专题10 阅读理解说明文类、议论文类（复习讲义）（上海专用）2026年高考英语二轮复习讲练测

专题10 阅读理解说明文类、议论文类 目录 01 析·考情精解 2 02 构·知能架构 3 03 破·考点攻坚 4 考点一 考查阅读理解说明文类 4 考向1 考查细节理解题 7 考向2 考查推理判断题 8 考向3 考查词义推断题 9 考向4 考查主旨大意题 10 考点二 考查阅读理解议论文类 12 考向1 考查细节理解题 13 考向2 考查词义推测题 15 考向3 考查判断推理题 17 考向4 考查主旨大意题 19 26年各区一模命题透视 1. 说明文： - 选材聚焦科普知识、社会现象、文化考古、科技发展，例：2026 奉贤区植物 “计数” 能力、2025 徐汇区洋海马鞍考古、2026 松江区 AI 能耗与环保。 - 结构多为 “总 — 分” 或 “现象 — 原因 — 影响”，逻辑严谨，常穿插数据、举例、对比等说明方法。 - 语言准确平实，含专业术语但语境可推断，侧重 “知识传递 + 逻辑阐释”。 2. 议论文： - 选材聚焦社会热点思辨、观点争议、价值探讨，例：2026 长宁区 “一万小时定律” 争议、2026 金山区生命价值赔偿、2026 宝山区 AI 与编剧权益。 - 结构为 “提出观点 — 论证（举例 / 数据 / 对比）— 总结升华”，核心是 “观点明确 + 论证有力”。 26年各区一模考点总结 1. 说明文核心考点： - 细节理解（说明对象特征、原理、数据、方法）； - 推理判断（说明内容的隐含意义、应用场景、发展趋势）； - 主旨大意（说明对象、核心观点、说明目的）； - 说明方法作用（举例、对比、数据的作用，如 “增强说服力”“清晰阐释原理”）。 2. 议论文核心考点： - 观点判断（作者 / 文中人物的核心立场、态度）； - 论证分析（论据类型、论证逻辑、段落作用）； - 推理判断（观点的隐含意义、对现实的启示）； - 主旨大意（文章核心论点、作者呼吁 / 主张）。 2026高考 命题预测 1. 说明文： - 选材将紧扣科技前沿（如 AI 应用、低碳技术）、文化遗产保护、生态环保等热点，增加 “跨学科融合” 内容（如科技 + 人文、环保 + 社会政策）。 - 考点将强化 “逻辑梳理能力”，如要求梳理说明对象的发展脉络、原理因果链，增加对 “专业术语语境解读” 的考查。 2. 议论文： - 选材将聚焦青年成长、社会治理、科技伦理、文化自信等思辨性话题，呈现 “多元观点碰撞”（如 “科技发展与人文关怀”“传统与创新”）。 - 考点将侧重 “论证逻辑分析” 和 “现实意义推断”，减少单一观点查找，要求考生评价论据有效性、推导观点对现实的指导价值。 考点一 考查阅读理解说明文类 命题解读 新考法：题源：2026 年奉贤区一模阅读理解 A 篇（植物的数学能力） 打破 “植物无智能” 的固有认知，以捕蝇草、拟南芥为例，考查 “现象描述 + 原理分析”，题目需结合具体案例推断植物行为的科学逻辑，兼具趣味性和知识性。 新角度：题源：2026 年崇明区一模阅读理解 A 篇（虚拟名人的发展与影响） 聚焦前沿数字技术，整合 “技术原理 + 社会影响 + 争议讨论”，题目既考查虚拟名人的特征，也涉及对技术发展的态度推断，贴合当下科技热点。 考点四 考查阅读理解议论文类。 知识点1 细节理解题 说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。 知识点2 词义猜测题 说明文往往易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。 知识点3 推理判断题 为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。 知识点4 主旨大意题 说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、文章标题、段落大意等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。说明标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage? What can be a suitable title for the text?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。 考向1 考查细节理解题 【考向破译】 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。   做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 （2026年静安区一模） A chance meeting with a man called Edward Webb led to William being offered a position to work down the mines. He came to realize that different types of rock lay at different levels as he went deeper underground. This led William to suggest that older rocks lay deeper than newer rocks. 44. William Smith’s key contribution to geology was the realization that ________. A. mining operations were crucial for accessing complete rock orders B. the entire British landscape could be represented in a detailed map C. fossils provided the only reliable means for classifying rock types D. the order of rock layers preserved a record of past geological time （2026年闵行区一模） “Alpha” has recently become a trendy term. Reports and surveys have been published about these youngsters, describing their preferences and predicting their future. Analysts suggest that Alphas will become the most innovative generation. Such insights make for good headlines. But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. 43. In paragraph 3, both social scientists and Bobby Duffy believe that ________. A. Alphas are certain to be highly creative B. current reports accurately describe Alphas C. a precise description of Alphas cannot yet be made D. the name “Generation Alpha” itself reflects positive expectations 考向2 考查词义猜测题 【考向破译】 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。 （2026年长宁区一模） He also said that high energy costs presented British industry with “an existential threat”, adding: “Government needs to stop sitting on its hands on the energy support plan [announced in the summer for the largest industrial energy users]and continually kicking the can down the road hoping the problem will resolve itself. “ 44. The phrase ”kicking the can down the road" in paragraph 5 implies that the government ________. A. keeps postponing decisive action on the announced energy support plan B. refuses to extend the energy support plan to the small and medium firms C. dismisses the current energy-support strategy as a temporary adjustment D. warns of the threat loudly yet delays assigning funds for the very purpose （2026年金山区一模） The reason is simple: cheap, heavily processed foods are dominating children’s diets worldwide, crowding out fresh fruits, vegetables and proteins. A UNICEF survey of 20 low- and middle-income countries found that more than half of babies aged 6 — 23 months in 13 countries had consumed sweet drinks or sugary foods the previous day. Even in Britain many ready-to-eat baby foods marketed as healthy are far from it. In countries with lax regulation, the meals are worse. A study of hundreds of baby foods sold in seven South-East Asian countries found that half were ultra-processed. A third contained additives that are not permitted under the Codex Alimentarius, the UN’s food-standards code. 47. The underlined word “lax” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________. A. strict B. effective C. loose D. detailed 考向3 考查判断推理题 【考向破译】 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。 （2026年奉贤区一模） For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track. 44. It can be inferred from the passage that the rail development_________ A. holds cultural significance beyond being a means of transportation B. has undergone a successful transition to meet modern-day demands C. is focusing on the construction and expansion of high-speed rail networks D. has suffered a decline due to the rise of more sustainable transport modes （2026年青浦区一模） The next time you feel that familiar shake during a favorite song, recognize it for what it truly is. In those chilling notes lies evidence of our incredible neural complexity, our ancient evolutionary past, and our enduring capacity for amazing experience. 46. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Only music with specific notes can trigger the neural activity of chills. B. The experience of musical chills reflects multiple aspects of human nature. C. Musical chills are the most direct way to study the human brain’s complexity. D. The ability to feel musical chills is unique to humans compared with other species. 考向4 考查主旨大意题 【考向破译】 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …   答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 （2026年普陀区一模） The progressive — and welcome — move here is that Harvey and Evans consider the whole experience of theatregoing, not just the play in isolation. A night at the theatre can be stressful: the rushed early dinner, the endless queue for the toilet, the squeeze into seats built for small-boned Victorians, and the inevitable head blocking your view. To shorten a show is not to lessen its artistry but to make it more humane, to harmonize art with the rhythms of modern life 45. What is the main idea of the 4th paragraph? A. The RSC is losing artistic value by shortening plays. B. The directors resolve to simplify Shakespeare’s language. C. The audience prefers watching plays online rather than in theatres. D. The theatre experience should consider audience comfort and modern lifestyles. （2026年浦东新区一模） It all adds up Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery (餐具) in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. ......... Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. Mysteries solved by capturing animals. B. The origin of a mathematical technique. C. A trick helping you count moving objects. D. Distinct occasions adding to difficulty in life. 考点二 考查阅读理解议论文类 命题解读 新考法：题源：2026 年嘉定区一模阅读理解 C 篇（《天才神话》的批判与争议） 围绕 “天才标签是否合理” 展开辩论，题目需区分 “作者观点” 与 “书籍观点”，考查批判性思维（如判断书籍论证的漏洞），而非单纯认同某一方立场。。 新角度：题源：2026 年松江区一模阅读理解 C 篇（AI 能耗与环保的关系） 新考法 / 新角度：以 “AI 能耗担忧” 为切入点，反驳传统认知，提出 “AI 可助力环保” 的观点，题目侧重论证逻辑（如支持观点的论据类型）和作者态度推断，结合科技与环保热点。 知识点1 细节理解 议论文中细节题主要考查具体论据、事实、数据等细节信息的准确理解和定位能力。议论文的细节多为支撑论点的例子、研究结果、引用内容等。需根据题干关键词回原文定位，对比选项与原文细节的一致性，注意同义替换、信息杂糅等干扰项。 知识点2 词义推测 议论文中词义推测题重点考查生词、熟词僻义或指代关系的理解，所选词汇多为影响对论点或论据理解的关键词（如抽象名词、动词、连接词等）。需结合上下文语境，通过逻辑关系（如因果、转折、递进）、同义 / 反义关系、举例说明或词根词缀等线索推测词义，注意议论文中逻辑连接词（如 however, therefore）对词义的提示作用。 知识点3 判断推理 议论文判断推理题要求基于议论文的论点、论据及逻辑关系，进行合理推断，而非简单复述原文信息。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。需紧扣原文论点和论据，避免主观臆断。注意作者通过词汇（如褒贬词）传递的隐含态度，以及论据与论点之间的推导关系（如举例是为了证明哪个观点），排除与原文信息相悖或过度推断的选项。 知识点4 主旨大意 主旨大意题考查对议论文核心论点（中心思想）的整体把握，包括全文主旨、段落主旨或作者的核心观点。议论文的主旨通常明确（如开头或结尾点明），或需通过各分论点归纳。关注文章首尾段（常为论点所在）、各段首句（常为分论点），梳理论点与分论点的逻辑关系（如总分、对比），排除仅涉及细节或片面观点的选项，提炼最能概括全文的核心观点。 考向1 考查细节理解题题 【考向破译】 ◆ 抓论点、寻论据：阅读议论文时，要抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。这些论点和论据是理解文章细节的关键，能够帮助考生快速定位到相关信息。 ◆ 注重文章结构，理清文章脉络：把握文章的论证结构，如“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”或“论点—论据—结论”，这样可以更好地理解作者的论证过程和细节信息。 ◆ 利用寻读法：对于直接信息题，可以快速浏览文章，寻找与题目相关的关键词或信息点。对于间接信息题，则需要对原文信息进行同义转换或归纳概括。 （2026年长宁区一模） A good friend of mine is always telling her kids, “There’s no quick way to the top. You have to take the stairs.” That’s good advice because becoming an expert in anything requires time and a lot of effort. It’s step by step, just like climbing stairs. A concept that highlights this is the “10,000-hour rule,” which was popularized by Malcolm Gladwell in his book Outliers. The 10,000-hour rule suggests that it takes about 10,000 hours of focused practice to master any skill. This idea comes from research by psychologist Anders Ericsson. He studied highly skilled performers in various fields. Whether you want to play the violin, excel in sports or master computer programming, the basic principle is the same. Expert skills are earned through practice, not luck. However, the 10,000-hour rule is not set in stone. The quality of practice matters as much as the quantity. The practice must be intentional, and it must involve challenging yourself to improve specific things. For example, a piano player might focus on mastering difficult passages rather than just playing familiar pieces over and over. After all, even with substantial practice time, there’s no guarantee of reaching top-level performance. Expect hours of practice to be the path to greatness, and you will be fooling yourself. （2025·上海徐汇·二模） Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is just as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks: for example, pushing through the pain and effort of leaving a familiar home, in order to find a place closer to sources of food and better protected from the elements. 3．According to the passage, prioritizing convenience in modern life may ________. A．lead to a lack of innovation and progress B．reduce our ability to overcome challenges C．make us overly dependent on technology D．cause a decline in physical fitness and health 考向2 考查词义猜测题 【考向破译】 ◆ 利用上下文语境：通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测生词或短语的含义。上下文提供的语境线索是推断词义的关键。 ◆ 注意词义的多义性和搭配：一个词可能有多个义项，要结合上下文选择最合适的词义。同时注意词与词之间的搭配习惯，如固定搭配、习惯用法等。 ◆ 借助语法知识：根据句子结构和语法关系来判断词义。如，通过句子成分、从句关系等来推断词义。 （2025·上海奉贤·二模） In theory, this phenomenon is driven by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses human cognitive (认知的) capabilities and can autonomously enhance itself. The theory suggests that such advancements could evolve at a pace so rapid that humans would be unable to foresee or stop the process. The implications of reaching this singularity point could be good or disastrous for the human race. For now,the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it’s still worth thinking about what such a future might look like,so that humanity might steer AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests. 1．The underlined word “steer” in the passage is closest in meaning to_________. A．quicken B．restrict C．direct D．predict （2025·上海虹口·二模） Less is More is a book with an ambitious subtitle: How Degrowth Will Save the World. That’s a big claim, but this is by Jason Hickel, one of the leading advocates of postgrowth thinking. He has a better chance than most at backing that up. ....... This is an elegant evolution of degrowth ideas, expanding what the term can mean. Degrowth begins as a process of taking less. But in the end it opens up a whole landscape of possibility, moving us from poverty to abundance, from dominance to reciprocity, and from loneliness and separation to connection with a world that’s full of life. Hard to argue with that. Perhaps degrowth will save the world. 4．According to the passage, what does “degrowth” refer to? A．Intensifying capitalist growth in an eco-friendly way. B．The prioritising of individual growth over community welfare. C．Boosting economic development in order to reach a state of abundance. D．The reduction of economic growth to focus on sustainability and well-being. 考向3 考查判断推理题 【考向破译】 · 以事实为依据，进行逻辑推理：推理判断题要求考生根据文章中的事实信息，通过逻辑推理得出结论。要注意区分事实与观点，确保推理过程符合文章的逻辑关系。 · 体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度：理解作者的观点和态度是进行推理判断的基础。有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确表达出来的，需要考生认真体察和分析。 · 关注文章中的隐含信息：推理判断题往往考查文章中隐含或深层的含义。考生需要关注文章中的修辞、语气、隐含意思等，挖掘出文章的深层含义。 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） If anything, highlighting AI’s role in science, the Nobel Committee also revealed its own untimely approach. Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries. Rare is the pure chemist or biologist; common is the geochemist, the computational evolutionary theorist. AI is making these divisions less distinct, linking vast datasets across disciplines and boosting unexpected cooperation. “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 3．It can be inferred in the last two paragraphs that ________. A．the committee has been used to applauding a team effort B．emphasising individual genius is against modern science C．AI should be preferred over researchers for breakthroughs D．the strict rules and categories address scientific challenges （2025·上海徐汇·二模） Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals. It means a willingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives. Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace, are reliable and view the organisation positively, even during tough times. When long-term employees change workplaces, it does not mean they are disloyal. It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond. Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded. 65. How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace? A. By remaining with a single employer for their entire career. B. By prioritizing personal growth and recognition. C. By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty. D. By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty. 考向4 考查主旨大意题 【考向破译】 ◆ 关注文章的首尾段落：议论文的主旨通常出现在文章的开头或结尾。首段往往提出论点或问题，尾段则总结观点或得出结论。 ◆ 抓住主题句和关键词：主题句是概括文章主旨的关键。在阅读过程中，要注意段落中的主题句以及文章中反复出现的关键词。 ◆ 综合各段大意，归纳总结：如果文章没有明确的主题句，可以先概括每一段的大意，然后综合各段内容，归纳出文章的中心思想。 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades. ....... “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 4．What might be the best title of this passage? A．AI takes over: the decline of traditional science B．AI dominates science: the end of human discovery C．Nobel Prizes question AI’s role in modern research D．Nobel Prizes highlight AI and teamwork in science （2025年普陀区一模） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Artistic Interpretation of Science B. The Contrast between Art and Logics C. The Interplay of Art and Science D. Isaac Newton's Influence on Arts 【语篇训练】 Passage 1 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need to “speed up breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF mindset is similar to the Silicon Valley dictate — to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by outstanding scientists and published in celebrated journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods, hence a question: Are scholars at supercompetitive places such as Harvard and Stanford rushing to publish rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing.” But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under tremendous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly. The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.” Good science takes time. More than 50 years passed between the 1543 publication of Copernicus’s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift. There’s plenty of evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Consider the sheer volume of academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 1．WEF meeting in Switzerland advocated that ________. A．WEF and Silicon Valley reach an agreement to move fast B．public trust in science is not supposed to be easily broken C．researchers need to achieve breakthroughs more rapidly D．climate emergency and AI push scientific research hard 2．Which of the following examples fails to prove that good science takes time? A．High-profile scholars’ tremendous output. B．Publication of Copernicus’s theory. C．Retraction of important papers. D．Acceptance of the idea of continental drift. 3．The underlined word “counterincentives” in para. 5 probably means ________. A．measures to increase quantities of output B．contradictory motives for future funding C．rewards for leading universities’ research D．discouragements of high quality papers 4．Which of the following is best title of the passage? A．WEF Coincides with Silicon Valley B．Trouble in the Fast Lane C．Choice between Quantity and Quality D．Collapse of Public Trust Passage 2 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 For the time being it’s dominant — but as the Romans could tell you, nothing lasts forever. Given that 1,500 languages could disappear by the end of this century, by some estimates, some may find it absurd to even ask this question. English is certainly not on the endangered list. As the one truly global language, it is more often labelled an “exterminator”, a huge yet slow dinosaur that unknowingly crushes unfortunate smaller languages underfoot — or undertongue. The fact is, though, that no language has yet proved eternal. Subjects of the Roman or Egyptian empires might once have assumed that their languages would last forever, like their dominance, but they were wrong. “English could of course die, just as Egyptian died,” says linguist Martin Haspelmath. The more interesting questions are: when and how? Predicting the future of any language is, most linguists believe, an exercise in question. The code by which we communicate is subject to so many complex and interacting forces that we can’t do much more than guess. Still, most experts would agree on a few guiding principles. Migration is a major driver of language change, as is technology — though the two can counteract as well as promote each other. Some predict that international migration will rise as the climate crisis intensifies, and technological renewal is speeding up, but they aren’t the only factors in the mix. Widespread literacy and schooling — both only a few hundred years old — act as brakes on linguistic evolution, by imposing common standards. We’re in uncharted territory. English could come under pressure as a global lingua franca if, for instance, India drops English as an official language. “A hundred years from now, the world could be very different,” Haspelmath says. But English will still be spoken in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, in all likelihood. And we have to distinguish between two phenomena: the resizing of English’s dominion, and its own internal evolution. English exists today in many spoken variants, just as Latin did before it exploded into Romance. Those variants are being held together by a common written form and the Internet — adhesive (黏合的) forces that were absent in the late Roman empire, most of whose subjects were illiterate — so English is unlikely to go the way of Latin. As for the combined impact of migration and technology on the nature of English, that’s harder to anticipate. Although the language has never stood still, the growing inflow of non-native English speakers to English- speaking strongholds could start a period of accelerated change, leading to a new language in need of a new name: post-modern English. And if machine translation is taken up on a massive scale, both the residents and the immigrants could be relieved of the pressure to learn each other’s languages. The point is that even if we can’t predict how English will change, we can be sure that it will, and that no global language is immune from extinction. Both Latin and Egyptian were spoken for more than 2, 000 years; English has been going strong for about 1,500. It’s looking healthy now, but its days could yet be numbered. 5．What can be inferred from the first three paragraphs? A．English is and will not be an endangered language. B．English intentionally exterminates other languages. C．Even historically dominant languages eventually decline. D．Predicting the future of any language is never possible. 6．What helps maintain the unity of English despite its many spoken variants? A．The common written form and the Internet. B．The combined effects of migration and technology. C．The widespread literacy and online communication. D．The ongoing dominance of English in the West. 7．Which statement best reflects the author’s view on the long-term future of English? A．English is most likely to remain widely spoken, though its exact form may shift. B．English may eventually evolve into a new language, influenced by many factors. C．English is safe from extinction because of its common written form and the Internet. D．English might disappear soon due to political shifts and technological changes. 8．Which of the following would be the most suitable title for this passage? A．When Migration and Technology Collide with Words B．Extinction or Evolution: Predicting English’s Fate C．What Will Replace English as the Global Language? D．Could the English Language Really Die someday? Passage 3 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 America’s Bald Eagles — A Remarkable Story of Success When it comes to wildlife, most narratives emphasize catastrophe and species loss caused by human activity. So it is refreshing to encounter exceptions, and perhaps no story is more inspiring in the United States than that of the bald eagle, rescued from near extinction. Its status as America’s national emblem (国徽) may have drawn attention, but symbolic respect alone could not safeguard the species. Originally widespread across North America, the bald eagle was a natural choice for a national symbol, with its impressive wingspan, commanding presence, and unique association with the continent. Yet over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the species faced constant threats. Urban expansion, agricultural development, and indiscriminate hunting gradually reduced its numbers to dangerously low levels. Federal protection and public awareness campaigns became essential to prevent complete collapse. A key factor in the eagle’s decline was widespread pesticide use, particularly DDT. Affected fish disrupted reproduction, as eagles laid eggs with shells too fragile to survive. Awareness of the problem, brought to national attention by Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, eventually led to the banning of DDT and marked a pivotal turning point in conservation efforts. To accelerate recovery, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed a captive-breeding program. Scientists artificially incubated (孵化) initial groups of eggs, allowing eagles to produce following groups naturally, which significantly promoted population growth. These joint efforts, alongside habitat protection and strict legal safeguards, gradually restored the species. Today, bald eagle populations have rebounded impressively. While still classified as “threatened” and protected under multiple federal statutes, the species’ resurgence illustrates the power of sustained conservation, legislative action, and public engagement. Their recovery stands as a proof to what can be achieved when humans take responsibility for preserving the natural world. The story of the bald eagle demonstrates that even severe population declines can be reversed with careful planning, dedicated effort, and societal commitment. It is a rare and compelling example of human intervention successfully preserving both a national symbol and a species once on the brink of extinction. The bald eagle’s comeback reminds us that, with alertness and cooperation, it is possible to balance human activity with the survival of the wild. 9．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning the bald eagle being the national emblem? A．To prove that the bald eagle was more important than any other animals. B．To illustrate that the bald eagle’s popularity led to its decline. C．To suggest that its near extinction was caused by American’s neglect. D．To emphasize that admiration was insufficient to protect the species. 10．What does the underlined phrase “a pivotal turning point” in para. 3 most likely refer to? A．The first scientific discovery of the harmful effects of pesticides. B．The introduction of laws protecting endangered wildlife species. C．The ban on DDT following the awareness raised by Silent Spring. D．The publication of Rachel Carson’s book and her later recognition. 11．Which measure contributed most directly to the population recovery of bald eagles? A．The ban on pesticide use in bald eagles’ habitats. B．The breeding plan and egg incubation system. C．The improvement of public awareness campaigns. D．Science writers’ appeal to protect bald eagles. 12．What larger message does the author convey through the story of the bald eagle’s revival? A．Restoring nature requires advanced technology and strict management. B．Human efforts, when consistent and collective, can reverse grave damage. C．Symbolic species often recover faster because they attract more sympathy. D．Environmental protection depends mainly on political will and legislation. Passage 4 【来源】上海市闵行区七宝中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Readers on social media are showing the beauty of reading in new ways through creative annotations (注解), called marginalia. These annotations can be detailed, sometimes covering whole pages and matching the book’s colors. The rise of this kind of note-taking has led to debate: is marginalia a bad habit or a helpful activity? Marginalia have a long history. Leonardo da Vinci once wrote notes about gravity in the margins of his notebooks long before Galileo published his famous work on the topic. Later, writers like Samuel Beckett and Edgar Allan Poe also filled their books with notes, which delighted and challenged their biographers (传记作者). Just last year Ann Patchett, a popular modern writer, told Literary Hub about the joys of reading her own books and annotating patterns she never before noticed. She created a unique edition of Tom Lake for dedicated readers, in which she included her own annotations on her own writing style. The Patchett-celebration worked: The special edition was sold at an auction (拍卖会) in 2020 to support independent bookstores, and it inspired the writer to add her own notes to her favorite book, Bel Canto. Alongside this evolution of margin additions, scientists have been researching the effects of writing, both on paper and on screen. For instance, a study of electrical activity in the brain published in Frontiers in Psychology found that handwriting itself helps a person remember and understand more about what they’ve read and written. Maryanne Wolf, director of the Center for Dyslexia, Diverse Learners and Social Justice at the University of California, Los Angeles, discussed the importance of annotating in 2022. In classic former-English-major fashion, she drew on Marcel Proust in explaining that deep reading allows us to “go beyond the wisdom of the author to discover our own.” In that sense, marginalia can help the annotator understand the material deeply enough to further develop their own interpretation of the text, she said. In the Journal of Language Learning and Teaching, foreign language professor Demet Yayli of Pamukkale University in Turkey explained that in writing workshops, especially for fiction writing, deep reading — which includes annotations — is critical in helping students express their ideas and learn independently. As writer and editor Caitlin Welsh pointed out in an article covering the recent trend, the kids like annotating. Annotation styles online seem to differ widely from the annotations expected in academia. As long as annotating serves the reader a purpose, any style is fine, experts say. Highlighting every piece of dialogue from your favorite character may seem unreasonable to an outsider, but that might help someone understand why they like that character or how the writer developed the character’s story. 13．According to the passage, what do Leonardo da Vinci, Samuel Beckett, and Edgar Allan Poe have in common? A．They were all mentioned in other writers’ books. B．They were all studied closely by later biographers. C．They all filled their own works with their reflections. D．They all touched on scientific discoveries in their works. 14．What did Patchett add to her Tom Lake? A．Comments about the writing style of Bel Canto. B．New characters to make the story more detailed. C．Personal notes explaining how she crafted the book. D．A guide to help dedicated readers understand the plot. 15．What can be inferred from the research findings mentioned in paragraph 4? A．A distinct area of the brain is involved in handwriting. B．Annotation is not the only way to develop critical thinking. C．Readers rely on annotation to speed up their reading process. D．Reading and writing are closely connected in the process of learning. 16．What does the writer imply about online annotation? A．It follows the same rules used in academic notes. B．It helps readers connect with books in personal ways. C．It stops kids from building their own ideas while reading. D．It is mainly used to show off rather than to understand a book. Passage 5 【来源】上海市南汇中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月阶段练习英语试题 I struggle with letting go of things. Embarrassing situations that occurred decades ago still regularly pop into my mind and stress me out. I don’t seem to be able to move past them and forget them. Even small irrelevant things get me worked up. Can you suggest some techniques to move on and lead a calmer life? —A painful reader Since you said a lot of these are insignificant upon reflection, I’ll assume we’re not talking about big traumas (创伤) but the kinds of sour memories we all have. It feels unpleasant to be pulled back into the past, forced to relive those painful memories. So why do we keep going back? One possibility is that we feel not enough has changed. Time might have passed, but in the respects that matter, we still feel as though we’re right there. Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors, even uninsured against the same mistakes. If you feel as though a lot has changed since an indignity, the memory feels more like a postcard from somewhere distant. But if you feel the same in the ways that matter, an upsetting thing from the past can still seem threatening insofar as that version of us persists today. Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that? If I’d done that differently, would this have changed? Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored. Sometimes if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past, because even though they were unpleasant, they somehow feel more real. Therapy can help figure out which it is for you. When the distressing thought comes knocking why does it seem worth opening the door? That would really help you tailor your strategies. The calm you’ll need if you’re trying to solve a question may not be the calm you need if you still feel vulnerable in those same ways. Well-meaning people might say you need closure, a way to tell a coherent (有条理的) story. Closure is great if you can get it, but I’m not convinced it’s essential. What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach. Bad luck doesn’t make sense. People don’t always have a “why”. I think it’s less “I have to get closure” and more “I have to see this as past, over”. As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over — not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by. 17．According to the columnist, why do we keep going back to painful memories? A．(a) Becoming stronger over time; (b) Gaining closure; (c) Seeking excitement B．(a) Avoiding current problems; (b) Hoping to erase past; (c) Searching for luck C．(a) Developing new skills; (b) Rewriting the past; (c) Enjoying old conflicts D．(a) Still vulnerable as before; (b) Wondering “why”; (c) Feeling bored in present life 18．What concern does the author express about the idea of “closure”? A．Closure is unnecessary and irrelevant for individuals stuck in pain. B．Closure relies on making sense of events, which may be impossible. C．Closure can only be achieved through constructing a touching story. D．Closure is seen as more valuable than the ability to move forward. 19．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s advice? A．Painful memories must be carefully analyzed to gain wisdom. B．Forgetting the past is the only way to achieve peace eternally. C．Painful memories should be seen as finished events, not threats. D．One could resolve painful memories by rewriting his own past. Passage 6 【来源】2025 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷） The pet food industry has received unkind remarks as to the true origin of its ingredients (原料) for decades. Now the industry faces another source of criticism as a new book starts a debate about the environmental impact of owning a well-fed pet. The New Scientist magazine, in a recent editorial, largely agreed with the book’s findings that some pets, due to the food they eat, have a surprisingly high “ecological footprint”, which is a way of quantifying human demand on the planet’s ecosystems using a measure called “global hectares”. According to the authors of the book, “A shocking comparison is that in 2004, the average citizen of some poor countries had an eco-footprint of 0.76 hectares. The eco-footprint of a cat is about 0.15 hectares, almost the same as what is needed to run a small car. In a world where resources are already limited, can people really justify keeping pets that require more than some people?” The authors of the book say that they were “genuinely surprised” when calculating the environmental impact of pets. And some of the ideas they put forward to attenuate this are likely to shock some pet owners. For example, the book suggests catching pests such as field mice and processing them into a “natural” cat food, or raising pets like chickens that provide both company and fresh eggs. When feeding a pet, however, the advice is to favour pet foods made from chicken meat, which is less damaging to the environment than red meat and fish. As you might expect, the Pet Food Manufacturers Association (PFMA) puts up a spirited defence, arguing that the vast majority of meat and fish used in pet foods is of sufficient quality for human consumption but more than humans need. “If we didn’t recycle animal by-products to sell, they might instead be abandoned and buried under the earth, which is not very green,” says the director. In addition, he points out that pets should not be viewed just on their carbon footprint. “Our environment is greatly enriched by the part they play in our lives. Pets in the home inspire responsibility, encourage social awareness and have positive health benefits.” 20．What is suggested in the book to make pet food production greener? A．Making processed pet foods out of pests B．Feeding pets primarily with fish and meat. C．Increasing the use of red meat in pet foods. D．Avoiding using animal by-products in pet foods. 21．The word “attenuate” (para 4) is closest in meaning to “_______”. A．assess B．blame C．drive D．reduce 22．Which argument does PFMA make to defend the industry? A．The use of meat and fish in pet foods can prevent waste. B．Pet food production is both sustainable and cost-efficient. C．Pet food ingredients are as nutritious as those for humans. D．The eco-footprints of humans far outnumber those of pets. 23．What is the main focus of the passage? A．The origin of pet food ingredients. B．Calculation of pet carbon footprint. C．Environmental impact of pet foods. D．A spirited debate over pet ownership. 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司6 / 31 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题10 阅读理解说明文类、议论文类 目录 01 析·考情精解 2 02 构·知能架构 3 03 破·考点攻坚 4 考点一 考查阅读理解说明文类 4 考向1 考查细节理解题 7 考向2 考查推理判断题 8 考向3 考查词义推断题 9 考向4 考查主旨大意题 10 考点二 考查阅读理解议论文类 12 考向1 考查细节理解题 13 考向2 考查词义推测题 15 考向3 考查判断推理题 17 考向4 考查主旨大意题 19 26年各区一模命题透视 1. 说明文： - 选材聚焦科普知识、社会现象、文化考古、科技发展，例：2026 奉贤区植物 “计数” 能力、2025 徐汇区洋海马鞍考古、2026 松江区 AI 能耗与环保。 - 结构多为 “总 — 分” 或 “现象 — 原因 — 影响”，逻辑严谨，常穿插数据、举例、对比等说明方法。 - 语言准确平实，含专业术语但语境可推断，侧重 “知识传递 + 逻辑阐释”。 2. 议论文： - 选材聚焦社会热点思辨、观点争议、价值探讨，例：2026 长宁区 “一万小时定律” 争议、2026 金山区生命价值赔偿、2026 宝山区 AI 与编剧权益。 - 结构为 “提出观点 — 论证（举例 / 数据 / 对比）— 总结升华”，核心是 “观点明确 + 论证有力”。 26年各区一模考点总结 1. 说明文核心考点： - 细节理解（说明对象特征、原理、数据、方法）； - 推理判断（说明内容的隐含意义、应用场景、发展趋势）； - 主旨大意（说明对象、核心观点、说明目的）； - 说明方法作用（举例、对比、数据的作用，如 “增强说服力”“清晰阐释原理”）。 2. 议论文核心考点： - 观点判断（作者 / 文中人物的核心立场、态度）； - 论证分析（论据类型、论证逻辑、段落作用）； - 推理判断（观点的隐含意义、对现实的启示）； - 主旨大意（文章核心论点、作者呼吁 / 主张）。 2026高考 命题预测 1. 说明文： - 选材将紧扣科技前沿（如 AI 应用、低碳技术）、文化遗产保护、生态环保等热点，增加 “跨学科融合” 内容（如科技 + 人文、环保 + 社会政策）。 - 考点将强化 “逻辑梳理能力”，如要求梳理说明对象的发展脉络、原理因果链，增加对 “专业术语语境解读” 的考查。 2. 议论文： - 选材将聚焦青年成长、社会治理、科技伦理、文化自信等思辨性话题，呈现 “多元观点碰撞”（如 “科技发展与人文关怀”“传统与创新”）。 - 考点将侧重 “论证逻辑分析” 和 “现实意义推断”，减少单一观点查找，要求考生评价论据有效性、推导观点对现实的指导价值。 考点一 考查阅读理解说明文类 命题解读 新考法：题源：2026 年奉贤区一模阅读理解 A 篇（植物的数学能力） 打破 “植物无智能” 的固有认知，以捕蝇草、拟南芥为例，考查 “现象描述 + 原理分析”，题目需结合具体案例推断植物行为的科学逻辑，兼具趣味性和知识性。 新角度：题源：2026 年崇明区一模阅读理解 A 篇（虚拟名人的发展与影响） 聚焦前沿数字技术，整合 “技术原理 + 社会影响 + 争议讨论”，题目既考查虚拟名人的特征，也涉及对技术发展的态度推断，贴合当下科技热点。 考点四 考查阅读理解议论文类。 知识点1 细节理解题 说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。 知识点2 词义猜测题 说明文往往易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。 知识点3 推理判断题 为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。 知识点4 主旨大意题 说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、文章标题、段落大意等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。说明标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage? What can be a suitable title for the text?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。 考向1 考查细节理解题 【考向破译】 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。   做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 （2026年静安区一模） A chance meeting with a man called Edward Webb led to William being offered a position to work down the mines. He came to realize that different types of rock lay at different levels as he went deeper underground. This led William to suggest that older rocks lay deeper than newer rocks. 44. William Smith’s key contribution to geology was the realization that ________. A. mining operations were crucial for accessing complete rock orders B. the entire British landscape could be represented in a detailed map C. fossils provided the only reliable means for classifying rock types D. the order of rock layers preserved a record of past geological time 【答案】 44. D 【44题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“He came to realize that different types of rock lay at different levels as he went deeper underground. This led William to suggest that older rocks lay deeper than newer rocks.(随着他深入地下，他逐渐意识到不同类型的岩石在不同的层次上。这使威廉提出，较老的岩石比新岩石埋得更深。)”可知，威廉·史密斯对地质学的主要贡献在于他意识到岩石层的顺序保存了过去地质时期的记录。故选D。 （2026年闵行区一模） “Alpha” has recently become a trendy term. Reports and surveys have been published about these youngsters, describing their preferences and predicting their future. Analysts suggest that Alphas will become the most innovative generation. Such insights make for good headlines. But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. 43. In paragraph 3, both social scientists and Bobby Duffy believe that ________. A. Alphas are certain to be highly creative B. current reports accurately describe Alphas C. a precise description of Alphas cannot yet be made D. the name “Generation Alpha” itself reflects positive expectations 【答案】43. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了“阿尔法一代”(2010年后出生的一代)的命名背景、研究面临的挑战及相关争议等。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“But social scientists say it is too soon to identify the distinctive characteristics of a group that includes toddlers (学步儿童). Predicting how they will grow up “has no more value than guesswork”, says Bobby Duffy, a professor at King’s College London: Many judgments made now will be proved wrong in the future. (但社会科学家表示，现在就确定这个包含学步儿童在内的群体的独特特征还为时过早。伦敦大学国王学院教授Bobby Duffy表示，预测他们将如何成长“和猜测没什么区别”：现在做出的许多判断在未来将被证明是错误的。)”可知，社会科学家和Bobby Duffy都认为目前无法精准描述阿尔法一代的特征。故选C 项。 考向2 考查词义猜测题 【考向破译】 说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。 解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。 （2026年长宁区一模） He also said that high energy costs presented British industry with “an existential threat”, adding: “Government needs to stop sitting on its hands on the energy support plan [announced in the summer for the largest industrial energy users]and continually kicking the can down the road hoping the problem will resolve itself. “ 44. The phrase ”kicking the can down the road" in paragraph 5 implies that the government ________. A. keeps postponing decisive action on the announced energy support plan B. refuses to extend the energy support plan to the small and medium firms C. dismisses the current energy-support strategy as a temporary adjustment D. warns of the threat loudly yet delays assigning funds for the very purpose 【答案】 44. A 词句猜测题。根据第五段中的“Government needs to stop sitting on its hands on the energy support plan [announced in the summer for the largest industrial energy users]and continually kicking the can down the road hoping the problem will resolve itself.(政府需要停止对（今年夏天宣布的针对最大工业能源用户的）能源支持计划袖手旁观，并不断kicking the can down the road，希望问题能自行解决。)”可知，政府不能只是袖手旁观，希望问题自行解决，也就是不能一直拖延对能源支持计划采取决定性行动，所以“kicking the can down the road”意思是“不断推迟对已宣布的能源支持计划采取决定性行动”。故选A项。 （2026年金山区一模） The reason is simple: cheap, heavily processed foods are dominating children’s diets worldwide, crowding out fresh fruits, vegetables and proteins. A UNICEF survey of 20 low- and middle-income countries found that more than half of babies aged 6 — 23 months in 13 countries had consumed sweet drinks or sugary foods the previous day. Even in Britain many ready-to-eat baby foods marketed as healthy are far from it. In countries with lax regulation, the meals are worse. A study of hundreds of baby foods sold in seven South-East Asian countries found that half were ultra-processed. A third contained additives that are not permitted under the Codex Alimentarius, the UN’s food-standards code. 47. The underlined word “lax” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________. A. strict B. effective C. loose D. detailed 【答案】 47. C 【47题详解】 词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“A study of hundreds of baby foods sold in seven South-East Asian countries found that half were ultra-processed. A third contained additives that are not permitted under the Codex Alimentarius, the UN’s food-standards code. (一项对七个东南亚国家销售的数百种婴儿食品的研究发现，其中一半是超加工食品。三分之一含有联合国食品标准法典不允许的添加剂。)”可知，这些国家的婴儿食品有一半是不健康的，且三分之一含违规的添加剂，这表明食品监管不够严格，画线词所在句意思是“在监管宽松的国家，膳食更糟糕”，画线词意思与loose“宽松的”接近。故选C项。 考向3 考查判断推理题 【考向破译】 推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。 解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。 （2026年奉贤区一模） For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track. 44. It can be inferred from the passage that the rail development_________ A. holds cultural significance beyond being a means of transportation B. has undergone a successful transition to meet modern-day demands C. is focusing on the construction and expansion of high-speed rail networks D. has suffered a decline due to the rise of more sustainable transport modes 【答案】 44. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文纪念斯托克顿 - 达灵顿铁路线通车200周年，讲述其开创铁路客运的意义、社会文化影响，同时惋惜其发展中的失误与现状困境。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“For train lovers though, this weekend is about the past, not the future. Locomotion No. 1 launched a journey that meant far more than travelling from A to B. From E Nesbit’s description of a rural childhood to WH Auden’s poem, the trip has left a lasting mark on our literature. Carnforth in Lancashire still celebrates its station’s role in the cinema classic Brief Encounter, where a tragic romance is brought to a close by a guard’s whistle, and the rhythmic sound of wheels beginning to move on track.(但对于火车爱好者来说，这个周末的意义在于回顾过去，而非展望未来。编号为 1的列车开启了一段远不止从 A 地到 B 地的旅程。从埃·内斯比特对乡村童年的描述到惠特·奥登的诗歌，这次旅行在我们的文学作品中留下了深远的影响。在兰开夏郡的坎福德，人们仍然铭记着该车站在经典电影《短暂的邂逅》中所扮演的重要角色，在这部影片中，一段悲惨的爱情因一名警卫的哨声以及轮子开始在铁轨上转动时发出的有节奏的声音而告终)”可知，铁路不仅是交通方式，还深刻影响了文学和影视，由此可推断铁路具有超越运输功能的文化意义。故选A。 （2026年青浦区一模） The next time you feel that familiar shake during a favorite song, recognize it for what it truly is. In those chilling notes lies evidence of our incredible neural complexity, our ancient evolutionary past, and our enduring capacity for amazing experience. 46. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Only music with specific notes can trigger the neural activity of chills. B. The experience of musical chills reflects multiple aspects of human nature. C. Musical chills are the most direct way to study the human brain’s complexity. D. The ability to feel musical chills is unique to humans compared with other species. 【答案】 46. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了音乐寒颤是艺术与神经学的交汇现象，由作曲家打破听众音乐预期触发，其个体差异、演化起源已被揭示，且该研究成果已应用于现代医学领域。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The next time you feel that familiar shake during a favorite song, recognize it for what it truly is. In those chilling notes lies evidence of our incredible neural complexity, our ancient evolutionary past, and our enduring capacity for amazing experience.( 下次当你在听最喜欢的歌曲时感到那种熟悉的颤抖时，认清它的真正含义。那些令人起鸡皮疙瘩的音符证明了我们令人难以置信的神经复杂性，我们古老的进化历史，以及我们对惊人体验的持久能力。)”可推知，作者在最后一段暗示了音乐寒颤的经历反映了人性的多个方面。故选B项。 考向4 考查主旨大意题 【考向破译】 说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …   答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。 （2026年普陀区一模） The progressive — and welcome — move here is that Harvey and Evans consider the whole experience of theatregoing, not just the play in isolation. A night at the theatre can be stressful: the rushed early dinner, the endless queue for the toilet, the squeeze into seats built for small-boned Victorians, and the inevitable head blocking your view. To shorten a show is not to lessen its artistry but to make it more humane, to harmonize art with the rhythms of modern life 45. What is the main idea of the 4th paragraph? A. The RSC is losing artistic value by shortening plays. B. The directors resolve to simplify Shakespeare’s language. C. The audience prefers watching plays online rather than in theatres. D. The theatre experience should consider audience comfort and modern lifestyles. 【答案】45. D 【45题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第四段“The progressive — and welcome — move here is that Harvey and Evans consider the whole experience of theatregoing, not just the play in isolation. A night at the theatre can be stressful: the rushed early dinner, the endless queue for the toilet, the squeeze into seats built for small-boned Victorians, and the inevitable head blocking your view. To shorten a show is not to lessen its artistry but to make it more humane, to harmonize art with the rhythms of modern life.(哈维和埃文斯此番举措兼具前瞻性与亲和力，核心在于他们考量的是观众看戏的完整体验，而非仅仅孤立地看待戏剧本身。去剧院看一场戏，过程可能满是奔波疲惫：火急火燎地扒完一顿仓促的晚餐、排不完的如厕长队、挤进那些为身形纤瘦的维多利亚时代人设计的座位，视线还总会被前排的人头无情遮挡。缩短戏剧时长，绝非是对其艺术性的削弱，而是让戏剧更具人文关怀，让艺术与现代生活的节奏同频共振。)”可知，第四段的主要思想是剧院体验应该考虑观众的舒适和现代生活方式。故选D。 （2026年浦东新区一模） It all adds up Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery (餐具) in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. ......... Researchers performed a similar experiment 20 years ago to shame people into returning lab property. A worrying number of teaspoons were going missing in their lab, so they marked a set of spoons before releasing them, studying their movements and publishing the results. It turns out science is effective thanks to the publication of the paper. 46. What is the passage mainly about? A. Mysteries solved by capturing animals. B. The origin of a mathematical technique. C. A trick helping you count moving objects. D. Distinct occasions adding to difficulty in life. 【答案】 46. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“捕获——重捕法”这一估算移动 / 难以逐个计数物体数量的技巧，并通过动物种群估算、德军坦克产量统计、食堂叉子计数及实验室茶匙追踪等案例，说明该方法的应用场景与实际效果。 【46题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Whether it’s enemy tanks in battle, animals in the wild or cutlery in a busy canteen, it is difficult to count objects that are moving around. Luckily, there is a technique that can estimate how many there are of something without requiring you to count every single one. (无论是战场上的敌方坦克、野外的动物，还是繁忙食堂里的餐具，要统计移动中的物体数量都并非易事。幸运的是，有一种方法无需逐一计数，就能估算出某类物体的总数。)”并结合全文可知，文章开篇指出“很难统计移动中的物体数量”，随后介绍“捕获 - 重捕法”这一技巧，并通过动物种群估算、德军坦克产量统计、食堂叉子计数、实验室茶匙追踪等案例，说明该方法如何解决“统计移动 / 难以逐个计数的物体”问题，文章核心是介绍一种帮助你计算移动物体数量的技巧。故选C。 考点二 考查阅读理解议论文类 命题解读 新考法：题源：2026 年嘉定区一模阅读理解 C 篇（《天才神话》的批判与争议） 围绕 “天才标签是否合理” 展开辩论，题目需区分 “作者观点” 与 “书籍观点”，考查批判性思维（如判断书籍论证的漏洞），而非单纯认同某一方立场。。 新角度：题源：2026 年松江区一模阅读理解 C 篇（AI 能耗与环保的关系） 新考法 / 新角度：以 “AI 能耗担忧” 为切入点，反驳传统认知，提出 “AI 可助力环保” 的观点，题目侧重论证逻辑（如支持观点的论据类型）和作者态度推断，结合科技与环保热点。 知识点1 细节理解 议论文中细节题主要考查具体论据、事实、数据等细节信息的准确理解和定位能力。议论文的细节多为支撑论点的例子、研究结果、引用内容等。需根据题干关键词回原文定位，对比选项与原文细节的一致性，注意同义替换、信息杂糅等干扰项。 知识点2 词义推测 议论文中词义推测题重点考查生词、熟词僻义或指代关系的理解，所选词汇多为影响对论点或论据理解的关键词（如抽象名词、动词、连接词等）。需结合上下文语境，通过逻辑关系（如因果、转折、递进）、同义 / 反义关系、举例说明或词根词缀等线索推测词义，注意议论文中逻辑连接词（如 however, therefore）对词义的提示作用。 知识点3 判断推理 议论文判断推理题要求基于议论文的论点、论据及逻辑关系，进行合理推断，而非简单复述原文信息。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。需紧扣原文论点和论据，避免主观臆断。注意作者通过词汇（如褒贬词）传递的隐含态度，以及论据与论点之间的推导关系（如举例是为了证明哪个观点），排除与原文信息相悖或过度推断的选项。 知识点4 主旨大意 主旨大意题考查对议论文核心论点（中心思想）的整体把握，包括全文主旨、段落主旨或作者的核心观点。议论文的主旨通常明确（如开头或结尾点明），或需通过各分论点归纳。关注文章首尾段（常为论点所在）、各段首句（常为分论点），梳理论点与分论点的逻辑关系（如总分、对比），排除仅涉及细节或片面观点的选项，提炼最能概括全文的核心观点。 考向1 考查细节理解题题 【考向破译】 ◆ 抓论点、寻论据：阅读议论文时，要抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。这些论点和论据是理解文章细节的关键，能够帮助考生快速定位到相关信息。 ◆ 注重文章结构，理清文章脉络：把握文章的论证结构，如“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”或“论点—论据—结论”，这样可以更好地理解作者的论证过程和细节信息。 ◆ 利用寻读法：对于直接信息题，可以快速浏览文章，寻找与题目相关的关键词或信息点。对于间接信息题，则需要对原文信息进行同义转换或归纳概括。 （2026年长宁区一模） A good friend of mine is always telling her kids, “There’s no quick way to the top. You have to take the stairs.” That’s good advice because becoming an expert in anything requires time and a lot of effort. It’s step by step, just like climbing stairs. A concept that highlights this is the “10,000-hour rule,” which was popularized by Malcolm Gladwell in his book Outliers. The 10,000-hour rule suggests that it takes about 10,000 hours of focused practice to master any skill. This idea comes from research by psychologist Anders Ericsson. He studied highly skilled performers in various fields. Whether you want to play the violin, excel in sports or master computer programming, the basic principle is the same. Expert skills are earned through practice, not luck. However, the 10,000-hour rule is not set in stone. The quality of practice matters as much as the quantity. The practice must be intentional, and it must involve challenging yourself to improve specific things. For example, a piano player might focus on mastering difficult passages rather than just playing familiar pieces over and over. After all, even with substantial practice time, there’s no guarantee of reaching top-level performance. Expect hours of practice to be the path to greatness, and you will be fooling yourself. 【答案】36. D 37. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了“一万小时定律”及其局限性，指出成为专家不仅需要练习，还受其他因素影响。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The 10,000-hour rule suggests that it takes about 10,000 hours of focused practice to master any skill.(一万小时定律表明，掌握任何技能都需要大约一万小时的专注练习。)”可知，一万小时定律认为精通一项技能需要大约一万小时的专注练习。故选D。 【37题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“However, the 10,000-hour rule is not set in stone. The quality of practice matters as much as the quantity. The practice must be intentional, and it must involve challenging yourself to improve specific things.(不过，一万小时定律并非是set in stone。练习的质量和时长同等重要。练习必须是有目的性的，而且需要督促自己去提升特定的能力。)”可知，一万小时定律并不是不可改变的，练习的质量和数量一样重要，所以可以推测出set in stone意为“不可改变的”，与A项totally unchangeable“完全不可改变的”意思相符。故选A。 （2025·上海徐汇·二模） Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And, from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is just as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation. Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary risks: for example, pushing through the pain and effort of leaving a familiar home, in order to find a place closer to sources of food and better protected from the elements. 3．According to the passage, prioritizing convenience in modern life may ________. A．lead to a lack of innovation and progress B．reduce our ability to overcome challenges C．make us overly dependent on technology D．cause a decline in physical fitness and health 【答案】 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了现代生活中便利性的利弊，以及为何人们会倾向于追求便利，同时指出了过度追求便利可能带来的问题。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties.(不断选择方便的道路会削弱你处理不可避免的困难的能力)”可知，在现代生活中优先考虑便利可能会降低我们克服挑战的能力。故选B项。 考向2 考查词义猜测题 【考向破译】 ◆ 利用上下文语境：通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测生词或短语的含义。上下文提供的语境线索是推断词义的关键。 ◆ 注意词义的多义性和搭配：一个词可能有多个义项，要结合上下文选择最合适的词义。同时注意词与词之间的搭配习惯，如固定搭配、习惯用法等。 ◆ 借助语法知识：根据句子结构和语法关系来判断词义。如，通过句子成分、从句关系等来推断词义。 （2025·上海奉贤·二模） In theory, this phenomenon is driven by the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses human cognitive (认知的) capabilities and can autonomously enhance itself. The theory suggests that such advancements could evolve at a pace so rapid that humans would be unable to foresee or stop the process. The implications of reaching this singularity point could be good or disastrous for the human race. For now,the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it’s still worth thinking about what such a future might look like,so that humanity might steer AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests. 1．The underlined word “steer” in the passage is closest in meaning to_________. A．quicken B．restrict C．direct D．predict 【答案】1．C 1．词句猜测题。根据划线单词前半句话“For now, the concept stays within the boundaries of science fiction, but nonetheless, it's still worth thinking about what such a future might look like(目前，这个概念仍处于科幻小说的范畴之内，但尽管如此，思考一下这样的未来可能是什么样子仍然是值得的)”以及后面“AI development in such a way as to promote its civilizational interests(以促进人类文明利益的方式发展人工智能)”可知，技术奇点目前还处于科幻范畴，但思考其未来模样很有价值，目的是为了引导人工智能发展，进而促进文明利益。由此推知，划线词steer意思是“引导、指引”。故选C。 （2025·上海虹口·二模） Less is More is a book with an ambitious subtitle: How Degrowth Will Save the World. That’s a big claim, but this is by Jason Hickel, one of the leading advocates of postgrowth thinking. He has a better chance than most at backing that up. ....... This is an elegant evolution of degrowth ideas, expanding what the term can mean. Degrowth begins as a process of taking less. But in the end it opens up a whole landscape of possibility, moving us from poverty to abundance, from dominance to reciprocity, and from loneliness and separation to connection with a world that’s full of life. Hard to argue with that. Perhaps degrowth will save the world. 4．According to the passage, what does “degrowth” refer to? A．Intensifying capitalist growth in an eco-friendly way. B．The prioritising of individual growth over community welfare. C．Boosting economic development in order to reach a state of abundance. D．The reduction of economic growth to focus on sustainability and well-being. 【答案】 4．D 4．词句猜测题。根据首段中的“Less is More is a book with an ambitious subtitle: How Degrowth Will Save the World. That’s a big claim, but this is by Jason Hickel, one of the leading advocates of postgrowth thinking. He has a better chance than most at backing that up.(《少即是多》是一本带有雄心勃勃副标题的书：《退缩经济如何拯救世界》。这是一个大胆的主张，但作者是Jason Hickel，他是后增长思想的主要倡导者之一，他比大多数人更有能力证明这一点。)”可知，本文引用Jason Hickel的《少即是多》，即《退缩经济如何拯救世界》一书，引出本文讲述的退缩经济如何拯救世界的观点，结合下文中对资本主义增长逻辑的批判和尾段中的“But in the end it opens up a whole landscape of possibility, moving us from poverty to abundance, from dominance to reciprocity, and from loneliness and separation to connection with a world that’s full of life.(但最终，它开辟了一个充满可能性的广阔天地，将我们从贫困带向富足，从支配带向互惠，从孤独与分离带向与一个充满生机的世界建立联系。)”可知，本文强调了退缩经济是从贫困走向富足，从支配转向互惠的过程，由此可知，退缩经济指的是减少经济增长，专注于可持续性与福祉。故选D项。 考向3 考查判断推理题 【考向破译】 · 以事实为依据，进行逻辑推理：推理判断题要求考生根据文章中的事实信息，通过逻辑推理得出结论。要注意区分事实与观点，确保推理过程符合文章的逻辑关系。 · 体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度：理解作者的观点和态度是进行推理判断的基础。有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确表达出来的，需要考生认真体察和分析。 · 关注文章中的隐含信息：推理判断题往往考查文章中隐含或深层的含义。考生需要关注文章中的修辞、语气、隐含意思等，挖掘出文章的深层含义。 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） If anything, highlighting AI’s role in science, the Nobel Committee also revealed its own untimely approach. Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries. Rare is the pure chemist or biologist; common is the geochemist, the computational evolutionary theorist. AI is making these divisions less distinct, linking vast datasets across disciplines and boosting unexpected cooperation. “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 3．It can be inferred in the last two paragraphs that ________. A．the committee has been used to applauding a team effort B．emphasising individual genius is against modern science C．AI should be preferred over researchers for breakthroughs D．the strict rules and categories address scientific challenges 【答案】 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 “Alfred Nobel’s 1895 vision rewarded the individual genius planting flags in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. But today’s challenges, such as climate change, cancer, extinction, don’t respect those boundaries(阿尔弗雷德・诺贝尔 1895 年的愿景是奖励在物理、化学和医学领域树立旗帜的个人天才。但如今的挑战，如气候变化、癌症、物种灭绝等，并不受这些界限的限制)”以及最后一段“Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate(科学越来越是一种团队努力，这是一个美好而重要的现实，而诺贝尔奖以其严格的规则和类别，很难对此进行赞扬)” 可知，最后两段强调个人天才与现代科学相悖。故选 B。 （2025·上海徐汇·二模） Loyalty is defined as an employee’s commitment to their organisation and its goals. It means a willingness to put in extra effort and to uphold the company’s values and objectives. Loyal workers often identify strongly with their workplace, are reliable and view the organisation positively, even during tough times. When long-term employees change workplaces, it does not mean they are disloyal. It signifies a change in priorities and a redefined loyalty bond. Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded. 65. How does the passage suggest employees should approach loyalty in the modern workplace? A. By remaining with a single employer for their entire career. B. By prioritizing personal growth and recognition. C. By relying on traditional definitions of loyalty. D. By avoiding job changes to maintain loyalty. 【答案】 65. B 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据第九段最后两句“Employees are loyal to their employer and its interests while working there. But they also seek mutual growth and expect to be recognised and rewarded.(员工在那里工作时忠于雇主及其利益。但他们也寻求共同成长，并期望得到认可和回报)”可知，文章建议员工在现代工作场所应该通过强调个人成长和认可来对待忠诚。故选B。 考向4 考查主旨大意题 【考向破译】 ◆ 关注文章的首尾段落：议论文的主旨通常出现在文章的开头或结尾。首段往往提出论点或问题，尾段则总结观点或得出结论。 ◆ 抓住主题句和关键词：主题句是概括文章主旨的关键。在阅读过程中，要注意段落中的主题句以及文章中反复出现的关键词。 ◆ 综合各段大意，归纳总结：如果文章没有明确的主题句，可以先概括每一段的大意，然后综合各段内容，归纳出文章的中心思想。 （2025·上海浦东新·二模） This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades. ....... “Among” is the key word. Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate. If Nobel Committee is now rewarding the contributions of AI, should it not also recognize the researchers whose results it learned from? 4．What might be the best title of this passage? A．AI takes over: the decline of traditional science B．AI dominates science: the end of human discovery C．Nobel Prizes question AI’s role in modern research D．Nobel Prizes highlight AI and teamwork in science 【答案】 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段“This week’s Nobel Physics Prize honored two scientists who helped computers “learn” more like the human brain. A day later, the Chemistry Prize went to three researchers who used AI to design proteins and reveal molecular (分子的) structures, a problem that had troubled biologists for decades.(本周的诺贝尔物理学奖授予了两位帮助计算机像人类大脑一样“学习”的科学家。一天后，化学奖颁给了三位利用人工智能设计蛋白质和揭示分子结构的研究人员，这是一个困扰生物学家几十年的问题)”和最后一段“Science is ever more a team effort, a beautiful, essential reality that the Nobels, with their strict rules and categories, struggle to celebrate(科学越来越是一种团队努力，这是一个美好而重要的现实，而诺贝尔奖以其严格的规则和类别，很难对此进行赞扬)”可知，文章主要讲述了今年诺贝尔物理学奖和化学奖与计算机科学相关，引发了人们的抱怨，进而探讨了人工智能在科学研究中的作用以及诺贝尔奖在当今科学发展下所面临的问题，强调了科学研究中人工智能和团队合作的重要性。D选项“诺贝尔奖凸显了人工智能和科学中的团队合作”为短文的最佳标题，故选 D。 （2025年普陀区一模） Art has always occupied a special place in society. Many people consider artists to be the ultimate authorities on the nature and expression of beauty. For much of history, the practice of art was mysterious, and artists were viewed as being somewhat odd and often mad. Even the word most commonly associated with artists —inspiration —has its own magical qualities. Literally, "inspiration"is the breathing in of a spirit. Artists were thought of as people who were uniquely inspired to create. Now scientists can look at the stars and know their composition. The sense of wonder this ability creates is not much different from the wonder the poet or artist feels when staring at those same stars. 46. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Artistic Interpretation of Science B. The Contrast between Art and Logics C. The Interplay of Art and Science D. Isaac Newton's Influence on Arts 【答案】 46. C 【导读】本文探讨了艺术与科学的关系。在历史上，艺术家常被视为受灵感启发且有些古怪的人，艺术创作被认为具有神秘性，与逻辑分离。1704 年牛顿对光和颜色的发现震惊了艺术界，浪漫主义诗人认为牛顿此举破坏了自然现象的诗意美。但从另一角度看，牛顿的发现也展现了如艺术家般的创造力，且为科学发展奠定基础，引发人们对艺术与科学相互作用的思考。 46. 主旨大意题：文章围绕艺术与科学展开，阐述了两者在历史认知中的不同以及牛顿的科学发现对艺术认知的影响，体现了艺术与科学的相互作用，C 选项 “艺术与科学的相互作用” 为最佳标题。A 选项 “科学的艺术解读” 片面；B 选项 “艺术与逻辑的对比” 只是其中一部分内容；D 选项 “艾萨克・牛顿对艺术的影响” 也过于片面。所以答案是 C。 【语篇训练】 Passage 1 【来源】上海市行知中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need to “speed up breakthroughs in research and technology.” Some of this framing was motivated by the climate emergency, some by the opportunities and challenges presented by generative artificial intelligence. Yet in various conversations, it seemed to be taken for granted that to address the world’s problems, scientific research needs to move faster. The WEF mindset is similar to the Silicon Valley dictate — to move fast and break things. But what if the thing being broken is science? Or public trust? In recent years we’ve seen important papers, written by outstanding scientists and published in celebrated journals, retracted because of questionable data or methods, hence a question: Are scholars at supercompetitive places such as Harvard and Stanford rushing to publish rather than taking the time to do their work right? It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing.” But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under tremendous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly. The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.” Good science takes time. More than 50 years passed between the 1543 publication of Copernicus’s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. And it took just about half a century for geologists and geophysicists to accept geophysicist Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift. There’s plenty of evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Consider the sheer volume of academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust. 1．WEF meeting in Switzerland advocated that ________. A．WEF and Silicon Valley reach an agreement to move fast B．public trust in science is not supposed to be easily broken C．researchers need to achieve breakthroughs more rapidly D．climate emergency and AI push scientific research hard 2．Which of the following examples fails to prove that good science takes time? A．High-profile scholars’ tremendous output. B．Publication of Copernicus’s theory. C．Retraction of important papers. D．Acceptance of the idea of continental drift. 3．The underlined word “counterincentives” in para. 5 probably means ________. A．measures to increase quantities of output B．contradictory motives for future funding C．rewards for leading universities’ research D．discouragements of high quality papers 4．Which of the following is best title of the passage? A．WEF Coincides with Silicon Valley B．Trouble in the Fast Lane C．Choice between Quantity and Quality D．Collapse of Public Trust 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文反思了全球追求科研“加速突破”的趋势，指出过分追求发表数量和速度导致了撤稿增多、质量下降。作者呼吁科学界应慢下来，重视质量以重建公信力。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A theme at this year’s World Economic Forum (WEF) meeting in Switzerland was the perceived need to “speed up breakthroughs in research and technology.”(今年在瑞士举行的世界经济论坛（WEF）会议所探讨的一个主题是，人们普遍认为有必要“加快在研究与技术方面的突破性进展”)”可知，在瑞士举行的世界经济论坛会议主张研究人员需要更快地取得突破。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“It’s impossible to answer this question scientifically because there’s no scientific definition of what constitutes “rushing.” But there’s little doubt that we live in a culture where academics at leading universities are under tremendous pressure to produce results — and a lot of them — quickly.(要从科学的角度来回答这个问题是不可能的，因为对于“匆忙”这一概念并没有一个科学的定义。但毫无疑问，我们生活在一个这样的社会中：顶尖大学的学者们承受着巨大的压力，必须迅速地取得成果——而且是大量的成果)”可知，A选项“知名学者的巨大成果”只能解释成果巨大，并不能解释良好的科学需要时间。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段“The problem is not unique to the U. S. In Europe, formal research assessments — which are used to allocate (分配) future funding — have for years judged academic departments largely on the quantity of their output. A recent reform urging an emphasis on quality over quantity allowed that the existing system had created “counterincentives.”(这个问题并非美国所独有。在欧洲，用于分配未来资金的正式研究评估机制多年来一直主要依据学术部门的研究成果数量来对其进行评判。最近的一项改革强调质量而非数量的重要性，但这一改革也发现现有的评估体系产生了“counterincentives”)”可知，既然旧体系重数量轻质量，那么它对“高质量论文”来说就是一种阻碍或反向激励。故划线词意思是“高质量论文的发表受阻”。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“There’s plenty of circumstantial evidence that scientists and other scholars are pushing results out far faster than they used to. Consider the sheer volume of academic papers being published these days. One recent study put the number at more than seven million a year, compared with fewer than a million as recently as 1980. Some of this growth is driven by more scientists and more co-authorship of papers, but the numbers also suggest that the research world has prioritized quantity over quality. Researchers may need to slow down if we are to produce knowledge worthy of trust.(有大量的间接证据表明，科学家和其他学者推出结果的速度比过去快得多。想想最近发表的学术论文的数量吧。最近的一项研究显示，这一数字每年超过700万，而就在1980年，这一数字还不到100万。这一增长部分是由更多的科学家和更多的论文合著者推动的，但这些数字也表明，研究界更看重数量而不是质量。如果我们要产生值得信任的知识，研究人员可能需要放慢速度)”可知，文章主要介绍了科学研究被期望快速进展的困境，并指出这种快节奏的研究可能会带来的问题。所以短文的标题为“快车道上的问题”。故选B。 Passage 2 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 For the time being it’s dominant — but as the Romans could tell you, nothing lasts forever. Given that 1,500 languages could disappear by the end of this century, by some estimates, some may find it absurd to even ask this question. English is certainly not on the endangered list. As the one truly global language, it is more often labelled an “exterminator”, a huge yet slow dinosaur that unknowingly crushes unfortunate smaller languages underfoot — or undertongue. The fact is, though, that no language has yet proved eternal. Subjects of the Roman or Egyptian empires might once have assumed that their languages would last forever, like their dominance, but they were wrong. “English could of course die, just as Egyptian died,” says linguist Martin Haspelmath. The more interesting questions are: when and how? Predicting the future of any language is, most linguists believe, an exercise in question. The code by which we communicate is subject to so many complex and interacting forces that we can’t do much more than guess. Still, most experts would agree on a few guiding principles. Migration is a major driver of language change, as is technology — though the two can counteract as well as promote each other. Some predict that international migration will rise as the climate crisis intensifies, and technological renewal is speeding up, but they aren’t the only factors in the mix. Widespread literacy and schooling — both only a few hundred years old — act as brakes on linguistic evolution, by imposing common standards. We’re in uncharted territory. English could come under pressure as a global lingua franca if, for instance, India drops English as an official language. “A hundred years from now, the world could be very different,” Haspelmath says. But English will still be spoken in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, in all likelihood. And we have to distinguish between two phenomena: the resizing of English’s dominion, and its own internal evolution. English exists today in many spoken variants, just as Latin did before it exploded into Romance. Those variants are being held together by a common written form and the Internet — adhesive (黏合的) forces that were absent in the late Roman empire, most of whose subjects were illiterate — so English is unlikely to go the way of Latin. As for the combined impact of migration and technology on the nature of English, that’s harder to anticipate. Although the language has never stood still, the growing inflow of non-native English speakers to English- speaking strongholds could start a period of accelerated change, leading to a new language in need of a new name: post-modern English. And if machine translation is taken up on a massive scale, both the residents and the immigrants could be relieved of the pressure to learn each other’s languages. The point is that even if we can’t predict how English will change, we can be sure that it will, and that no global language is immune from extinction. Both Latin and Egyptian were spoken for more than 2, 000 years; English has been going strong for about 1,500. It’s looking healthy now, but its days could yet be numbered. 5．What can be inferred from the first three paragraphs? A．English is and will not be an endangered language. B．English intentionally exterminates other languages. C．Even historically dominant languages eventually decline. D．Predicting the future of any language is never possible. 6．What helps maintain the unity of English despite its many spoken variants? A．The common written form and the Internet. B．The combined effects of migration and technology. C．The widespread literacy and online communication. D．The ongoing dominance of English in the West. 7．Which statement best reflects the author’s view on the long-term future of English? A．English is most likely to remain widely spoken, though its exact form may shift. B．English may eventually evolve into a new language, influenced by many factors. C．English is safe from extinction because of its common written form and the Internet. D．English might disappear soon due to political shifts and technological changes. 8．Which of the following would be the most suitable title for this passage? A．When Migration and Technology Collide with Words B．Extinction or Evolution: Predicting English’s Fate C．What Will Replace English as the Global Language? D．Could the English Language Really Die someday? 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．B 8．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了英语当下是全球通用语，但无语言永恒，其未来难精准预测，受移民、科技等影响会演变，大概率仍广泛使用，但长远来看也并非不会走向消亡。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“For the time being it’s dominant — but as the Romans could tell you, nothing lasts forever.(目前它占据着主导地位——但正如罗马人所能告诉你的那样，一切都不会永远持续下去)”以及第三段“Subjects of the Roman or Egyptian empires might once have assumed that their languages would last forever, like their dominance, but they were wrong. “English could of course die, just as Egyptian died,” says linguist Martin Haspelmath.(罗马帝国或埃及帝国的臣民们或许曾认为，他们的语言会像其统治地位一样永远延续下去，但事实并非如此。语言学家马丁·哈斯佩尔马赫表示：“英语当然也可能消亡，就像埃及语曾经消亡一样。”)”可知，任何曾经占据主导地位的语言最终都会衰落。故选C。 6．细节理解题。根据第七段“Those variants are being held together by a common written form and the Internet — adhesive (黏合的) forces that were absent in the late Roman empire, most of whose subjects were illiterate — so English is unlikely to go the way of Latin.(这些英语变体靠统一书面形式与互联网维系着整体性——这两种黏合力量在罗马帝国晚期并不存在，当时帝国多数民众都是文盲——因此英语不大可能重蹈拉丁语的覆辙)”可知，尽管英语存在多种不同的口语形式，但是共通的书面形式和互联网帮助保持了英语的统一性。故选A。 7．细节理解题。根据第七段“But English will still be spoken in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, in all likelihood. And we have to distinguish between two phenomena: the resizing of English’s dominion, and its own internal evolution. English exists today in many spoken variants, just as Latin did before it exploded into Romance.(但英语仍很可能会在欧洲、北美、澳大利亚和新西兰等地被使用。我们必须区分两种现象：英语势力范围的缩小，以及其自身的内部演变。如今英语存在多种口语变体，就如同拉丁语在分化为各种罗曼语之前那样)”以及倒数第二段“Although the language has never stood still, the growing inflow of non-native English speakers to English-speaking strongholds could start a period of accelerated change, leading to a new language in need of a new name: post-modern English.(尽管语言从未停滞不前，但越来越多的非英语母语者涌入英语使用最为广泛的地区，这可能会开启一个加速变化的时期，从而催生一种新的语言，需要一个新的名称：后现代英语)”可知，英语可能会最终演变成一种新的语言，并受到多种因素的影响。故选B。 8．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Given that 1,500 languages could disappear by the end of this century, by some estimates, some may find it absurd to even ask this question. English is certainly not on the endangered list. As the one truly global language, it is more often labelled an “exterminator”, a huge yet slow dinosaur that unknowingly crushes unfortunate smaller languages underfoot — or undertongue.(据一些估算，到本世纪末可能有1500种语言会消失，有人或许会觉得连提出这个问题都很荒谬。英语显然不在濒危语言之列，作为唯一真正的全球通用语，它更常被称为 “语言终结者”—— 就像一头庞大却行动迟缓的恐龙，在不经意间将不幸的小语种碾压于脚下、扼杀于唇齿之间)”结合文章主要说明了英语当下是全球通用语，但无语言永恒，其未来难精准预测，受移民、科技等影响会演变，大概率仍广泛使用，但长远来看也并非不会走向消亡。可知，D选项“英语有一天真的会消亡吗？”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage 3 【来源】上海市徐汇区上海中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题 America’s Bald Eagles — A Remarkable Story of Success When it comes to wildlife, most narratives emphasize catastrophe and species loss caused by human activity. So it is refreshing to encounter exceptions, and perhaps no story is more inspiring in the United States than that of the bald eagle, rescued from near extinction. Its status as America’s national emblem (国徽) may have drawn attention, but symbolic respect alone could not safeguard the species. Originally widespread across North America, the bald eagle was a natural choice for a national symbol, with its impressive wingspan, commanding presence, and unique association with the continent. Yet over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the species faced constant threats. Urban expansion, agricultural development, and indiscriminate hunting gradually reduced its numbers to dangerously low levels. Federal protection and public awareness campaigns became essential to prevent complete collapse. A key factor in the eagle’s decline was widespread pesticide use, particularly DDT. Affected fish disrupted reproduction, as eagles laid eggs with shells too fragile to survive. Awareness of the problem, brought to national attention by Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, eventually led to the banning of DDT and marked a pivotal turning point in conservation efforts. To accelerate recovery, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed a captive-breeding program. Scientists artificially incubated (孵化) initial groups of eggs, allowing eagles to produce following groups naturally, which significantly promoted population growth. These joint efforts, alongside habitat protection and strict legal safeguards, gradually restored the species. Today, bald eagle populations have rebounded impressively. While still classified as “threatened” and protected under multiple federal statutes, the species’ resurgence illustrates the power of sustained conservation, legislative action, and public engagement. Their recovery stands as a proof to what can be achieved when humans take responsibility for preserving the natural world. The story of the bald eagle demonstrates that even severe population declines can be reversed with careful planning, dedicated effort, and societal commitment. It is a rare and compelling example of human intervention successfully preserving both a national symbol and a species once on the brink of extinction. The bald eagle’s comeback reminds us that, with alertness and cooperation, it is possible to balance human activity with the survival of the wild. 9．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning the bald eagle being the national emblem? A．To prove that the bald eagle was more important than any other animals. B．To illustrate that the bald eagle’s popularity led to its decline. C．To suggest that its near extinction was caused by American’s neglect. D．To emphasize that admiration was insufficient to protect the species. 10．What does the underlined phrase “a pivotal turning point” in para. 3 most likely refer to? A．The first scientific discovery of the harmful effects of pesticides. B．The introduction of laws protecting endangered wildlife species. C．The ban on DDT following the awareness raised by Silent Spring. D．The publication of Rachel Carson’s book and her later recognition. 11．Which measure contributed most directly to the population recovery of bald eagles? A．The ban on pesticide use in bald eagles’ habitats. B．The breeding plan and egg incubation system. C．The improvement of public awareness campaigns. D．Science writers’ appeal to protect bald eagles. 12．What larger message does the author convey through the story of the bald eagle’s revival? A．Restoring nature requires advanced technology and strict management. B．Human efforts, when consistent and collective, can reverse grave damage. C．Symbolic species often recover faster because they attract more sympathy. D．Environmental protection depends mainly on political will and legislation. 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．B 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述美国白头海雕曾因人类活动濒临灭绝，经禁用杀虫剂、人工繁育等保护措施种群回升，印证人类合力可逆转生态破坏。 9．推理判断题。根据第一段“Its status as America’s national emblem (国徽) may have drawn attention, but symbolic respect alone could not safeguard the species.(它作为美国国徽的地位或许吸引了人们的关注，但仅靠象征性的尊重是无法保护这种物种的)”可知，作者提及“白头海雕成为国徽”是为了强调仅仅出于敬仰而无法保护该物种是不够的。故选D。 10．词句猜测题。根据第三段“A key factor in the eagle’s decline was widespread pesticide use, particularly DDT. Affected fish disrupted reproduction, as eagles laid eggs with shells too fragile to survive. Awareness of the problem, brought to national attention by Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, eventually led to the banning of DDT and marked a pivotal turning point in conservation efforts.(鹰数量减少的一个关键因素是广泛使用的杀虫剂，尤其是滴滴涕。受污染的鱼类破坏了鹰的繁殖能力，因为它们产下的蛋壳过于脆弱，无法存活。这一问题引起了人们的广泛关注，这在蕾切尔·卡森的《寂静的春天》一书的推动下，最终促使滴滴涕被禁用，并标志着保护工作的一个重要转折点)”可知，蕾切尔·卡森的《寂静的春天》让公众关注到杀虫剂的危害，最终促成了滴滴涕（DDT）的禁用，这成了一个关键转折点，故划线词指的是“在《寂静的春天》引发公众关注之后，对滴滴涕的禁用”。故选C。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“To accelerate recovery, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed a captive-breeding program. Scientists artificially incubated (孵化) initial groups of eggs, allowing eagles to produce following groups naturally, which significantly promoted population growth. These joint efforts, alongside habitat protection and strict legal safeguards, gradually restored the species.(为了加快物种的恢复进程，美国鱼类及野生动物管理局制定了一个人工繁育计划。科学家们人工孵化了首批鸟蛋，让鹰群能够自然地产下后续的蛋，这极大地促进了种群数量的增长。这些共同努力，再加上栖息地保护和严格的法律保障，最终使该物种得以恢复)”可知，培育计划和孵化系统对白头海雕种群的恢复起到了最直接的作用。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“While still classified as “threatened” and protected under multiple federal statutes, the species’ resurgence illustrates the power of sustained conservation, legislative action, and public engagement.(尽管该物种仍被列为“濒危”物种，并受到多项联邦法规的保护，但其数量的回升表明了持续的保护工作、立法行动以及公众参与所产生的巨大作用)”以及最后一段“The bald eagle’s comeback reminds us that, with alertness and cooperation, it is possible to balance human activity with the survival of the wild.(白头海雕的重新回归提醒我们，只要保持警觉并相互协作，就有可能在人类活动与野生生物的生存之间找到平衡)”可知，作者通过白头海雕回归的故事想要传达的更深刻的意义是当人类的努力保持一致并形成合力时，能够扭转严重的损害。故选B。 Passage 4 【来源】上海市闵行区七宝中学2025-2026学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷 Readers on social media are showing the beauty of reading in new ways through creative annotations (注解), called marginalia. These annotations can be detailed, sometimes covering whole pages and matching the book’s colors. The rise of this kind of note-taking has led to debate: is marginalia a bad habit or a helpful activity? Marginalia have a long history. Leonardo da Vinci once wrote notes about gravity in the margins of his notebooks long before Galileo published his famous work on the topic. Later, writers like Samuel Beckett and Edgar Allan Poe also filled their books with notes, which delighted and challenged their biographers (传记作者). Just last year Ann Patchett, a popular modern writer, told Literary Hub about the joys of reading her own books and annotating patterns she never before noticed. She created a unique edition of Tom Lake for dedicated readers, in which she included her own annotations on her own writing style. The Patchett-celebration worked: The special edition was sold at an auction (拍卖会) in 2020 to support independent bookstores, and it inspired the writer to add her own notes to her favorite book, Bel Canto. Alongside this evolution of margin additions, scientists have been researching the effects of writing, both on paper and on screen. For instance, a study of electrical activity in the brain published in Frontiers in Psychology found that handwriting itself helps a person remember and understand more about what they’ve read and written. Maryanne Wolf, director of the Center for Dyslexia, Diverse Learners and Social Justice at the University of California, Los Angeles, discussed the importance of annotating in 2022. In classic former-English-major fashion, she drew on Marcel Proust in explaining that deep reading allows us to “go beyond the wisdom of the author to discover our own.” In that sense, marginalia can help the annotator understand the material deeply enough to further develop their own interpretation of the text, she said. In the Journal of Language Learning and Teaching, foreign language professor Demet Yayli of Pamukkale University in Turkey explained that in writing workshops, especially for fiction writing, deep reading — which includes annotations — is critical in helping students express their ideas and learn independently. As writer and editor Caitlin Welsh pointed out in an article covering the recent trend, the kids like annotating. Annotation styles online seem to differ widely from the annotations expected in academia. As long as annotating serves the reader a purpose, any style is fine, experts say. Highlighting every piece of dialogue from your favorite character may seem unreasonable to an outsider, but that might help someone understand why they like that character or how the writer developed the character’s story. 13．According to the passage, what do Leonardo da Vinci, Samuel Beckett, and Edgar Allan Poe have in common? A．They were all mentioned in other writers’ books. B．They were all studied closely by later biographers. C．They all filled their own works with their reflections. D．They all touched on scientific discoveries in their works. 14．What did Patchett add to her Tom Lake? A．Comments about the writing style of Bel Canto. B．New characters to make the story more detailed. C．Personal notes explaining how she crafted the book. D．A guide to help dedicated readers understand the plot. 15．What can be inferred from the research findings mentioned in paragraph 4? A．A distinct area of the brain is involved in handwriting. B．Annotation is not the only way to develop critical thinking. C．Readers rely on annotation to speed up their reading process. D．Reading and writing are closely connected in the process of learning. 16．What does the writer imply about online annotation? A．It follows the same rules used in academic notes. B．It helps readers connect with books in personal ways. C．It stops kids from building their own ideas while reading. D．It is mainly used to show off rather than to understand a book. 【答案】13．C 14．C 15．D 16．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了社交平台读者用创意页边注解展现阅读之美，该方式历史悠久，作家也热衷，研究证实注解助深度阅读与学习，专家认为只要对读者有用，任何注解风格皆可。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Leonardo da Vinci once wrote notes about gravity in the margins of his notebooks long before Galileo published his famous work on the topic. Later, writers like Samuel Beckett and Edgar Allan Poe also filled their books with notes, which delighted and challenged their biographers (传记作者).(莱昂纳多·达·芬奇早在伽利略发表其关于重力的著名著作之前，就在自己的笔记页边空白处记录了有关重力的内容。后来，像塞缪尔·贝克特和埃德加·爱伦·坡这样的作家也在他们的著作中添加了相关笔记，这些笔记既让他们的传记作者感到欣喜，也给他们带来了挑战)”可知，他们共性是都在自己作品里写下思考感悟，故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段“She created a unique edition of Tom Lake for dedicated readers, in which she included her own annotations on her own writing style.(她专为忠实读者推出了《汤姆湖》特别版，其中收录了她对自身写作风格的亲笔注解)”可知，帕切特为她的《汤姆湖》一书增添了个人笔记，阐述她是如何创作这本书的。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据第四段“For instance, a study of electrical activity in the brain published in Frontiers in Psychology found that handwriting itself helps a person remember and understand more about what they’ve read and written.(例如，发表在《心理学前沿》杂志上的一项关于大脑电活动的研究发现，书写本身能够帮助人们更好地记住和理解他们所阅读和所写的材料)”可知，阅读和写作在学习过程中是紧密相关的。故选D。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As long as annotating serves the reader a purpose, any style is fine, experts say. Highlighting every piece of dialogue from your favorite character may seem unreasonable to an outsider, but that might help someone understand why they like that character or how the writer developed the character’s story.(专家们表示，只要注释能为读者服务，任何方式都是可以接受的。比如，将你最喜欢的角色的每一句台词都标出来，对于外人来说可能显得有些不合理，但这或许能帮助某些人理解他们为何喜欢那个角色，或者作者是如何展开这个角色的故事的)”可知，作者认为在线注释有助于读者以个性化的方式与书籍产生联系。故选B。 Passage 5 【来源】上海市南汇中学2025-2026学年高三上学期12月阶段练习英语试题 I struggle with letting go of things. Embarrassing situations that occurred decades ago still regularly pop into my mind and stress me out. I don’t seem to be able to move past them and forget them. Even small irrelevant things get me worked up. Can you suggest some techniques to move on and lead a calmer life? —A painful reader Since you said a lot of these are insignificant upon reflection, I’ll assume we’re not talking about big traumas (创伤) but the kinds of sour memories we all have. It feels unpleasant to be pulled back into the past, forced to relive those painful memories. So why do we keep going back? One possibility is that we feel not enough has changed. Time might have passed, but in the respects that matter, we still feel as though we’re right there. Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors, even uninsured against the same mistakes. If you feel as though a lot has changed since an indignity, the memory feels more like a postcard from somewhere distant. But if you feel the same in the ways that matter, an upsetting thing from the past can still seem threatening insofar as that version of us persists today. Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that? If I’d done that differently, would this have changed? Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored. Sometimes if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past, because even though they were unpleasant, they somehow feel more real. Therapy can help figure out which it is for you. When the distressing thought comes knocking why does it seem worth opening the door? That would really help you tailor your strategies. The calm you’ll need if you’re trying to solve a question may not be the calm you need if you still feel vulnerable in those same ways. Well-meaning people might say you need closure, a way to tell a coherent (有条理的) story. Closure is great if you can get it, but I’m not convinced it’s essential. What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach. Bad luck doesn’t make sense. People don’t always have a “why”. I think it’s less “I have to get closure” and more “I have to see this as past, over”. As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over — not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by. 17．According to the columnist, why do we keep going back to painful memories? A．(a) Becoming stronger over time; (b) Gaining closure; (c) Seeking excitement B．(a) Avoiding current problems; (b) Hoping to erase past; (c) Searching for luck C．(a) Developing new skills; (b) Rewriting the past; (c) Enjoying old conflicts D．(a) Still vulnerable as before; (b) Wondering “why”; (c) Feeling bored in present life 18．What concern does the author express about the idea of “closure”? A．Closure is unnecessary and irrelevant for individuals stuck in pain. B．Closure relies on making sense of events, which may be impossible. C．Closure can only be achieved through constructing a touching story. D．Closure is seen as more valuable than the ability to move forward. 19．Which of the following best summarizes the author’s advice? A．Painful memories must be carefully analyzed to gain wisdom. B．Forgetting the past is the only way to achieve peace eternally. C．Painful memories should be seen as finished events, not threats. D．One could resolve painful memories by rewriting his own past. 【答案】17．D 18．B 19．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕读者提出的“难以放下痛苦回忆”的困扰，分析了人们反复回想痛苦回忆的原因，并给出了相应的建议，帮助读者以更平和的心态面对过往。 17．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Still scared in the same ways those situations made us feel, still vulnerable to those same stressors, even uninsured against the same mistakes.(我们依然会因那些场景而感到恐惧，依然易受同样压力源的影响，甚至依然无法避免犯同样的错误)”、第五段中的“Or maybe we go back to these memories because there’s some unanswered question we keep trying to solve. Why did I say that? Why did they do that?(或许我们回想这些回忆，是因为有一些未解的问题一直在试图寻找答案。我为什么会那么说？他们为什么要那样做？)”以及第六段中的“Maybe, more rarely, we go back because we’re bored. Sometimes if present-day life doesn’t quite feel stimulating enough we can go back to conflicts or hard choices from the past.(或许，更少见的情况是，我们回想过去是因为感到无聊。有时如果当下的生活不够令人兴奋，我们就会回想过去的冲突或艰难抉择)”可知，人们反复回想痛苦回忆的原因包括依然和以前一样脆弱、想弄明白“为什么”以及当下生活感到无聊。故选D项。 18．细节理解题。根据第八段中的“What concerns me is that trying to find narratively pleasing ways to transform painful memories ultimately makes our capacity to move on depend on whether we can make sense of those events. Coherence may be genuinely beyond our reach.(我担心的是，试图寻找一种叙事上令人满意的方式来转化痛苦的回忆，最终会让我们能否继续前行取决于我们是否能理解这些事件。而这种连贯性或许真的是我们无法企及的)”可知，作者对“释怀”这一概念的担忧是，释怀依赖于理解事件的来龙去脉，但这可能是不可能的。故选B项。 19．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“As you try to figure out what is captivating about these memories, it might help to try seeing them in past tense. Not solved, just over — not a source of new pain, not part of a pattern; an echo of hurts gone by.(当你试图弄明白这些回忆为何如此有吸引力时，试着用过去时来看待它们可能会有帮助。不是被解决了，只是结束了——不再是新痛苦的来源，不再是某种模式的一部分，只是过往伤痛的余响)”可推知，作者的建议是，应将痛苦的回忆视为已经结束的事情，而不是威胁。故选C项。 Passage 6 【来源】2025 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷） The pet food industry has received unkind remarks as to the true origin of its ingredients (原料) for decades. Now the industry faces another source of criticism as a new book starts a debate about the environmental impact of owning a well-fed pet. The New Scientist magazine, in a recent editorial, largely agreed with the book’s findings that some pets, due to the food they eat, have a surprisingly high “ecological footprint”, which is a way of quantifying human demand on the planet’s ecosystems using a measure called “global hectares”. According to the authors of the book, “A shocking comparison is that in 2004, the average citizen of some poor countries had an eco-footprint of 0.76 hectares. The eco-footprint of a cat is about 0.15 hectares, almost the same as what is needed to run a small car. In a world where resources are already limited, can people really justify keeping pets that require more than some people?” The authors of the book say that they were “genuinely surprised” when calculating the environmental impact of pets. And some of the ideas they put forward to attenuate this are likely to shock some pet owners. For example, the book suggests catching pests such as field mice and processing them into a “natural” cat food, or raising pets like chickens that provide both company and fresh eggs. When feeding a pet, however, the advice is to favour pet foods made from chicken meat, which is less damaging to the environment than red meat and fish. As you might expect, the Pet Food Manufacturers Association (PFMA) puts up a spirited defence, arguing that the vast majority of meat and fish used in pet foods is of sufficient quality for human consumption but more than humans need. “If we didn’t recycle animal by-products to sell, they might instead be abandoned and buried under the earth, which is not very green,” says the director. In addition, he points out that pets should not be viewed just on their carbon footprint. “Our environment is greatly enriched by the part they play in our lives. Pets in the home inspire responsibility, encourage social awareness and have positive health benefits.” 20．What is suggested in the book to make pet food production greener? A．Making processed pet foods out of pests B．Feeding pets primarily with fish and meat. C．Increasing the use of red meat in pet foods. D．Avoiding using animal by-products in pet foods. 21．The word “attenuate” (para 4) is closest in meaning to “_______”. A．assess B．blame C．drive D．reduce 22．Which argument does PFMA make to defend the industry? A．The use of meat and fish in pet foods can prevent waste. B．Pet food production is both sustainable and cost-efficient. C．Pet food ingredients are as nutritious as those for humans. D．The eco-footprints of humans far outnumber those of pets. 23．What is the main focus of the passage? A．The origin of pet food ingredients. B．Calculation of pet carbon footprint. C．Environmental impact of pet foods. D．A spirited debate over pet ownership. 【答案】20．A 21．D 22．A 23．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了宠物食品对环境的影响，包括宠物食品的生态足迹、宠物食品生产的环境问题以及宠物食品制造商协会对此的回应。 20．细节理解题。根据第四段中“For example, the book suggests catching pests such as field mice and processing them into a “natural” cat food, or raising pets like chickens that provide both company and fresh eggs. When feeding a pet, however, the advice is to favour pet foods made from chicken meat, which is less damaging to the environment than red meat and fish. (例如，这本书建议捕捉田鼠等害兽，将它们加工成“天然”猫粮，或者饲养鸡这类宠物，它们既能陪伴主人，又能提供新鲜鸡蛋。不过，在喂养宠物时，建议优先选择鸡肉制成的宠物食品，因为鸡肉对环境的破坏比红肉和鱼类要小。)”可知，书中提出的环保建议包括将田鼠等害兽加工成宠物食品，以及优先使用鸡肉制作宠物食品。故选A项。 21．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“The authors of the book say that they were “genuinely surprised” when calculating the environmental impact of pets. (这本书的作者们表示，在计算宠物对环境的影响时，他们“真的很惊讶”。)”以及下文“For example, the book suggests catching pests such as field mice and processing them into a “natural” cat food, or raising pets like chickens that provide both company and fresh eggs. (例如，这本书建议捕捉田鼠等害虫，将它们加工成“天然”猫粮，或者饲养鸡这类宠物，它们既能陪伴主人，又能提供新鲜鸡蛋。)”可知，作者对于宠物对环境的影响感到惊讶，所以提出了一些建议来减少这种影响，故画线词attenuate应为“减少”之意，与“reduce”意思最接近。故选D项。 22．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““If we didn’t recycle animal by-products to sell, they might instead be abandoned and buried under the earth, which is not very green,” says the director. (“如果我们不回收动物副产品进行销售，它们可能会被丢弃并埋在地下，这可不是什么环保的做法，”主任说道。)”可知，PFMA认为宠物食品中使用肉类和鱼类可以防止浪费，以此为宠物食品行业辩护。故选A项。 23．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Now the industry faces another source of criticism as a new book starts a debate about the environmental impact of owning a well-fed pet. (现在，随着一本新书引发了一场关于饲养一只营养充足的宠物对环境影响的辩论，该行业面临着另一个批评来源。)”可知，文章开篇指出宠物食品行业面临新的批评 —— 新书引发关于宠物饲养环境影响的争论；随后介绍书中的生态足迹数据和环保建议；最后呈现PFMA的反驳观点。全文始终围绕宠物食品的环境影响这一核心话题展开。故选C项。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司6 / 31 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $