we went home happily. 逻辑主语 the task 与 finish 是被动关系，和主句主语 we 不一致，用独立主格表时间。 His leg injured, he couldn’t take part in the sports meeting. Because his leg was injured, he couldn’t take part in the sports meeting. 逻辑主语 his leg 与 injure 是被动关系，和主句主语 he 不一致，用独立主格表原因。 Weather permitted, we will have a picnic tomorrow. If weather is permitted, we will have a picnic tomorrow. 逻辑主语 weather 与 permit 是被动关系，和主句主语 we 不一致，用独立主格表条件。 ★注意事项：独立主格结构与主句之间用逗号隔开，不能加连词（如 because/if）。 四、易错点提醒 1. 误：If caught, the police will punish him. 正：If caught, he will be punished by the police. （原因：过去分词 caught 的逻辑主语必须是主句主语 ，而非 ） 2. 误：Her homework done, so she watched TV. 正：Her homework done, she watched TV. （原因：独立主格结构后不能加连词 so） 【考题精炼】 Group 1 1. _______ (show) around the Water Cube, we were taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympics. 2. _______ (absorb) in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. 3. _______ (give) the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars. 4. _______ (compare) with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. 5. The experiment _______ (finish), the students went on to take notes in the lab. 6. _______ (defeat) many times, he still continued to do the research. 7. _______ (ask) to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. 8. Her glasses _______ (break), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard clearly. 9. _______ (dress) in a new skirt, the girl went to the party happily. 10. _______ (tell) many times, he finally understood the meaning of the sentence. Group 2 1. _______ (invite) to speak at the meeting, I felt very honored. 2. The problem _______ (settle), we all went home with relief. 3. _______ (expose) to sunlight for too long, your skin will get sunburned. 4. _______ (lose) in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. 5. _______ (warn) of the danger ahead, they took extra precautions on the trip. 6. His voice _______ (tremble), he announced the bad news to us. 7. _______ (follow) by a group of journalists, the famous actor walked into the hall. 8. _______ (satisfy) with what he did, the teacher praised him in class. 9. If _______ (give) more attention, the flowers could have grown better. 10. The plan _______ (approve), we will start the project as soon as possible. Part III. 写作清单 Write an essay 【写作题材解析】 “write an essay” 本身不特指某一种固定题材，核心是 “写一篇短文 / 论说文”，题材需结合写作场景、指令要求来定，常见类型及适用场景如下： 1. 学术类（适用于作业、考试） △议论文（Argumentative Essay）： 最常见，要求明确观点，用论据论证（如 “Should students use mobile phones at school?”）。 △说明文（Expository Essay）： 客观解释事物、现象或观点，不掺杂主观情绪（如 “How to protect the environment?”）。 △记叙文（Narrative Essay）： 讲述个人经历或故事，侧重细节与情感（如 “A memorable school trip”）。 △描述文（Descriptive Essay）： 描绘人、事、物、场景，注重感官描写（如 “Describe your favorite place”）。 2. 非学术类（适用于日常、竞赛） △感想文（Reflective Essay）： 结合经历谈感悟（如 “What I learned from a volunteer activity”）。 △书信体 essay（部分场景可归为 essay）： 如申请文书、观点书信，但严格来说书信常用 “letter” 表述。 ★关键提醒★ 高中阶段（尤其是高一）遇到 “write an essay”，多以议论文、记叙文、说明文为主，题目通常会附带主题提示（如 “Write an essay about the importance of reading”），明确写作方向。本单元的主题是寓言（fable） 【点拨•写作技巧】 寓言是带有讽刺或劝诫性质的短篇故事，核心是“借物喻理”——通常以动物为主人公（也可为人或植物），赋予其人类的思想、语言和行为，通过简单的情节传递深刻的道理或教训。 寓言写作需遵循以下原则： 1. 主人公典型化：多选用动物，且动物性格要贴合寓意（如狐狸代表狡猾、蜜蜂代表勤劳），避免性格模糊。 2. 情节简洁完整：篇幅短小，只围绕一个核心事件展开，有开头、发展、结局，无需复杂细节。 3. 寓意明确深刻：道理要隐含在故事中，可在结尾直接点出，也可让读者自行领悟，避免生硬说教。 4. 语言生动形象：用简洁的语言刻画人物动作、神态和对话，符合主人公的性格特点，增强故事感染 【积累•写作素材】 一、常用主人公及对应特质 主人公（动物/事物） 核心特质 适配寓意 狐狸（fox） 狡猾、机智 讽刺投机取巧，赞扬智慧 狮子（lion） 凶猛、傲慢、权威 讽刺狂妄自大，强调团结的力量 乌龟（turtle） 沉稳、坚持不懈 赞扬持之以恒，批评急于求成 兔子（rabbit） 敏捷、骄傲 讽刺骄傲自满，强调脚踏实地 蜜蜂（bee）/蚂蚁（ant） 勤劳、团结 赞扬勤劳付出，强调集体力量 二、常用句式 1. 开头常用语（引入故事背景） Once upon a time, there lived a... in a forest/mountain/village. 从前，在森林/山里/村庄里住着一只…… Long long ago, a... and a... lived together. 很久很久以前，一只……和一只……生活在一起。 In a small corner of the world, there was a... who always... 在世界的一个小角落，有一只……，他总是…… 2. 主体情节常用语（刻画动作、对话、转折） The... felt very proud of himself and laughed at the... 这只……为自己感到骄傲，并且嘲笑…… Instead of working hard, he spent all his time... 他不努力做事，反而把所有时间都花在……上。 However/But little did he know that... 然而，他却不知道…… As time went by,... 随着时间的推移，…… Finally/At last, the... realized his mistake. 最后，这只……意识到了自己的错误。 3. 结尾常用语（点明寓意） From this story, we learn that... 从这个故事中，我们明白了…… The moral of the story is that... 这个故事的寓意是…… We should never... just like the... in the story. 我们永远不应该……，就像故事里的……一样。 【示例•分步写作】 请以“谦让共赢，相争两伤”为寓意，写一篇寓言故事（模仿教材P14刺猬取暖的简洁叙事风格），主人公选用两只山羊。 注意：1. 词数120词左右； 2. 情节连贯，语言简洁，贴合原文句式风格。 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 寓言（Fable） 人称 第三人称（聚焦主人公两只山羊） 时态 主要用一般过去时（叙述过去发生的故事） 框架 第一段：交代场景（独木桥）与冲突起因；第二段：描述相争过程与困境；第三段：点明和解结果，隐含寓意（仿原文无直白说教风格）。 第二步：要点翻译 1. 一座窄桥横跨小河，两只山羊从桥的两端同时走上桥。（cross, walk onto） A narrow bridge crossed a small river, and two goats walked onto the bridge from both ends at the same time. 2. 它们在桥中间相遇，都不肯退让，互相用角（horn）撞对方。（meet, give way, push with） They met in the middle of the bridge, neither willing to give way, and pushed each other with their horns. 3. 争斗中，两只山羊都失去平衡，掉进了冰冷的河里。 During the fight, both goats lost their balance and fell into the cold river. 4. 它们挣扎着爬上岸后，终于明白，互相谦让才能顺利过河。（struggle, realize, yield to） After struggling to climb ashore, they finally realized that only by yielding to each other could they cross the river smoothly. 第三步：词句升级 1. 仿原文简洁开头：A narrow plank bridge stretched over a small river. Two goats stepped onto the bridge from opposite ends at the same time. 2. 优化动作描写：When they met in the middle, neither would give way. They lowered their heads and pushed against each other fiercely with their horns. 3. 衔接自然转折：During the struggle, both lost their balance and fell into the cold river below. 4. 贴合原文含蓄风格：They struggled to climb onto the bank, shivering with cold. Then they understood that yielding was better than fighting. 第四步：连句成篇 —————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————— —————————————————————————————————————————————— 13 / 14 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Knowing me, knowing you 高频词汇 1. steam (n.) 蒸汽；水蒸气 2. resolve (v.) 解决；决心；决意 3. strategy (n.) 策略；战略 4. core (adj.) 核心的；最重要的 5. ensure (v.) 确保；保证 6. complexity (n.) 复杂性 7. criticise (v.) 批评；批判 8. boxing (n.) 拳击运动 9. web (n.) 网；网络；网状物 10. justify (v.) 证明…… 正当 11. sink (v.) 下沉；沉没；使下沉 12. duty (n.) 责任；义务；职责 13. tear (n.) 眼泪；泪水 14. moreover (adv.) 此外；而且 15. apart (adv.) 分开 16. frank (adj.) 坦率的；直率的 17. loose (adj.) 松的；松散的 18. fault (n.) 过错；缺点；故障 词形转换 1. breath (n.) 气息；呼吸→breathe (vi.&vt.) 呼吸→breathless (adj.) 喘不过气来​ 2. concern (n.) 忧虑，担心；关心 (vt.) 关心；担心；与……相关 →concerned (adj.) 关心的；担心的；有关的→concerning (prep.) 关于；就……而言​ 3. annoyed (adj.) 颇为生气的；恼怒的，烦恼的→annoy (vt.) 使……不悦；惹恼 →annoying (adj.) 令人生气的→annoyance (n.) 烦恼；使人烦恼的事​ 4. adjust (vi.&vt.) 调整；(使)适合→adjustment (n.) 调整；适合→adjustable (adj.) 可调节的​ 5. embarrassment (n.) 尴尬，难为情→embarrass (v.) 使尴尬 →embarrassing (adj.) 令人尴尬的→embarrassed (adj.) 尴尬的，不好意思的，难为情的​ 6. independent (adj.) 独立的；自主的→independence (n.) 独立；自主 必背短语 1．help out 帮一把 2．let down 使失望 3．let off steam 发泄怒火；宣泄情绪 4．take a breath 吸一口气 5．pull one's weight 做好分内事；尽责 6．by accident 偶然；意外地 7．fit in with 适应；与……合得来 8．in a mess 乱七八糟；陷入困境；混乱，杂乱 9．come to one's mind 想起 10．complain about/of... 抱怨…… 11．in advance 提前，事先 12．hide...from... 向……隐瞒…… 写作佳句 1. 我对篮球很着迷，也很擅长篮球，这可能就是我们输掉最后一场比赛时我那么生气的原因。 I'm crazy about basketball, and pretty good at it too，which is probably why I was so mad when we lost our last match. 2. 由于又尴尬又惭愧，我做什么都不能集中精力。 Embarrassed and ashamed, I can't concentrate on anything. 3. 安妮对这个决定感到震惊，不知道该怎么办。 Anne was shocked by the decision and did not know what to do. 单元语法 过去分词做状语 Part I. 词汇清单 知识点1： help out 帮一把；帮助(某人)克服困难 【教材原句】P2 I’m in a total mess here—hope you can help me out！　我这里一团糟，希望你能帮我！ 【归纳拓展】 ◇help (sb.) (to) do sth. 帮(某人)做某事 ◇help sb.with sth. 帮助某人做某事 ◇can’t help to do sth. 不能帮着做某事 ◇can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事 ◇help oneself (to sth.) 自取；自用 ◇can’t help but do sth. 不得不做某事 【即学即练】 ①We think this is the opportunity for us youth to contribute to helping the victims___________． 答案：out 翻译：我们认为这是我们年轻人出力帮助受害者摆脱困境的机会。 ②(2020•新高考山东卷)I wish we could help him___________ (earn) money. 答案：（to）earn 翻译：我希望我们能帮他赚钱。 ③She couldn’t help ___________ (laugh) when she heard it. 答案：laughing 翻译：听到这件事时，她忍不住笑了。 ④I helped him ___________ his lessons and I told him not to worry about his lessons. 答案：with 翻译：我帮他辅导功课，还告诉他不要担心自己的学业。 ⑤I couldn’t help but ___________ (赞赏) his courage, strength and competence. 答案：admire 翻译：我不禁赞赏他的勇气、毅力和能力。 【写作佳句】 正是我母亲在我感到特别无助的那段时间里帮我摆脱了困境。 It was my mother who helped me out of the trouble when I felt really helpless during that period of time.　 知识点2： let down　使失望，辜负；把……放下来 【教材原句】P2 We played well, but I felt the team were let down by one member, our point guard. 我们打得很好，但我觉得球队被一个队员，我们的控球后卫辜负了。 【归纳拓展】 ◇let out 释放；放走；发出(叫喊声等)；泄露(消息、秘密等)；透露 ◇let alone 更不用说，更谈不上；不打扰，不惊动 ◇let...alone 别管…… ◇let in 允许进入 ◇let out 发出；放走，释放；放大；说出秘密，泄密 ◇let go of 释放，松手放开 【即学即练】 ①She accidentally ____________ the secret to her best friend, which made her boss very angry. 答案：let out 翻译：她不小心把秘密泄露给了最好的朋友，这让她的老板非常生气。 ②He can't speak English well, ____________ write articles in it. 答案：let alone 翻译：他英语说得不好，更不用说用英语写文章了。 ③Please ____________ the dog ____________; it's too hot outside and it needs some fresh air. 答案：let; alone 翻译：请别管那只狗/把狗放走，外面太热了，它需要一些新鲜空气。 ④The security guard refused to ____________ the stranger ____________ the building without a valid ID. 答案：let; in 翻译：保安拒绝让没有有效身份证件的陌生人进入大楼。 ⑤After hearing the disappointing news, she ____________ a sigh quietly. 答案：let out 翻译：听到这个令人失望的消息后，她轻轻地叹了一口气。 ⑥It's hard to ____________ the memories of our childhood, which are so precious. 答案：let go of 翻译：很难放下童年的回忆，那些回忆太珍贵了。 【写作佳句】 知道父母对他的比赛寄予厚望，他日夜练习，决心不让他们失望。 Knowing his parents had high hopes for his competition, he practiced day and night, determined not to let them down. 知识点 3： make＋宾语＋宾补 【教材原句】P4 Tell your friend you’re angry with him for repeating what you said and making the situation worse, but that you want to move on. 告诉你的朋友，你对他重复你说的话并使情况恶化感到愤怒，但你想继续前进。 ◆句中making the situation worse为“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构，在此结构中make为使役动词，形容词worse作宾补。 【归纳拓展】 ◇make＋宾语＋形容词：“使……处于某种状态” ◇make＋宾语＋名词：“使……成为……” ◇make＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式：“使某人做……” （注：该结构改为被动语态后，不定式符号to要还原） ◇make＋宾语＋过去分词：“使自己被…”(注：宾语常为反身代词，宾语和宾补之间是逻辑上的动宾关系) ◇make＋it＋n./adj.＋to do/that...：“使做某事……” 【即学即练】 ①The good news made all the people in the village _______ (excite) overnight. 答案：excited 翻译：这个好消息让全村人一夜之间都兴奋起来。 解析：考查 make + 宾语 + 形容词 结构。形容词 excited 作宾补，描述人的感受；区别于 exciting（修饰事物）。 ②The manager made himself _______ (understand) by speaking in clear and simple words. 答案：understood 翻译：经理用清晰简洁的语言说话，让别人理解他的意思。 解析：考查 make + 宾语（反身代词）+ 过去分词 结构。himself 和 understand 是逻辑动宾关系，用过去分词 understood 表 “使自己被理解”。 ③The coach makes _______ a strict requirement that anyone who is late for training _______ (punish) at once, which surprises all the team members. 答案：it; be punished 翻译：教练制定了一条严格的规定 —— 任何训练迟到的人都要立刻受到处罚，这让所有队员都感到意外。 解析：第一空考查 make + it + n. + that 从句 形式宾语结构，it 指代后面的 that 从句，a strict requirement 作宾补；第二空考查 that 从句中的虚拟语气，requirement 后的同位语从句需用 (should) do 结构，又因 anyone 和 punish 是被动关系，故填 (should) be punished，should 可省略。 ④It is the advanced technology that makes _______ possible for us to get in touch with a stranger living thousands of miles away within seconds. 答案：it 翻译：正是这项先进技术，让我们能够在几秒钟内与远隔千里的陌生人取得联系。 解析：考查 make + it + adj. + to do 形式宾语结构，同时融入 it is...that... 强调句型，强调主语 the advanced technology；it 作形式宾语，真正宾语是不定式短语 to get in touch with...。 ⑤What made him annoyed was that he was made _______ (apologize) to the person he didn’t like at all, which made his face burn with embarrassment. 答案：to apologize 翻译：让他恼火的是，他竟然被要求向一个自己完全不喜欢的人道歉，这让他的脸尴尬得发烫。 解析：考查 be made to do 被动结构，同时嵌套 what 引导的主语从句 和 that 引导的表语从句，句式层次丰富；主动变被动时还原 to，故填 to apologize。 知识点4： apologise　v．道歉 【教材原句】P3 First, apologise to your teammate. 首先，向你的队友道歉。 【归纳拓展】 ◇apologise to sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事向某人道歉 ◇apology (n.) 道歉；辩白 ◇make an apology to sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事向某人道歉 ◇accept/refuse one’s apology 接受/拒绝某人的道歉 【即学即练】 ①To show his sincere regret for breaking the vase, he made a written _______ (apologize) to his neighbor. 答案：apology 翻译：为了表达自己打碎花瓶的诚挚歉意，他向邻居递交了一份书面道歉。 ②The student had no other choice but ____________ to his teacher for the mistakes he had made.　 答案：to apologize 翻译：这名学生因为他所犯的错误除了向老师道歉之外别无选择。 解析：固定结构“have no choice but to do sth.”，意为“别无选择，只能做某事”。当but前为实义动词choose/have no choice时，but后需接带to的不定式（to + 动词原形） ③He made an apology to her for not ____________(reply) to her letter in time. 答案：replying 翻译：他因没有及时给她回信而向她道歉。 【写作佳句】 我写这封信是为了为昨晚没能如约参加你的生日派对而道歉。 I am writing to make an apology for not attending your birthday party last night as promised. 知识点:5：annoyed　(adj.) 烦恼的，恼火的 【教材原句】P7 Prevented from playing her role in Riley’s emotional development, Sadness feels annoyed. 由于无法在莱利的情感发展中扮演自己的角色，忧忧感到恼火。 【归纳拓展】 ◇annoy sb. with sth.　 因某事使某人烦恼 ◇What annoys sb. most is that... 最让某人生气的是…… ◇annoyed (adj). 感到恼火的；觉得生气的 ◇be/get annoyed with sb.　 对某人感到生气 ◇annoying adj. 使人不高兴的；恼人的 ◇annoyance (n.) 烦恼，气恼；令人恼火的事 【即学即练】 ①It is really _______ (annoy) that we have to wait for another two hours in the heavy rain. 答案：annoying 翻译：我们不得不在大雨里再等两个小时，这实在是太让人恼火了。 解析：设空处作表语，修饰 it 指代的整件事，用形容词 annoying（令人恼火的），侧重描述事物的性质。 ②The boy kept asking silly questions, which _______ (annoy) his mother so much that she told him to be quiet. 答案：annoyed 翻译：这个男孩不停地问一些愚蠢的问题，这让他妈妈烦透了，于是让他安静点。 解析：考查非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词，根据后半句 told 可知用一般过去时；annoy sb. 为及物动词短语，意为 “使某人生气”。 ③What annoys me most is that my deskmate always annoys me _______ his endless complaints about study. 答案：with 翻译：最让我恼火的是，我的同桌总是没完没了地抱怨学习上的事，烦得我不行。 解析：考查固定搭配 annoy sb. with sth.（因某事使某人烦恼），前半句嵌套 What 引导的主语从句，提升句式难度。 ④She got _______ (annoy) with her brother because he broke her favorite vase and said nothing for it. 答案：annoyed 翻译：她对弟弟很生气，因为他打碎了她最喜欢的花瓶，却对此一言不发。 解析：考查固定短语 get annoyed with sb.（对某人感到生气）；annoyed 为形容词，侧重描述人的主观感受。 ⑤To her great _______ (annoy), she missed the last bus and had to walk home alone in the dark. 答案：annoyance 翻译：让她极为懊恼的是，她错过了末班车，不得不独自在黑夜里步行回家。 解析：考查词性转换，固定搭配 to one’s + n.（令某人…… 的是），故填名词 annoyance（懊恼，气恼）。 ⑥_______ (annoy) by the noisy neighbors for weeks, the old man finally decided to call the police for help. 答案：Having been annoyed 翻译：被吵闹的邻居烦了好几个星期，这位老人最终决定报警求助。 解析：考查非谓语动词的完成被动式。主语 the old man 和 annoy 是被动关系，且 “被打扰” 的动作发生在 “报警” 之前，用 Having been annoyed 作原因状语，是高一拔高的核心考点。 【写作佳句】 My annoyance with Henry was eventually replaced by a sense of gratitude. 我对亨利的恼怒最终被一股感激之情所取代。 知识点6：adjust　(v.) 适应，(使)习惯 【教材原句】P7 When Riley moves to a new city, she has a hard time adjusting to her new surroundings. 当莱利搬到一个新城市时，她很难适应新的环境。 【归纳拓展】 ◇adjust sth.to sth. 调整……以适应…… ◇adjust to sth./doing sth. 适应于…… ◇adjust oneself to... 使自己适应于…… ◇adjustment (n.) 调整，调节 ◇make an adjustment to... 对……做出调整 ◇adjustable (adj.) 可调整的 【即学即练】 ①It took her a few weeks to adjust to _______ (live) alone in a foreign country. 答案：living 翻译：她花了几周时间才适应在异国独自生活。 解析：考查固定搭配 adjust to doing sth.（适应做某事），to 为介词，后接动名词形式。 ②This kind of desk can ___________ (adjust) to the height you need. 答案：be adjusted 翻译：这种书桌可以按照你需要的高度进行调节。 解析：句子主语 this kind of desk（这种书桌）和谓语动词 adjust（调整）之间是被动关系，书桌是 “被调整” 的对象。 情态动词 can 后接动词原形，被动语态的基本结构为 情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词。  adjust 的过去分词形式为 adjusted，因此填 be adjusted。 ③The manager has made a slight _______ (adjust) to the plan according to the feedback. 答案：adjustment 翻译：经理已经根据反馈对计划做了细微的调整。 解析：设空处前有形容词 slight 和不定冠词 a 修饰，需填名词；考查固定搭配 make an adjustment to sth.（对某物做出调整）。 ④These _______ (adjust) desks and chairs are very popular among students because they are suitable for different heights. 答案：adjustable 翻译：这些可调节的课桌椅在学生中很受欢迎，因为它们适合不同身高的人。 解析：设空处修饰名词 desks and chairs，需填形容词；adjustable 意为 “可调整的”，符合语境。 ⑤In order to get used to the new working environment, he is trying his best to adjust _______ (he) to the tight schedule. 答案：himself 翻译：为了适应新的工作环境，他正尽力让自己适应紧张的日程安排。 解析：考查固定搭配 adjust oneself to sth.（使自己适应某物），主语为 he，反身代词用 himself。 知识点 :7： forgive　v. 原谅，宽恕 【教材原句】P7 Try to forgive someone when they apologise. 当某人道歉时，试着原谅他。 【归纳拓展】 ◇forgive sb. sth. 宽恕某人某事(后接双宾语) ◇forgive sb. for (doing) sth. 原谅某人(做了)某事 ◇forgiveness (n.) 原谅　 【即学即练】 ①It is really kind of you to forgive me for _______ (forget) your birthday. 答案：forgetting 翻译：你能原谅我忘记了你的生日，真是太好了。 解析：考查固定搭配 forgive sb. for doing sth.（原谅某人做了某事），介词 for 后接动名词形式。 ②She hoped that her sincere apology would lead to _______ (forgive) from her parents. 答案：forgiveness 翻译：她希望自己真诚的道歉能得到父母的原谅。 解析：设空处前为介词 to，需填入名词作宾语；forgiveness 是 forgive 的名词形式，意为 “原谅”。 ③_______ (forgive) his little sister for breaking his model plane, he smiled and played with her again. 答案：Forgiving 翻译：原谅了妹妹打碎他的飞机模型这件事，他笑着又和她一起玩了。 解析：句子主语 he 和动词 forgive 是主动关系，即 “他主动原谅”，用现在分词短语作原因状语，符合高一非谓语动词主动逻辑的基础考点。 ④With her mistakes _______ (forgive), the little girl felt relaxed and began to sing happily. 答案：forgiven 翻译：随着她的错误被原谅，小女孩感到放松，开始开心地唱歌。 解析：考查 with 复合结构，宾语 her mistakes 和 forgive 是被动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语，是高一阶段的核心非谓语被动考法。 知识点:8：embarrassment　n．尴尬，难为情 【教材原句】P7 This can cause embarrassment. 这会导致尴尬。 【归纳拓展】 ◇embarrass (vt.) 使难堪；使尴尬 ◇embarrassed (adj.) 尴尬的；陷入困境的 ◇get/feel embarrassed 变得/感到尴尬 ◇be embarrassed to do sth. 尴尬地做某事 ◇be embarrassed about... 对……感到尴尬 ◇embarrassing (adj.) 令人尴尬的 【即学即练】 ①His ____________ questions made me ____________ greatly. I felt my face burning with ____________. (embarrass) 答案：embarrassing ； embarrassed ； embarrassment 翻译：他那些令人难堪的问题让我极为窘迫，我感觉自己的脸因为尴尬而发烫。 ②She was too embarrassed _______ (ask) the teacher for help when she didn’t understand the grammar rule. 答案：to ask 翻译：当她不懂这条语法规则时，她不好意思向老师求助。 解析：考查固定结构 be embarrassed to do sth.（尴尬地做某事；不好意思做某事），不定式作状语。 ③The boy felt embarrassed _______ his silly mistake in the math exam and didn’t dare to look at his parents. 答案：about 翻译：这个男孩对自己数学考试中的愚蠢失误感到很尴尬，不敢看向父母。 解析：考查固定搭配 be embarrassed about sth.（对某事感到尴尬），介词用 about。 知识点9：tell a lie/lies　撒谎 【教材原句】P11 We all know that honesty is an important value and that lying is wrong, but who can honestly say that they’ve never told a lie? 我们都知道诚实是一种重要的价值观，说谎是错误的，但是谁能坦诚地说他们从来没有说过谎呢？ 【归纳拓展】 ◇lie (n.) 谎话；谎言 ◇lie (vi.) 说谎 ◇a white lie 善意的谎言 ◇tell sb.a lie 向某人撒谎 ◇lie to sb. 向某人撒谎 【易混辨析】 词义 原形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 说谎 lie lied lied lying 躺；位于 lie lay lain lying 放置；下蛋 lay laid laid laying 【即学即练】 ①The naughty boy _______ (lie) to his parents about where he had been yesterday, so he was punished. 答案：lied 翻译：那个调皮的男孩就自己昨天的去向对父母撒了谎，所以他受到了惩罚。 解析：根据句意 “说谎”，时间状语 yesterday 提示用一般过去时，lie（说谎）的过去式为 lied。 ②My mother _______ (lay) out all the fruits on the table before the guests arrived. 答案：laid 翻译：客人到来前，我妈妈把所有水果都摆放在了桌子上。 解析：根据句意 “放置”，arrived 提示用一般过去时，lay（放置）的过去式为 laid。 ③Look! The little cat _______ (lie) comfortably on the sofa, enjoying the warm sunshine. 答案：is lying 翻译：看！那只小猫正舒服地躺在沙发上，享受着温暖的阳光。 解析：Look! 提示用现在进行时；根据句意 “躺”，lie（躺）的现在分词为 lying，故填 is lying。 ④_______ (lie) on the grass for too long, he felt a little sick and stood up slowly. 答案：Having lain 翻译：在草地上躺了太久，他觉得有点不舒服，慢慢站了起来。 解析：非谓语动词考点。主语 he 和 lie（躺）是主动关系，且 “躺” 的动作发生在 “站起” 之前，用现在分词的完成式 Having lain 作状语。 ⑤The small village _______ (lie) at the foot of the mountain for hundreds of years and many tourists visit it every year. 答案：has lain 翻译：这个小村庄已经坐落在山脚下数百年了，每年都有许多游客前来参观。 解析：for hundreds of years 提示用现在完成时；根据句意 “位于”，lie（位于）的过去分词为 lain，故填 has lain。 ⑥The hen _______ (lay) an interesting object, and we all found it looked like a small ball. 答案：laid 翻译：这只母鸡下了一个很有意思的东西，我们都发现它看起来像一个小球。 解析：根据句意 “下蛋”，后半句 found 提示用一般过去时，lay（下蛋）的过去式为 laid。 ⑦With many books _______ (lay) on the top area of the book bin 全，全 the book bin 全 became a little bit pr… 答案：laid 翻译：书架顶层放着很多书，书架变得有点不稳了。 解析：非谓语动词考点，考查 with 复合结构。宾语 many books 和 lay（放置）是被动关系，用过去分词 laid 作宾语补足语。 Part II. 语法清单 过去分词作状语 【核心考点】过去分词作状语的用法、逻辑主语、句式转换、独立主格结构 一、基本用法 1. 功能： 过去分词作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式 / 伴随等，相当于对应的状语从句，句前可加相应连词（when/while/if/though 等）。 2. 核心逻辑： 过去分词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，且两者之间为被动关系。 状语类型 例句（分词形式） 同义状语从句 时间状语 When asked about his dream, he smiled shyly. When he was asked about his dream, he smiled shyly. 原因状语 Moved by the movie, many people cried. Because they were moved by the movie, many people cried. 条件状语 Given more time, we can finish the task better. If we are given more time, we can finish the task better. 让步状语 Defeated many times, he never gave up. Though he was defeated many times, he never gave up. 方式状语 伴随状语 The teacher entered the classroom, followed by her students. The teacher entered the classroom, and she was followed by her students. 3. 特殊情况： 部分过去分词源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动，只描述主语的状态，常见短语： lost in (沉溺于)；absorbed in (专注于)；dressed in (穿着)；tired of (厌烦于) eg. Lost in thought, he didn’t hear the bell ring. 二、过去分词作状语与现在分词的区别 类别 过去分词 (done) 现在分词 (doing) 逻辑关系 与主句主语是被动关系 与主句主语是主动关系 例句 Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful. Seeing from the hill, we find the town beautiful. ★记忆口诀：分词作状语，主语是前提；主动用 - ing，被动用 - ed。 三、 过去分词的独立主格结构作状语 1. 适用场景 当过去分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，需在分词前加上自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构，作状语表时间、原因、条件等。 2. 基本结构 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词 + 主句 3. 例句与解析 独立主格例句 同义复合句 解析 The task finished, we went home happily. After the task was finished, we went home happily. 逻辑主语 the task 与 finish 是被动关系，和主句主语 we 不一致，用独立主格表时间。 His leg injured, he couldn’t take part in the sports meeting. Because his leg was injured, he couldn’t take part in the sports meeting. 逻辑主语 his leg 与 injure 是被动关系，和主句主语 he 不一致，用独立主格表原因。 Weather permitted, we will have a picnic tomorrow. If weather is permitted, we will have a picnic tomorrow. 逻辑主语 weather 与 permit 是被动关系，和主句主语 we 不一致，用独立主格表条件。 ★注意事项：独立主格结构与主句之间用逗号隔开，不能加连词（如 because/if）。 四、易错点提醒 1. 误：If caught, the police will punish him. 正：If caught, he will be punished by the police. （原因：过去分词 caught 的逻辑主语必须是主句主语 he，而非 the police） 2. 误：Her homework done, so she watched TV. 正：Her homework done, she watched TV. （原因：独立主格结构后不能加连词 so） 【考题精炼】 Group 1 1. _______ (show) around the Water Cube, we were taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympics. 答案：Shown 翻译：被带领参观完水立方后，我们又被带去参观了2008年奥运会的鸟巢。 解析：分词作时间状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 we，“我们”与“带领参观”是被动关系，用过去分词。 2. _______ (absorb) in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. 答案：Absorbed 翻译：约翰专心致志地画画，没有注意到夜幕降临。 解析：absorbed in 是表状态的短语，作原因状语，不强调被动，直接用过去分词。 3. _______ (give) the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars. 答案：Given 翻译：如果得到正确的训练，这些青少年足球运动员有朝一日可能会成长为国际球星。 解析：分词作条件状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 these teenage soccer players，与“给予训练”是被动关系，用过去分词。 4. _______ (compare) with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. 答案：Compared 翻译：和整个地球的大小相比，最大的海洋看起来也一点儿都不大。 解析：分词作方式状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 the biggest ocean，“海洋”与“比较”是被动关系，用过去分词。 5. The experiment _______ (finish), the students went on to take notes in the lab. 答案：finished 翻译：实验结束后，学生们继续在实验室里做笔记。 解析：考查独立主格结构，逻辑主语 the experiment 与主句主语 the students 不一致，“实验”与“完成”是被动关系，用过去分词。 6. _______ (defeat) many times, he still continued to do the research. 答案：Defeated 翻译：尽管被击败了很多次，他仍然继续做这项研究。 解析：分词作让步状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 he，“他”与“击败”是被动关系，用过去分词。 7. _______ (ask) to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. 答案：Asked 翻译：那天晚上我被要求加班，所以错过了一场精彩的电影。 解析：分词作原因状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 I，“我”与“要求”是被动关系，用过去分词。 8. Her glasses _______ (break), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard clearly. 答案：broken 翻译：她的眼镜碎了，看不清黑板上的字。 解析：考查独立主格结构，逻辑主语 her glasses 与主句主语 she 不一致，“眼镜”与“打碎”是被动关系，用过去分词。 9. _______ (dress) in a new skirt, the girl went to the party happily. 答案：Dressed 翻译：女孩穿着一条新裙子，高高兴兴地去参加派对了。 解析：dressed in 是表状态的短语，作方式状语，描述主语的状态，用过去分词。 10. _______ (tell) many times, he finally understood the meaning of the sentence. 答案：Told或Having been told 翻译：被告诉了很多次后，他终于明白了这个句子的意思。 解析：分词作时间状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 he，“他”与“告诉”是被动关系，用过去分词。 Group 2 1. _______ (invite) to speak at the meeting, I felt very honored. 答案：Invited 翻译：被邀请在会议上发言，我感到非常荣幸。 解析：分词作原因状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 I，“我”与“邀请”是被动关系，用过去分词。 2. The problem _______ (settle), we all went home with relief. 答案：settled 翻译：问题解决后，我们都松了一口气回家了。 解析：考查独立主格结构，逻辑主语 the problem 与主句主语 we 不一致，“问题”与“解决”是被动关系，用过去分词。 3. _______ (expose) to sunlight for too long, your skin will get sunburned. 答案：Exposed 翻译：皮肤暴露在阳光下太久，会被晒伤。 解析：分词作条件状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 your skin，“皮肤”与“暴露”是被动关系，用过去分词。 4. _______ (lose) in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. 答案：Lost 翻译：这两名学生在山里迷路了一个星期，最终被当地警方救了出来。 解析：lost in 是表状态的短语，作原因状语，描述主语的状态，用过去分词。 5. _______ (warn) of the danger ahead, they took extra precautions on the trip. 答案：Warned 翻译：被提醒了前方有危险后，他们在旅途中采取了额外的预防措施。 解析：分词作时间状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 they，“他们”与“提醒”是被动关系，用过去分词。 6. His voice _______ (tremble), he announced the bad news to us. 答案：trembled 翻译：他声音颤抖着，向我们宣布了这个坏消息。 解析：考查独立主格结构，逻辑主语 his voice 与主句主语 he 不一致，“声音”与“颤抖”是被动描述状态的关系，用过去分词。 7. _______ (follow) by a group of journalists, the famous actor walked into the hall. 答案：Followed 翻译：在一群记者的跟随下，这位著名演员走进了大厅。 解析：分词作伴随状语，逻辑主语是主句主语 the famous actor，“演员”与“跟随”是被动关系，用过去分词。 8. _______ (satisfy) with what he did, the teacher praised him in class. 答案：Satisfied 翻译：老师对他的所作所为感到满意，在班上表扬了他。 解析：satisfied with 是表状态的短语，作原因状语，描述主语 the teacher 的状态，用过去分词。 9. If _______ (give) more attention, the flowers could have grown better. 答案：given 翻译：如果得到更多的关注，这些花本可以长得更好。 解析：分词作条件状语，补充完整是 If the flowers were given...，逻辑主语是主句主语 the flowers，用过去分词。 10. The plan _______ (approve), we will start the project as soon as possible. 答案：approved 翻译：计划一旦获批，我们将尽快启动这个项目。 解析：考查独立主格结构，逻辑主语 the plan 与主句主语 we 不一致，“计划”与“批准”是被动关系，用过去分词。 Part III. 写作清单 Write an essay 【写作题材解析】 “write an essay” 本身不特指某一种固定题材，核心是 “写一篇短文 / 论说文”，题材需结合写作场景、指令要求来定，常见类型及适用场景如下： 1. 学术类（适用于作业、考试） △议论文（Argumentative Essay）： 最常见，要求明确观点，用论据论证（如 “Should students use mobile phones at school?”）。 △说明文（Expository Essay）： 客观解释事物、现象或观点，不掺杂主观情绪（如 “How to protect the environment?”）。 △记叙文（Narrative Essay）： 讲述个人经历或故事，侧重细节与情感（如 “A memorable school trip”）。 △描述文（Descriptive Essay）： 描绘人、事、物、场景，注重感官描写（如 “Describe your favorite place”）。 2. 非学术类（适用于日常、竞赛） △感想文（Reflective Essay）： 结合经历谈感悟（如 “What I learned from a volunteer activity”）。 △书信体 essay（部分场景可归为 essay）： 如申请文书、观点书信，但严格来说书信常用 “letter” 表述。 ★关键提醒★ 高中阶段（尤其是高一）遇到 “write an essay”，多以议论文、记叙文、说明文为主，题目通常会附带主题提示（如 “Write an essay about the importance of reading”），明确写作方向。本单元的主题是寓言（fable） 【点拨•写作技巧】 寓言是带有讽刺或劝诫性质的短篇故事，核心是“借物喻理”——通常以动物为主人公（也可为人或植物），赋予其人类的思想、语言和行为，通过简单的情节传递深刻的道理或教训。 寓言写作需遵循以下原则： 1. 主人公典型化：多选用动物，且动物性格要贴合寓意（如狐狸代表狡猾、蜜蜂代表勤劳），避免性格模糊。 2. 情节简洁完整：篇幅短小，只围绕一个核心事件展开，有开头、发展、结局，无需复杂细节。 3. 寓意明确深刻：道理要隐含在故事中，可在结尾直接点出，也可让读者自行领悟，避免生硬说教。 4. 语言生动形象：用简洁的语言刻画人物动作、神态和对话，符合主人公的性格特点，增强故事感染 【积累•写作素材】 一、常用主人公及对应特质 主人公（动物/事物） 核心特质 适配寓意 狐狸（fox） 狡猾、机智 讽刺投机取巧，赞扬智慧 狮子（lion） 凶猛、傲慢、权威 讽刺狂妄自大，强调团结的力量 乌龟（turtle） 沉稳、坚持不懈 赞扬持之以恒，批评急于求成 兔子（rabbit） 敏捷、骄傲 讽刺骄傲自满，强调脚踏实地 蜜蜂（bee）/蚂蚁（ant） 勤劳、团结 赞扬勤劳付出，强调集体力量 二、常用句式 1. 开头常用语（引入故事背景） Once upon a time, there lived a... in a forest/mountain/village. 从前，在森林/山里/村庄里住着一只…… Long long ago, a... and a... lived together. 很久很久以前，一只……和一只……生活在一起。 In a small corner of the world, there was a... who always... 在世界的一个小角落，有一只……，他总是…… 2. 主体情节常用语（刻画动作、对话、转折） The... felt very proud of himself and laughed at the... 这只……为自己感到骄傲，并且嘲笑…… Instead of working hard, he spent all his time... 他不努力做事，反而把所有时间都花在……上。 However/But little did he know that... 然而，他却不知道…… As time went by,... 随着时间的推移，…… Finally/At last, the... realized his mistake. 最后，这只……意识到了自己的错误。 3. 结尾常用语（点明寓意） From this story, we learn that... 从这个故事中，我们明白了…… The moral of the story is that... 这个故事的寓意是…… We should never... just like the... in the story. 我们永远不应该……，就像故事里的……一样。 【示例•分步写作】 请以“谦让共赢，相争两伤”为寓意，写一篇寓言故事（模仿教材P14刺猬取暖的简洁叙事风格），主人公选用两只山羊。 注意：1. 词数120词左右； 2. 情节连贯，语言简洁，贴合原文句式风格。 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 寓言（Fable） 人称 第三人称（聚焦主人公两只山羊） 时态 主要用一般过去时（叙述过去发生的故事） 框架 第一段：交代场景（独木桥）与冲突起因；第二段：描述相争过程与困境；第三段：点明和解结果，隐含寓意（仿原文无直白说教风格）。 第二步：要点翻译 1. 一座窄桥横跨小河，两只山羊从桥的两端同时走上桥。（cross, walk onto） A narrow bridge crossed a small river, and two goats walked onto the bridge from both ends at the same time. 2. 它们在桥中间相遇，都不肯退让，互相用角（horn）撞对方。（meet, give way, push with） They met in the middle of the bridge, neither willing to give way, and pushed each other with their horns. 3. 争斗中，两只山羊都失去平衡，掉进了冰冷的河里。 During the fight, both goats lost their balance and fell into the cold river. 4. 它们挣扎着爬上岸后，终于明白，互相谦让才能顺利过河。（struggle, realize, yield to） After struggling to climb ashore, they finally realized that only by yielding to each other could they cross the river smoothly. 第三步：词句升级 1. 仿原文简洁开头：A narrow plank bridge stretched over a small river. Two goats stepped onto the bridge from opposite ends at the same time. 2. 优化动作描写：When they met in the middle, neither would give way. They lowered their heads and pushed against each other fiercely with their horns. 3. 衔接自然转折：During the struggle, both lost their balance and fell into the cold river below. 4. 贴合原文含蓄风格：They struggled to climb onto the bank, shivering with cold. Then they understood that yielding was better than fighting. 第四步：连句成篇 A narrow plank bridge stretched over a small river. Two goats stepped onto the bridge from opposite ends at the same time. When they met in the middle, neither would give way. They lowered their heads and pushed against each other fiercely with their horns. In the chaos of the struggle, both lost their balance and tumbled into the cold river below. They struggled to climb onto the bank, shivering with cold. Then they slowly walked towards the bridge again, taking turns to cross. This time, they passed each other safely without conflict. 18 / 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $