专题08 阅读理解C篇及长难句分析（复习讲义）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考阅读理解长难句分析，覆盖复杂修饰简单句、多从句复合句、插入语、特殊句式等核心考点，按“特征识别-方法破解-真题应用”逻辑架构知识，通过考情精解、知能架构、考点攻坚、真题训练等环节，帮助学生系统掌握长难句分析策略，突破理解难点。 资料以语言能力和思维品质培养为核心，创新“找谓语定主语-提主干去枝叶-寻关联辨逻辑”三步分析法，如解析含插入语长句时，引导学生先定位主干再还原逻辑，提升精准理解能力。设置分层训练（考例精讲+语篇实战），确保复习高效，助力学生提升应考能力，为教师把控复习节奏提供清晰路径。

专题08 阅读理解长难句分析 目录 01 析·考情精解 2 02 构·知能架构 3 03 破·考点攻坚 4 要点一 高考阅读理解长难句式主要特征 4 考向1带有较多成分的简单句 7 考向2含有多个从句的复合句 8 考向3含有插入成份的句子 9 考向4含有省略成份的句子 10 考向5含有从句及非谓语成份的句子 11 考向6含有感叹句、倒装句、强调句等特殊句型 12 要点二 高考阅读理解长难句子破解方法 15 知识点1找谓语，定主语 15 知识点2提主干，去枝叶 16 知识点3寻关联，辨逻辑 16 知识点4看搭配，防隔离 17 知识点5关键词，抓线索 19 句式类型 典型例句 结构分析 难点解析 应对策略 定语从句 （限制性 / 非限制性） 2026 徐汇区一模：“Found in the Yanghai cemetery near Turpan and dated to between 700 and 400 B.C., this saddle, the oldest yet found, challenges assumptions about who was using such gear, and for what purpose.” 主句：this saddle challenges assumptions；插入语：the oldest yet found；定语从句：who was using such gear（修饰 assumptions） 1. 插入语打断主句逻辑，干扰主干识别；2. 定语从句嵌套在介词短语后，位置隐蔽 1. 先跳过插入语，找到主句核心（主语 + 谓语：this saddle challenges）；2. 识别介词后定语从句，明确修饰对象 状语从句 （时间 / 原因 / 条件） 2026 静安区一模：“As biologists worked to save and release the dolphin into Lemon Bay, Killian and her husband knew they needed to do something.” 时间状语从句：As biologists worked...；主句：Killian and her husband knew...；宾语从句：they needed to do something 多重从句嵌套（状语从句 + 宾语从句），易混淆从句边界 1. 识别状语从句引导词（As），拆分主从句；2. 先译从句，再译主句，理清逻辑关系 非谓语动词 （作定语 / 状语） 2026 奉贤区一模：“Venus flytraps, for example, are known to shut their leaves rapidly when they sense something moving on them.” 主句：Venus flytraps are known to shut...；非谓语动词：to shut（主语补足语），moving（后置定语修饰 something） 1. 非谓语动词与谓语动词混淆；2. 后置定语易被误判为谓语 1. 区分谓语动词（are known）与非谓语动词（to shut, moving）；2. 明确非谓语动词的功能（作补足语 / 定语） 倒装句 （否定词开头） 2026 杨浦区一模：“Not only was she not scared of the whale shark, the then 29-year-old was so inspired by its beauty and grace that tears sprang to her eyes inside her snorkel mask.” 倒装结构：Not only + 系动词 was + 主语 she（部分倒装）；主句：the then 29-year-old was so inspired...that...（结果状语从句） 否定词置于句首导致语序颠倒，易误读主语和谓语关系 1. 识别否定词（Not only）开头的倒装特征；2. 将倒装语序还原为正常语序（She was not scared...） 并列复合句 （多重并列 + 从句） 2026 虹口区一模：“Some don’t include the information on the label. Others give it in tiny print. Or they publish it in terms that require you to figure out, say, that if 450 grams of freeze-dried chicken biscuits contain 125 calories, a kitchen cup weighs about 700 grams, and 50 biscuits fit in a cup, each biscuit has…wait...” 并列主句：Some don’t include.../Others give.../Or they publish...；定语从句：that require you to figure out...；宾语从句：that if...each biscuit has... 1. 多个并列主句叠加，逻辑链条长；2. 宾语从句内嵌条件句和并列分句，结构复杂 1. 用分号 / 连词（Or）拆分并列主句；2. 从外层到内层拆解从句（先定语从句，再宾语从句，最后条件句） 插入语结构 （分隔主干） 2026 黄浦区一模：“Judge Caprio, who retired from Providence Municipal Court in 2023 after almost 40 years, said his courtroom was where people and cases were met with kindness and sympathy.” 主句：Judge Caprio said...；插入语（非限制性定语从句）：who retired...after almost 40 years；表语从句：where people and cases were... 插入语过长，分隔主语和谓语，易找不到主句核心 1. 先标记插入语（前后逗号分隔），暂时忽略；2. 找到主语（Judge Caprio）和谓语（said），再还原插入语含义 要点一 高考阅读理解中长难句式主要特征 知识点1：带有较多成分的简单句 知识点2：含有多个从句的复合句 知识点3：含有插入成份的句子 知识点4：含有省略成份的句子 知识点5：含有从句及非谓语成份的句子 知识点6：含有感叹句、倒装句、强调句等特殊句型 考向 1 简单句中包含有复杂的修饰成分（主谓结构单一，修饰成分多层叠加） 典型例子 1 · 题源：2026 年静安区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks, William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks that he found. · 句子结构分析： 1. 主句核心（简单句主谓宾）：William（主语）+ walked（谓语）+ the length and breadth of Great Britain（宾语）。 2. 复杂修饰成分： · 状语 1（伴随）：Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks（过去分词短语作伴随状语，表 “凭借……”）。 · 状语 2（目的）：with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks（介词短语作目的状语）。 · 定语从句：that he found（修饰先行词 rocks，补充说明 “他发现的岩石”）。 · 中文翻译：凭借对岩石形成的新见解，威廉走遍了大不列颠全境，意图勘测并分类他所发现的所有种类繁多、形态奇妙的岩石。 典型例子 2 · 题源：2026 年虹口区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. · 句子结构分析： 1. 主句核心（并列简单句）：The writers’ contract（主语 1）+ does not outlaw（谓语 1）+ the use of AI tools（宾语 1）；it（主语 2，指代 contract）+ sets up（谓语 2）+ protections（宾语 2）。 2. 复杂修饰成分： · 定语 1：of AI tools in the writing process（修饰 use，说明 “写作过程中的 AI 工具使用”）。 · 目的状语：to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers（不定式短语作目的状语）。 · 对比状语：rather than being used by their bosses to replace them（介词短语作对比状语，表 “而非被老板用来取代他们”）。 · 中文翻译：编剧合同并未禁止在写作过程中使用人工智能工具，但它设立了保护措施，确保这项技术处于劳动者的控制之下，而非被雇主用来取代他们。 典型例子 3 · 题源：2026 年嘉定区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：She criticises his later following thinkers, like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley, for their ignoring social factors affecting success for supporting racial rankings. · 句子结构分析： 4. 主句核心（简单句主谓宾）：She（主语）+ criticises（谓语）+ his later following thinkers（宾语）。 4. 复杂修饰成分： · 插入语（举例）：like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley（补充说明 thinkers 的具体人物）。 · 原因状语：for their ignoring social factors（介词短语作原因状语，表 “因他们忽视社会因素”）。 · 定语 1：affecting success（现在分词短语修饰 social factors，“影响成功的社会因素”）。 · 目的状语：for supporting racial rankings（介词短语说明忽视的目的，“为了支持种族排名”）。 · 中文翻译：她批评他后来的追随者（如汉斯・艾森克和威廉・肖克利），因为他们为了支持种族排名而忽视了影响成功的社会因素。 考向 2 两个句子成分之间被插入语等分隔（主谓、动宾等核心成分被打断） 典型例子 1 · 题源：2026 年徐汇区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. · 句子结构分析： 1. 核心成分（主谓宾）：Two-thumbed mobile typists（主语）+ generated（谓语）+ an average of about 38 words per minute（宾语）。 2. 插入语（分隔主谓宾逻辑链）：according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing（介词短语作插入语，补充 “数据来源”，打断了主语和宾语的直接衔接）。 3. 插入语内部：what researchers describe as...（宾语从句，作 according to 的宾语，表 “研究人员所称的……”）。 · 中文翻译：据研究人员称，这是迄今为止规模最大的手机打字实验 —— 双拇指手机打字者的平均速度约为每分钟 38 个单词。 典型例子 2 · 题源：2026 年松江区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：AI, which is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems, can help reduce emissions by optimizing energy use in various industries. · 句子结构分析： 4. 核心成分（主谓宾）：AI（主语）+ can help reduce（谓语）+ emissions（宾语）。 4. 插入语（分隔主谓）：which is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems（非限制性定语从句作插入语，修饰 AI，打断了主语 AI 和谓语 can help reduce 的衔接）。 4. 方式状语：by optimizing energy use in various industries（补充 “减少排放的方式”）。 · 中文翻译：人工智能 —— 其极具识别复杂模式和优化系统的能力 —— 可通过优化各行业的能源使用来帮助减少排放。 典型例子 3 · 题源：2026 年黄浦区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Clouds, which don’t just look different from one another, also have very different effects on temperatures at the surface of the land or water below. · 句子结构分析： 4. 核心成分（主谓宾）：Clouds（主语）+ have（谓语）+ very different effects（宾语）。 4. 插入语（分隔主谓）：which don’t just look different from one another（非限制性定语从句作插入语，修饰 clouds，打断了主语和谓语的直接连接）。 4. 定语：on temperatures at the surface of the land or water below（修饰 effects，说明 “对陆地或水下表面温度的影响”）。 · 中文翻译：云 —— 它们不仅外观各不相同 —— 对下方陆地或水体表面的温度也有着截然不同的影响。 考向 3 从句套从句，环环相扣（多层从句嵌套，逻辑层级复杂） 典型例子 1 · 题源：2026 年宝山区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：While this belt of strong winds is usually stable and able to keep the cold air contained, it can be destroyed by loss of sea ice, due to global warming that is causing Arctic temperatures to rise at twice the global average rate. · 句子结构分析： 1. 第一层（主句 + 让步状语从句）： · 让步状语从句：While this belt of strong winds is usually stable and able to keep the cold air contained（While 引导，表 “尽管”）。 · 主句：it（指代 belt）+ can be destroyed（谓语）+ by loss of sea ice（状语）。 2. 第二层（定语从句）：that is causing Arctic temperatures to rise at twice the global average rate（修饰先行词 global warming，说明 “全球变暖的具体影响”）。 3. 第三层（不定式短语）：to rise at twice the global average rate（作宾补，补充 “温度上升的速度”）。 · 中文翻译：尽管这条强风带通常较为稳定，能够困住冷空气，但由于全球变暖（其导致北极气温上升速度是全球平均水平的两倍），海冰消融可能会破坏这条风带。 典型例子 2 · 题源：2026 年崇明区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Researchers are using the same data set to investigate whether changes in emotional reactivity explain the recent findings from the male chimpanzees that were observed over 21 years. · 句子结构分析： 4. 第一层（主句）：Researchers（主语）+ are using（谓语）+ the same data set（宾语）+ to investigate（目的状语）。 4. 第二层（宾语从句）：whether changes in emotional reactivity explain the recent findings（作 investigate 的宾语，表 “是否……”）。 4. 第三层（定语从句 1）：from the male chimpanzees（修饰 findings，说明 “发现的来源”）。 4. 第四层（定语从句 2）：that were observed over 21 years（修饰先行词 male chimpanzees，补充 “黑猩猩的观察时长”）。 · 中文翻译：研究人员正在使用同一数据集，调查情绪反应的变化是否能解释来自这 21 年间被观察的雄性黑猩猩的最新研究发现。 典型例子 3 · 题源：2026 年杨浦区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity that occurs when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. · 句子结构分析： 4. 第一层（主句 + 宾语从句）：We（主语）+ think（谓语）+ 宾语从句（the reason has to do with so-called attention residue）。 4. 第二层（同位语 + 定语从句 1）：that occurs when...（修饰 attention residue，解释 “注意力残留的发生场景”）。 4. 第三层（时间状语从句）：when our minds continue to think over something（修饰 occurs，表 “发生的时间”）。 4. 第四层（定语从句 2）：that’s important to us（修饰 something，说明 “思考的内容”）。 4. 第五层（让步状语从句）：even after we’ve moved on to another activity（补充 “尽管已经切换到其他活动”）。 · 中文翻译：我们认为原因与所谓的 “注意力残留” 有关 —— 这是创造力的黄金状态，指即使我们已经切换到另一项活动，大脑仍会继续思考对我们重要的事情。 考向 4 某些特殊句式或特殊语法现象（倒装、强调、虚拟等） 典型例子 1（强调句） · 题源：2026 年浦东新区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：It was during the second world war that some statisticians developed a method to estimate the number of German tanks by analyzing serial numbers. · 句子结构分析： 4. 特殊句式：It was + 被强调部分（during the second world war）+ that + 剩余部分（强调句结构，强调 “时间状语”）。 4. 剩余部分核心：some statisticians（主语）+ developed（谓语）+ a method（宾语）+ to estimate the number of German tanks（定语，修饰 method）。 4. 方式状语：by analyzing serial numbers（补充 “估算的方式”）。 · 中文翻译：正是在二战期间，一些统计学家通过分析序列号，研发出了一种估算德国坦克数量的方法。 典型例子 2（倒装句） · 题源：2026 年金山区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Not only are ultra-processed foods cheaper than fresh alternatives, but they are also more convenient to store and prepare. · 句子结构分析： 4. 特殊句式：Not only + 倒装结构（are ultra-processed foods cheaper）+ but (also) + 正常语序（they are more convenient）（部分倒装，强调 “不仅…… 而且……”）。 4. 比较状语 1：than fresh alternatives（修饰 cheaper，表 “比新鲜食材更便宜”）。 4. 状语 2：to store and prepare（修饰 convenient，表 “储存和准备更方便”）。 · 中文翻译：超加工食品不仅比新鲜食材更便宜，而且储存和准备起来也更方便。 典型例子 3（虚拟语气） · 题源：2026 年奉贤区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：If the short-sighted railway cuts of the 1960s had been avoided, the UK’s current rail network would be more efficient and accessible. · 句子结构分析： 4. 特殊句式：If + 虚拟条件句（had been avoided，对过去事实的虚拟，表 “如果当时避免了……”）+ 主句（would be，对现在事实的虚拟，表 “现在就会……”）。 4. 主语：the short-sighted railway cuts of the 1960s（“20 世纪 60 年代短视的铁路线路削减”）。 4. 主句表语：more efficient and accessible（“更高效、更便捷”）。 · 中文翻译：如果 20 世纪 60 年代那些短视的铁路线路削减能够避免，英国当前的铁路网络将会更高效、更便捷。 要点二 高考阅读理解长难句子破解方法 01. 找谓语，定主语 02 提主干，去枝叶 03 寻关联，辨逻辑 04 看搭配，防隔离 04 关键词，抓线索 考查长难句在阅读理解中运用 【以2026高三一模阅读理解C篇为例】 考例 1 题源：2026 年静安区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 43 题 · 试题：The author mentions the late inclusion of “geology” in the Encyclopedia Britannica primarily to ________. A. question the accuracy of earlier editions of the encyclopedia B. highlight the slow academic acceptance of geology as a discipline C. emphasize the pioneering contribution of the Encyclopedia Britannica to science D. provide a precise birth date for the formal study of Earth’s structure · 主要答题依据：Indeed, the word geology only appeared in the English language in 1735 and took another seventy or so years to enter general usage. Geology made its first appearance in the Encyclopedia Britannica in the 1810 edition. Despite this inclusion, the science of geology remained largely ignored until much later in the century. · 分析：本句主干由三个并列分句构成，前两句陈述 “geology” 一词的语言出现时间和百科收录时间，第三句以 “Despite” 引导让步状语，核心转折信息为 “remained largely ignored”。题干询问 “提及晚收录的主要目的”，需聚焦让步状语后的核心语义 —— 地质学长期被忽视。句子通过时间线（1735 年出现→1810 年收录→仍被忽视）凸显其作为学科被学术界接受的缓慢进程，与选项 B 一致。故本题选 B。 考例 2 题源：2026 年虹口区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 43 题 · 试题：What does the new contract between WGA and AMPTP say about the use of AI tools? A. They are completely banned from the writing process. B. They can be used but must stay under writers’ control. C. They are encouraged to replace human writers in studios. D. They can be used only for editing finished screenplays. · 主要答题依据：The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. · 分析：本句主干是由 “but” 连接的并列句，前半句否定 “完全禁止 AI 使用”，后半句是核心信息，包含 “to make sure” 引导的目的状语从句，从句中又嵌套 “rather than” 引导的对比结构。题干询问合同对 AI 工具的规定，需提取目的状语从句的核心 “stays in the control of workers”。选项 B 中 “can be used” 对应前半句 “does not outlaw”，“under writers’ control” 与 “in the control of workers” 直接同义，故本题选 B。 考例 3 题源：2026 年嘉定区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 44 题 · 试题：What does the writer think of the Genius Myth? A. Its writing style is engaging, sincere and humble. B. “The weak model of genius” is an innovative term. C. Its criticism of the “genius myth” lacks evidence. D. It fails to explain the root cause of people’s passion for genius. · 主要答题依据：Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. · 分析：本句主干为两个并列分句，第一句直接点明 “缺乏有力证据”，第二句以 “that” 引导同位语从句解释 “unjust claim” 的内容，并用 “more like...than...” 结构强调其观点的主观性。题干询问作者对该书的看法，核心依据是第一句的 “go without strong proof”，选项 C 中 “lacks evidence” 与该表述完全一致，故本题选 C。 考例 4 题源：2026 年徐汇区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 45 题 · 试题：Which is the possible reason that people tend to leave typing errors uncorrected? A. Heavy workload. B. Erroneous editing methods. C. Higher interaction cost. D. Inconvenient operation method. · 主要答题依据：“A possible explanation is the higher interaction cost of correcting mistakes on mobile devices and the limited text editing methods,” according to the researchers. · 分析：本句主干是一个主系表结构的直接引语，表语由 “and” 连接的两个并列名词短语构成，分别说明两个可能原因。题干询问 “留错未改的可能原因”，选项 C 直接对应第一个原因 “higher interaction cost”，选项 B “错误的编辑方法” 与第二个原因 “limited text editing methods” 不符（“有限”≠“错误”），故本题选 C。 考例 5 题源：2026 年松江区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 45 题 · 试题：Which of the following is recommended to handle AI’s climate impacts? A. Setting a global carbon price for tech industries. B. Scheduling data centers’ workloads dynamically. C. That tech firms balance emissions through credit exchange. D. That AI developers stay open to others’ reporting approaches. · 主要答题依据：The IEA notes that arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks, making them better matched to renewable power. · 分析：本句主干为 “The IEA notes that...”，“that” 引导的宾语从句中，主语是动名词短语 “arranging to shift...at different times”，谓语是并列动词 “could reduce and help balance”，后面接现在分词短语作结果状语。题干询问 “应对 AI 气候影响的建议”，宾语从句的主语核心是 “不同时间转移数据中心工作量”，即 “动态安排工作量”，与选项 B 一致。选项 A 是 “理想方案” 而非 “推荐措施”，故本题选 B。 考例 6 题源：2026 年黄浦区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 44 题 · 试题：According to the passage, a climate feedback loop is a cycle that_________. A. speeds up the very warming that activated it B. enhances cooling by promoting low cloud formation C. reduces high cloud cover to boost sunlight reflection D. balances warming and cooling effects at the same time · 主要答题依据：Yet as temperatures rise, low clouds may decline while high clouds persist, creating a climate feedback loop — a self-enhancing cycle similar to a classic feedback mechanism. · 分析：本句主干是 “low clouds may decline while high clouds persist”，“as” 引导时间状语从句，“creating” 引导结果状语，破折号后是 “climate feedback loop” 的同位语，解释其为 “自我强化的循环”。结合前文 “低云减少、高云持续导致升温” 可知，该循环会让引发它的变暖现象加剧，选项 A 中 “speeds up the very warming that activated it” 与 “self-enhancing cycle” 及上下文逻辑一致，故本题选 A。 考例 7 题源：2026 年宝山区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 45 题 · 试题：What can be inferred from the passage? A. The streams in the Northern Hemisphere have to move to the South. B. It is certain that the Earth will become warmer and warmer. C. The temperature difference between day and night will decrease. D. The colder areas might gradually become larger and larger in the future. · 主要答题依据：Because the Arctic is warming at a fast pace, the temperature difference between it and mid-latitudes is decreasing, making the polar jet stream slower and weaker. That, in turn, makes the stream more likely to bend north and south. When it bends far enough, the barrier between Arctic and mid-latitude air can dive down to Mexico, taking Arctic temperatures along for the ride. · 分析：本句是包含因果链和条件状语的复合句，核心逻辑为：北极变暖→温差缩小→急流变弱→更易弯曲→北极冷空气南下。题干要求 “推断”，结合该逻辑可推知，未来冷空气南下范围可能扩大，寒冷区域可能变大，与选项 D 一致。选项 A 中 “have to” 过于绝对（原文是 “more likely”），故本题选 D。 考例 8 题源：2026 年崇明区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 44 题 · 试题：The chimpanzee study challenges the socioemotional selectivity theory because_________ A. young chimpanzees exhibited stronger future-oriented cognition B. human friendships were proven unrelated to emotional reactivity C. chimpanzees were found to have a human-like understanding of death D. the social shift occurs in chimpanzees despite their lack of mortality awareness · 主要答题依据：These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not. · 分析：本句由两个分句构成，第一句点明 “研究结果质疑该理论”，第二句以 “While” 引导让步状语从句，核心对比 “人类有生命有限意识，黑猩猩没有”。结合前文 “黑猩猩和人类一样出现社交转变” 可知，质疑的核心是 “无生命意识的黑猩猩也有同样社交转变”，与选项 D 一致。选项 C 与 “chimpanzees do not” 矛盾，故本题选 D。 考例 9 题源：2026 年杨浦区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 45 题 · 试题：The underlined words “attention residue” in the last paragraph means_________. A. persistent mental engagement B. fundamental spiritual basis C. temporary psychological refreshment D. habitual task-switching routine · 主要答题依据：We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity. It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. · 分析：本句主干是 “We think the reason has to do with...”，破折号后是 “attention residue” 的同位语，随后用 “it’s when” 引导的表语从句解释其定义，核心是 “切换到其他活动后仍持续思考重要事物”。选项 A “持续的精神投入” 与该定义直接对应，选项 D “习惯性任务切换” 与 “moved on to another activity” 的结果相反，故本题选 A。 考例 10 题源：2026 年浦东新区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 44 题 · 试题：In order to estimate the production of German tanks, statisticians need to know the _________. A. fixed order in which German tanks were numbered B. smallest and largest serial numbers of captured tanks C. average of the serial numbers of all the tanks in a battle D. total of the captured tanks and their largest serial number · 主要答题依据：If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n. · 分析：本句是包含条件状语从句的复合句，主句给出估算公式，条件状语从句明确公式所需的两个关键数据：“最大序列号 L” 和 “捕获坦克数量 n”。题干询问 “所需数据”，选项 D 中 “total of the captured tanks” 对应 n，“their largest serial number” 对应 L，与从句完全一致。选项 B 中的 “最小序列号” 原文未提及，故本题选 D。 【语篇训练】 （以C篇说明文为例） Passage 1 【来源】2026年上海市普通高等学校招生考试模拟英语试题（未来教研之星标准学术能力测试） For over 15 years, Carlos Chaccour has researched a novel strategy to combat malaria: using ivermectin, a common antiparasitic (抗寄生虫的) drug, to make human blood toxic to mosquitoes that feed on it. His team’s recent large-scale trial in Kenya provides the first evidence that this approach can work at a community level. Participants received three monthly doses of ivermectin, which reduced malaria cases in children by about 26% over six months, compared to 22% of a control group given albendazole. This is considered a significant, high-quality indication of ivermectin’s potential, especially for school-aged children who often lack protection from bed nets. A  Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. He suggests future enhancements, such as more doses or longer-lasting formulations, could improve efficacy. Additionally, ivermectin’s ability to treat other diseases like scabies adds value. B  Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. Some experts believe that the small effect size and practical hurdles mean the approach might not be a viable standalone solution. C  The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. Previous studies, including his 2010 research, demonstrated that mosquitoes feeding on blood from ivermectin-treated volunteers had higher death rates. However, translating this into a meaningful reduction in malaria has proven challenging, with earlier trials showing mixed results. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently does not recommend ivermectin for malaria control, citing the need for stronger evidence from multiple trials. Nonetheless, researchers agree that further well-designed studies are essential to determine whether ivermectin can become a useful tool in the global fight against malaria. 1．According to the 1st paragraph, it can be inferred that albendazole ________. A．has no effect on treatment of malaria B．shows poorer effect than ivermectin C．is a traditional drug against malaria D．poses less side effects than ivermectin 2．What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B, and C? A．C→B→A. B．B→A→C. C．C→A→B. D．B→C→A. 3．The main reason why critics oppose ivermectin is that ivermectin ______. A．isn’t much more effective than others B．shows potential safety issues in trials C．can only be used in limited situations D．has no capacity to independently cure malaria 4．What can be learned from WHO’s attitude towards ivermectin? A．WHO encourages more trials on severe patients as tests. B．WHO doesn’t regard ivermectin a potential useful drug. C．WHO will conduct more experiments to gain evidence. D．WHO is waiting for evidential supports on ivermectin. 最复杂长难句 Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. 句子结构分析 主句核心：Critics（主语）+ argue（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 宾语从句核心：a 26% reduction（主语）+ is（系动词 1）+ modest（表语 1）+ and（并列连词）+ may not justify（谓语 2）+ widespread deployment（宾语 2）。 插入语：while promising（= while it is promising，省略结构，表让步，修饰宾语从句主语）。 状语：especially given current limitations（= especially when current limitations are given，省略结构，补充说明 “不支持广泛应用” 的原因）。 解释说明：冒号后接两个并列分句，具体阐述 limitations 的内容： 分句 1：ivermectin（主语）+ cannot be given（谓语）+ to pregnant women or young children（状语）。 分句 2：prior large studies（主语）+ in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau（定语）+ failed to show（谓语）+ consistent benefits（宾语）。 中文翻译 批评人士认为，26% 的疟疾病例减少虽有前景，但幅度有限，未必值得广泛推广 —— 尤其是考虑到当前存在的限制：伊维菌素不能用于孕妇或幼儿，且此前在布基纳法索和几内亚比绍开展的大型研究也未能显示出持续的效果。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 They’re still kids, and although there’s a lot that the experts don’t yet know about them, one thing they do agree on is that what kids use and expect from their world has changed rapidly. And it’s all because of technology. To the psychologists, sociologists, and generational and media experts who study them, their digital gear sets this new group apart, even from their tech-savvy Millennial elders. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older siblings don’t quite get. These differences may appear slight, but they signal an all-encompassing sensibility that some say marks the dawning of a new generation. The contrast between Millennials and this younger group was so evident to psychologist Larry Rosen of California State University that he has declared the birth of a new generation in a new book, Rewired: Understanding the iGeneration and the Way They Learn, out next month. Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. “The technology is the easiest way to see it, but it’s also a mindset, and the mindset goes with the little ‘I’, which I’m talking to stand for ‘individualized’,” Rosen says. “Everything is defined and individualized to ‘me’. My music choices are defined to ‘me’. What I watch on TV any instant is defined to ‘me’.” He says the iGeneration includes today’s teens and middle-schoolers, but it’s too soon to tell about elementary-school ages and younger. Rosen says the iGeneration believes anything is possible. “If they can think of it, somebody probably has or will invent it,” he says. “They expect innovation.” They have high expectations that whatever they want or can use “will be able to be tailored to their own needs and wishes and desires.” Rosen says portability is key. They are inseparable from their wireless devices, which allow them to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected — even in class, where cellphones are supposedly banned. Many researchers are trying to determine whether technology somehow causes the brains of young people to be wired differently. “They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do,” Rosen says. “But findings show teens survive distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development.” Because these kids are more immersed and at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change significantly. “The growth curve on the use of technology with children is exponential (指数的), and we run the risk of being out of step with this generation as far as how they learn and how they think,” Rosen says. “We have to give them options because they want their world individualized.” 5．Compared with their Millennial elders, the iGeneration kids ________. A．communicate with others by high-tech methods continually B．prefer to live a virtual life than a real one C．are equipped with more modem digital techniques D．know more on technology than their elders 6．Which of the following is true about the iGeneration according to Rosen? A．This generation is crazy about inventing and creating new things. B．Everything must be adapted to the peculiar need of the generation. C．This generation catches up with the development of technology. D．High-tech such as wireless devices goes with the generation. 7．Rosen’s findings suggest that technology ________. A．has an obvious effect on the function of iGeneration’s brain development B．has greatly affected the iGeneration’s behaviors and academic performance C．has no significantly negative effect on iGeneration’s mental and intellectual development D．has caused distraction problems on iGeneration which affect their daily performance. 8．According to the passage, education has to _________. A．adapt its system to the need of the new generation B．use more technologies to cater for the iGeneration C．risk its system to certain extent for the iGeneration D．be conducted online for iGeneration’s individualized need 最复杂长难句 Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. 句子结构分析 主句核心：Rosen（主语）+ says（谓语）+ 宾语从句（省略 that，核心部分为 so...that... 结构）。 宾语从句核心：the tech-dominated life experience（主语）+ is（系动词）+ so different（表语）+ from the Millennials（状语）+ that（结果状语从句引导词）+ they warrant the distinction of a new generation（结果状语从句）。 定语修饰： of those born since the early 1990s（介词短语作定语，修饰主语 “生活经历”）。 he wrote about in his 2007 book...Net Generation（定语从句，修饰 the Millennials，省略关系代词 whom）。 which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”（非限制性定语从句，修饰 a new generation）。 插入语：Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation（书名，补充说明 2007 年的著作）。 中文翻译 罗森表示，20 世纪 90 年代初以后出生的人，其受科技主导的生活经历与他在 2007 年著作《我、聚友网与我：网络一代的养育之道》中所描述的千禧一代截然不同，因此他们理应被划分为新一代 —— 他将这一代人命名为 “i 一代”。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期练习一英语试题 Daydreaming, or mind-wandering, is generally seen by teachers as an undesirable activity. And yet, on average, we daydream nearly 47% of our waking hours. If our brain spends nearly half of our awake time doing it, there is probably a good reason why. Research shows that there are three types of daydreaming. The first is “guilty dysphoric” daydreaming, when we either keep thinking about a negative past experience or imagine the worst possible outcomes for the future. Then there is “poor attentional control,” where a person struggles to focus on a particular thought or task. These two kinds of daydreaming don’t have identifiable benefits. But the third type, “positive constructive daydreaming (PCD),” where we cast our mind forward and imagine future possibilities in a creative, positive way, can be quite beneficial. Helpful for planning and creativity, PCD is the bridge that links our internal observations with the forecasting required for future exploration. Inner reflection, not external drivers, is believed to empower humanity to direct their own lives and lead themselves. Inner reflection arises from consciousness, which is considered inseparable from thinking and represents an integral awareness of the working of our own mind. Open observation of our internal consciousness paved the way for curious exploration of our external world. The part of our brain most often associated with daydreaming is called the “default mode network” (DMN). The term “default mode” refers to the part of our brain associated with our resting state and is responsible for our ability to reflect on our own consciousness and internal narrative. The DMN is a system active during reflective activities like daydreaming, and quiet when focused mental effort is required. The DMN also connects many brain regions, impacting a host of other activity patterns. But more interesting and somewhat mysterious, the DMN is responsible for much of our abstract conceptual thought — the reflective, self-aware kind that separates us from animals — and it recalls and constructs social contexts to help us make meaning of our life. While the DMN can become disturbed during mental decline, PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex, or what’s known as our brain’s gray matter, the thinning of which is associated with the mental decline of aging. Though this link isn’t fully understood yet, we know that a well-functioning DMN — where we cast our mind’s eye forward in time or reflect on our past experience (as in PCD) — plays a central role in our healthy mental functioning, in areas like memory strengthening, planning, and self-control. Despite the benefits, we are conditioning daydreaming out of our kids — and in turn, out of our adult lives as well. Most schools place such a strong emphasis on an assumption of high attentional demand that they’ve failed to balance the potential benefit of PCD’s “constructive internal reflection”. Rather than criticizing daydreaming, we should protect it, cultivate it, and honor it. People who daydream are more reflective, have a deeper sense of sympathy, and show more moral decision-making. And ultimately, children who are more reflective, sympathetic, and moral grow up to be the adults who build a more just society. 9．Why is daydreaming generally seen as an undesirable activity by teachers? A．Because children spend too much time daydreaming. B．Because just one type of daydreaming brings benefits. C．Because schools like kids with good attentional control. D．Because few children are capable of engaging in PCD． 10．Which of the following is a benefit of daydreaming? A．Showing inner reflection on our mindset and creativity. B．Promoting curiosity about exploring the external world. C．Providing direct empowerment for future possibilities. D．Encouraging reflection and sympathy at a social level. 11．What are the characteristics of DMN? ①Active during daydreaming and reflection. ②Examining mental health with abstract thought. ③Connecting brain regions and aiding thinking. ④Countering age-related changes in the brain. ⑤Supporting self-awareness and imagination. ⑥Systematically analyzing relevant social contexts. ⑦Taking a back seat when attention is needed. A．①③⑤⑦ B．①②④⑤ C．①③④⑥ D．①②⑥⑦ 12．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．Daydreaming: Teachers’ Poison, Kids’ Meat B．Why Daydreaming is So Good for You C．Develop Daydreaming Constructively D．Build a Just Society with Daydreaming 最复杂长难句 While the DMN can become disturbed during mental decline, PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex, or what’s known as our brain’s gray matter, the thinning of which is associated with the mental decline of aging. 句子结构分析 让步状语从句：While the DMN（主语）+ can become（系动词）+ disturbed（表语）+ during mental decline（状语）。 主句核心：PCD（主语）+ can actually thicken（谓语）+ the cerebral cortex（宾语）。 同位语：or what’s known as our brain’s gray matter（补充说明 the cerebral cortex，“即我们所知的大脑灰质”）。 非限制性定语从句：the thinning of which（= the thinning of the cerebral cortex，主语）+ is associated with（谓语）+ the mental decline of aging（宾语），修饰先行词 the cerebral cortex。 中文翻译 尽管默认模式网络（DMN）在心智衰退过程中可能会受到影响，但积极建构型白日梦（PCD）实际上能增厚大脑皮层 —— 即我们所知的大脑灰质，而大脑灰质的变薄与衰老带来的心智衰退相关。 Passage 4 【来源】上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. “We choose wood because it’s a natural material,” says Li. “You see a lot of floating wood in ocean water and it raises much less of an environmental concern than things made of artificial materials.” To create the modified material, which they call ice-wood, the researchers took a 10-centimetre-square, 1.5-centimetre-thick piece of American basswood (Tilia americana) and cut a small chunk out of the middle. This chunk was placed on a hotplate so that one side carbonized, while the larger piece was treated with hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)and heat, removing much of a polymer (聚合物)called lignin. The two pieces were then put back together. Lignin gives wood its colour, so removing it makes that part of the wood whiter and better at reflecting light. The idea is that when the ice-wood floats in the sea, water is drawn up through natural microchannels. Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface. During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉). Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. But a big question remains about whether our focus should be on geoengineering approaches to prevent ice loss or on slowing the climate change that is causing it. “I find it strange to put so much energy into these ideas when we already know what is needed: reduced carbon dioxide emissions,” says Julienne Stroeve at University College London. 13．What is the main purpose of the “ice-wood” project? A．To clean the ocean water in the Arctic. B．To provide a new building material for coastal regions. C．To help new sea ice form in the Arctic. D．To study the behavior of seabirds in cold environments. 14．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 15．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The wood relies on creating a temperature difference to promote ice formation. B．Lignin is removed so as to make the wood darker and better at absorbing heat. C．The carbonized part directly freezes the surrounding seawater through rapid cooling. D．American basswood was chosen as the raw material for its exceptional durability. 16．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Arctic Crisis: Causes and Global Consequences B．Refreezing the Arctic: The Science and Promise of Engineered Ice-Wood C．From Forest to Ocean: A New Material’s Role in the Arctic Environment D．Wood Against Warming: A Controversial Path to Save Arctic Ice 最复杂长难句 Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. 句子结构分析 让步状语从句：Though covering the whole Arctic（主语，动名词短语）+ isn’t（系动词）+ realistic（表语）。 主句核心：Li（主语）+ suggests（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 宾语从句核心：larger pieces of ice-wood（主语）+ could be used（谓语）+ around coastal regions（状语）+ to speed up...and reduce...（目的状语，说明 “使用冰木” 的目的）。 定语从句：where Indigenous people（主语）+ rely on（谓语）+ ice（宾语）+ to hunt fish（目的状语），修饰先行词 coastal regions。 中文翻译 尽管用冰木覆盖整个北极并不现实，但李（Tian Li）建议，可在沿海地区使用更大尺寸的冰木 —— 这些地区的原住民依赖冰面捕鱼 —— 以加快冬季冰盖形成，减少夏季冰体流失。 Passage 5 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 The Octopus Organization, inspired by the remarkably adaptive, curious, and intelligent sea dweller. That animal, whose arms can think and act independently yet work in perfect concert, offers a model for building companies that can thrive in complexity and embrace continuous change. Octopus Orgs tap the intelligence of their people, integrating a range of efforts naturally and gracefully. They sense subtle signals, learning and shifting course at speed to navigate uncertainty. A complex world is like the ocean, the home of the octopus — where a small shift in the current can create unpredictable effects miles away. The shifts and unpredictability make it difficult to navigate; you can only sense, respond, and learn from the flow. This is the world the Octopus Org is designed for, an environment where success comes not from rigid control but from distributed intelligence, continuous learning, and adaptation. To get a sense of what this looks like in a business setting, think of how most companies structure strategy meetings. The very design of the typical meeting room — dominated by a large screen for presentations, often with no whiteboard in sight — signals that it is a space for the consumption of information, not the creation of ideas. Speakers adhere to a set agenda, deliver carefully prepared slides, and stick to their assigned time. Questions are reserved for the end and are often perfunctory (草率的, 敷衍的) or performative. The information flow is tightly controlled and consistently structured. In the Octopus Org, by comparison, meetings have clearly defined outcomes but not always a fixed agenda. Leaders encourage people to surface ideas rapidly and ask provocative questions. You’ll often find a diverse group from across the company — frontline workers and executives, new and old voices — gathered around a whiteboard contributors build on and challenge one another’s arguments. Conversation flows, tangents are explored, and unexpected connections emerge. And look at how Tin Man Orgs, where a company’s strategy can be optimized through analysis, specialization, and control, with no inherent uncertainty, treat innovation as a department, creating innovation labs that are physically and culturally isolated. Teams develop ideas in isolation and then hand them off to “the business” for implementation. Octopus Orgs, in contrast, understand that innovation is a distributed capability, the daily, obsessive work of meeting customer needs in ever better ways. They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems. This ensures the people closest to the customer are the ones who experiment, learn, and build what’s coming next. Ultimately, all of these Octopus Org behaviors orbit around a single, nonnegotiable question: “Does this create more value for our customers?” The obsessive focus drives employee engagement, which in turn fuels the innovation and resilience needed to thrive. The rewards are cultural, profound, and measurable. 17．The description of the octopus’s arms serves to illustrate ________. A．the distributed yet unified intelligence B．sensing subtle signals amid uncertainty C．the evolution in complex, unpredictable settings D．continuous learning and adaptation to change 18．A retail company wants to become more “Octopus-like”. Which of these changes would be most in line with that goal? A．Stick to clearly defined goal and set time. B．Focus on slides and controlled flow. C．Create a specialized lab for innovation. D．Use whiteboards for diverse collaboration. 19．How does Octopus Orgs differ from Tin Man Orgs in innovation? A．By relying on analysis and control. B．By treating innovation as a department. C．By seeing innovation as everyone’s job. D．By focusing on customer value first. 20．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Why traditional meeting structures prevent innovation. B．How to succeed in unpredictable business conditions. C．A model for building companies in a complex world. D．A focus on building distributed innovation capabilities 最复杂长难句 They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems, which ensures the people closest to the customer are the ones who experiment, learn, and build what’s coming next. 句子结构分析 主句核心：They（主语）+ create（谓语）+ mechanisms for invention（宾语）+ everywhere（状语）。 伴随状语：entrusting small, decentralized teams（宾语）+ with end-to-end ownership of customer problems（状语，“将客户问题的全程处理权交给小型分散团队”），现在分词短语表伴随。 非限制性定语从句：which（指代前文 “创建创新机制” 的行为）+ ensures（谓语）+ 宾语从句（省略 that）。 宾语从句内部： 主语：the people + closest to the customer（后置定语，“最贴近客户的人”）。 系动词：are。 表语：the ones + who experiment, learn, and build（定语从句，修饰 the ones）+ what’s coming next（宾语从句，作 build 的宾语）。 中文翻译 他们在企业各处搭建创新机制，将客户问题的全程处理权交给小型分散的团队 —— 这一做法确保了最贴近客户的人，正是那些进行实验、积累经验并打造未来解决方案的人。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司6 / 31 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题08 阅读理解长难句分析 目录 01 析·考情精解 2 02 构·知能架构 3 03 破·考点攻坚 4 要点一 高考阅读理解长难句式主要特征 4 考向1带有较多成分的简单句 7 考向2含有多个从句的复合句 8 考向3含有插入成份的句子 9 考向4含有省略成份的句子 10 考向5含有从句及非谓语成份的句子 11 考向6含有感叹句、倒装句、强调句等特殊句型 12 要点二 高考阅读理解长难句子破解方法 15 知识点1找谓语，定主语 15 知识点2提主干，去枝叶 16 知识点3寻关联，辨逻辑 16 知识点4看搭配，防隔离 17 知识点5关键词，抓线索 19 句式类型 典型例句 结构分析 难点解析 应对策略 定语从句 （限制性 / 非限制性） 2026 徐汇区一模：“Found in the Yanghai cemetery near Turpan and dated to between 700 and 400 B.C., this saddle, the oldest yet found, challenges assumptions about who was using such gear, and for what purpose.” 主句：this saddle challenges assumptions；插入语：the oldest yet found；定语从句：who was using such gear（修饰 assumptions） 1. 插入语打断主句逻辑，干扰主干识别；2. 定语从句嵌套在介词短语后，位置隐蔽 1. 先跳过插入语，找到主句核心（主语 + 谓语：this saddle challenges）；2. 识别介词后定语从句，明确修饰对象 状语从句 （时间 / 原因 / 条件） 2026 静安区一模：“As biologists worked to save and release the dolphin into Lemon Bay, Killian and her husband knew they needed to do something.” 时间状语从句：As biologists worked...；主句：Killian and her husband knew...；宾语从句：they needed to do something 多重从句嵌套（状语从句 + 宾语从句），易混淆从句边界 1. 识别状语从句引导词（As），拆分主从句；2. 先译从句，再译主句，理清逻辑关系 非谓语动词 （作定语 / 状语） 2026 奉贤区一模：“Venus flytraps, for example, are known to shut their leaves rapidly when they sense something moving on them.” 主句：Venus flytraps are known to shut...；非谓语动词：to shut（主语补足语），moving（后置定语修饰 something） 1. 非谓语动词与谓语动词混淆；2. 后置定语易被误判为谓语 1. 区分谓语动词（are known）与非谓语动词（to shut, moving）；2. 明确非谓语动词的功能（作补足语 / 定语） 倒装句 （否定词开头） 2026 杨浦区一模：“Not only was she not scared of the whale shark, the then 29-year-old was so inspired by its beauty and grace that tears sprang to her eyes inside her snorkel mask.” 倒装结构：Not only + 系动词 was + 主语 she（部分倒装）；主句：the then 29-year-old was so inspired...that...（结果状语从句） 否定词置于句首导致语序颠倒，易误读主语和谓语关系 1. 识别否定词（Not only）开头的倒装特征；2. 将倒装语序还原为正常语序（She was not scared...） 并列复合句 （多重并列 + 从句） 2026 虹口区一模：“Some don’t include the information on the label. Others give it in tiny print. Or they publish it in terms that require you to figure out, say, that if 450 grams of freeze-dried chicken biscuits contain 125 calories, a kitchen cup weighs about 700 grams, and 50 biscuits fit in a cup, each biscuit has…wait...” 并列主句：Some don’t include.../Others give.../Or they publish...；定语从句：that require you to figure out...；宾语从句：that if...each biscuit has... 1. 多个并列主句叠加，逻辑链条长；2. 宾语从句内嵌条件句和并列分句，结构复杂 1. 用分号 / 连词（Or）拆分并列主句；2. 从外层到内层拆解从句（先定语从句，再宾语从句，最后条件句） 插入语结构 （分隔主干） 2026 黄浦区一模：“Judge Caprio, who retired from Providence Municipal Court in 2023 after almost 40 years, said his courtroom was where people and cases were met with kindness and sympathy.” 主句：Judge Caprio said...；插入语（非限制性定语从句）：who retired...after almost 40 years；表语从句：where people and cases were... 插入语过长，分隔主语和谓语，易找不到主句核心 1. 先标记插入语（前后逗号分隔），暂时忽略；2. 找到主语（Judge Caprio）和谓语（said），再还原插入语含义 要点一 高考阅读理解中长难句式主要特征 知识点1：带有较多成分的简单句 知识点2：含有多个从句的复合句 知识点3：含有插入成份的句子 知识点4：含有省略成份的句子 知识点5：含有从句及非谓语成份的句子 知识点6：含有感叹句、倒装句、强调句等特殊句型 考向 1 简单句中包含有复杂的修饰成分（主谓结构单一，修饰成分多层叠加） 典型例子 1 · 题源：2026 年静安区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks, William walked the length and breadth of Great Britain with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks that he found. · 句子结构分析： 1. 主句核心（简单句主谓宾）：William（主语）+ walked（谓语）+ the length and breadth of Great Britain（宾语）。 2. 复杂修饰成分： · 状语 1（伴随）：Armed with his newfound insight into the birth of rocks（过去分词短语作伴随状语，表 “凭借……”）。 · 状语 2（目的）：with the intention of surveying and categorizing all the wonderfully different types of rocks（介词短语作目的状语）。 · 定语从句：that he found（修饰先行词 rocks，补充说明 “他发现的岩石”）。 · 中文翻译：凭借对岩石形成的新见解，威廉走遍了大不列颠全境，意图勘测并分类他所发现的所有种类繁多、形态奇妙的岩石。 典型例子 2 · 题源：2026 年虹口区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. · 句子结构分析： 1. 主句核心（并列简单句）：The writers’ contract（主语 1）+ does not outlaw（谓语 1）+ the use of AI tools（宾语 1）；it（主语 2，指代 contract）+ sets up（谓语 2）+ protections（宾语 2）。 2. 复杂修饰成分： · 定语 1：of AI tools in the writing process（修饰 use，说明 “写作过程中的 AI 工具使用”）。 · 目的状语：to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers（不定式短语作目的状语）。 · 对比状语：rather than being used by their bosses to replace them（介词短语作对比状语，表 “而非被老板用来取代他们”）。 · 中文翻译：编剧合同并未禁止在写作过程中使用人工智能工具，但它设立了保护措施，确保这项技术处于劳动者的控制之下，而非被雇主用来取代他们。 典型例子 3 · 题源：2026 年嘉定区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：She criticises his later following thinkers, like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley, for their ignoring social factors affecting success for supporting racial rankings. · 句子结构分析： 4. 主句核心（简单句主谓宾）：She（主语）+ criticises（谓语）+ his later following thinkers（宾语）。 4. 复杂修饰成分： · 插入语（举例）：like Hans Eysenck and William Shockley（补充说明 thinkers 的具体人物）。 · 原因状语：for their ignoring social factors（介词短语作原因状语，表 “因他们忽视社会因素”）。 · 定语 1：affecting success（现在分词短语修饰 social factors，“影响成功的社会因素”）。 · 目的状语：for supporting racial rankings（介词短语说明忽视的目的，“为了支持种族排名”）。 · 中文翻译：她批评他后来的追随者（如汉斯・艾森克和威廉・肖克利），因为他们为了支持种族排名而忽视了影响成功的社会因素。 考向 2 两个句子成分之间被插入语等分隔（主谓、动宾等核心成分被打断） 典型例子 1 · 题源：2026 年徐汇区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Two-thumbed mobile typists generated an average of about 38 words per minute, according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing. · 句子结构分析： 1. 核心成分（主谓宾）：Two-thumbed mobile typists（主语）+ generated（谓语）+ an average of about 38 words per minute（宾语）。 2. 插入语（分隔主谓宾逻辑链）：according to what researchers describe as the largest experiment to date on mobile typing（介词短语作插入语，补充 “数据来源”，打断了主语和宾语的直接衔接）。 3. 插入语内部：what researchers describe as...（宾语从句，作 according to 的宾语，表 “研究人员所称的……”）。 · 中文翻译：据研究人员称，这是迄今为止规模最大的手机打字实验 —— 双拇指手机打字者的平均速度约为每分钟 38 个单词。 典型例子 2 · 题源：2026 年松江区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：AI, which is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems, can help reduce emissions by optimizing energy use in various industries. · 句子结构分析： 4. 核心成分（主谓宾）：AI（主语）+ can help reduce（谓语）+ emissions（宾语）。 4. 插入语（分隔主谓）：which is highly capable of identifying complex patterns and improving systems（非限制性定语从句作插入语，修饰 AI，打断了主语 AI 和谓语 can help reduce 的衔接）。 4. 方式状语：by optimizing energy use in various industries（补充 “减少排放的方式”）。 · 中文翻译：人工智能 —— 其极具识别复杂模式和优化系统的能力 —— 可通过优化各行业的能源使用来帮助减少排放。 典型例子 3 · 题源：2026 年黄浦区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Clouds, which don’t just look different from one another, also have very different effects on temperatures at the surface of the land or water below. · 句子结构分析： 4. 核心成分（主谓宾）：Clouds（主语）+ have（谓语）+ very different effects（宾语）。 4. 插入语（分隔主谓）：which don’t just look different from one another（非限制性定语从句作插入语，修饰 clouds，打断了主语和谓语的直接连接）。 4. 定语：on temperatures at the surface of the land or water below（修饰 effects，说明 “对陆地或水下表面温度的影响”）。 · 中文翻译：云 —— 它们不仅外观各不相同 —— 对下方陆地或水体表面的温度也有着截然不同的影响。 考向 3 从句套从句，环环相扣（多层从句嵌套，逻辑层级复杂） 典型例子 1 · 题源：2026 年宝山区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：While this belt of strong winds is usually stable and able to keep the cold air contained, it can be destroyed by loss of sea ice, due to global warming that is causing Arctic temperatures to rise at twice the global average rate. · 句子结构分析： 1. 第一层（主句 + 让步状语从句）： · 让步状语从句：While this belt of strong winds is usually stable and able to keep the cold air contained（While 引导，表 “尽管”）。 · 主句：it（指代 belt）+ can be destroyed（谓语）+ by loss of sea ice（状语）。 2. 第二层（定语从句）：that is causing Arctic temperatures to rise at twice the global average rate（修饰先行词 global warming，说明 “全球变暖的具体影响”）。 3. 第三层（不定式短语）：to rise at twice the global average rate（作宾补，补充 “温度上升的速度”）。 · 中文翻译：尽管这条强风带通常较为稳定，能够困住冷空气，但由于全球变暖（其导致北极气温上升速度是全球平均水平的两倍），海冰消融可能会破坏这条风带。 典型例子 2 · 题源：2026 年崇明区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Researchers are using the same data set to investigate whether changes in emotional reactivity explain the recent findings from the male chimpanzees that were observed over 21 years. · 句子结构分析： 4. 第一层（主句）：Researchers（主语）+ are using（谓语）+ the same data set（宾语）+ to investigate（目的状语）。 4. 第二层（宾语从句）：whether changes in emotional reactivity explain the recent findings（作 investigate 的宾语，表 “是否……”）。 4. 第三层（定语从句 1）：from the male chimpanzees（修饰 findings，说明 “发现的来源”）。 4. 第四层（定语从句 2）：that were observed over 21 years（修饰先行词 male chimpanzees，补充 “黑猩猩的观察时长”）。 · 中文翻译：研究人员正在使用同一数据集，调查情绪反应的变化是否能解释来自这 21 年间被观察的雄性黑猩猩的最新研究发现。 典型例子 3 · 题源：2026 年杨浦区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity that occurs when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. · 句子结构分析： 4. 第一层（主句 + 宾语从句）：We（主语）+ think（谓语）+ 宾语从句（the reason has to do with so-called attention residue）。 4. 第二层（同位语 + 定语从句 1）：that occurs when...（修饰 attention residue，解释 “注意力残留的发生场景”）。 4. 第三层（时间状语从句）：when our minds continue to think over something（修饰 occurs，表 “发生的时间”）。 4. 第四层（定语从句 2）：that’s important to us（修饰 something，说明 “思考的内容”）。 4. 第五层（让步状语从句）：even after we’ve moved on to another activity（补充 “尽管已经切换到其他活动”）。 · 中文翻译：我们认为原因与所谓的 “注意力残留” 有关 —— 这是创造力的黄金状态，指即使我们已经切换到另一项活动，大脑仍会继续思考对我们重要的事情。 考向 4 某些特殊句式或特殊语法现象（倒装、强调、虚拟等） 典型例子 1（强调句） · 题源：2026 年浦东新区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：It was during the second world war that some statisticians developed a method to estimate the number of German tanks by analyzing serial numbers. · 句子结构分析： 4. 特殊句式：It was + 被强调部分（during the second world war）+ that + 剩余部分（强调句结构，强调 “时间状语”）。 4. 剩余部分核心：some statisticians（主语）+ developed（谓语）+ a method（宾语）+ to estimate the number of German tanks（定语，修饰 method）。 4. 方式状语：by analyzing serial numbers（补充 “估算的方式”）。 · 中文翻译：正是在二战期间，一些统计学家通过分析序列号，研发出了一种估算德国坦克数量的方法。 典型例子 2（倒装句） · 题源：2026 年金山区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：Not only are ultra-processed foods cheaper than fresh alternatives, but they are also more convenient to store and prepare. · 句子结构分析： 4. 特殊句式：Not only + 倒装结构（are ultra-processed foods cheaper）+ but (also) + 正常语序（they are more convenient）（部分倒装，强调 “不仅…… 而且……”）。 4. 比较状语 1：than fresh alternatives（修饰 cheaper，表 “比新鲜食材更便宜”）。 4. 状语 2：to store and prepare（修饰 convenient，表 “储存和准备更方便”）。 · 中文翻译：超加工食品不仅比新鲜食材更便宜，而且储存和准备起来也更方便。 典型例子 3（虚拟语气） · 题源：2026 年奉贤区一模阅读理解 C 篇 · 原句：If the short-sighted railway cuts of the 1960s had been avoided, the UK’s current rail network would be more efficient and accessible. · 句子结构分析： 4. 特殊句式：If + 虚拟条件句（had been avoided，对过去事实的虚拟，表 “如果当时避免了……”）+ 主句（would be，对现在事实的虚拟，表 “现在就会……”）。 4. 主语：the short-sighted railway cuts of the 1960s（“20 世纪 60 年代短视的铁路线路削减”）。 4. 主句表语：more efficient and accessible（“更高效、更便捷”）。 · 中文翻译：如果 20 世纪 60 年代那些短视的铁路线路削减能够避免，英国当前的铁路网络将会更高效、更便捷。 要点二 高考阅读理解长难句子破解方法 01. 找谓语，定主语 02 提主干，去枝叶 03 寻关联，辨逻辑 04 看搭配，防隔离 04 关键词，抓线索 考查长难句在阅读理解中运用 【以2026高三一模阅读理解C篇为例】 长难句考例分析（10 道典型试题） 考例 1 题源：2026 年静安区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 43 题 · 试题：The author mentions the late inclusion of “geology” in the Encyclopedia Britannica primarily to ________. A. question the accuracy of earlier editions of the encyclopedia B. highlight the slow academic acceptance of geology as a discipline C. emphasize the pioneering contribution of the Encyclopedia Britannica to science D. provide a precise birth date for the formal study of Earth’s structure · 主要答题依据：Indeed, the word geology only appeared in the English language in 1735 and took another seventy or so years to enter general usage. Geology made its first appearance in the Encyclopedia Britannica in the 1810 edition. Despite this inclusion, the science of geology remained largely ignored until much later in the century. · 分析：本句主干由三个并列分句构成，前两句陈述 “geology” 一词的语言出现时间和百科收录时间，第三句以 “Despite” 引导让步状语，核心转折信息为 “remained largely ignored”。题干询问 “提及晚收录的主要目的”，需聚焦让步状语后的核心语义 —— 地质学长期被忽视。句子通过时间线（1735 年出现→1810 年收录→仍被忽视）凸显其作为学科被学术界接受的缓慢进程，与选项 B 一致。故本题选 B。 考例 2 题源：2026 年虹口区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 43 题 · 试题：What does the new contract between WGA and AMPTP say about the use of AI tools? A. They are completely banned from the writing process. B. They can be used but must stay under writers’ control. C. They are encouraged to replace human writers in studios. D. They can be used only for editing finished screenplays. · 主要答题依据：The writers’ contract does not outlaw the use of AI tools in the writing process, but it sets up protections to make sure the technology stays in the control of workers, rather than being used by their bosses to replace them. · 分析：本句主干是由 “but” 连接的并列句，前半句否定 “完全禁止 AI 使用”，后半句是核心信息，包含 “to make sure” 引导的目的状语从句，从句中又嵌套 “rather than” 引导的对比结构。题干询问合同对 AI 工具的规定，需提取目的状语从句的核心 “stays in the control of workers”。选项 B 中 “can be used” 对应前半句 “does not outlaw”，“under writers’ control” 与 “in the control of workers” 直接同义，故本题选 B。 考例 3 题源：2026 年嘉定区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 44 题 · 试题：What does the writer think of the Genius Myth? A. Its writing style is engaging, sincere and humble. B. “The weak model of genius” is an innovative term. C. Its criticism of the “genius myth” lacks evidence. D. It fails to explain the root cause of people’s passion for genius. · 主要答题依据：Worse still, these dislikes go without strong proof. Her unjust claim that Picasso is admired because of his imperfection, not despite them, reads more like an angry opinion than reasoned argument. · 分析：本句主干为两个并列分句，第一句直接点明 “缺乏有力证据”，第二句以 “that” 引导同位语从句解释 “unjust claim” 的内容，并用 “more like...than...” 结构强调其观点的主观性。题干询问作者对该书的看法，核心依据是第一句的 “go without strong proof”，选项 C 中 “lacks evidence” 与该表述完全一致，故本题选 C。 考例 4 题源：2026 年徐汇区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 45 题 · 试题：Which is the possible reason that people tend to leave typing errors uncorrected? A. Heavy workload. B. Erroneous editing methods. C. Higher interaction cost. D. Inconvenient operation method. · 主要答题依据：“A possible explanation is the higher interaction cost of correcting mistakes on mobile devices and the limited text editing methods,” according to the researchers. · 分析：本句主干是一个主系表结构的直接引语，表语由 “and” 连接的两个并列名词短语构成，分别说明两个可能原因。题干询问 “留错未改的可能原因”，选项 C 直接对应第一个原因 “higher interaction cost”，选项 B “错误的编辑方法” 与第二个原因 “limited text editing methods” 不符（“有限”≠“错误”），故本题选 C。 考例 5 题源：2026 年松江区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 45 题 · 试题：Which of the following is recommended to handle AI’s climate impacts? A. Setting a global carbon price for tech industries. B. Scheduling data centers’ workloads dynamically. C. That tech firms balance emissions through credit exchange. D. That AI developers stay open to others’ reporting approaches. · 主要答题依据：The IEA notes that arranging to shift volume of work among data centers at different times could reduce pressure and help balance energy networks, making them better matched to renewable power. · 分析：本句主干为 “The IEA notes that...”，“that” 引导的宾语从句中，主语是动名词短语 “arranging to shift...at different times”，谓语是并列动词 “could reduce and help balance”，后面接现在分词短语作结果状语。题干询问 “应对 AI 气候影响的建议”，宾语从句的主语核心是 “不同时间转移数据中心工作量”，即 “动态安排工作量”，与选项 B 一致。选项 A 是 “理想方案” 而非 “推荐措施”，故本题选 B。 考例 6 题源：2026 年黄浦区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 44 题 · 试题：According to the passage, a climate feedback loop is a cycle that_________. A. speeds up the very warming that activated it B. enhances cooling by promoting low cloud formation C. reduces high cloud cover to boost sunlight reflection D. balances warming and cooling effects at the same time · 主要答题依据：Yet as temperatures rise, low clouds may decline while high clouds persist, creating a climate feedback loop — a self-enhancing cycle similar to a classic feedback mechanism. · 分析：本句主干是 “low clouds may decline while high clouds persist”，“as” 引导时间状语从句，“creating” 引导结果状语，破折号后是 “climate feedback loop” 的同位语，解释其为 “自我强化的循环”。结合前文 “低云减少、高云持续导致升温” 可知，该循环会让引发它的变暖现象加剧，选项 A 中 “speeds up the very warming that activated it” 与 “self-enhancing cycle” 及上下文逻辑一致，故本题选 A。 考例 7 题源：2026 年宝山区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 45 题 · 试题：What can be inferred from the passage? A. The streams in the Northern Hemisphere have to move to the South. B. It is certain that the Earth will become warmer and warmer. C. The temperature difference between day and night will decrease. D. The colder areas might gradually become larger and larger in the future. · 主要答题依据：Because the Arctic is warming at a fast pace, the temperature difference between it and mid-latitudes is decreasing, making the polar jet stream slower and weaker. That, in turn, makes the stream more likely to bend north and south. When it bends far enough, the barrier between Arctic and mid-latitude air can dive down to Mexico, taking Arctic temperatures along for the ride. · 分析：本句是包含因果链和条件状语的复合句，核心逻辑为：北极变暖→温差缩小→急流变弱→更易弯曲→北极冷空气南下。题干要求 “推断”，结合该逻辑可推知，未来冷空气南下范围可能扩大，寒冷区域可能变大，与选项 D 一致。选项 A 中 “have to” 过于绝对（原文是 “more likely”），故本题选 D。 考例 8 题源：2026 年崇明区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 44 题 · 试题：The chimpanzee study challenges the socioemotional selectivity theory because_________ A. young chimpanzees exhibited stronger future-oriented cognition B. human friendships were proven unrelated to emotional reactivity C. chimpanzees were found to have a human-like understanding of death D. the social shift occurs in chimpanzees despite their lack of mortality awareness · 主要答题依据：These results question some aspects of the socioemotional selectivity theory. While humans have a sense of mortality, it is widely believed that chimpanzees do not. · 分析：本句由两个分句构成，第一句点明 “研究结果质疑该理论”，第二句以 “While” 引导让步状语从句，核心对比 “人类有生命有限意识，黑猩猩没有”。结合前文 “黑猩猩和人类一样出现社交转变” 可知，质疑的核心是 “无生命意识的黑猩猩也有同样社交转变”，与选项 D 一致。选项 C 与 “chimpanzees do not” 矛盾，故本题选 D。 考例 9 题源：2026 年杨浦区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 45 题 · 试题：The underlined words “attention residue” in the last paragraph means_________. A. persistent mental engagement B. fundamental spiritual basis C. temporary psychological refreshment D. habitual task-switching routine · 主要答题依据：We think the reason has to do with so-called attention residue — the sweet spot for creativity. It’s when our minds continue to think over something that’s important to us even after we’ve moved on to another activity. · 分析：本句主干是 “We think the reason has to do with...”，破折号后是 “attention residue” 的同位语，随后用 “it’s when” 引导的表语从句解释其定义，核心是 “切换到其他活动后仍持续思考重要事物”。选项 A “持续的精神投入” 与该定义直接对应，选项 D “习惯性任务切换” 与 “moved on to another activity” 的结果相反，故本题选 A。 考例 10 题源：2026 年浦东新区一模阅读理解 C 篇第 44 题 · 试题：In order to estimate the production of German tanks, statisticians need to know the _________. A. fixed order in which German tanks were numbered B. smallest and largest serial numbers of captured tanks C. average of the serial numbers of all the tanks in a battle D. total of the captured tanks and their largest serial number · 主要答题依据：If the largest serial number in your data is L and the number of captured tanks is n, one estimate for the total number of tanks is given by L+L/n. · 分析：本句是包含条件状语从句的复合句，主句给出估算公式，条件状语从句明确公式所需的两个关键数据：“最大序列号 L” 和 “捕获坦克数量 n”。题干询问 “所需数据”，选项 D 中 “total of the captured tanks” 对应 n，“their largest serial number” 对应 L，与从句完全一致。选项 B 中的 “最小序列号” 原文未提及，故本题选 D。 【语篇训练】 （以C篇说明文为例） Passage 1 【来源】2026年上海市普通高等学校招生全国统一招生考试模拟英语试题（未来教研之星标准学术能力测试） For over 15 years, Carlos Chaccour has researched a novel strategy to combat malaria: using ivermectin, a common antiparasitic (抗寄生虫的) drug, to make human blood toxic to mosquitoes that feed on it. His team’s recent large-scale trial in Kenya provides the first evidence that this approach can work at a community level. Participants received three monthly doses of ivermectin, which reduced malaria cases in children by about 26% over six months, compared to 22% of a control group given albendazole. This is considered a significant, high-quality indication of ivermectin’s potential, especially for school-aged children who often lack protection from bed nets. A  Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. He suggests future enhancements, such as more doses or longer-lasting formulations, could improve efficacy. Additionally, ivermectin’s ability to treat other diseases like scabies adds value. B  Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. Some experts believe that the small effect size and practical hurdles mean the approach might not be a viable standalone solution. C  The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. Previous studies, including his 2010 research, demonstrated that mosquitoes feeding on blood from ivermectin-treated volunteers had higher death rates. However, translating this into a meaningful reduction in malaria has proven challenging, with earlier trials showing mixed results. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently does not recommend ivermectin for malaria control, citing the need for stronger evidence from multiple trials. Nonetheless, researchers agree that further well-designed studies are essential to determine whether ivermectin can become a useful tool in the global fight against malaria. 1．According to the 1st paragraph, it can be inferred that albendazole ________. A．has no effect on treatment of malaria B．shows poorer effect than ivermectin C．is a traditional drug against malaria D．poses less side effects than ivermectin 2．What is the proper order of Paragraph A, B, and C? A．C→B→A. B．B→A→C. C．C→A→B. D．B→C→A. 3．The main reason why critics oppose ivermectin is that ivermectin ______. A．isn’t much more effective than others B．shows potential safety issues in trials C．can only be used in limited situations D．has no capacity to independently cure malaria 4．What can be learned from WHO’s attitude towards ivermectin? A．WHO encourages more trials on severe patients as tests. B．WHO doesn’t regard ivermectin a potential useful drug. C．WHO will conduct more experiments to gain evidence. D．WHO is waiting for evidential supports on ivermectin. 最复杂长难句 Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations: ivermectin cannot be given to pregnant women or young children, and prior large studies in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau failed to show consistent benefits. 句子结构分析 主句核心：Critics（主语）+ argue（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 宾语从句核心：a 26% reduction（主语）+ is（系动词 1）+ modest（表语 1）+ and（并列连词）+ may not justify（谓语 2）+ widespread deployment（宾语 2）。 插入语：while promising（= while it is promising，省略结构，表让步，修饰宾语从句主语）。 状语：especially given current limitations（= especially when current limitations are given，省略结构，补充说明 “不支持广泛应用” 的原因）。 解释说明：冒号后接两个并列分句，具体阐述 limitations 的内容： 分句 1：ivermectin（主语）+ cannot be given（谓语）+ to pregnant women or young children（状语）。 分句 2：prior large studies（主语）+ in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau（定语）+ failed to show（谓语）+ consistent benefits（宾语）。 中文翻译 批评人士认为，26% 的疟疾病例减少虽有前景，但幅度有限，未必值得广泛推广 —— 尤其是考虑到当前存在的限制：伊维菌素不能用于孕妇或幼儿，且此前在布基纳法索和几内亚比绍开展的大型研究也未能显示出持续的效果。 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了伊维菌素通过毒杀蚊虫降低疟疾传播，肯尼亚的试验显示其效果，但批评者认为效果有限且适用人群受限，世卫组织暂未推荐该治疗方法，呼吁更多证据支持。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Participants received three monthly doses of ivermectin, which reduced malaria cases in children by about 26% over six months, compared to 22% of a control group (参与者在连续三个月中每月服用一次伊维菌素，共三次剂量，在六个月内将儿童疟疾病例减少了约26%，而对照组的这一比例为22%)”可知，接受伊维菌素的实验组对照的是接受画线药物的小组，以测试这种新治疗方式的疗效，结合医学实验为保证患者安全，通常会让对照组按照常规标准接受药物治疗可推知，画线的药物是传统的抗疟疾药物。需注意该药效果比伊维菌素差是基于文本的理解，无需逻辑推断。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。通读方框内容，尤其是段落A中“Chaccour counters that the Kenyan trial is a proof of concept, emphasizing the importance of high community coverage and timely distribution during peak mosquito breeding seasons. (Chaccour反驳说，肯尼亚的试验是概念的证明，强调了高社区覆盖率和在蚊子繁殖高峰季节及时分发的重要性。)”、段落B中“Critics argue that a 26% reduction, while promising, is modest and may not justify widespread deployment, especially given current limitations (批评人士认为，26%的下降虽然有希望，但幅度不大，可能不足以证明广泛部署是合理的，尤其是考虑到目前的限制)”和段落C中“The concept stems from Chaccour’s early discovery that ivermectin kills insects feeding on treated blood. (这个概念源于Chaccour的早期发现，即伊维菌素可以杀死以处理过的血液为食的昆虫。)”可知，段落C介绍伊维菌素作用的起源及早期研究，属于背景信息，应排第一，承接首段的研究发现，段落B提出批评观点，从客观角度对研究发现作出评价，应排第二，段落A是Chaccour的反驳，讨论试验的积极意义及未来改进方向，其反驳是针对段落B的批评，应排第三。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据方框所给段落B中“Some experts believe that the small effect size and practical hurdles mean the approach might not be a viable standalone solution. (一些专家认为，较小的效应规模和实际障碍意味着该方法可能不是一个可行的独立解决方案。)”可知，批评者反对伊维菌素的主要原因是伊维菌素没有独立治疗疟疾的能力。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The World Health Organization (WHO) currently does not recommend ivermectin for malaria control, citing the need for stronger evidence from multiple trials. (世界卫生组织(WHO)目前不建议将伊维菌素用于疟疾控制，理由是需要从多项试验中获得更有力的证据。)”可知，世界卫生组织未完全否定伊维菌素的潜力，但需更多证据，表明它正在等待关于伊维菌素的证据支持。故选D项。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市南洋模范中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 They’re still kids, and although there’s a lot that the experts don’t yet know about them, one thing they do agree on is that what kids use and expect from their world has changed rapidly. And it’s all because of technology. To the psychologists, sociologists, and generational and media experts who study them, their digital gear sets this new group apart, even from their tech-savvy Millennial elders. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older siblings don’t quite get. These differences may appear slight, but they signal an all-encompassing sensibility that some say marks the dawning of a new generation. The contrast between Millennials and this younger group was so evident to psychologist Larry Rosen of California State University that he has declared the birth of a new generation in a new book, Rewired: Understanding the iGeneration and the Way They Learn, out next month. Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. “The technology is the easiest way to see it, but it’s also a mindset, and the mindset goes with the little ‘I’, which I’m talking to stand for ‘individualized’,” Rosen says. “Everything is defined and individualized to ‘me’. My music choices are defined to ‘me’. What I watch on TV any instant is defined to ‘me’.” He says the iGeneration includes today’s teens and middle-schoolers, but it’s too soon to tell about elementary-school ages and younger. Rosen says the iGeneration believes anything is possible. “If they can think of it, somebody probably has or will invent it,” he says. “They expect innovation.” They have high expectations that whatever they want or can use “will be able to be tailored to their own needs and wishes and desires.” Rosen says portability is key. They are inseparable from their wireless devices, which allow them to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected — even in class, where cellphones are supposedly banned. Many researchers are trying to determine whether technology somehow causes the brains of young people to be wired differently. “They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do,” Rosen says. “But findings show teens survive distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development.” Because these kids are more immersed and at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change significantly. “The growth curve on the use of technology with children is exponential (指数的), and we run the risk of being out of step with this generation as far as how they learn and how they think,” Rosen says. “We have to give them options because they want their world individualized.” 5．Compared with their Millennial elders, the iGeneration kids ________. A．communicate with others by high-tech methods continually B．prefer to live a virtual life than a real one C．are equipped with more modem digital techniques D．know more on technology than their elders 6．Which of the following is true about the iGeneration according to Rosen? A．This generation is crazy about inventing and creating new things. B．Everything must be adapted to the peculiar need of the generation. C．This generation catches up with the development of technology. D．High-tech such as wireless devices goes with the generation. 7．Rosen’s findings suggest that technology ________. A．has an obvious effect on the function of iGeneration’s brain development B．has greatly affected the iGeneration’s behaviors and academic performance C．has no significantly negative effect on iGeneration’s mental and intellectual development D．has caused distraction problems on iGeneration which affect their daily performance. 8．According to the passage, education has to _________. A．adapt its system to the need of the new generation B．use more technologies to cater for the iGeneration C．risk its system to certain extent for the iGeneration D．be conducted online for iGeneration’s individualized need 最复杂长难句 Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”. 句子结构分析 主句核心：Rosen（主语）+ says（谓语）+ 宾语从句（省略 that，核心部分为 so...that... 结构）。 宾语从句核心：the tech-dominated life experience（主语）+ is（系动词）+ so different（表语）+ from the Millennials（状语）+ that（结果状语从句引导词）+ they warrant the distinction of a new generation（结果状语从句）。 定语修饰： of those born since the early 1990s（介词短语作定语，修饰主语 “生活经历”）。 he wrote about in his 2007 book...Net Generation（定语从句，修饰 the Millennials，省略关系代词 whom）。 which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”（非限制性定语从句，修饰 a new generation）。 插入语：Me, MySpace and I: Parenting the Net Generation（书名，补充说明 2007 年的著作）。 中文翻译 罗森表示，20 世纪 90 年代初以后出生的人，其受科技主导的生活经历与他在 2007 年著作《我、聚友网与我：网络一代的养育之道》中所描述的千禧一代截然不同，因此他们理应被划分为新一代 —— 他将这一代人命名为 “i 一代”。 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．C 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了专家指出技术使当下青少年形成新群体 “i一代”，他们追求持续互联与个性化，受技术影响大，这也倒逼教育体系做出相应变革。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To the psychologists, sociologists, and generational and media experts who study them, their digital gear sets this new group apart, even from their tech-savvy Millennial elders. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older siblings don’t quite get.( 对于研究他们的心理学家、社会学家、代际和媒体专家来说，他们的数字设备使这个新群体与精通技术的千禧一代长辈区别开来。他们想要随时保持联系，以一种连他们的哥哥姐姐都不太理解的方式。)”以及第七段中“They are inseparable from their wireless devices, which allow them to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected — even in class, where cellphones are supposedly banned.( 他们离不开无线设备，无线设备既能让他们发短信，也能让他们说话，所以他们可以一直保持联系——即使是在课堂上，据说手机是被禁止的。)”可知，与他们的千禧一代长辈相比，“i一代”的孩子不断地用高科技方法与他人交流。故选A项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段中Rosen的表述“The technology is the easiest way to see it, but it’s also a mindset, and the mindset goes with the little ‘I’, which I’m talking to stand for ‘individualized’(科技是最容易看到这一点的方式，但它也是一种思维模式，这种思维模式与小写的‘我’相伴，我说的‘我’代表‘个性化’)”以及第七段中的“Rosen says portability is key. They are inseparable from their wireless devices(罗森说便携性是关键。他们与无线设备形影不离)”可知，无线设备等高科技与这一代人相伴相生。故选D项。 7．细节理解题。根据第八段中““They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do,” Rosen says. “But findings show teens survive distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development.”(罗森说：“他们应该分心，应该表现得比现在更糟糕。”“但研究结果表明，青少年比我们根据他们的年龄和大脑发育所预测的更能承受干扰。”)”可知，罗森的发现表明技术对一代人的心理和智力发展没有显著的负面影响。故选C项。 8．推理判断题。根据第九段“Because these kids are more immersed and at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change significantly.( 罗森说，因为这些孩子更容易沉浸其中，而且年龄更小，所以教育系统必须做出重大改变。)”以及最后一段““We have to give them options because they want their world individualized.”(“我们必须给他们选择，因为他们希望自己的世界个性化。”)”可推知，根据文章，教育必须使其系统适应新一代的需要。故选A项。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期练习一英语试题 Daydreaming, or mind-wandering, is generally seen by teachers as an undesirable activity. And yet, on average, we daydream nearly 47% of our waking hours. If our brain spends nearly half of our awake time doing it, there is probably a good reason why. Research shows that there are three types of daydreaming. The first is “guilty dysphoric” daydreaming, when we either keep thinking about a negative past experience or imagine the worst possible outcomes for the future. Then there is “poor attentional control,” where a person struggles to focus on a particular thought or task. These two kinds of daydreaming don’t have identifiable benefits. But the third type, “positive constructive daydreaming (PCD),” where we cast our mind forward and imagine future possibilities in a creative, positive way, can be quite beneficial. Helpful for planning and creativity, PCD is the bridge that links our internal observations with the forecasting required for future exploration. Inner reflection, not external drivers, is believed to empower humanity to direct their own lives and lead themselves. Inner reflection arises from consciousness, which is considered inseparable from thinking and represents an integral awareness of the working of our own mind. Open observation of our internal consciousness paved the way for curious exploration of our external world. The part of our brain most often associated with daydreaming is called the “default mode network” (DMN). The term “default mode” refers to the part of our brain associated with our resting state and is responsible for our ability to reflect on our own consciousness and internal narrative. The DMN is a system active during reflective activities like daydreaming, and quiet when focused mental effort is required. The DMN also connects many brain regions, impacting a host of other activity patterns. But more interesting and somewhat mysterious, the DMN is responsible for much of our abstract conceptual thought — the reflective, self-aware kind that separates us from animals — and it recalls and constructs social contexts to help us make meaning of our life. While the DMN can become disturbed during mental decline, PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex, or what’s known as our brain’s gray matter, the thinning of which is associated with the mental decline of aging. Though this link isn’t fully understood yet, we know that a well-functioning DMN — where we cast our mind’s eye forward in time or reflect on our past experience (as in PCD) — plays a central role in our healthy mental functioning, in areas like memory strengthening, planning, and self-control. Despite the benefits, we are conditioning daydreaming out of our kids — and in turn, out of our adult lives as well. Most schools place such a strong emphasis on an assumption of high attentional demand that they’ve failed to balance the potential benefit of PCD’s “constructive internal reflection”. Rather than criticizing daydreaming, we should protect it, cultivate it, and honor it. People who daydream are more reflective, have a deeper sense of sympathy, and show more moral decision-making. And ultimately, children who are more reflective, sympathetic, and moral grow up to be the adults who build a more just society. 9．Why is daydreaming generally seen as an undesirable activity by teachers? A．Because children spend too much time daydreaming. B．Because just one type of daydreaming brings benefits. C．Because schools like kids with good attentional control. D．Because few children are capable of engaging in PCD． 10．Which of the following is a benefit of daydreaming? A．Showing inner reflection on our mindset and creativity. B．Promoting curiosity about exploring the external world. C．Providing direct empowerment for future possibilities. D．Encouraging reflection and sympathy at a social level. 11．What are the characteristics of DMN? ①Active during daydreaming and reflection. ②Examining mental health with abstract thought. ③Connecting brain regions and aiding thinking. ④Countering age-related changes in the brain. ⑤Supporting self-awareness and imagination. ⑥Systematically analyzing relevant social contexts. ⑦Taking a back seat when attention is needed. A．①③⑤⑦ B．①②④⑤ C．①③④⑥ D．①②⑥⑦ 12．Which can be the best title of the passage? A．Daydreaming: Teachers’ Poison, Kids’ Meat B．Why Daydreaming is So Good for You C．Develop Daydreaming Constructively D．Build a Just Society with Daydreaming 最复杂长难句 While the DMN can become disturbed during mental decline, PCD can actually thicken the cerebral cortex, or what’s known as our brain’s gray matter, the thinning of which is associated with the mental decline of aging. 句子结构分析 让步状语从句：While the DMN（主语）+ can become（系动词）+ disturbed（表语）+ during mental decline（状语）。 主句核心：PCD（主语）+ can actually thicken（谓语）+ the cerebral cortex（宾语）。 同位语：or what’s known as our brain’s gray matter（补充说明 the cerebral cortex，“即我们所知的大脑灰质”）。 非限制性定语从句：the thinning of which（= the thinning of the cerebral cortex，主语）+ is associated with（谓语）+ the mental decline of aging（宾语），修饰先行词 the cerebral cortex。 中文翻译 尽管默认模式网络（DMN）在心智衰退过程中可能会受到影响，但积极建构型白日梦（PCD）实际上能增厚大脑皮层 —— 即我们所知的大脑灰质，而大脑灰质的变薄与衰老带来的心智衰退相关。 【答案】9．C 10．B 11．A 12．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了白日梦的益处及其对大脑和心理健康的重要性。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The first is “guilty dysphoric” daydreaming, when we either keep thinking about a negative past experience or imagine the worst possible outcomes for the future. Then there is “poor attentional control,” where a person struggles to focus on a particular thought or task. These two kinds of daydreaming don’t have identifiable benefits.(第一种是“愧疚抑郁型”白日梦，表现为我们反复回想过去的负面经历，或是设想未来可能发生的最坏结果。第二种是“注意力控制薄弱型” 白日梦，指人们难以将注意力集中在某个特定的想法或任务上。这两种白日梦没有明显可辨识的益处)”、第六段中“Most schools place such a strong emphasis on an assumption of high attentional demand that they’ve failed to balance the potential benefit of PCD’s “constructive internal reflection”.(大多数学校过分强调高度专注的预设要求，却未能兼顾积极建构型白日梦所具备的“建设性内在反思”的潜在价值)”可知，老师认为白日梦是不好的活动，是因为学校喜欢注意力控制好的孩子，而注意力控制差的白日梦没有明显的好处。故选C。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Inner reflection, not external drivers, is believed to empower humanity to direct their own lives and lead themselves. Inner reflection arises from consciousness, which is considered inseparable from thinking and represents an integral awareness of the working of our own mind. Open observation of our internal consciousness paved the way for curious exploration of our external world.(人们认为，是内在反思而非外部驱动力，赋予了人类指引自己生活、自我领导的能力。内在反思源于意识，意识与思考密不可分，代表了对自身思维运作的完整觉察。对内心意识的开放观察，为好奇地探索外部世界铺平了道路)”可知，白日梦的好处是促进对探索外部世界的好奇心。故选B。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段中“The DMN is a system active during reflective activities like daydreaming, and quiet when focused mental effort is required.(默认模式网络是一个在反思活动（如白日梦）中活跃的系统，在需要集中精神努力时则保持安静)”可知，①“在白日梦和反思期间活跃”和⑦“在需要注意力时退居次要地位”是默认模式网络的特点；根据第四段中“The DMN also connects many brain regions, impacting a host of other  activity patterns.(默认模式网络还连接许多大脑区域，影响许多其他活动模式)”可知，③“连接大脑区域并帮助思考”是默认模式网络的特点；根据第四段中“But more interesting and somewhat mysterious, the DMN is responsible for much of our abstract conceptual thought — the reflective, self-aware kind  that separates us from animals — and it recalls and constructs social  contexts to help us make meaning of our life.(但更有趣、也有点神秘的是，默认模式网络负责我们大部分的抽象概念思维——这种反思性的、自我意识的思维将我们与动物区分开来——它回忆并构建社会背景，帮助我们理解生活的意义)”可知，⑤“支持自我意识和想象力”是默认模式网络的特点。故选A。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“Daydreaming, or mind-wandering, is generally seen by teachers as an undesirable activity. And yet, on average, we daydream nearly 47% of  our waking hours. If our brain spends nearly half of our awake time doing it, there is probably a good reason why.(白日梦，或者说走神，通常被老师视为一种不受欢迎的活动。然而，平均而言，我们在清醒的时候有近47%的时间在做白日梦。如果我们的大脑在清醒的时候有近一半的时间在做这件事，那可能有一个很好的理由)”可知，文章主要讲述了白日梦的益处及其对大脑和心理健康的重要性，可知，B选项“Why Daydreaming is So Good for You(为什么白日梦对你有好处)”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage 4 【来源】上海师范大学附属中学闵行分校2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming. The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica. Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice. “We choose wood because it’s a natural material,” says Li. “You see a lot of floating wood in ocean water and it raises much less of an environmental concern than things made of artificial materials.” To create the modified material, which they call ice-wood, the researchers took a 10-centimetre-square, 1.5-centimetre-thick piece of American basswood (Tilia americana) and cut a small chunk out of the middle. This chunk was placed on a hotplate so that one side carbonized, while the larger piece was treated with hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)and heat, removing much of a polymer (聚合物)called lignin. The two pieces were then put back together. Lignin gives wood its colour, so removing it makes that part of the wood whiter and better at reflecting light. The idea is that when the ice-wood floats in the sea, water is drawn up through natural microchannels. Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface. During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉). Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. But a big question remains about whether our focus should be on geoengineering approaches to prevent ice loss or on slowing the climate change that is causing it. “I find it strange to put so much energy into these ideas when we already know what is needed: reduced carbon dioxide emissions,” says Julienne Stroeve at University College London. 13．What is the main purpose of the “ice-wood” project? A．To clean the ocean water in the Arctic. B．To provide a new building material for coastal regions. C．To help new sea ice form in the Arctic. D．To study the behavior of seabirds in cold environments. 14．Which of the following situations best illustrates a similar “vicious cycle” as mentioned in the 2nd paragraph? A．A forest fire destroys trees→sunlight reaches the forest floor→new seedlings grow→the forest begins to recover. B．A student sleeps less to study more→poor sleep leads to lower concentration→needs more time to study the same material→sleeps even less. C．A farmer uses a new fertilizer→crop yield increases→the farmer earns more money→the farmer buys more land. D．A person gets a high-paying job→saves more money→makes various investments→poor investments lead to debt. 15．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A．The wood relies on creating a temperature difference to promote ice formation. B．Lignin is removed so as to make the wood darker and better at absorbing heat. C．The carbonized part directly freezes the surrounding seawater through rapid cooling. D．American basswood was chosen as the raw material for its exceptional durability. 16．Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A．The Arctic Crisis: Causes and Global Consequences B．Refreezing the Arctic: The Science and Promise of Engineered Ice-Wood C．From Forest to Ocean: A New Material’s Role in the Arctic Environment D．Wood Against Warming: A Controversial Path to Save Arctic Ice 最复杂长难句 Though covering the whole Arctic isn’t realistic, Li suggests that larger pieces of ice-wood could be used around coastal regions, where Indigenous people rely on ice to hunt fish, to speed up the ice coverage in winter and reduce ice loss in summer. 句子结构分析 让步状语从句：Though covering the whole Arctic（主语，动名词短语）+ isn’t（系动词）+ realistic（表语）。 主句核心：Li（主语）+ suggests（谓语）+ 宾语从句（that 引导）。 宾语从句核心：larger pieces of ice-wood（主语）+ could be used（谓语）+ around coastal regions（状语）+ to speed up...and reduce...（目的状语，说明 “使用冰木” 的目的）。 定语从句：where Indigenous people（主语）+ rely on（谓语）+ ice（宾语）+ to hunt fish（目的状语），修饰先行词 coastal regions。 中文翻译 尽管用冰木覆盖整个北极并不现实，但李（Tian Li）建议，可在沿海地区使用更大尺寸的冰木 —— 这些地区的原住民依赖冰面捕鱼 —— 以加快冬季冰盖形成，减少夏季冰体流失。 【答案】13．C 14．B 15．A 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍普渡大学团队研发“冰木”材料，旨在帮助北极形成新海冰以应对全球变暖导致的海冰减少，同时提及相关争议。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic(经过改造的浮木有助于北极新海冰的形成)”及第三段“Now, Tian Li at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her colleagues are proposing modifying wood to help it seed the formation of new ice.(如今，印第安纳州西拉法叶市普渡大学的Tian Li及其同事正提议对木材进行改造，以帮助其促成新海冰的形成)”可知，“冰木”项目的主要目的是帮助北极形成新海冰。故选C项。 14．推理判断题。根据第二段“The area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice is shrinking as the climate warms, and it has been projected that the region will see its first ice-free summer day before 2030. The loss of ice leads to a vicious cycle: because the exposed water is darker than ice, it absorbs more of the sun’s heat, warming the water further and making it increasingly hard for ice to reform. This has led people to suggest various geoengineering plans to refreeze the water both in the Arctic and Antarctica.(随着气候变暖，北冰洋的冰盖面积正在不断缩小，据预测，该地区将在 2030 年前迎来首个无冰夏日。海冰的消融会引发一个恶性循环：由于裸露的海水比冰颜色更深，它会吸收更多太阳热量，进一步使海水升温，导致冰体愈发难以重新形成。这促使人们提出了各类地球工程计划，旨在让北冰洋和南极洲的海水重新冻结)”可知，“恶性循环”指北极海冰减少→裸露海水吸收更多太阳热量→水温升高→海冰更难形成→海冰进一步减少，即一个负面结果会引发连锁反应，导致情况持续恶化。B项“学生为多学习而少睡觉→睡眠不足导致注意力下降→学习相同内容需更多时间→睡得更少”符合这一逻辑。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Sunlight then warms the dark, carbonized part of the surface, making the water there evaporate, after which it recondenses on the colder, whiter part of the surface.(阳光随后加热表面深色的碳化部分，使那里的水分蒸发，之后在较冷的白色部分凝结)”及第七段“During tests in ponds with water kept at about 2℃ (36℉), the top of a piece of floating ice-wood stayed below freezing, even when the air temperature reached between 7℃ and 8℃ (44.6℉and 46.4℉).(在水温保持在约 2℃（36 华氏度）的池塘中进行测试时，即便空气温度达到 7℃至 8℃（44.6 华氏度至 46.4 华氏度），漂浮的冰木顶部依然保持在冰点以下)”可知，“冰木”依靠表面碳化部分与去木质素部分的温度差促进冰的形成。故选A项。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“Modified floating wood could seed the formation of new sea ice in the Arctic, helping counteract the rapid decline of ice coverage due to global warming.(经过改造的浮木或能促成北极新海冰的形成，助力抵消因全球变暖导致的冰盖面积快速缩减)”文章核心围绕“冰木”这一工程材料展开，介绍其研发背景、制作原理、实验效果及应用前景，同时提及相关争议。B项“让北极重新结冰：工程化冰木的科学与前景”能全面概括核心内容,为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 5 【来源】上海市华东师范大学第二附属中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 The Octopus Organization, inspired by the remarkably adaptive, curious, and intelligent sea dweller. That animal, whose arms can think and act independently yet work in perfect concert, offers a model for building companies that can thrive in complexity and embrace continuous change. Octopus Orgs tap the intelligence of their people, integrating a range of efforts naturally and gracefully. They sense subtle signals, learning and shifting course at speed to navigate uncertainty. A complex world is like the ocean, the home of the octopus — where a small shift in the current can create unpredictable effects miles away. The shifts and unpredictability make it difficult to navigate; you can only sense, respond, and learn from the flow. This is the world the Octopus Org is designed for, an environment where success comes not from rigid control but from distributed intelligence, continuous learning, and adaptation. To get a sense of what this looks like in a business setting, think of how most companies structure strategy meetings. The very design of the typical meeting room — dominated by a large screen for presentations, often with no whiteboard in sight — signals that it is a space for the consumption of information, not the creation of ideas. Speakers adhere to a set agenda, deliver carefully prepared slides, and stick to their assigned time. Questions are reserved for the end and are often perfunctory (草率的, 敷衍的) or performative. The information flow is tightly controlled and consistently structured. In the Octopus Org, by comparison, meetings have clearly defined outcomes but not always a fixed agenda. Leaders encourage people to surface ideas rapidly and ask provocative questions. You’ll often find a diverse group from across the company — frontline workers and executives, new and old voices — gathered around a whiteboard contributors build on and challenge one another’s arguments. Conversation flows, tangents are explored, and unexpected connections emerge. And look at how Tin Man Orgs, where a company’s strategy can be optimized through analysis, specialization, and control, with no inherent uncertainty, treat innovation as a department, creating innovation labs that are physically and culturally isolated. Teams develop ideas in isolation and then hand them off to “the business” for implementation. Octopus Orgs, in contrast, understand that innovation is a distributed capability, the daily, obsessive work of meeting customer needs in ever better ways. They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems. This ensures the people closest to the customer are the ones who experiment, learn, and build what’s coming next. Ultimately, all of these Octopus Org behaviors orbit around a single, nonnegotiable question: “Does this create more value for our customers?” The obsessive focus drives employee engagement, which in turn fuels the innovation and resilience needed to thrive. The rewards are cultural, profound, and measurable. 17．The description of the octopus’s arms serves to illustrate ________. A．the distributed yet unified intelligence B．sensing subtle signals amid uncertainty C．the evolution in complex, unpredictable settings D．continuous learning and adaptation to change 18．A retail company wants to become more “Octopus-like”. Which of these changes would be most in line with that goal? A．Stick to clearly defined goal and set time. B．Focus on slides and controlled flow. C．Create a specialized lab for innovation. D．Use whiteboards for diverse collaboration. 19．How does Octopus Orgs differ from Tin Man Orgs in innovation? A．By relying on analysis and control. B．By treating innovation as a department. C．By seeing innovation as everyone’s job. D．By focusing on customer value first. 20．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．Why traditional meeting structures prevent innovation. B．How to succeed in unpredictable business conditions. C．A model for building companies in a complex world. D．A focus on building distributed innovation capabilities 最复杂长难句 They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems, which ensures the people closest to the customer are the ones who experiment, learn, and build what’s coming next. 句子结构分析 主句核心：They（主语）+ create（谓语）+ mechanisms for invention（宾语）+ everywhere（状语）。 伴随状语：entrusting small, decentralized teams（宾语）+ with end-to-end ownership of customer problems（状语，“将客户问题的全程处理权交给小型分散团队”），现在分词短语表伴随。 非限制性定语从句：which（指代前文 “创建创新机制” 的行为）+ ensures（谓语）+ 宾语从句（省略 that）。 宾语从句内部： 主语：the people + closest to the customer（后置定语，“最贴近客户的人”）。 系动词：are。 表语：the ones + who experiment, learn, and build（定语从句，修饰 the ones）+ what’s coming next（宾语从句，作 build 的宾语）。 中文翻译 他们在企业各处搭建创新机制，将客户问题的全程处理权交给小型分散的团队 —— 这一做法确保了最贴近客户的人，正是那些进行实验、积累经验并打造未来解决方案的人。 【答案】17．A 18．D 19．C 20．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Octopus Organization这一企业模式，及其适应复杂多变环境的特点和运作方式。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“That animal, whose arms can think and act independently yet work in perfect concert, offers a model for building companies that can thrive in complexity and embrace continuous change.(这种动物的触手既能独立思考和行动，又能完美协调地工作，为打造能在复杂环境中蓬勃发展并适应持续变革的企业提供了典范)”可知，章鱼触手的特性体现了既能分散独立运作，又能统一协同的特点，这正是为了阐释章鱼组织所具备的分布式且统一的智慧。故选A项。 18．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“You’ll often find a diverse group from across the company — frontline workers and executives, new and old voices — gathered around a whiteboard contributors build on and challenge one another’s arguments.(你经常会看到来自公司各个部门的不同人群 —— 一线员工和高管、新员工和老员工 —— 围在白板旁。参与者会在彼此观点的基础上进一步拓展，并相互质疑)”可知，Octopus Organization的会议鼓励不同群体围绕白板协作交流。零售公司若想变得更像“章鱼式组织”，采用白板促进多元协作的做法最符合目标。故选D项。 19．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“And look at how Tin Man Orgs, where a company’s strategy can be optimized through analysis, specialization, and control, with no inherent uncertainty, treat innovation as a department, creating innovation labs that are physically and culturally isolated. Teams develop ideas in isolation and then hand them off to “the business” for implementation. Octopus Orgs, in contrast, understand that innovation is a distributed capability, the daily, obsessive work of meeting customer needs in ever better ways. They create mechanisms for invention everywhere, entrusting small, decentralized teams with end-to-end ownership of customer problems.(再来看看 “铁皮人组织” 是如何运作的 —— 在这类组织中，企业战略可通过分析、专业化运营及管控实现优化，不存在内在的不确定性，它们将创新视为一个独立部门，还设立了在物理空间和组织文化上均处于孤立状态的创新实验室。团队在封闭环境中研发创意，随后将其移交至“业务部门”落地执行。相比之下，“章鱼式组织”则认为创新是一种分布式能力，是日复一日、全力以赴以更优方式满足客户需求的日常工作。它们在企业各处搭建创新机制，将客户问题的全程处理权交付给小型化、分散化的团队)”可知，章鱼组织与铁皮人组织在创新方面的不同在于，前者将创新视为全员日常工作，而非独立部门的任务。故选C项。 20．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The Octopus Organization, inspired by the remarkably adaptive, curious, and intelligent sea dweller. That animal, whose arms can think and act independently yet work in perfect concert, offers a model for building companies that can thrive in complexity and embrace continuous change.(章鱼组织，灵感来自适应能力强，好奇和聪明的海洋生物。这种动物的手臂可以独立思考和行动，但却能完美地协同工作，它为建立能够在复杂性中茁壮成长并接受持续变化的公司提供了一个典范)”以及全文围绕章鱼组织的运作模式、与传统组织的对比等内容展开可知，文章核心是介绍一种适用于复杂世界的企业构建模式。故选C项。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司6 / 31 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $